1st Answer

Introduction: There is a lack of coordination in a supply chain when each stage would
maximize its individual goal without considering the impact of its action on the supply
chain as a whole:
The total profits of the supply chain would be higher if the various stages in the chain
worked together properly, as opposed to if each stage worked to achieve its own
objective:
Each stage's actions may have an effect on how well the supply chain as a whole
performs if it is to achieve its local goal. If the information distortion occurred within the
supply chain, there would also be a lack of coordination .In a supply chain, the bullwhip
effect is as follows:
The Idea and Its Application:
The seven effects of a supply chain's lack of coordination include the following:
1. Cost of manufacturing: The supply chain's manufacturing costs would rise as a
result of the bullwhip impact. The manufacturing company and its suppliers need to
meet a stream of orders that are very different from what the customer wants. The
manufacturing company frequently has the ability to respond to the rising variability by
either accumulating excess inventory or building additional capacity, both of which
would raise manufacturing costs per unit.
2. Cost of Inventory: The supply chain's cost of inventory would rise as a result of the
bullwhip impact. The manufacturing company needs to keep more inventory than it
would if the bullwhip impact didn't exist to deal with the fluctuating demand.
Subsequently, the expense of stock in the store network increments. Additionally, the
warehousing cost would increment.
Lead Time for Replenishment: The bullwhip effect makes replenishment times in the
supply chain take longer. Production scheduling at manufacturing companies and
supplier plants is frequently much more difficult than it would be in a situation with level
demand because of the fluctuations and variability that result from a lack of
coordination.
The manufacturing company's and its suppliers' replenishment lead times would rise if
the available capacity and inventory could not fulfill the incoming orders.
Cost of transportation: The supply chain's transportation costs would rise as a result
of the bullwhip impact. There is a correlation between the orders that are being fulfilled
and the transportation requirements at the manufacturing unit and suppliers. The
bullwhip effect causes significant fluctuations in transportation requirements over time.
Due to the need to maintain excess transportation capacity in order to accommodate
peak demand periods, this would raise transportation costs.
Shipping and Receiving Labor Cost: The bullwhip impact raises the labor costs
associated with shipping and receiving in the supply chain. Orders frequently change
the labor requirements for shipping at the manufacturing unit and its suppliers. The
labor requirements to receive at retailers and discount stores would fluctuate similarly.
Depending on the order fluctuation, the supply chain's various stages frequently include
the option to carry excess labor capacity or differential labor capacity. The cost of labor
would rise as a result of either option.
Quantity of Products Available: The bullwhip effect has an effect on the level of
availability of products. The supply chain would experience more stockouts as a result
of this. Manufacturing companies would even have trouble ensuring that all orders are
delivered to retailers and distributors on time due to the large variation in orders.
This would make it more likely that retailers would run out of stock, which would hurt the
supply chain's sales.
Connections across the entire supply chain: The bullwhip impact has a negative
effect on performance at each stage and has an effect on how the stages of the supply
chain relate to one another. Since each stage is doing its best, there is a tendency at
each stage of the supply chain to blame the others. The bullwhip influence frequently
prompts a deficiency of trust between the different phases of the production network,
and this puts forth any potential co-appointment attempts significantly more testing.
Conclusion: As a result, the bullwhip impact and the resulting lack of coordination
frequently have a significant negative impact on the supply chain's performance. The
bullwhip impact would result in decreased responsiveness and increased costs that
would reduce supply chain efficiency. A strategic partnership is formed, a pricing
strategy is developed to stabilize orders, information visibility and accuracy are
enhanced, operational performance is enhanced, and the company's goals and
managers are aligned.
By sharing information about sales and working together on forecasting and planning,
establishing a single point of control over replenishment, and improving operations to
cut down on lot sizes and lead times, managers can achieve supply chain coordination.
2nd Answer
Introduction: In the supply chain, transportation refers to facilitating a variety of means
of transporting raw materials, components, and finished goods from one source to
another. In supply chain management, transportation costs are a significant expense. In
the supply chain, the modes of transportation include planes, ships, trains, trucks, and
planes. These modes of transportation are utilized in logistics based on the needs of the
business. The speed of delivery determines the mode of transportation. In logistics,
picking the right mode of transportation can have a big effect on your business.
Road Transportation (Truck Freight) the majority of road transport, which is carried
by trucks, is a less expensive method of moving goods over short distances. Moving
goods and raw materials between cities by road is a convenient option. Moving goods
and raw materials to warehouses, retail locations, and customers is made easier with
this method of transportation.
The following is a discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of traveling by road:
The advantages of road transportation include: door-to-door delivery, flexible routing,
low costs for short distances, easy loading and unloading, accurate delivery estimation,
and the use of trucks. The drawbacks of road transportation include:
• There is no control over how the products are handled; • Delivery is limited beyond the
coast; • Delivery takes longer when there are natural disasters, such as earthquakes,
etc. Rail Transportation (Train Freight) Rail transportation is the most prevalent and
convenient mode of transportation in logistics. When compared to trucks, this mode of
transportation enables you to efficiently move bulk materials and goods from one
location to another in a significantly shorter amount of time.
The logistics benefits and drawbacks of rail transportation are as follows:
Limitations of rail transportation: The routes and timings cannot be adjusted as
desired; it is unable to assist in moving goods to small villages; goods can be damaged
during loading and unloading =Air Cargo Transportation (Plane Freight) The transfer of
products from one point to another within different countries of the world is all done by
air transport. Air freight is the fastest mode of road transportation. It is convenient for
long distance transportation. Materials and goods are handled safely. It is least affected
by unusual natural calamities. Air transportation has the quickest method for
conveyance inside various nations in an extremely less time.
Advantages of air cargo transportation: • It is the fastest and quickest mode of
transportation; • It takes less time; • It is easy to move perishable items; • It is unaffected
by natural disasters like floods and heavy rains; • It has a high level of safety in terms of
product damage; • It is an expensive mode of transportation; • It cannot move bulky
items; • It is not suitable for the shipment of specific products due to restrictions
Maritime Transportation (Ship Freight) Ships are the best because it is the source of
transportation in logistics for international trades, maritime transport adds economic
value.
However, maritime has its own benefits and drawbacks, which are outlined
below:
Limitations of maritime transportation: Weather obstacles can damage cargo and
delay shipment; ships run for weeks, so there is a possibility of late delivery; maritime
transportation is slower than any other mode of transportation; maritime transportation
is the cheapest mode of transportation; suitable for the transportation of heavy and
bulky goods; secure means of transportation; adds economic value to a country through
trade.
• Unable to estimate the precise time of delivery:
The term "transportation" in a supply chain refers to the movement of goods from one
location to another. At the beginning of the supply chain, materials are transported to a
warehouse before being delivered to the customer, who then receives their order at
their doorstep.
Managers of warehouses must examine transportation in their supply chain because of
its significance. In the end, this is one way to achieve low total costs for a model in
which transportation would represent as much as 60% of the total cost of operations
and a significant portion of the company's supply chain costs.
RISKS TO REMEMBER FOR SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSPORTATION: Modern
transportation managers face more risk than ever before. Eliminating this risk is crucial
for keeping the supply chain moving as quickly as possible. Driver shortages,
cyberattacks, and deteriorating infrastructure are just a few examples of recent threats
to the transportation sector. In order for the business to remain competitive, it is
essential to keep up with technological advancements.The industry would be more
susceptible to a new wave of risks, such as a cyberattack by hackers, given the recent
explosion of vehicle technology, including automation and sensors that connect to the
internet. As a result, it is essential that drivers utilize the most recent software and
security measures.
The ongoing deterioration of transportation infrastructure and roadways is another
emerging threat in the transportation sector. Delays can occur anywhere, from
crumbling bridges and roadways to increased rail traffic and air traffic congestion. As a
result, the vehicle would likely use more fuel, suffer damage, and require significantly
more upkeep and repairs.
Conclusion: The strategic use of appropriate transportation would be crucial to the
success of the supply chain. Adopting a responsive transportation system that makes
use of cross docking, in which a product is swapped between trucks so that each truck
delivers the product from various suppliers to the designated locations, is one example.
In the end, cross-docking would make it possible to cut costs overall.
3rd Answer
3a.
Introduction: The supply chain is a series of processes and flows that occur at various
stages to satisfy customer demand for a particular product. Taking a cycle view of the
supply chain can help with operational decisions. There are four stages to supply chain
processes: client request cycle, recharging cycle, fabricating cycle and obtainment
cycle.
The methods: As the role of each Supply Chain member is defined, the Cycle View of
Supply Chain is helpful for operational decisions. The supply chain cycle involves
customers, retailers, distributors, manufacturers, and suppliers. The management of the
flow of goods, services, and raw materials throughout the supply chain, from creation to
delivery.
Customer In the supply chain, the customer decides what to buy. Where the supply
chain must ensure that the customer's choice becomes the customer's order.
The retailer is aware of the products they are purchasing. The objective is to guarantee
that all other processes communicate effectively and quickly during order entry.
Retailers must ensure efficient product flow and information management.
A logistics management system known as distributor distribution focuses primarily on
fulfilling customer orders.
There are some dissemination channels that upgrade the Store network in general to
arrive at the item to the client. The manufacturing process is the crucial step in the
transformation of raw materials into a final product, and the agents in the chain help to
move the goods from the point of origin to the customer. The process of making the
materials from which the design is made and changed into the product that is needed is
called manufacturing. They must interact with members of the Supply Chain Cycle
because they are made for the customer.
Supplier: An organization that contributes goods or services to a Supply Chain Cycle is
a Supplier in a Supply Chain. They fulfill bulk orders and supply goods and services to
another organization.
A Push/Pull View of Supply Chain Processes: All processes in a supply chain fall into
one of two categories based on when they are carried out and how much demand there
is from customers. The directing of your promotional route to market is the central focus
of the push and pull distribution strategy. Either by customers pulling the product toward
them through the retail chain or by the product being pushed toward customers.
Conclusion: The push process begins execution in anticipation of customer orders,
whereas the pull process begins execution in response to a customer order. Because
they respond to customer demand, pull processes are referred to as reactive processes.
Due to the fact that push processes respond to predicted demand rather than actual
demand, they are referred to as speculative processes.
3b. An Overview: Logistics and supply chain activities in the hotel industry are divided
into tactical, strategic, and operational levels to aid in the development of a more
methodical approach by focusing on how higher-level implementation will occur. The
hotel industry has a very complicated supply chain because it has too many
stakeholders and a lot of inventory, which makes it more expensive to hold inventory.
Also, a lot of perishable goods are thrown away.
Automation: In the current knowledge economy, think IT because it holds the greatest
significance for cost strategy. In the hotel industry, automation of many SCM processes
is now possible, and solutions to streamline supply chain processes have been
developed.
Executive support: The tactical level of logistics and supply chain management
implementation focuses on the higher-level actions necessary for successful
implementation. Having the right people in place who comprehend the value logistics
and supply chain implementation will bring to their properties is critical during the
tactical phase of implementation. In addition, it is essential that senior managers have
full support and buy-in from executives.
Control and Visibility: In order to implement logistics and supply chain practices that
assist in making better decisions, it is essential to have control and visibility. In order for
managers to make well-informed decisions regarding logistics and supply chains, the
hotel environment has seen an increase in the requirement for visibility and control.
Benchmarking: During the implementation of logistics and supply chains, the objective
of benchmarking is to improve operational and design efficiency. Setting goals and
measuring progress in various operational areas like order fulfillment, transportation,
and vendor compliance are crucial for hotel managers.
Innovative approaches and a willingness to take risks During the implementation of the
logistics and supply chain, the objective of coming up with innovative approaches and a
willingness to take risks is crucial because, whenever it is at all possible, a significant
amount of emphasis has been placed on lowering costs and increasing margins.
Management of Change: Because people will always challenge the process, it is
essential for managers to think and act in real time during implementation due to the
hotel industry's rapid pace.
Think Green and Lean: Lean originated in the automotive industry but can be applied
to any business procedure, such as the hotel industry. When logistics and supply chain
are implemented immediately instead of later, hotel managers must employ lean
strategies.
The right information technology is essential for implementing logistics and supply chain
management in the hotel industry because information technology has become an
important and integral part of every business process. This means that it is important to
have the capabilities to ensure that most company decisions are made quickly. In order
to remain competitive, hotel costs associated with logistics and supply chain strategies
have emphasized increasing efficiency and lowering total costs (IBM, 2009).Costs must
concentrate on purchase and inventory costs during implementation. Because hotels
typically purchase an excessive number of stock-keeping units (SKUs) for the same
purpose, it is essential to keep an eye on the costs of making purchases of products
that have a short life cycle and must be replaced frequently.
Conclusion:
The following are some helpful hints for moving toward lean logistics:
 An efficient method of ordering ought to include the integration of booking data.
 Reducing waste can be accomplished by using historical data.
 It can be successful to pool resources to reduce waste, even when competing
hotels are involved.
 Look for suppliers whose turnaround times are shorter.
 A rise in the use of automation.
 When storing perishables and other food-related goods, use "First in, First out."
 Inventory monitoring in real time is essential.