Plumbing Sanitary & Gas

(PSG)
 FEM 101
Building Services

STUDY UNIT 1
Plumbing System

T02 – 20 July 2020 (Zoom)

The Education and Research arm of the Building and Construction Authority

T01 – 27 July 2020 (Zoom)

 OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 – Cold Water Supply
• Provide insight into the design & installation principles and
requirements of cold water supply to buildings.

Chapter 2 – Sanitary Plumbing & Drainage System

• Deals with the sanitary plumbing & drainage design and
installations of buildings.

Chapter 3 – Gas System

• Looks into safety aspects of design and installation of fuel
gas commonly used in buildings.
•01•COLD WATER
SUPPLY
Chapter 1 – COLD WATER SUPPLY
Learning Objectives
1. Understand the layout requirements of water piping.
2. Discuss the regulations and requirements of the Water Supply
Authority for the supply of water to buildings and users in terms of
flow, pressure and health requirements.
3. Describe the materials used for piping as allowed by the Water Supply
Authority.
4. State the requirements of water tanks and the functions of the
components, their layout requirements without causing
contaminations.
5. State the requirements of water tanks to prevent water wastage.
6. Describe the applications, functions, requirements and operations of
the hydro-pneumatic water booster system.
 Chapter 1 - Cold Water supply
• Cold Water Supply
– Potable water for human consumption
– General use – bathing, cooking, irrigation, etc.

• Regulatory Requirements
– Water Authority
– Safe supply of cold water to buildings
– Health issues

• Design and Installation Principles WHO (World Health Organisation)

– Modes of supply produces international norms on
water quality and human health in
– Materials the form of guidelines that are used
– Piping and tank storage as the basis for regulation and
standard setting, in developing and
– Operating parameters (pressure, flow and developed countries world-wide.
capacity) http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_
– Hydro-pneumatic pressure vessels * health/publications/drinking-water-
quality-guidelines-4-including-1st-
addendum/en/
7
 Water Supply from the Authority

• Water Authority
– PUB is the water authority of Singapore or the national water
agency
– PUB is responsible for the collection, production, distribution and
reclamation of water in Singapore
• https://www.pub.gov.sg/
– The Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations (including
subsequent amendments) shall be strictly observed – In Singapore.
 Water Supply from the Authority

• Water Supply
– Water supply is obtained from the
mains of the Authority (PUB mains)

• Compliance
Code/Regulations/Act
• SS 636 : Code of Practices for
Water Services
• Public Utilities (Water Supply)
Regulations - PUB
• Public Utilities Act - PUB
Water Sources
Singapore’s water resources are from:
• Local Catchment (Reservoirs)
• Imported from Malaysia (Johor)
• Desalination

10
 Water Supply from the Authority
– Submissions
Requirements
• Appropriate class of water
service workers to submit
plans to the Authority before
work commence
– site plan
– schematic plans

• Plans show internal water

service installation
– hose reels and water supply pipes
– fittings up to the tank for fire
fighting installation (if any)
 Water Supply from the Authority

– Submissions Requirements
• Appropriate class of water service
workers to submit plans to the
Authority before work commence
– site plan
– schematic plans

• Plans show internal water service

installation
– hose reels and water supply pipes
– fittings up to the tank for fire fighting
installation (if any)
 Water Supply from the Authority

Submissions Requirements
• Water service worker - to use forms issued by the Authority for submission.
• Connecting pipes - laid by the Authority connected to the Authority's mains
• The connection to the Authority's mains - made by the Authority at the building
owner's expense.
 Water Supply from the Authority

Building

or Authority’s Mains

Connecting pipes shall be laid by the Authority connected to the Authority’s mains at the building owner’s
expense. The connection to the Authority’s mains shall also be made by the Authority at the building owner’s
expense.
 Water Supply from the Authority

Submissions Requirements
• Any underground piping - inspected by the Authority before being covered
over.
• Site plans - show the layout of public road reserves, footpaths, buildings and
boundaries.
• Mains - laid in public road reserves.
• Finished line and level of road or footpath must be indicated on the site -
otherwise Authority will not lay mains
 Water Supply from the Authority

– Collaboration with Authority

• Earliest Design Stage
– Close collaboration - consulting engineer and/or architect and the Authority

• Compliance
– Carrying Out Works
• PE & Licensed Water Service Plumbers compliance
SS 636:2018 – Code of Practice (COP) for Water Services
Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations and
Public Utilities Act

• Appropriate Class of Water Service Workers

• Professional Engineer (PE) - for pumping or storage tank design and supervision work
• Licensed Water Service Plumber - for installation work
 Mode of Water Supply

• Direct Supply (Fig 1)

– Level of highest fitting < 125m RL
• Indirect Supply through high level storage tank (Fig 2a, 2b)
– Level of highest fitting > 125m RL but < 137 m RL
• Indirect Supply through low level tank with pumping to high level tanks (Fig 3)
– Level of highest fitting > 137m RL
SS 636 – 2018: Code of Practice for Water Services
 mode of water supply
Fig 2 - Indirect Supply through high level storage tank
Ref: Chapter 1 > Operations of a
Pneumatic Booster System

Use of Booster Pump

http://www.redpower.com.sg/servic
es.html
Hydropneumatic
Booster Pumpset

Water Storage Tank (HDB)

http://news.asiaone.com
 Mode of Water Supply
Fig 3 Indirect supply through low level tank with pumping to high level tanks

1) Authority’s mains will flow through a

meter/master meter to a low level tank
2) Pumps deliver the water to high level
tanks - to one day’s water requirements.
3) Storage Tank Compartments - enable
maintenance & cleaning w/o
interruption to water supply
4) Inlet to the low level tank between 125
metres and 130 metres RL - storage
capacity of the low level tank sized to Alternative: lower floors ( below
1/5 of the daily water requirements. 125mRL ) may be supplied by
5) Inlet to the low level tank is above 130 direct feed
metres RL - the capacity of the low level
tank sized to1/3 of the daily water Figure 3 - Mode of Supply to Fittings
requirements. above 137 m RL
 Standards of Materials, Components, Fittings
& Installation

• All materials and water fittings

– non-corrodible
– corrosion resistant

• All materials and water fittings

shall not
– cause any contamination of water
– have any adverse effect on the water
– use lead or lead alloy
1. Water Fixtures • Efficient Water Fixtures
• https://pub.gov.sg/wels/

23
Water Fixtures
• Types of Efficient Water Fixtures

Shower Tap and Mixer

Low Capacity Urinals and

Flushing Cisterns Urinal Flush Valves

Basin Taps and Mixers

24
2. Water Fittings - Valves
• Valves are used in the water reticulation to facilitate
maintenance and minimize shutdown area.
• The most common types of valves used in water pipeline are:
– gate valve
– Globe(stop) valve
– check valve

25
Water Fittings - Valves
• Gate valve is usually left fully opened. It is
used to shut off the flow of water during
maintenance. For low pressure installation.
• Globe valve (stop valve) is usually used
for the closing and regulate flow. Usually
for controlling the flow of water at higher
pressure. Less vibration and water
hammer
• Check valve is used for preventing
backflow. It allows water to flow in
direction.
26
Water Fittings - Valves

Check Valve
Gate Valve
Globe(Stop)
Valve

27
3. Piping Materials
• (A) Non-metallic Materials
– comply with prescribed SS 375 or BS 6920.
– Eg. Plastic pipes
• uPVC - un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride
• PB - Polybutylene
• PP - Polypropylene
• PE - Polyethylene

• (B) Metallic Materials

– comply with BS EN 1982 or BS EN 12163 or BS EN 12165 or BS EN 12420
– Eg. Copper pipes
• used in both hot and cold water supply
• can be lined internally iron and steel pipes:
– cement mortar lined ductile iron and steel pipes
– stainless steel pipes.
– PVC, PE and polyurethane lined iron and steel pipes
Piping Materials
Copper pipe Steel pipe
(Fig from Crane) (Fig from Nippon Steel)
Piping Materials

Ductile iron pipe UPVC pipe

4. Water Storage Tank
• Purpose
– To provide against interruptions of the supply.
– To reduce the maximum rate of demand on the mains.
Water Storage Tank
Types of storage tanks:
• Glass Reinforce Plastic (GRP)

• Reinforced Concrete (RC)

• Stainless Steel Panel

•Polyethylene (PE)
32
 Stainless Steel Water Storage Tank

• Water Tank Construction

Material
☑Glass Reinforced Polyester (GRP)
☑Stainless Steel
☑Reinforced Concrete
Associated Piping &
Accessories
☑ Ball float valve
☑ Inlet Valve
☑ Access panel
Maximum Top Water Level ☑ Overflow pipe
☑ Warning pipe
☑ Vent pipe
☑ Drain pipe
☑ Cat ladder
☑ Distribution pipe
☑ Internal Partition
When water rise , the Float also rises. When the water level reach the Max Top water
level, the Float with its attached arm closed the inlet valve, stopping water from entering
the tank.
 Water storage tank components
• Water storage tank typically has the following items:
i. Ball Float Valve v. Warning pipes ix. Internal partition (for
ii. Cat ladder (internal and vi. High & Low water level effective capacity >5 m3)
external) sensors x. Drain pipes
iii. Access panel vii. Vent pipes xi. Outlet pipes to serve to
iv. Overflow pipes viii. Level indicator fittings
Water storage tank General requirements
• Watertight
• Non-corrodible or corrosion- resistant material
• Material shall not impart a taste or odour to the water, nor any
adverse effect on the water quality
• Coat externally with a good quality weather-resisting paint where
necessary
• Lead-lined tanks shall not be used
• Secured against unauthorised access, contamination and pollution
of the water
• No storage tank and its water pipes and pumps shall be directly
below sanitary waste pipes or other potential contaminations
• Storage tank shall not be installed in such a position that it is in
danger of being flooded
• Separate headers for draw-offs to pump feed and gravity feed pipes.
Water Storage Tank
e.g. Reinforced Concrete tank

Source:
www.securitex.com.sg/Securitex_Rooftop
_Security_Systems_2011.htm

36
Source: www.tnp.sg Source: www.tnp.sg/content/more-security-water tanks
forums.hardwarezone.com.sg
5. Water Pumps
Pumps provide the means for moving water
through the system at usable working
pressures. The most common type of pump is
the centrifugal pump.
The three basic types of centrifugal pumps are:
• Horizontal split case pumps

• End suction pumps

• Vertical turbine pumps

37
 Ref: Chapter 1 > Operations of a Pneumatic Booster System

6. Hydro-Pneumatic Water Booster System

Overview
• A hydro-pneumatic water booster system incorporates pumps, pressure
vessels and control panel mounted on a common base.
Main Components
• pneumatic pressure vessel which contains both air and water under
pressure, and
Source: http://primopumps.com/
• air (or gas) sealed pressure vessel, provided with a flexible rubber
diaphragm to separate the gas or air from the water.
• The air (or gas) is normally pre-charged in the factory.
Applications
• For water supply to fittings above RL 125 m, the hydro-pneumatic
booster system could be used to boost the water supply vessel.
• Installed on the roof, any floor level, basement level or ground level.

Question: Why not just have the pump supply directly instead of go through the Pressure
Vessel?
•02• SANITARY PLUMBING
& DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Chapter 2 – SANITARY PLUMBING & DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Learning Objectives
1. Explain the application and requirements of venting system
for sanitary and drainage installations.
2. State the importance of maintaining a water seal (or trap) of
sanitary appliances.
3. Understand the types of sanitary system applicable and
installed in buildings.
4. Describe the materials and components used in sanitary and
drainage installations.
 Sanitary plumbing & Drainage Systems
Overview

• CODE OF PRACTICE ON SEWERAGE AND SANITARY WORKS

– Issued under Section 33 of the Sewerage and Drainage Act (Chapter

294).

– It aims to guide the Qualified Persons in the proper planning and design
of the sanitary and sewerage system.
Code of Practice on
Sewerage And Sanitary System

Authority
PUB, Water Reclamation
(Network) Department.

COP
Code of Practice on Sewerage
and Sanitary Works.

https://www.pub.gov.sg/compliance/industry/
codeofpractice

https://www.pub.gov.sg/compliance/industry/
drawings
Sanitary plumbing & Drainage Systems
Overview
1.

2.

3. Sewerage System
system of sewers, pumping station, sewerage treatment plants and
treatment works for the collection, treatment and disposal of sewage
Sanitary plumbing & Drainage Systems Overview
• Sanitary Plumbing System Sanitary
– means a network or sanitary pipe work above the ground Plumbing
System
comprises one or more discharge pipes, discharge stack,
ventilation pipes, ventilating stacks & fittings for the
conveyance of sewage from premises to a sanitary drainage

• Sanitary Drainage System

– means a network or underground pipes comprising drain- Sanitary
lines, branch drain-lines, fittings and inspection chambers for Drainage
System
the conveyance of sewerage within any premises to a
sewerage system

• Sewerage System
– means a system of sewers, pumping station, sewerage
treatment plants and treatment works for the collection,
treatment and disposal of sewage and recovery of industrial Sewerage System
water and include any industrial water main and pipe, drain-
line, grease trap, septic tank etc
The Design of Sanitary Pipe Work Systems

Sanitary Piping System

• Consists of minimum amount of pipe work
necessary to carry away the foul water from the
building quickly and quietly.
• Should not create a nuisance or a risk to health,
nor damage to the building fabric, but it must
prevent air from the drain or sewer from entering
the building under all circumstances.
The Design of Sanitary Pipe Work Systems
Sanitary Appliances & Fittings
• Water Closet Pan
• Flushing Cistern
• Urinal
• Flush Valve
• Automatic Flushing Devices
• Bidet
• Special Sanitary Appliances (subject to approval from PUB)
• Floor Trap
• Floor Waste

Sanitary appliances & fittings are connected

• to the sanitary drainage system
 Sanitary Appliances Connected to Soil Waste
Drainage System
• 2 Types of Sanitary Appliances Connecting To The Soil Waste
Drainage System.
– Soil Sanitary Appliances
– Waste Sanitary Appliances

• Soil Sanitary Appliances

– For the reception and discharge of excretory matters.
• eg. WC, Urinal, Bidet
– All (soil) sanitary appliances connected to the sanitary drainage system require a
water trap or seal.

• Water Trap or Seal

– Soil sanitary appliances shall have
• at least one trap
• water seal of not less than 50 mm
• connecting to a separate branch drain-line
• enters an inspection chamber at 1st storey level or to a discharge pipe on upper storey
level.
Sanitary Appliances Connected to Soil Waste
Drainage System
Waste Sanitary Appliances
• A waste sanitary appliance is for the reception and discharge of water
for ablutionary, cleaning or culinary purpose.
• Examples of waste sanitary appliances are:
– Sink
– Basin
– Bath
– Shower
• The waste sanitary appliances may be provided with a waste fitting
trap for connection to the waste drainage pipe.
• This waste pipe shall be connected above the water seal of the floor
trap.
 Sanitary plumbing Systems
• Sanitary Facilities
Includes bathrooms, toilets, facilities
for washing and sanitary appliances,
pipe-work, above or below the
ground, which connect, directly or
otherwise, to a private sewage
treatment or a public sewerage
system

• Sanitary Appliances
refers to Soil & Waste Appliances Floor Slab
“Soil appliances ” WC, urinal,
bidet, etc
“Waste appliances ” long bath,
wash basin, sink, etc

• Fittings
apparatus or parts used for sanitary
facility or drain-line
 Sanitary plumbing Systems

• Discharge Stack (Soil Stack) Discharge Stack

– means a main vertical discharge

(or venting pipe)

• Ventilating Pipe Ventilating Pipe(s)

– means a pipe provided to limit Floor Slab

the pressure fluctuations within
the discharge pipe system

• Discharge Pipe Discharge Pipe

– means a pipe which conveys the

discharges from (soil & waste)
sanitary appliances
 Sanitary plumbing Systems
• Depth of Seal
– means the depth of water which
would have to be removed from a
fully discharge trap before air
could pass freely through the trap

• Trap
– means a fitting or part of an
appliance or pipe arranged to
retain water so as to prevent the
passage of foul air

(1) Bottle trap (2) S trap (3) P trap

 Sanitary plumbing Systems

• Water Seals
A trap can be arranged to
retain water call the water seal

The water seal prevents foul

smells from the drains entering
the room, the depth of the seal
is usually between 50 to 75mm.

All traps should be accessible

and provided with access cover
or cleaning eye to facilitate
cleaning
 Sanitary plumbing Systems
• Types Of Sanitary Plumbing System
– Single Stack system (Drwg No. 3-17c)
Industri
flat
a
winding
l .

• Non-Ventilated Stack System rise

– For Buildings up to 6 storey Low

2 connecting
– Ventilated Stack System (Drwg No. 3-18c) than
more
72.5
-

m
– For ALL Buildings -

a iances ,

– Fully Ventilated System (Drwg No. 3-15b & 16b)

• Two building arrangements
– Single Stack for Single Landed House
– with Secondary Discharge Stack for ALL Buildings
 Sanitary plumbing Systems

Single Stack System – Non-Ventilated Stack System

No vent pipe
#
• Use where there are single appliances connected to a
discharge stack or where the sanitary appliances/ fittings
are closely grouped round a discharge stack which is
large enough to limit pressure fluctuations without the
need for a ventilating stack

• Permit soil and waste water to discharge into a common

pipe Uk
Historical retort from .

• For buildings up to 6 storeys high Pressure for

fault at ion
 Single Stack system
Use where there are single
appliances connected to a
discharge stack or where
the sanitary appliances/
fittings are closely grouped
round a discharge stack
which is large enough to Group of appliances to a
single discharge stack
limit pressure fluctuations
without the need for a
ventilating stack
Connection of z5m fully
.

2 be
Max must
72.5
Anything
Vandi talk
 Sanitary Pluming Systems
• Ventilated Stack System
a) close groupings of sanitary appliances around the discharge stack in
buildings up to 30 storeys high.
b) The main discharge stack must not be less than 150 mm throughout
c) Separates discharge stack (secondary discharge stack) of diameter
not less than 100 mm shall be provided to serve the 2nd and 3rd
storey.
– This secondary discharge stack shall be extended to serve as
ventilating stack. -
-
– Cross venting between the ventilating stack and the discharge stack
shall be provided at 3rd. 6th , 9th, 12th, 15th, 18th, 21st, 24th and 27th
storeys.
– The length of a discharge pipe connecting to the discharge stack shall
not be more than 2.5 m and there shall be not more than 2
connections made to the discharge pipe.
• Ventilated Stack
System for ALL Ventilating Stack
Buildings
 Vent
cubical
.

Fully
.

urinal 1
Fully Ventilated System wet
more
for ALL Buildings
• Discharge pipe serving the 2nd storey shall be
connected to a secondary discharge stack of
diameter not less than 100mm.
• This stack shall be extended to serve as ventilating
stack but may be reduced to 75mm diameter.
• Cross venting between the ventilating stack and
the discharge stack shall be provided at every 10
storeys
• Fully Ventilated
System –
for Single Landed
Housing
• Fully Ventilated System
(with Secondary Discharge Stack)
– for ALL Buildings

Vent
stalk connected
disunite
always to
Studt
large numbers of
sanitary appliances
in range or where
they have to be
widely dispersed
"

separate discharge
& ventilating stacks
MMM
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site 8
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wrong
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Ventilated Stack System for ALL Buildings Fully Ventilated Stack System for ALL Buildings

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SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM read
'

Aram
• Design Criteria
–Non Conveyance of Rain water
• No sanitary plumbing system shall be used to convey
rain water.
–Minimum Pipe work & Adequate Capacity
• The sanitary plumbing system shall comprise the minimum pipe
work and be designed to provide adequate capacity to cater for the
discharge from the sanitary appliances to which it is connected.
–Pipe Sizes
• The minimum sizes for discharge stacks/pipes and ventilating
stacks/pipes to be provided shall be in accordance with the
requirements laid down in this Code.
SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM
• Design Criteria
–Foul Air Exclusion
• Sanitary plumbing system shall be designed to exclude foul air
from the discharge pipes or stacks from entering the buildings.
–Water Seal Loss
• In this connection, water seals of sufficient depth (not less
than 50 mm) are required to be provided at sanitary
appliances and floor traps.
• Avoid water seal loss in trap arising from pressure fluctuations
through the provision of ventilating pipes/stacks or adequate
sizing of discharge stacks as appropriate - for the sanitary
plumbing system.
SANITARY PLUMBING SYSTEM

Design Criteria
Venting System
• Venting system is designed to circulate air throughout the
plumbing system in order to achieve the following 2 goals:
– To remove odours and gases from the plumbing system
– To Prevent positive or negative pressures from being developed
within the plumbing system:
» This will prevent loss of water seals due to induced siphonage and
compression.
Sanitary Drainage System
• Sanitary Drainage System
– consists of pipes and apparatus that carry sewage
from the buildings to the points of discharge or
disposal
– includes drain pipes, inspection chambers and
manholes
– located outside the building and end at the main
sewer in the street
– not connected to surface drainage, because the
sanitary discharges must be treated before it is
discharged
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• Design Considerations
– Avoid Causing Nuisance or Danger To Health
• Shall be designed, installed, and maintained to convey and
discharge soil and waste into the sewerage system without causing
a nuisance or danger to health arising from leakage, blockage or
surcharge.

http://plumbersarlingtontx.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/sewer-leak.jpg
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• Design and Installation Criteria
(a) shall convey only soil and waste from within the pemises to the sewerage system.
Rainwater shall not be discharged into sanitary drainage system.

(b) The size, length and material shall be chosen to facilitate maintenance and reliable
service.

(c) Bends or kinks are to be avoided in any branch or main drain-line.

(d) The branch/main drain-line shall be of the same diameter and laid using the same
material throughout its entire length.

(e) The branch/main drain-line shall have a constant gradient. The size and gradient of
the drain-line shall be chosen to provide adequate carrying capacity and also allow for
adequate ventilation.

(f) Also, the gradient for the branch/main drain-line shall be such as to maintain a sell-
cleansing velocity of 0.9 m/s and not to exceed a scouring velocity of 2.4 m/s under
normal discharge condition.
•03 •GAS SYSTEM
Chapter 3 – Gas System
Learning Objectives
1. State the properties of fuel gases.
2. Differentiate the different properties of LPG and
Manufactured Gas.
3. Describe the safety requirements of handling LPG.
4. Explain the safety requirements of LPG installation.
5. Describe the safety requirements of handling
manufactured piped gas.
6. Explain the safety requirements of manufactured piped
gas.
Refer: Chapter 3 > Proper Handling of LPG, Town Gas and
Natural Gas

• Gas systems
– Manufactured Gas - Town Gas
– Liquefied Petroleum Gas – LPG

• Town Gas & LPG

– Requirements on design, installation and
operations
– Safety requirements

LPG Town Gas Supply

 Gas Properties – Town Gas

Town Gas
43 - 65% Hydrogen, H2
4 - 28% Methane, CH4
2 - 6%, CO
 Gas Properties - Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Oil refineries produce LP gases in the process of producing other, more

commonly used fuels.
Photo courtesy Phillips Petroleum Company
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/alternative-fuels/lpg2.htm
 Properties Liquefied Petroleum Gas
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a generic term used to describe
hydro carbon gases
– It is a fossil fuel, like oil and natural gas
– it is produced during the normal petrol chemical distilling
process of crude oil.

• Most energy companies are not focused on LPG, they produce

them nonetheless because they are a by product of the refining
process for other fuels.
– it exists as vapour at normal atmospheric temperature and
pressure but which can be liquefied at only moderate pressure.

• 2 main LPG in general use

– Butane (C4H10)
– Propane (C3H8)
 Properties Liquefied Petroleum Gas

• Liquid Propane
– It is 270 times more compact than it is as a gas
– Easily transported
– Easily stored until ready for use

• Gaseous Propane
– When pressure is released, the gas returns to its
vapour state
Refer: Chapter 3 > Proper Handling of LPG, Town Gas
and Natural Gas
 Differentiating Between LPG & TOWN GAS
LPG Town Gas
Colourless & odourless. An odorant is added to Colourless & odourless. An odorant is added to
the gas to give a distinct smell or odour. the gas to give a distinct smell or odour.

Non-toxic but large quantities could cause Gas is Toxic. A person can die within minutes
suffocation. due to carbon monoxide poisoning (CO is 2 ~ 6%
volume).
Heavier than air. Any leakage will sink to the Lighter than air. Any leakage will be dispersed in
ground and accumulated in low laying areas an the air.
may be difficult to disperse. Specific Gravity = 0.59
Butane (C4H10): 2 times as heavy as air & Propane Note: Natural Gas = 0.555
(C3H8): 1.5 times. (Air=1.0; Temp=15oC; Pressure=101 kPa)
Specific Gravity = 2.06
(Air=1.0; Temp=15oC; Pressure=101 kPa)
Mixed with the air in an enclosed space
can be explosive when ignited.
Chemically reactive and will cause natural rubber
and some plastics to deteriorate. Only
equipment and fittings specifically designed for
LPG should be used.
 Requirements on design, installation and
operations - Town Gas & LPG
• PE or Licensed Gas Service Workers (LGSW)
– apply on behalf of customer for the supply of gas
– shall ensure the design of the gas installation or part
and the gas service work carried out on the gas
installation comply with the requirements of the latest
revision of the following:
(i) The Gas Act (Cap 116A);
(ii) The Gas (Supply) Regulations 2008;
(iii) The Gas Supply Code;
(iv) Singapore Standard CP 51 2004; (Town gas is referred to as
manufactured gas) - Code of Practice for Manufactured Gas Pipe
Installation,
(v) City Gas Handbook on Gas Supply; and
(vi) Any other relevant rules, regulation and Codes of Practices
Requirements on design, installation and
operations - Town Gas & LPG
• Gas Installation Pipework
–A discrete grouping of gas pipes and fittings linking a
gas service isolation valve to a gas appliance.

• Pipe Materials
–Ductile iron, Galvanized iron, Copper, Steel,
Polyethylene, Stainless steel
Gas installation pipe work – town gas
gas installation pipe work – town gas

Meter Control
Valve

Riser Gas
meter
Appliance
Connecting
Point

Pipe Sleeve
Consumer’s

Building
Gas Service Service Internal Pipe
Valve

edge
Isolation Valve
(SIV)

Gas Service pipe Service Pipe

For the connection of gas services to gas mains and controlling

the gas flow from the gas mains to the service pipe.
Gas
Main To be sited at or near the boundary lines of properties or
building aprons, buried or above ground.
 gas installation pipe work
– town gas
• Typical Gas Meter and Gas
Isolation Valve (yellow)
 gas installation pipe work
– town gas safety requirements
Typical Gas Interlock System
– Safety Features

Edward Han
 Requirement for Design, Installation &
Operations - Town Gas
• Danger
– Town gas is considered as a dangerous fuel.
– It is colourless, odourless, and lighter than air.
– It is toxic or poisonous and by inhaling too much of this gas will
cause death.
– Any escape of town gas will be dangerous to the user and person
within the confined area.
– Special Requirements must be adhered in the design,
construction and operations of the gas system.

• Compliance
– Design and installation of the Town Gas shall comply to
SS 608 – 2015: Code of Practice for Gas Installation.
84
SS 608 – 2015:
Code of Practice
for Gas
Installation
 Requirement for Design, Installation &
Operations - Town Gas
• Key Design Considerations
a. Shortest practicable rout from service entry to usage points or
appliance connecting point
b. Easy access for maintenance
c. Good ventilation
d. Possibility of early detection in the event of gas leak
e. Permissible pressure drop between SlV and the meter inlet is
7.5 mm H20
f. Above ground entry into building
g. Accessible location and ease of operation of Service Isolation
Valve (SIV) and Service Valve (SV);
h. SIV and/or SV are not to be inter-linked downstream through
service pipes or internal pipes
 Requirement for Design, Installation & Operations -
Town Gas
• Gas pipe works must not traverse into the following
areas and under the following circumstances:
a. In the ground under concrete flooring within building
b. Under building foundations
c. Within lift shafts
d. In compartments or dusts dedicated for electrical
switchgears, transformers regenerators
e. In refrigeration chambers, cold rooms, air handling rooms
and ventilation or air-conditioning ducts
 Requirement for Design, Installation & Operations -
Town Gas
• Gas pipe works must not traverse into the following areas and
under the following circumstances (cont’d):
f. Adjacent to pipes and vessels containing flammable, oxidising and
corrosive materials
g. In fire-fighting and rescue command centres, smoke stop lobbies. fire
pump rooms, tire-fighting water tank rooms, fire-fighting riser ducts,
areas of refuge, protected corridors, protected staircases
h. Bedrooms
However, when pipes pass through item (d) and (g) is encased or
compartmentalised by masonry or other approved material, pipes are
allowed to pass through these areas, subject to the following
requirements.
 Safety Precaution
– When Using Gas Appliances
a. Ensure that there is no smell of gas in the room or kitchen where the gas
appliances are located
b. Ensure that there is good ventilation - Open doors and windows if
necessary.
c. When lighting a hot plate burner or grill, apply the light lo the burner when
turning on the control knob.
d. When lighting an oven, open the door, apply lit to the lighting hole or oven
burners as the case may be when turning on the control knob.
e. When lighting a water heater, light the pilot light first by applying a Iight to
the pilot when turning on the pilot light control knob.
f. Ensure good ventilation when any gas appliance are In use.
g. Do not leave combustible material over and around as appliances.
Example; such as paper, plastic bags, cloth etc,
Requirement for Design, Installation & Operations - LPG

• Characteristics that affect the safety & fire aspects

of LPG
1. The liquid is colourless
2. It is approximately ½ the weight of an equivalent volume
of water
3. If LPG is spilled on water, it will float on the surface before
vaporising.
4. The liquid occupies about 1/250 th of the volume needed
if the product was stored as a gas.
5. A leakage of a small quantity of the liquid product can
lead to large volumes of vapour/air mixtures and possible
hazard.
Requirement for Design, Installation & Operations - LPG

• Building Control and Planning Permission

– SCDF (formerly FSB) to be consulted at an early
stage in any proposal to site LPG storage vessels,
either cylinders or tanks

– References shall also be made to NFPA on the fire

safety aspects and requirements on the use and
installations of LPG storage cylinders in buildings.
 Requirement for Design, Installation &
Operations - LPG
• LPG must be centrally stored externally and away from any heat source.
• The area of the storage must be naturally ventilated. The gas storage must
not be situated in the basement.
• All LPG gas storage must be submitted to Singapore Civil Defence Force for
licensing using Form FSSD-FMSO2. ( latest: under P&FM, apply license on
line)
• The installation of LPG gas supply system is subjected to NFPA 58 and 54
• A key safety concern with LPG is it cannot disperse easily and tends to
collect and move on the surface.
• It is therefore good practices that gas detector are installed at low levels
when the cooking areas are air-conditioned or mechanically ventilated.
• In addition, solenoid valve shall be provided to every kitchen and
interlocked with kitchen exhaust fans and gas detectors and ensure that all
depressions and drains be air-tight covered, etc.
Thank
end You