MINI HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Arellano, Neslyne V.
Buguina, John Lloyd C.
Gauran, Benjo G.

Capstone Project
Practical Research 2
Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion

2022-2023

1
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the recommended innovations of all time is electricity. Not only

used to switch on the lights in the house but also supports people’s in
everyday life. With the used of electricity, people’s way of living became
more convenient and easy. Nowadays, people always experience shortage
of electricity that will cause unpredicted brownout due to some reasons
such as natural disasters, wrecked electric posts and insufficient power
supply. Mini hydroelectricity is also a lot cheaper than regular electricity.
With the use of running water, a mini hydroelectric power plant may
generate electricity. It can produce electricity on the grid instantaneously,
and they offer crucial backup power during significant power outages or
disturbances. Nowadays, it is the most effective method of generating
electric energy, which can then be converted into an electricity and used to
light a bulb.
According to AI-JUBOORI, S. S. (September 2021). One of the
various ways to produce electricity is through the use of hydroelectric
power. Coal, natural gas, and oil were the three fuels that produced the most
electricity in 2009. These sources not only emit damaging emissions for the
environment, but they also use up resources that are swiftly depleting. It
will be necessary to investigate various power generation methods as a
result. By passing water through a turbine, which transforms the energy of
the moving water into mechanical energy, hydroelectric power works to
capture the inherent energy of moving water. The generator then uses the
mechanical energy to create electricity. The flow rate and pressure head of
the water supply must be known in order to select the best generator for a
particular application.
Despite the fact that people may live without electricity, having it can
make life more convenient. As a result, the researcher explore for as many
different sources of electricity as we can, especially in remote locations

2
where doing so can be difficult. Although oil and gas lamps are widely
available, they nonetheless pose a fire risk, especially if they are neglected
or left unattended. Mini hydroelectric power plant, on the other hands, are
wonderful safe and simple to access for those who live in isolated islands or
coastal regions. Humans require electricity in order to carry out the task that
have been allocated to them. However, there are issues or threats of
unannounced power outage in our nation. Families in need who are unable
to pay their electric bills can benefit from this affordable option.
Little to moderately strong thunderstorm in Burgos, Isabela, disrupt
power. It is possible to consider creating a material that uses water to
generate power in this area. Water cannot generate electricity. The goal of a
little hydroelectric power plant is to harness the energy of the moving water
and convert it to electricity.

3
II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study was focused in developing or creating ways on how the
citizen of San Antonino, Burgos, Isabela produced electricity. The
study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the level of performance of mini hydroelectric power

plant in producing electricity in terms of:

a. Lighting
b. Charging
2. What are the extent variation on the performance of mini
hydroelectric power plant in producing electricity in terms of:

a. Lighting
b. Charging

3. What is the acceptability of mini hydroelectric power plant in

its usability and reliability?

III. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study was focused on determining the performance of the mini
hydroelectric power plant in San Antonino, Burgos, Isabela who lives
in rural areas wherein electricity is not easily accessible. Our
participants are 20 Electricity consumer and 10 Electrical engineers.

4
IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The general intention in conducting this study was to demonstrated

to the students how mechanical energy maybe transformed into
electrical energy, which can be used to produce an alternative source of
electricity.
The successful result of this study could be significant and highly beneficial
to the following:

Community. Its outcome is expected to be used in some selected

barangay’s and served as an alternative source of electric current.

Parents. This study was surely contributed with the parent’s lives as it
enables to lessen the expenses.

Consumers. The study would make it possible for consumers to ease

their burden caused by intermittent brownouts or unpredicted power
interruptions.

Administration. The study was served as an eye opener for it will give
the administration the chance to help address the issues of brownouts
and a lack of electricity by promoting the use of such model.

Teachers. The result of the study was helped the teachers produce
updated science project ideas in both education and laboratory search.

Students. The study was motivated to improve student’s knowledge

in creating other ways or creative ideas to look for a good and
beneficial alternative source of electricity.

5
Researcher. The study was helped contributed information to the future
researcher as their reference in doing research.
Future researcher. The output of this study provides information for
incoming researchers. This was served as a guide to help them conduct
their research appropriately, decide what tools to be used, how to
conduct it, and provide them with the knowledge they need to solve the
problem.

6
V. CONCEPRUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 2. Conceptual framework of Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant

This figure shows the conceptual frameworks of mini hydroelectric power

plant. It is intended for the people who’s frequently experiencing brown out, it
solved the problem in power interruptions and it helped the environment by not
using a material that gives pollution. The water was fall into the turbine, and
then the turbine was used the water to generate electricity that was go to the
Dynamo, and then the Dynamo was directed the electric current to the bulb and
was also used for charging using electromagnetism, the Capacitor was stored
energy in the form of an electrostatic field. The more the turbine rotated the
stronger the electricity it was produced.

7
 VI. PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

Turbine and Performance of Mini Hydroelectric

Hydropower mini hydroelectric Power Plant
power plant in
terms of lighting
and charging.

FEEDBACK

Figure 3.
This figure shows the paradigm of the study. The important things to be
done or development of the mini hydroelectric power plant. The idea of having
an input-process-output system approach was to described the paradigm of the
study conducted. The input process showed the materials needed for the
research study. The process showed the level performance of mini hydroelectric
power plant in terms of lighting and charging. The output of the study is the
Mini Hydroelectric

Power Plant which is a kind of material that generates electric energy from a
water and it can be source of light and power.

8
VII. DEFINITION OF TERMS
The terminology listed below are defined within the context of this study for
your better comprehension of the study.

Hydroelectric. A type of renewable energy that produced electricity by

harnessing the force of moving water.

Power Plant. An industrial setting that produced electricity from raw

material.

Dynamo. A machine for converting mechanical energy into electrical

energy; a generator.

Turbine. Converts the mechanical (kinetic) energy of the rotor to

electrical energy.

Capacitor. A passive electronic component that stored energy in the

form of an electrostatic field.

9
 CHAPTER 2

Review Related Literature

This chapter’s purpose is to present literature and research that are quite similar to

the current investigation. It should be noted that the researcher’s tenacity and patience

paid of in the form of locating reading materials that made this research project more

enriched and substantial in terms of content and desired consequence.

According to SP Adhau, RM Moharil, PG Adhau (2012). In the current energy

environment, producing enough energy sustainably is a significant task. Fossil fuels

are quickly running out, and their effects on the environment make it necessary to turn

to renewable sources for sustainable growth. Small hydropower (SHP) is one of the

most promising renewable energy sources for the development of sustainable water

and energy systems.

A researcher named S.P. Adhau, R.M. Moharil, P.G. Adhau (2012).Mini-Hydro

power generation might be planned on existing tiny rivers, canals, etc. as it could be

advantageous in utilizing all of the water reservoirs and streams currently in place in

order to generate hydro power, which is renewable in nature. By doing this, they

avoid the environmental issues and issues with rehabilitation of people brought on by

major hydro power plants.

According to SP Adhau, RM Moharil, PG Adhau (2012). For irrigation water

networks to operate better over the long term, it is crucial to analyze potential

synergies between energy recovery and water management. Hydraulic energy

recovery is a trend that will unavoidably expand in importance due to the need to

conserve energy, reduce emissions, boost profit margins, and meet environmental

10
standards This study reviews the state of the art of hydraulic energy generation in

drinking and irrigation water networks, examines the types of equipment used, the

effects of both large and small hydropower systems on the economy and the

environment.

A researcher named J. I. Razan, R. S. Islam, R. Hasan, S. Hasan, F. Islam (2012).

Hydropower generates more than 16% of the net electricity produced worldwide.

Lowhead, small-scale hydropower is a promising alternative that might be used to

generate electricity. Despite its limited capacity, small-scale hydropower generates

affordable, reliable, and clean electricity.

According to JA Laghari, Hazlie Mokhlis, AHA Bakar, Mohammad H. (2013).

Mini hydro projects that have been implemented using standard hydraulic, electrical,

and controls have proven to be extremely expensive and unprofitable. These

innovative plans would lower micro hydro development's overall cost and contribute

to the technology's cost effectiveness. By using these novel designs, developing

nations will be able to supply electricity to isolated or rural locations where

connecting transmission lines to the electric grid is not practical. A tiny hydropower

plant may also be a key to increasing electricity production from renewable sources

that runs on hydropower. A useful and effective source of clean, renewable energy is

micro hydro power plants. According to (Abdullah, N. 2013). Micro Hydro Power

Plant is another name for a micro hydroelectric generator. A micro hydro power plant

is a small power station

According to (Gunawan, Oktafeni & Khabzli, 2014). An irrigation canal, stream,

or other body of natural water can be used as the power source for a micro hydro

generator, which is a smaller-scale generator. This little hydroelectric generator makes

use of the water level and flow.

11
 A researcher named Jui F.D., Alam S., Alam M.D., Chowdhury S. (2015).The first

renewable energy source used to produce electricity was hydropower, which is still

used today. Their study discusses the scope of developing a mini hydropower station.

In their study work, they are mainly concerned with providing an estimation of the

output power to establish a mini hydro electric power plant. A water fall would be

sustainable for a mini hydroelectric power plant with its head and available flow rate.

According to Renato Billia de Miranda, Frederico Fábio Mauad (2015). Due to the

ongoing sedimentation process, many hydroelectric power plant reservoirs currently

use old data. This reality necessitates management and operating strategies for these

reservoirs based on information other than what has been discovered. It was able to

estimate the reservoir losses for total, active, and inactive capacity by comparing the

data from the survey with data from 1975 (supplied by the power supplier). A

simulation of the power plant and the reservoir operation was carried out using the

MODSIM/AcquaNet software to examine the interference of the reservoir

sedimentation with the generation of energy based on the observation of changes in

operational data from the reservoir

A researcher named B. Jayant Baliga (2015). For the purpose of providing

electricity to isolated and rural areas, small hydroelectric electricity generating plants
have grown in popularity in developing nations. When a moderate power quality
given at a low cost is sufficient, compact micro- and pico-power plants mostly supply
the needs for lighting and fans. When power is produced by a turbine utilizing moving
water (or a small waterfall), the input power is constant.
A researcher named S. S. Murthy, S. Hedge (2016). . In order to supply consumers
with high-quality power, hydro systems typically include hydroturbines and
generators along with related civil construction and controls. This chapter described
various turbines that were categorized by impulse and reaction type. When used in
reverse power mode, a pamp can also function as a turbine. It is possible to use

12
synchronous and induction generators to convert turbine power to electricity. For each
application, the right electronic controllers must be created.
According to Vineet Kumar Singh, Sunil Kumar Singal (2017). One of the main

things that affects a nation's development is its access to energy. The environment is

thought to be better served by renewable energy sources. Hydropower is regarded as

the most advantageous source of energy out of all the renewable energy sources.

Compared to other renewable energy sources, hydropower has a minimal influence on

the environment and societal issues. In order to maximize energy production by

making the most of the potential, hydropower plant operation must be done properly.

In order to operate run-of-river small hydropower plants as efficiently as possible, it

has been discovered that past research mostly concentrated on the operation of

reservoir-based hydropower facilities..

A researcher named F. A. Canales, A. Belacu, C. A. B. Mendes (2017). In a

hybrid system, hydropower with water accumulating is an intriguing alternative to

take into account because it helps manage the intermittent nature of renewable energy

sources. An accurate simulation of a hydroelectric plant with a reservoir is achievable

based on the effectiveness of simulating the reservior's refill, its power outputs as a

function of flow rate, and its installed hydropower capacity.

According to Water Science School (2018). An example of renewable energy is

hydropower, also referred to as hydroenergy, which uses water from dams and rivers

to generate hydropower plants. When a turbine's blades turn as a result of water

falling, a generator spins, transforming the mechanical energy of the rotating turbine

into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power is a significant source of the world's

electricity. A researcher named A.Y. Halata, M.M. El- Saadawi, S. Saad

(2019).Access to a reliable and inexpensive electrical source is one of the main

problems facing the world today. Small-hydropower is frequently a financially viable

13
source of renewable energy, depending on the river flow. Run-of-river projects or

existing river infrastructure can both accommodate numerous small hydropower units.

A researcher named C. Nunez (2019). The first hydroelectric power plant in the

world started operating in the United States in 1882. Humans have been harnessing

the energy of river currents for centuries, initially using water wheels spun by rivers to

process grains and cloth. In the last century, hydropower became a source of

electricity after British-American engineer James Francis created the first modern

water turbine. According to A. Algieri, D. A. Zema, A. Nicotra, S. M. Zimbone

(2020). Having access to an electric power source has always been crucial to fostering

advancements throughout all spheres of society, but today, 1.3 billion people still lack

this access. Additionally, the majority of them reside in rural parts of developing

nations, which are frequently desolate, sparsely inhabited, and have subpar

infrastructure and services. The goal of universal access to electricity, and off-grid

small-scale generating stands out as one of the best possibilities.

A researcher named Ghazanfar Shahgholian (2020).Twenty percent of the

electricity produced worldwide is produced using renewable energy. The least

expensive way to produce electricity now is through hydroelectricity. Due to moving,

falling water, hydropower plants generate energy.

According to (Bramantyo, R W ,2021 p.2). There are two types of water turbines,

namely impulse and reaction turbines. An impulse turbine uses the speed of water

flow from a certain height and water discharge to produce enough power to turn on

the device. A reaction turbine uses the water level vertically to convert the potential

energy of water into mechanical energy.

According to Dibyendu Roy, Rakibul Hassan, Barun K. Das (2022). In isolated

rural off-grid settlements, stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems have been

14
demonstrated to provide a promising route to dependable and long-term electricity.

The hybrid system, which combines solar photovoltaic modules with wind turbines,

biomass generators, and an electrolyzer-fuel cell storage system, has the potential to

replace the current kerosene-based arrangements, which have a significant negative

impact on the local ecosystem and the health of the population. To meet the

community's need for fresh water, the system's extra generation is sent to a reverse

osmosis desalination facility.

Synthesis

Researchers believe that it is suitable to develop a mini hydroelectric power plant

based on the literatures and studies mentioned above. This proposed system

may help those people who don’t have electricity at home and frequently experiencing

brown out. This study was be conducted by the researchers to evaluate the variations

of mini hydroelectric power plant .

15
 REFERENCES

SP Adhau; RM Moharil; PG Adhau(2012). Mini-hydro power generation on

existing irrigation projects: Case study of Indian sites. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews 16 (7), 4785-4795, 2012. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mini+hydroelectric+po
wer+plant+&oq#d=gs_qabs&t=1668081037717&u=%23p%3DN5E7jW6i-P4J

JA Laghari, Hazlie Mokhlis, AHA Bakar, Mohammad H. (2013). A

comprehensive overview of new designs in the hydraulic, electrical equipments and
contr inollers of mini hydro power plants making it cost effective technology.
Renewable and sustainable Energy reviews 20, 279-293, 2013.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mini+hydroelectric+po
wer+plant&oq=#d=gs_qabs&t=1667710664318&u=%23p%3D7L6YXvGSYKwJ

JA Laghari, Hazlie Mokhlis, AHA Bakar, Mohammad H. (2013). A

comprehensive overview of new designs in the hydraulic, electrical equipments and
controllers of mini hydro power plants making it cost effective technology. Renewable
and sustainable Energy reviews 20, 279-293, 2013.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mini+hydroelectric+po
wer+plant&oq=#d=gs_qabs&t=1667710664318&u=%23p%3D7L6YXvGSYKwJ

JA Laghari, Hazlie Mokhlis, AHA Bakar, Mohammad H. (2013). A

comprehensive overview of new designs in the hydraulic, electrical equipments and
controllers of mini hydro power plants making it cost effective technology. Renewable
and sustainable Energy reviews 20, 279-293, 2013.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mini+hydroelectric+po
wer+plant&oq=#d=gs_qabs&t=1667710664318&u=%23p%3D7L6YXvGSYKwJ

16
 Jui F.D., Alam S., Alam M.D., Chowdhury S. (2015). A feasibility study of mini
hydroelectric power plant at Sahasradhara waterfall, Sitakunda, Bangladesh.2015
International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), 80-83,
2015. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mini+hydroelectric+po
wer+plant&oq=mini#d=gs_qabs&t=1667709326462&u=%23p%3D0LDbl2TblAcJ

B. JayantBaliga (2015). The IGBT Device Physics, Design and Application

of the Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor. Chapter 15 - IGBT Applications: Renewable
Energy.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781455731435000158

S. S. Murthy, S. Hedge (2016). Contact Power Plant Generator Services and

Repairs.
https://www.mdaturbines.com/power-plant-
generator/?gclid=CjwKCAjw79iaBhAJEiwAPYwoCOMNsQRCmafQfp_3B4s8xra_
Rsx4DbZXl0xDcYH4A3QdiwsUeRo4jRoCUCoQAvD_BwE

V. K. Singh, S. K. Singal (2017). Operation of hydro power plants-a review.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69, 610-619, 2017.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&qsp=5&q=hydroelectric+pow
er+plant+reservoir&qst=ib#d=gs_qabs&t=1667711001012&u=%23p%3DM8dsIbGC
1vUJ

A.Y. Halata, M.M. El- Saadawi, S. Saad (2019). A feasibility study of small
hydro power for selected locations in Egypt.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X19300409

V. K. Singh, S. K. Singal (2017). Operation of hydro power plants-a review.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 69, 610-619, 2017.

17
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&qsp=5&q=hydroelectric+pow
er+plant+reservoir&qst=ib#d=gs_qabs&t=1667711001012&u=%23p%3DM8dsIbGC
1vUJ

Ghazanfar Shahgholian (2020). An overview of hydroelectric power plant:

Operation, modeling, and control. Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment 7
(3), 14-28, 2020.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=hydroelectric+power+p
lant&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1667710939415&u=%23p%3DUmG7Eu7PPs4J

A. Algieri, D. A. Zema, A. Nicotra, S. M. Zimbone (2020). Potential energy

exploitation in collective irrigation systems using pumps as turbines: A case study in
Calabria (Southern Italy). Journal of Cleaner Production 257, 120538, 2020.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18372613275557531959&as_sdt=2005&sci
odt=0,5&hl=en#d=gs_qabs&t=1668081590714&u=%23p%3DLStTfO3nI8gJ

Bramantyo, R W (2021). Utilization of water flow for powering the internet-based

water metering system household scale. p.2 https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/iop-
publishing/utilization-of-water-flow-for-poweringthe-internet-based-
wateraZqFZ0zh0z?articleList=%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DWater%2Bturbine
%2Bsystem https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/benefits-hydro

D. Roy, R. Hassan, B. K. Das (2022). A hybrid renewable-based solution to

electricity and freshwater problems in the off-grid Sundarbans region of India:
Optimum sizing and socio-enviro-economic evaluation.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652622033388

Dibyendu Roy, Rakibul Hassan, Barun K. Das (2022). A hybrid renewable-based

solution to electricity and freshwater problems in the off-grid Sundarbans region of
India: Optimum sizing and socio-enviro-economic evaluation Volume 372, 20 October
2022, 133761
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652622033388

18
 CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology
This chapter deal with the method used by the researchers in developing the mini
hydroelectric power plant. It described the research design, respondents of the study,
the data gathering procedure, research instrument, statistical analysis, cost estimate,
list of materials, and gantt chart that we're used in the study.

A. Research design
This research was used experimental and quasi experimental research methods. This
research was determined the performance of mini hydroelectric power plant in
producing electricity in terms of lighting and charging.

B. Research environment and Participants

This study utilized convenience sampling technique and in the determination of
households among the Barangay of San Antonino, Burgos, Isabela. This was be
categorized into 2 group’s namely (a) Electricity consumer and (b) Electrical
Engineers.
PARTICIPANTS SECTOR NUMBER OF
RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Electricity Consumer 20 80%
Consumers from San
Antonino, Burgos,
Isabela
Electrical Engineers Electricians 10 20%
TOTAL: 30 100%
Table 1. Distribution of the participants of the study.

C. Data Gathering Procedure

1. Developing test and the questionnaire.
The researcher was developed test and questionnaires that was answered by
homeowners after they tested and validated the device.

19
 2. Testing and Validation.
The homeowners was tested and validated the device. After that, the
homeowners was answered the test and questionnaire to know the acceptability of the
device.
3. Statistical treatment.
After the answering of test questionnaire, the researcher was collected and tally
the scores and apply the statistical treatment to be used in study.

D. Research Instrument
This section showed the different tools and methods that was used by the
researchers to gathered data process. This aims to determine the problem of electricity
of Barangay San Antonino, Burgos, Isabela which are necessary tools in the
development of the proposed system.

Likert Scale. A likert scale is a psychometric scale that is frequently used in

surveys for research. Although there are various kinds of rating scales, it is the most
commonly used method sizing replies in survey research, leading to frequent use the
term as a synonym for rating scale.

Rating Scale. Rating scales was used in performance management systems to

indicate the materials level of performance or achievement.

E. Statistical Analysis
In order to analyze the data gathered for this experimental research study, the
researchers used mean average/standard deviation and rating scale to determine the
level of performance of the innovative mini hydroelectric power plant in producing
electricity in terms of lighting and charging. The researchers used T-test to determine
the level of the performance of the mini hydroelectric power plant in producing
electricity in terms of lighting and charging.

F. Mean/Average Standard Deviation

This was used to test the level of performance of mini hydroelectric power plant.
Formula: x=

20
Where: X=Mean

F=Sum of the total score of the product

N=Total number of the score

2.Likert Scale and Rating Scale

Table 2. Likert Scale was used to describe the level and extent of the performance of
the mini hydroelectric power plant in producing electricity in terms of lightening and
charging.

Rating Mean Verbal Description

4 3.25-4.00 Excellent
3 2.50-3.24 Very Satisfactory
2 1.75-2.49 Satisfactory
1 1.00-1.74 Needs Improvement

Table 3. Likert Scale was used to describe the level of acceptability of the
performance of the mini hydroelectric power plant in producing electricity in terms of
lightening and charging.

Rating Mean Verbal Description

4 3.25-4.00 Acceptable
3 2.50-3.24 Slightly Acceptable
2 1.75-2.49 Slightly Unacceptable
1 1.00-1.74 Unacceptable

21
Rating scale was used in describing and grading the participants upon using the
material. Where in “ EXCELLENT “ is the highest grade and “POOR” is the lowest.

Excellent Very Needs Poor

Satisfactory Improvement
4 3 2 1
Mini
hydroelectric
power plant
quality of work

Mini
hydroelectric
power plant
usability
Mini
hydroelectric
power plant
reliability
Performance
of mini
hydroelectric
power plant in
lightening

3.T-test A T-test is a statistical test that was used to compared the usability and
reliability of the performances of mini hydroelectric power plant in producing
electricity in terms of lightening and charging.

t= Student’s t-test
m= mean
µ= theoretical value s=
standard deviation
ɳ= variable set size

22
G. COST ESTIMATE

MATERIALS UNIT SRP

1. TURBINE 2 152
2. DYNAMO 2 779
3. WATER PUMP 1 150
4. CAPACITOR 2 245
5. BULB 3 140
6. WATER CONTAINER 2 100
TOTAL: 1566

H. LIST OF MATERIALS

TURBINE A turbine is a machine that transforms rotational energy from a fluid that
is picked up by a rotor system into usable work or energy.

DYNAMO A dynamo is a device that makes direct current electric power using
electromagnetism. It is also known as a generator, however the term generator
normally refers to an "alternator" which creates alternating current power.

WATER PUMP A water pump is an electromechanical machine used to increase the

pressure of water to move it from one point to another. Modern water pumps are used

23
throughout the world to supply water for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and
residential uses.

CAPACITOR A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field

by virtue of accumulating electric charges on two close surfaces insulated from each
other. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.

BULB A light-bulb produces light from electricity.[1] In addition to lighting a dark

space, they can be used to show an electronic device is on, to direct traffic, for heat,
and for many other purposes.

WATER CONTAINER A water container is a medium-sized portable container for

transport, storage and use of water. Water container can for example be used for
drinking water, waste water or showering.

24
 I. GANTT CHART

Activity

Month September October November December January 2022 February March

2022 2022 2022 2022 2022 2022

Week Week Week Week Week Week Week

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Manuscript

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Development
Preparing
materials
Developing
Prototype
Testing

Data
Gathering
1.) Rating
Scale

Data
Analysis

Conclusion

25
 CHAPTER 4

Table 1. Level of performance of Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant in terms of:

PERFORMANC S.D. MEAN QUALITATIV
E E
DESCRIPTIO
N
QUALITY OF 0.46 3.70 EXCELLENT
WORK
USABILITY 0.30 3.90 EXCELLENT
RELIABILITY 0.30 3.90 EXCELLENT

The table 1 shows the level of performance of the Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant.
Three performance obtains the description of “Excellent”, usability and reliability
with highest mean 3.90 and quality of work with a mean of 3.70.

Base on the data presenter of the level of performance of the mini hydroelectric power
plant is Excellent. It interprets that the mini hydroelectric power plant is excellent in
producing electricity.

Table 2.. Comparison of the level of Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant in terms of its
quality of work, usability, and reliability.
Source SS df MS F Significan Decision
of t
Variation
Between 1.425 3 0.475 2.70 0.05 Significant
Group
Within 20. 116 0.1755
Group 36666
Total 21.7916 119

Level of Significance α = 0.05

The table

26