mm

FABRIC
SCIENCE
ASSIGNMENT
1
SUBMITTED BY: AL SATHVIKA
FACULTY NAME: PROF. HARSHA
RANI
ROLL NO:
BFT/20/504
Documentation on variety of product
category available commercially for
textile finishing, with their chemical
composition, application, and costing.

INDEX
 1. SULPHURIC ACID
Sulphuric acid is a colourless, odourless, and viscous liquid that is miscible
with water. It is also known as oil of vitriol.

FORMULA: H2SO4
IUPAC ID: Sulfuric acid
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Sulphuric acid is composed of elements like Sulphur, Oxygen and
Hydrogen.

APPLICATIONS
 Parchmentizing: Sulfuric acid is used in parchmentizing, where the
cellulosic fabrics, when treated with concentrated sulphuric acid
under special conditions produce the remarkable organdie finish.
 Manufacturing Rayon: It is used in the production of rayon when
the cellulose fibre derived from wood are dissolved in tetra amine
copper (II) solution that produces a thick blue liquid is injected into
sulfuric acid. Thus produced rayon which is a semi- synthetic,
breathable material ideal for use in hot and humid countries.
 Milling Agent: Milling is used to make the fabric fuller and denser,
also woven patterns becomes obscure. Milling is classified into acid
milling and alkaline milling both of which are carried out in stock or
in rotary milling machine. Sulphuric acid is the best milling
agent(acid milling): sulphuric acid (0.2- 0.5 %), pH (2), temp (45
degree C). Also, fabric should be washed thoroughly after milling.
  Dyes: Firstly, a soluble and non-reactive dye with sulphuric acid is
made to dissolve in conc. Sulfuric acid. Then a buffering compound is
added to the sulfuric acid solution to make dye bath.
 It is also used to give a flame repellent finish to the fabric.

COSTING
Costing of sulphuric acid is ₹ 20/ Kg.
Functions- Catalyst
Usage/ Applications- Industrial
Material- Liquid

https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/sulphuric-acid.html

MANUFACTURERS OF SULPHURIC ACID

 Surya Fine Chem, Pune
 Deccan Sulphate, Thane
 Sainath Enterprises, Bangalore
 Tradewell International Pvt Ltd
 2. SODIUM CARBONATE
Sodium carbonate in its all forms are white, odourless, water-soluble salts
that yield moderately alkaline solutions in water. Common name of Sodium
carbonate is soda ash, washing soda, soda crystals, sodium trioxocarbonate.
It is an ionic compound which on dissociation gives two sodium cations
(Na+) and one carbonate anion (CO3-2)

FORMULA: Na2CO3
IUPAC ID: Disodium Carbonate
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Sodium carbonate is composed of 2 sodium atoms, 1 carbon atom and 3
oxygen atoms.

APPLICATIONS
 Dyeing: The pH of the cellulose fibre and fibre- reactive dyes changes
so that the dye reacts with the fibre, making a permanent connection
that holds the dye to the fibre. Now they can chemically attack the
dye because it activates the fibre molecules, thus making it suitable
with fabrics such as silk producing brighter and more colourfast
results.
 Curing of wool and silk fibres can be done with sodium
bicarbonate. It also aids in the process of dyeing and printing of wool
and silk fabrics.
 Tanning: It is also used for tanning in the leather industry. When it is
treated with sodium bicarbonate, leather remains porous, soft and
flexible.
  Alkalinity of chromium sulphate solutions can be increased with the
addition of sodium bicarbonate to assist the cross linking of chrome
complexes with the animal- hide collagen of leather. The animal -hide
collagen fibres stabilises due to the reaction such that they are no
longer biodegradable.
 Alkaline Milling: Also, alkaline milling may be carried out with soap
and soda ash or with alkali alone. Best results are produced when
there is Sodium Carbonate (6-7 degree Tw), pH ( 9 to 11) and
temperature (38 degree Celsius).

COSTING
Costing of sodium carbonate is ₹ 26/ Kg. Widely used in gold, platinum
plating, tanning industry, fire extinguishers.

https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/sodium-bi-carbonate-
4429337848.html?pos=1&pla=n
 3. UREA
Chemical compound carbamide, is commonly known as urea which
has two NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl functional group.
FORMULA: CH4N2O
SOLUBLE IN: Water, Ethanol, Glycerol
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
This organic compound is composed of two NH2 groups
joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group. The liver is
formed in the urea cycle by combining two ammonia
molecules (NH3) with a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule.
APPLICATIONS
 Addition of urea during dyeing/ printing of cellulosic fibres with
reactive dyes to the pad- liquor or print-paste is done to achieve
additional brighter and more level prints.
 Urea slows down the dyeing process; allowing more time for the dye
to react with the fibre, yield deeper shades and increase the
solubility of the dyes which is used when applying dye solutions
directly to fabric.
 Resin Finishing: Also, in resin finishing urea and formaldehyde is
reacted with the hydroxyl groups in cellulose to form a bond, thus
product having both good recovery from creasing and improved
dimensional stability.

COSTING
The GOI. has statutorily fixed the price of urea. It is ₹ 268 for 50Kg bag of
urea and ₹ 242 for 45Kg bag of urea which includes ₹ 354/ MT as dealer
margin for private.
https://fert.nic.in/urea-pricing-policy-section
 4. FORMALDEHYDE
Formaldehyde is an organic compound which is colourless, flammable,
strong- smelling chemical that is produced chemically.

FORMULA: CH2O
IUPAC ID: Methanal
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring organic
compound consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.

APPLICATIONS
Formaldehyde is commonly used in several textile processes. It is a natural
chemical substance.
 Wrinkle resistance and crease resistance is increased with the
action of formaldehyde in the textiles.
 Better penetration of dyes and inks into the fabric also takes place
due to formaldehyde (allowing better saturation)
 A sticky aqueous substance called resin is formed when
formaldehyde is mixed with specific liquid which imparts special
properties in the fabric, e.g., making it water resistance. Also give
them colour.
 It is also used to prevent mildew and increases the stain resistance
on outdoor textiles and on permanent- press textiles.

COSTING
Costing of formaldehyde is ₹ 50/ Kg.
Usage- Industrial
https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/formaldehyde.html
 5. UREA-
FORMALDEHYDE
Urea- Formaldehyde is a non-transparent thermosetting resin or polymer
named for its common synthesis pathway and overall structure.
Urea- formaldehyde resin’s include high tensile strength, flexural modulus,
high heat distortion temperature, low water absorption, mould shrinkage,
high surface hardness, elongation at break and volume resistance.

FORMULA: C2H6N2O2
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Urea Formaldehyde is composed of urea(a solid crystal obtained from
ammonia) and formaldehyde (a highly reactive gas obtained from
methane).

APPLICATIONS
 Urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde (which are
thermosetting resins) are added to improve the shrink resistance and
crease resistance of fabrics.
 Because of its chemical properties it is used in textiles, foundry sand
moulds, rayon, corduroy, cotton blends etc.
 PDC Method: Pad-Dry-Cure method is applied for cross linking
agents with the application of urea formaldehyde resin consisting of
steps such as padding, drying, curing, washing, and drying.
COSTING
Costing of urea formaldehyde is ₹ 18/ Kg.
Brand- Ok

https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/urea-formaldehyde-resin-
20690233448.html
 6. QUATERNARY
AMMONIUM SALTS
Quaternary Ammonium salts are cationic compounds containing alkyl
groups in a chain length of C8- C18.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
A quaternary ammonium salt’s general structural formula is as follows:

n = positive whole number

A- = any anion present in salt
R1, R2, R3, R4 = hydrogen atoms/ alkyl
atoms/ aryl atoms/ or their combinations.

APPLICATIONS
Quaternary ammonium salts are water soluble and can be used for a
variety of purposes:
 It is used as disinfectant in textile industries.
 Also used as fabric softeners. The chloride salt are often used in
liquid fabric softeners.
 Padding: For the better penetration of the liquor, the material should
be scoured and bleached before impregnation. The conc. Sol. of resin
pre condensate is diluted depending on the type of fabric and to this,
acid catalyst and other additives are added, such as softener & PE
emulsion. Thus, ammonium salts here are used as acid catalyst with
the exact amount.

COSTING
Costing of formaldehyde is ₹ 149/ Kg.
Physical state- liquid
https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/quaternary-ammonium-compounds.html
 7. HYDROGEN
CHLORIDE
Hydrochloric acid is usually a colourless solution with a distinctive pungent
smell. It is also known as muriatic acid and is classified as a strong acid

FORMULA: HCl
CLASSIFICATION: Mineral Acid
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Hydrogen and chlorine combine to form a
compound called hydrogen chloride which is gas at
room temperature and pressure.

APPLICATIONS
Hydrochloric acid acts as both an acid and as reducing agent due to the
presence of both carboxylic and aldehyde group.
 Hydrochloric acid (HCL) is commonly used for the neutralization of
alkaline agents that is as a bleaching agent in textile industry.
 Also, to neutralize the alkaline residues in cotton immediately
prior to bleaching.
 It is used in the dyeing of wool. Also used in the dyeing of cotton
fabric. This is because it is miscible with water, ether, and alcohol in
all proportions.
 HCl is used for degreasing the surface of the skin in tannery.

COSTING
Costing of hydrochloric acid is ₹ 50/ Kg.
 Physical state- liquid
 Appearance – colourless
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/hydrochloric-acid-
6772185588.html

8. SILICON DIOXIDE
Silicon dioxide is commonly known as silica. It is mostly commonly found
in crystalline state and rarely in amorphous state.

FORMULA: SiO2
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION:
Silica is made up of the group
of minerals found most
abundantly in the earth’s crust,
i.e. silicon and oxygen. It is
composed of one atom of
silicon and two atoms od
oxygen.

APPLICATIONS
They are used in fashion and industrial textiles. It brought out a revolution
in textile industry and is useful in the textile manufacturing process.
They impart useful characteristics to the fabrics during its finishing
processes such as
 Soil release
 Heat resistance.
 Resistance to sunlight
 Resistance to moisture
 Resistance to chemicals
 Resistance to age
Thus, textiles with such high temp insulation provides high strength and
flexibility, enabling their use in a wide range of applications.

COSTING
Costing of silicon dioxide is ₹ 70/ Kg.

 Grade- Industrial
 State- Powder
 Colour- Milky White
https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/precipitated-silica.html

MANUFACTURERS OF SILICON DIOXIDE

 Akj Minchem Private Limited, Udaipur
 Agarwal Steel Re Rolling Mills, Hyderabad
 MMG Private Limited, Chennai
 Himsons Plasticizers Private Limited, Vadodara
 Huber Chemicals India Private Limited, Mumbai
 9. BARIUM SULPHATE
Barium Sulphate is a white crystalline solid that is odourless and insoluble
in water. It is an organic compound.

FORMULA: BaSO4
SOLUBLE IN: Sulfuric Acid
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Barium Sulphate is composed of a barium
cation and sulfate anion. The sulfur is
attached to four oxygen atoms.

APPLICATIONS
Barium sulphate is a fine white powder used in making textiles.
 Barium Sulphate is used as finish for linen goods
 In textile industry it can also be found in use as sizing agents as well
as in pigments and coatings.
 It is also used as an agent for rayon matting during etching and
printing.
 It also provides soil release finish to the fabric.

COSTING
Costing of powder barium sulphate is ₹ 58/ Kg.
 Grade- precipitated
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/barium-sulphate-1920119948.html

MANUFACTURERS OF BARIUM SULPHATE

 Shive Chemicals, Surat
 Vishnu Priya Chemicals Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad
 Kalpana Chemical, Ahmedabad
 10. TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Titanium dioxide when used as pigment is known as titanium white. It is a
naturally occurring oxide of titanium.

FORMULA: TiO2
IUPAC ID: Titanium dioxide/ titanium (IV) oxide
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Titanium dioxide is composed of one titanium atom and two
oxygen atoms which is generally found in the minerals in the
earth crust along with other elements.

APPLICATIONS
Titanium dioxide is white, water insoluble pigment and used in textile
industry as follows:
 It mainly acts as an ultraviolet ray protecting agents.
 The strength also increases due to the treatment.
 Also makes sure that the pH of the fabric is in acidic medium
 Titanium dioxide is used in polyester fibre manufacturing process.
 It is an excellent matting agent for chemical fibres.
 It also provides soil release finish to the fabric.

COSTING
Costing of powder barium sulphate is ₹ 190/ Kg.
 Form- Powder
 Colour- White
https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/titanium-dioxide.html

MANUFACTURERS OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE

 VV Titanium Pigments Private Limited, Tamil Nadu
 Travancore Titanium Products (TTP), Kerala
 Titanium Dioxide Report, Maharashtra
 11. SILICONE EMUSIONS
Depending on the type of emulsifier system used, silicone emulsions can be
divided into 3 groups, i.e. they can be anionic, cationic and non- anionic.
Silicone emulsions are non- toxic, heat- stable products created when
silicone oil is dispersed in a liquid, with the addition of a surfactant.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Silicone emulsion is composed mainly of
polydimethylsiloxane, emulsifier, and
water. Emulsifier is the main ingredient
here which encapsulates the
polydimethylsiloxane oil and holds it in
suspension. Ethoxylated glycol ethers in
the emulsifier typically used here.

APPLICATIONS
In textile industry as well as in fashion silicone based textile have many
advantages:
 Silicone emulsions are broadly used in textiles as softeners. Adds
softness to the fabric.
 Adds higher water repellence property to the fabric
 It can help in reducing shrinkage.
 It makes the fabric scratch free and wrinkle free.
 Suppleness of the fabric is maintained with this silicone coating.
 The silicone rubber compound helps in adding extended life,
abrasion, puncture and tear resistance, as well as UV, oil and water
resistance.

COSTING
Costing of silicone emulsion is ₹ 135/ Kg.
 Colour- Milky white emulsion
  Usage- Industrial

https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/silicone-emulsion.html

MANUFACTURERS OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE

 M.R. Silicone Industries, Mumbai
 Silkot Silicones, Thane
 J.R.D. International, Mumbai
 Kent Marketing Corporation, Goa
 Sheri Trading Company, Delhi
 12. STARCH
Starch is a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers joined in α 1,4
linkages. Liner polymer amylose is the simplest form of starch and
amylopectin is its branched form.
Starch is a white granular organic chemical.

SOLUBILITY IN WATER: Insoluble

APPEARANCE: White
MELTING POINT: Decomposes
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Starch is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is unbranched
structure consisting of alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond. Whereas amylopectin is
branched structure consisting of alpha 1-4 & alpha 1-6 glycosidic bind.

APPLICATIONS
Modified starch helps in developing textile capabilities (such as strength,
elasticity, and surface strength). Starch has a important role in three stages
of production of textiles: mixing, printing and finishing.
 Starch helps in reducing friction in the weaving process.
 It is used to improve the feel of fabric.
 By imparting gloss, it improves the appearance of the fabric.
  It also helps in removing the wrinkles formed during the
preparation of the fabric.
 In laundry industry, starch derivatives are excellent for yarn coating
as ironing starch.
 Starch finish is a non- durable finish, still it acts as a traditional
finishing agent for cotton and rayon fabrics.

COSTING
Costing of maize starch is ₹ 28/ Kg.
 State- Powder
 Colour- White
 Material: Maize
https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/maize-starch-powder.html

MANUFACTURERS OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE

 Millennium Starch India Pvt Ltd, Karnataka
 Venus Starch Suppliers, Tamil Nadu
 SPAC Starch Products India Ltd, Tamil Nadu
 SNS Starch Ltd, Telangana
 13. SODIUM
CARBOXYMETHYL
CELLULOSE
An important product of cellulose ethers is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
(CMC), which are formed as a result of cellulose derivative by natural
cellulose modification with an ether structure.

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C8H16NaO8

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is prepared from cellulose by the
treatment with alkali and monochloro-acetic acid or its sodium salt. It is
further specified by its viscosity.

where R= H or CH2COONa

APPLICATIONS
Sodium Carboxymethyl cellulose CMC is widely used in printing and
dyeing.
 It acts as a sizing agent for the warp sizing of the fabrics.
 It helps to provide favourable conditions for weaving by forming a
Smooth, wear-resistant and flexible film on the surface of warp by
bearing the absolute strength and friction of the weaving machine.
 Thus, its possible to get a high grade fabric and high speed
production with its help.
 It provides the yarn a soft hand feel, which is easily dry and glossy.
  Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is used to provide oil release finish
as well.

COSTING
Costing of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose powder is ₹ 52/ Kg.
 State- Powder
 Colour- White

https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/sodium-carboxymethyl-cellulose-
powder-10779580588.html

MANUFACTURERS OF SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL

CELLULOSE
 Cellulose Solutions Private Limited, Telangana
 Sri Kalpa Celluloe Products, Hyderabad
 Ayush Enterprise, Ahmedabad
 Hiranya Cellulose Products, Telangana
 14. POLYVINYL
COMPOUNDS
Polyvinyl alcohol is colourless and odourless and water-soluble synthetic
polymer. Polyvinyl chloride comes in rigid as well as flexible form and is a
high strength thermoplastic material.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Polyvinyl alcohol is generated by the hydrolysis of poly(vinyl acetate).
Whereas poly(vinyl acetate) is formed by the polymerization of vinyl
acetate.

Firstly, the electrolysis of salt water. The chlorine produced is

combined with ethylene to form vinyl chloride monomer. Polyvinyl
Chloride (PVC) is this produced by the polymerization of vinyl
chloride monomer.

APPLICATIONS
 Polyvinyl chloride is mainly used in waterproof fabric.
 It is also used in fire protective clothing.
  Whereas polyvinyl alcohol is used to form film bon between active
group of fabric and chemicals.
 Polyvinyl fabrics are synthetic technical fabrics.

COSTING
Costing of PVC resin is ₹ 158/ Kg.
 Form- Powder
 Usage- Industrial purpose
https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/pvc-resin.html
Costing of Polyvinyl alcohol is ₹ 165/ Kg.
 Usage- Sizing agent
 Grade- Industrial grade
https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/polyvinyl-alcohol.html

MANUFACTURERS OF POLYVINYL COMPOUNDS

 Reliance Industries Ltd, Gujarat
 Chemplast Sanmar Ltd, Tamil Nadu
 Finolex Industries Ltd, Tamil Nadu
 DCW Ltd, Tamil Nadu
 15. FLUOROCHEMICAL
A fluorochemical is a chemical compound that are primarily hydrocarbons
where fluorine has replaced at least one atom of hydrogen.
Fluorochemicals are comprised of fluorocarbons, fluoropolymers, HCFC,
HFC etc.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Fluorochemicals are produced by condensation of a fluorinated alcohol or
fluorinated primary amine with a suitable anhydride.

APPLICATIONS
 These are widely used to modify the surface of textiles and carpets.
 It lowers the surface energy prevents the fiber from wetting out.
 It is used so used in soil release finishing in small quantity in some
industries.
 These chemicals are also used in dying and printing processes
 Fluorochemicals impart resistance to water, soils, oils and staining.

COSTING
Costing of fluorochemical (Hydrofluoric acid) is ₹ 125/ Kg.
 Molecular Formula- HF
https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/hydrofluoric-acid.html
 16. SOL GEL
Formation of an inorganic colloidal suspension (sol) and gelation of the soil
in a continuous liquid phase(gel) to form a three dimensional network
structure is called sol-gel. It is a wet chemical process.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
Sol Gel involves the formation of an inorganic colloidal suspension (sol)
and gelation of the sol, done in a continuous liquid phase (gel) to form a
three- dimensional network structure.

APPLICATIONS
Sol gel technology is used to prepare fibres
 For flame retardancy , anti mosquito
 To provide water/ oil repellent finish
 Provides anti wrinkle, anti crease, durable press or easy care effect of
the fabric.
 It helps providing ultraviolet (UV) protection, self-cleaning or soil
repellent finish to the fabric.
 It provides photocatalytic activity
COSTING
Costing of silica sol is ₹ 22/ Kg.
 Packaging type- Barrel
 Density- 1.200
https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/silica-sol.html

MANUFACTURERS OF SOL GEL

  Orion Industry, Ltd

INTRODUCTION TO FINISHING
Dyeing and printing are not the ultimate steps. Finishing is required to
make it more suitable for end use (value addition is done here). The main
aim of finishing is to make it more suitable for their end uses.
Finishing is one of the essential processes of processing mill where all
bleached, dyed and printed materials are subjected before they are put on
the market.

ADVANTAGES OF TEXTILE FINISHING

 It improves the appearance of the fabric in terms of its lustre &
whiteness (in case of bleached fabrics).
 It improves the wear qualities of the fabrics in terms of its non-
soiling finishing & anti crease finishing.
 It also helps in imparting special properties to the fabric such as
water proofing & flame proofing.

CLASSIFICATION OF TEXTILE FINISHES

 Aesthetic Finishing: Modify the appearance and/or hand. E.g.,
Calendaring, fulling, mercerization, softening.
 Functional Finishing: Performance properties are improved. E.g.,
Antistatic, durable press, flame resistant, soil release.
 Chemical Finishing: Firstly, padding then followed by curing/
drying. E.g., Antistatic, anti-bacteria, mercerization, softening.
 Mechanical Finishing: Involves specific physical treatment. E.g.,
Calendaring, raising, milling etc.
 Permanent Finishing: The finishing effect does not disappear in the
fabric. E.g., Water proofing, flame proofing etc
 Semi- permanent Finishing: The finishing effect disappears after
5/10 washes. E.g., Buckram
 Temporary Finishing: The effect is not stable. E.g., Embossing.