(O LEVELS) Biology Definitions Here - SGExams

4/12/23, 7:41 PM [O LEVELS] Biology definitions here : SGExams
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 Gaming  Posted by u/ramensushimochi Polytechnic 3 years ago
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 Sports  [O LEVELS] Biology definitions here
 Business, Economics, a…  MUST-READS: O Levels
 Crypto  hii LOL long post ahead but I've the bio definitions here if you
need :) I'm quite a noob at techn so I have like no idea how to set
 Television  the link or smth but anyway HERE U GO those we need it. sorry for
Celebrity any typos!!!!!!!
 
More Topics Chapter 2: Cells
 
Differentiation - Differentiation is the process by which a cell
becomes specialised for a specific function
Tissue - A tissue is a group of cells with similar structures which

work together to perform a specific function. There are two types
of tissues: simple tissue and complex tissue
Chapter 3: Movement of Substances
Diffusion - Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region

of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a
concentration gradient. It is a type of passive transport that does
not require energy.
Osmosis - Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a

region of higher water potential to a region of lower water
potential down a water potential gradient via a partially permeable
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membrane. It is a type of passive transport that does not require
your favorite communities
and start taking part in energy.
conversations.
Active Transport - Active transport is the net movement of particles
from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher
Join Reddit concentration against the concentration gradient, it is a type of
transport that requires energy from aerobic respiration.
https://www.reddit.com/r/SGExams/comments/doq7f6/o_levels_biology_definitions_here/ 1/17
Chapter 4: Nutrients
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Nutrients - Nutrients are chemical substances in food that provide

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energy and materials needed by the body
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Condensation reaction - A condensation reaction is a chemical
reaction where two simple molecules are joined together to form a
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larger molecule with the removal of one water molecule.
RECENT
Hydrolysis - Hydrolysis is the reaction in which a molecule of water
r/SGExams is required to break up a complex molecule into simple molecules
Chapter 5: Enzymes
TOPICS
Enzymes - Enzymes are proteins that function as biological

 catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions and remain chemically
unchanged at the end of the reaction.

*Denaturation - Denaturation is the change in the three-

dimensional structure of an enzyme or any other soluble protein,
 caused by heat of chemicals such as acids and alkalis.
 (Not sure if tested)
 Chapter 6: Nutrition in Humans
 Nutrition - Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain food

and energy for growth, repair and maintenance of the body.
Peristalsis - Peristalsis is the rhythmic wavelike muscular

contractions in the walls of the alimentary canal where the
longitudinal and circular muscles work antagonistically to move
food along.
*Deamination - Deamination is the process by which amino groups

are removed from amino acids and converted to urea.
Digestion - Digestion is the process of breaking down large

complex insoluble food molecules into smaller simpler soluble
molecules. Digestion involves the physical breakdown of food
substances which mechanically breaks down food into smaller
pieces to increase the surface area to volume ratio for digestive
enzymes to work on. Digestion is also a chemical process involving
breaking of bonds with the aid of enzymes.
Absorption - Absorption is the process whereby digested food
and start taking part in
molecules are taken into the blood capillaries for glucose and
conversations.
amino acids and the lacteal capillaries for fats. This takes place in
the villi in the small intestine. The digested food molecules move
into the villi in the small intestine by diffusion and active transport.
Assimilation - Assimilation is the distribution and use of products

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of digestion as as energy source and conversion into other
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nutrients needed for growth and repair of body parts
Chapter 7: Nutrition in Plants

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Photosynthesis - Photosynthesis is the process whereby light

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energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical
RECENT energy. Chemical energy is used to synthesise carbohydrates from
water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is released in the process.
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Chapter 8: Transport in Humans
TOPICS
Phagocytosis - Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing or
ingesting foreign particles, such as bacteria, by phagocytes. The

bacteria are ingested and digested in the phagocyte.

Chapter 9: Transport in Plants

Translocation - Translocation is the transport of manufactured
 food substances in the form of sucrose and amino acids, from the
leaves to all parts of the plant, bidirectionally through the phloem
 tissue in plants.
 Transpiration - Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the

aerial parts of the plant especially through the stomata of the
 leaves.
Chapter 10: Respiration in Humans
Aerobic Respiration - Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of food

substances in the presence of oxygen with the release of a large
amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste
products.
Anaerobic Respiration - Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of

food substances in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration
releases less energy than aerobic respiration.
Gas Exchange - Gas exchange is the exchange of gases between

an organism and the environment.
Chapter 11: Excretion in Humans
Create an account to follow Excretion - Excretion is the process by which metabolic waste
products and toxic substances are removed from the body of an
organism. These metabolic waste products can be harmful or toxic
conversations.
if they accumulate in the body.
Osmoregulation - Osmoregulation is the control of water and

solute concentration levels in the blood to maintain a constant
water potential in the body.
Chapter 12: Homeostasis

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Homeostasis - Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant

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internal environment.
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Chapter 13: The Nervous System
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Reflex action - A reflex action is an immediate response to a
specific stimulus without conscious control.
RECENT
Reflex Arc - A reflex arc is the shortest pathway by which a nerve

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impulse travels from the receptor to the effector in a reflex action.
TOPICS
Synapse - A junction between two neurones that allows nerve
impulses to be transmitted from the axon of one neurone to the
 dendrite of the other neurone via the release of neurotransmitter
molecules.

Chapter 14: The Human Eye

Focusing - Focusing or accommodation is the adjustment of the

lens of the eye so that clear images of objects at different
 distances are formed on the retina
 Chapter 15: Hormones
 Hormone - A hormone is a chemical substance produced in minute

amounts by an endocrine gland. It is transported in the
bloodstream to one or more target organs where it exerts its
effect. After hormones have performed their function, they are
eventually destroyed by the liver.
Chapter 16: Cell Division
Growth - Growth is a permanent increase in size of an organism.
Mitosis - Mitosis is a form of nuclear division that produces

daughter nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes as
the parent nucleus. The daughter nuclei are genetically identical to
the parent nucleus.
Meiosis - Meiosis is a form of nuclear division whereby the

daughter nuclei contains half the number of chromosomes as the
parent nucleus.
your favorite communities Haploid - A haploid cell contains one set of chromosomes or half
and start taking part in the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.
conversations.
Diploid - A diploid cell contains 2 sets of chromosomes or the full
number of chromosomes found in normal body cells.
Chapter 17: Reproduction in Plants
Asexual Reproduction - Asexual reproduction is the process

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resulting in the production a genetically identical offspring from
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one parent, without the fusion of gametes.
Sexual Reproduction - Sexual reproduction is the process involving

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the fusion of gametes to form a zygote. It produces genetically
 Popular dissimilar offspring.
RECENT Pollination - Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the

anther to the sigma
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Self-pollination - Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen grains
TOPICS from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or of a different
flower on the same plant.

Cross-pollination - Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen grains
 from one plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the
same species.

Chapter 18: Reproduction in Humans

Puberty - Puberty is the stage of human growth and development
 in which a person becomes physically mature.
 Chapter 19: Heredity
 Allele - Alleles are different forms of the same gene.
Genotype - The genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism.
Phenotype - The phenotype is the observed trait of an organism

determined by the genotype.
Chromosome - A chromosome is a compact, rod-like structure

made of DNA, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Co-dominance - Co-dominance results when both two alleles are

expressed in the heterozygous condition.
Mutation - Mutation is a sudden random change in the structure of

a gene, gene mutation, and the number of chromosomes,
chromosomal mutation.
Chapter 20: Molecular Genetics

your favorite communities Gene - A gene is a segment of DNA which contains a specific
and start taking part in sequence of nucleotides. The nucleotide sequence in the gene
conversations. determines the polypeptide formed. It is also a unit of inheritance.
Chapter 21: Ecology
Habitat - A habitat is the place where an organism lives.
Population - A population is a group of organisms of the same

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species that live together in a habitat.
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Community - A community is made up of all the populations living
and interacting with one another in a habitat.
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Ecosystem - An ecosystem is a community of organisms

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interacting with one another and with its abiotic environment.
RECENT
Ecological community - An ecological community is made up when
r/SGExams different populations of plants and animals live together and
interact with the same environment.
TOPICS
Producer - A producer is an autotrophic organism that can make
good by photosynthesis as they contain chlorophyll which absorbs

and converts light energy to chemical energy in the form of
 glucose.
 Consumer - A consumer is an organism that is unable to make

their own food and thus obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on
 other organisms.
 Decomposer - A decomposer is an organism that breaks down the

dead bodies of organisms, faeces, and excretory products, by
 feeding on decaying organic matter. Their activities return
 nutrients to the environment.
Food chain - A series of organisms through which energy is

transferred in the form of food.
Chapter 22: Our Impact on the Environment
Deforestation - Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests to

meet increasing demands for land and materials such as wood.
With modern technology, forests are being cleared out at a much
faster rate than they are replaced.
Overfishing - Species are overfished when they have been caught

in such large numbers that their populations have drastically in
teased
Pollution - Pollution is the addition of substances to the

environment that damage it, making it undesirable or unfit for life.
Biodiversity - Biodiversity is the range of species that are present
and start taking part in in a particular ecosystem.
conversations.
Conservation - Conservation refers to the protection and
preservation of natural resources in the environment.
Carbon sink - A carbon sink is an area that stores carbon

compounds for an indefinite period. It stores more carbon than it
releases.
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
 Queen033 · 3 yr. ago
JC
 For nervous system you can add one more definition
which came out for my prelims:

Synapse- A junction between two neurones that allows

nerve impulses to be transmitted from the axon of one
 neurone to the dendrite of the other neurone via the
release of neurotransmitter molecules
6  Reply Share 

ramensushimochi OP · 3 yr. ago
Polytechnic
sure :)
3  Reply Share 

DodoKween · 3 yr. ago
Secondary
My bio teacher just skipped synapses all tgt when

doing nervous sysrem saying it was not necessary
tho
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4/12/23, 7:41 PM [O LEVELS] Biology definitions here : SGExams

 r/SGExams  Search Reddit 

⌜ Peep our Insta! ⌟ ⌜Study Resources!⌟ ⌜Poly Resources!⌟

Tissue - A tissue is a group of cells with similar structures which

Chapter 3: Movement of Substances

Diffusion - Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region

Osmosis - Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a

Nutrients - Nutrients are chemical substances in food that provide

Enzymes - Enzymes are proteins that function as biological

 (Not sure if tested)

 Chapter 6: Nutrition in Humans

 Nutrition - Nutrition is the process by which organisms obtain food

Peristalsis - Peristalsis is the rhythmic wavelike muscular

*Deamination - Deamination is the process by which amino groups

Digestion - Digestion is the process of breaking down large

Assimilation - Assimilation is the distribution and use of products

Chapter 7: Nutrition in Plants

Photosynthesis - Photosynthesis is the process whereby light

 Transpiration - Transpiration is the loss of water vapour from the

Chapter 10: Respiration in Humans

Aerobic Respiration - Aerobic respiration is the breakdown of food

Anaerobic Respiration - Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of

Gas Exchange - Gas exchange is the exchange of gases between

Chapter 11: Excretion in Humans

Osmoregulation - Osmoregulation is the control of water and

Chapter 12: Homeostasis

Homeostasis - Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant

Reflex Arc - A reflex arc is the shortest pathway by which a nerve

 Chapter 15: Hormones

 Hormone - A hormone is a chemical substance produced in minute

Chapter 16: Cell Division

Growth - Growth is a permanent increase in size of an organism.

Mitosis - Mitosis is a form of nuclear division that produces

Meiosis - Meiosis is a form of nuclear division whereby the

Chapter 17: Reproduction in Plants

Asexual Reproduction - Asexual reproduction is the process

Sexual Reproduction - Sexual reproduction is the process involving

RECENT Pollination - Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the

 Chapter 19: Heredity

 Allele - Alleles are different forms of the same gene.

Genotype - The genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism.

Phenotype - The phenotype is the observed trait of an organism

Chromosome - A chromosome is a compact, rod-like structure

Co-dominance - Co-dominance results when both two alleles are

Mutation - Mutation is a sudden random change in the structure of

Chapter 20: Molecular Genetics

Chapter 21: Ecology

Habitat - A habitat is the place where an organism lives.

Population - A population is a group of organisms of the same

Ecosystem - An ecosystem is a community of organisms

 Consumer - A consumer is an organism that is unable to make

 Decomposer - A decomposer is an organism that breaks down the

Food chain - A series of organisms through which energy is

Chapter 22: Our Impact on the Environment

Deforestation - Deforestation refers to the clearing of forests to

Overfishing - Species are overfished when they have been caught

Pollution - Pollution is the addition of substances to the

Carbon sink - A carbon sink is an area that stores carbon

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