NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT

7 LAWS OF NATURE:
1. Nature knows best.
2. All life forms are important.
3. Everything is connected to everything else.
4. Everything changes.
5. Everything must go somewhere.
6. The world is finite.
7. We are stewards of God’s creation.
SITE PLANNING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
DEFINITION OF TERMS

ECOLOGY
– Study of the relationship
between organism to its
environment

– from the Greek word oikos

(place to live in / house)

– Ernst Haeckel (German) 1869,

first to coined the word
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
ENVIRONMENTS

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT BUILT ENVIRONMENT

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

• ECOSYSTEM
– Relationship of the non- living and living organisms in a specific area
– permanent or temporary; diverse or symbiotic relationship
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
SITE PLANNING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
DEFINITION OF TERMS
BIOMES
- Large area on the earth’s
surface that that is
classified according to the
types of plants and animals
that live in it.
Temperature, soil, and the
amount of light and water
help determine what life
exists in a biome.

HABITAT
- the natural home or
environment of an
animal, plant, or other
organism.
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LANDSCAPE FORMATION PROCESSES

 SITE PLANNING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
DEFINITION OF TERMS

LANDSCAPE FORMATION PROCESSES

1. Tectonic Process – caused by earthquakes; volcanic eruption
FAULT – a crack on the earths crust resulting from the movement of two plates.

2. Weathering - is the breaking down of rocks, and the earth's surface thru contact
with the Earth's atmosphere, weather, water, and biological organisms.

a. Mechanical Weathering
b. Chemical Weathering
c. Biological Weathering

3. Fluvial Processes
- erosion ;
- minerals are carried by: a. water flow; b. wind flow
- Deposits carried and land is formed in another part of the
earth surface.
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LANDSCAPE FORMATION PROCESSES

1. Tectonic Process – caused by earthquakes; volcanic eruption

FAULT – a crack on the earths crust resulting from the movement of two plates.
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LANDSCAPE FORMATION PROCESSES

2. a. Mechanical Weathering
no change in the chemical structure
eg.: lightning, freezing and thawing,
heating and cooling, animal
activity, plant growth
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LANDSCAPE FORMATION PROCESSES

2. b. Chemical Weathering
- increase/decrease in chemical
content
- change in molecular composition
- oxidation, hydrolysis, acidification
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LANDSCAPE FORMATION PROCESSES
2. c. Biological Weathering
LANDSCAPE FORMATION PROCESS
 NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT
LANDSCAPE FORMATION PROCESSES
3. Fluvial Processes
- erosion; transportation; deposition
- minerals are carried by water flow and wind flow
- Deposits carried and land is formed in another part of the earth’s surface.
 NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT
LANDSCAPE FORMATION PROCESSES
3. Fluvial Processes
- erosion; transportation; deposition
- minerals are carried by water flow and wind flow
- Deposits carried and land is formed in another part of the earth’s surface.
 NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN ECOLOGY
It is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship
between humans and their natural, social, and built environments.
 NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN ECOLOGY

POPULATION ENVIRONMENT
GROWTH (Supply)
(Demand)

Land Development causes POLLUTION

• The alteration of the habitat causes the extinction of certain .
 NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN ECOLOGY
 SALINGBOBOG (Crateva religiosa)
NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
It is the science of studying and
improving relationships between
ecological processes in the
environment and particular
ecosystems.

• Designers are backing away from the

Pride of India, BANABA (Lagerstroemia speciosa)

role of curator of gardens to adopting
the role of steward.

• An understanding of ecological
principles to guide the design and
maintenance of landscapes will result in
landscapes that will take less energy
and resources to maintain and provide
the greatest environmental benefits.

• create an ecologically sensitive

landscape.
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ECOLOGY IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN
 NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT
ECOLOGY IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN

View of the roof gardens and courtyards at the US Coast Guard Headquarters, Washington, DC. /
image: Kelly Fleming
 NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT
ECOLOGY IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN

The courtyard over structure at the USCG Headquarters balances plant performance and habitat
diversity by incorporating a variety of native plant materials and monitoring the plant communities as
they establish and expand. / image: Kelly Fleming
 NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT
ECOLOGY IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Carex pensylvanica and Asarum canadense form a Onoclea sensibilis beneath Itea virginiana forms a
dense groundcover beneath Fothergilla gardenii that rhizomous mat that reduces maintenance needs while
attracts and supports butterflies and birds. / image: Kelly providing coverage for nectar-loving insects. / image:
Fleming Kelly Fleming
ECOLOGY IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT
 NATURAL SYSYTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)
Any project in the Philippines that poses a potential environmental risk is required
to secure an (ECC) from the Department of the Environment and Natural
Resources – Environmental Management Board (DENR-EMB).

Requirements:
• Letter of request to DENR-EMB stating desire to receive ECC;
• Project Description, raw materials and processes or technology to be
implemented;
• Estimated project capacity, type and volume of products and discharges
• Proof of possession of necessary capital for proposed project:
– Location map of project area, and
– Manpower requirements.

EIS – Environmental Impact System – requirements and checklists

EAS – Environmental Assessment Study

These are needed to evaluate if immediate community can benefit the

development.
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 SITE PLANNING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION

For every use there is an ideal site.

For every site, there is an ideal use.
Gary Hack (1984)

ESTABLISHING THE SITE:

1. SITE SELECTION – explain about other proffessions n spp
2. SITE INVENTORY
3. SITE ANALYSIS
4. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY
5. CONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING
6. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN / LANDSCAPE DESIGN /MASTER PLAN
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INTRODUCTION
SITE PLANNING

“The art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the spaces
between; an art linked to architecture, engineering, landscape
architecture and city planning.”
Kevin Lynch (Image of the City)

• A location-specific, problem-solving activity

• The art of arranging the physical environment to support human needs

and activities

• the organizational stage of the landscape design process

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INTRODUCTION

SITE INVENTORY
 SITE PLANNING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION

SITE INVENTORY
 SITE PLANNING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION

For every use there is an ideal site.

For every site, there is an ideal use.
Gary Hack (1984)

ESTABLISHING THE SITE:

1. SITE SELECTION – explain about other proffessions n spp
2. SITE INVENTORY
3. SITE ANALYSIS
4. DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY
5. CONCEPTUAL SITE PLANNING
6. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN / LANDSCAPE DESIGN /MASTER PLAN
 SITE PLANNING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION

SITE ANALYSIS
It is a preliminary phase site planning dedicated to the study of the
ecological and physical context of a specific site.
Used in determining how suitable a specific parcel of land is for a
particular use.

1. SITE POTENTIALS & CONSTRAINTS

2. FRAMEWORK FOR DECISION-MAKING

- Programming
- Technology of Construction and Implementation
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LANDSCAPE SITE ANALYSIS checklist (ASLA)

NATURAL FACTORS CULTURAL FACTORS AESTHETIC FACTORS
LAND CAPABILITY
1. History
1. Geology 2. Land use, Ownership, 1. Views and Vistas
2. Hydrology Control 2. Spatial Patterns
3. Vegetation 3. Economic Value 3. Natural Features
4. Topography 4. Themes
5. Climate
REGULATORY FACTORS
6. Utilities
1. National Building Code
7. Immediate
2. Zoning Codes
Surroundings
8. General Services 3. Subdivision / local
requirements

4. Environmental Regulations
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SITE ANALYSIS
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SITE ANALYSIS
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SITE ANALYSIS
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INTRODUCTION
SITE PLANNING

ECOLOGICAL DATA

LAND USE
POLICY/
SITE PLAN
SOCIAL DATA
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SITE PLANNING BASE MAPS

1. Topographic Map
2. Road Maps
3. Lot Plan
4. Vicinity Maps
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SITE PLANNING: APPLICATIONS

1. Site Selection for Structures

- relatively flat areas are better due to the stable condition of the
ground
- SLOPE

SLOPE PATTERN for ELEMENTARY AND HIGH SCHOOL CAMPUS

0 – 5% Generally flat Highly buildable

5 – 10% Gently rolling Moderately buildable
10 – 15% Gentle to mild slopes Moderately difficult to build
15 – 20% Mild to steep slopes Difficult to build
20% and over Harsh, steep slopes Unbuildable
 SLOPE REQUIREMENTS FOR VARIOUS LAND USES
Land Use Maximum Minimum Optimum
Housing Sites 20% - 25% 0% 2%
Playgrounds 2% - 3% .05% 1%
Public Stairs 50% --- 25%
Lawns (mowed) 25% --- 2% -- 3%
Septic Drainfields* 15% 0% .05%
Paved Surfaces
Parking Lots 3% .05% 1%
Sidewalks 8% 0% 1%
Streets and Roads 15% -- 17% --- 1%
20 mph 12%
30 mph 10%
40 mph 8%
50 mph 7%
60 mph 5%
70 mph 4%
Industrial Sites
Factories 3% - 4% 0% 2%
Lay Down Storage 3% .05% 1%
Parking 3% .05% 1%
* Special drain field designs are required at slopes above 10 to 12 percent.
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SITE CHARACTERISTICS: SITE-STRUCTURES

RELATIONSHIPS

Visitor’s Center/ Viewing Deck

Nature Center On Stilts

Towers &
Hanging Bridge

Pavilion & Docking

Facilities
View Deck
on Grade
Picnic Grounds
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SITE PLANNING: APPLICATIONS

2. Alignment of Roads and Utilities

- Design human-scaled streets
- Design street patterns that conform with the topography
- Reduce the area of impervious surfaces through alternative materials
for parking lots.
- LID
Note:
1. Traffic flow
2. Land use adjacent to the roadc
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SITE CHARACTERISTICS: CIRCULATION

Main Road

Trails

Trails
Trails
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SITE PLANNING: APPLICATIONS

3. Spatial Determinant: Site Structure Relationship

a. Proximity to and from site with roads and other related
structures.
b. Accessibility to potable water supply.
c. Accessibility to utilities and energy resources.
d. Determine: cultural, historical, and archaeological features
for its preservation.
e. Detailed inventory of natural resources available
f. Understand its micro-climate
g. Consider the communities within the vicinity
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SITE CHARACTERISTICS: NATURAL FACTORS

PROTECTED FOREST

POND 1

POND 2 POND 3

PROTECTED FOREST
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SITE CHARACTERISTICS: SITE-STRUCTURES

RELATIONSHIPS

Visitor’s Center/ Viewing Deck

Nature Center On Stilts

Towers &
Hanging Bridge

Pavilion & Docking

Facilities
View Deck
on Grade
Picnic Grounds
SITE PLANNING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
MCWD FACILITY IN
JACLUPAN, TALISAY

Proximity
Matrix
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SITE PLANNING: APPLICATIONS

4. Balance: inherent cost

- monetary and environmental attractiveness

5. Sustainable Design = ECOLOGICAL DESIGN

1. Preserve the natural features
2. Preserve the use of the open spaces.

 Alternative Sources of Power:

1. Solar power plant
2. Geothermal Power
3. BioGas Power
4. Hydro/Water Power
5. Wind Energy
SITE CHARACTERISTICS: SITE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES SITE PLANNING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

LAND USE & CIRCULATION

KOOL ADVENTURE CAMP,
BALAMBAN, CEBU
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SITE PLAN / MASTER PLAN

SITE PLANNING IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

SITE PLAN / MASTER PLAN