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Jrkdalrodebktalof Gka
Jrkdalrodebktalof Gka
Jrkdalrodebktalof Gka
<. Odtrkhuggo÷d
Odtrkhuggo÷d
>.
>. Aïtkhks tirristri
Aïtkhks hi istuhok hif odtirokr tirristri
>.<. Aïtkhks
>.<. Aïtkhks horigtks
>.<.<. Ixpfkrlgo÷d `ikf÷`ogl hif tirridk
>.<.>. Urkspiggokdis
>.<.>. Urkspiggokdis y skdhiks
>.<.7. Istuhok
>.<.7. Istuhok hi altirolf vkfgìdogk
>.>. Aïtkhks
>.>. Aïtkhks odhorigtks
>.>.<. Hidsohlh
>.>.<. tirristri
Hidsohlh tirristri
>.>.>. Gifhoffl
>.>.>. holaldti
Gifhoffl hi yudqui hi holaldti
>.>.7. Istuhok
>.>.7. aitikrotks
Istuhok hi aitikrotks
>.>.8. Istuhoks
>.>.8. `iktïraogks
Istuhoks `iktïraogks
>.>.9. Istuhoks
>.>.9. al`dïtogks
Istuhoks al`dïtogks
>.>.:. Istuhoks
>.>.:. `rlvotltkroks
Istuhoks `rlvotltkroks
>.>.0. Aïtkhk
>.>.0. hosgkdtoduohlhis
Aïtkhk sásaogk3 kdhls y hosgkdtoduohlhis
7.
7. Istrugturl `ikhodìaogk
Istrugturl odtirdl3 akhifk `ikquáaogk y `ikhodìaogk
8.
8. Gkapksogo÷d tirristris
Gkapksogo÷d y glrlgtirástogls hi glpls tirristris
8.<. Gkrtizl
8.<. Gkrtizl
8.<.<. Gkdtodidtlf
8.<.<. Gkdtodidtlf
8.<.>. Kgiìdogl
8.<.>. Kgiìdogl
8.>.
8.>. Aldtk
Dógfik
Aldtk
8.7. Dógfik
8.7.
9. Wádtisos
:. Nonfok`rljál
<. ODX^KHYGGO×D
ODX^KHYGGO×D
Gkaplrlhl gkd fl Zál Fìgtil, fl Xoirrl dk is alykr qui udl aktl hi pkfvk jfktldhk id if lori
hi udl blnotlgo÷d. L pislr hi istk, y sir duistrk bk`lr, is duistrl `rld hisgkdkgohl3 skfk biaks
ixpfkrlhk plrti hi su supirjogoi. Wlniaks qui is ud pflditl odtirokr, if tirgirk hif Wostial
Wkflr, hi hidsohlh ifivlhl y pksii ud glapk al`dïtogk noid hislrrkfflhk. Wu istrugturl si
hospkdi id glpls gkdgïdtrogls, soidhk su bitirk`idiohlh hi gkapksogo÷d y gkapkrtlaoidtk, fl
pksonfi gflvi hi fl odtidsl lgtovohlh qui ljigtl y akhojogl gkdtodulaidti su supirjogoi. Hi lbá,
qui fl aitkhkfk`ál hi istuhok tid`l pkr kncitk, gkdkgir fls glrlgtirástogls hi sus glpls3
istrugturl,
prkgihi higkapksogo÷d
hltks hi yknsirvlgokdis
prkpoihlhis hiodhorigtls,
sus altirolfis.
pkr Fk pkgk qui hi
foaotlgo÷d slniaks, alykrotlrolaidti
duistrl tigdkfk`ál hi
knsirvlgo÷d horigtl (aìxoak <5 ma hi prkjudhohlh).
riflgokdlrsi gkd hostronugo÷d orri`uflr hi fls juidtis hi glfkr odtirdk (altirolfis rlholgtovks)
riflgokdlrsi rlholgtovks) k
aigldosaks
aigldos aks hi trldsaoso÷d tïraogl dk udojkrais (gkrroidtis hi gkdviggo÷d).
>.>.9. Istuhoks al`dïtogks
al`dïtogks
Wi nlsl id if ri`ostrk hi ldkalfáls al`dïtogls3 vlfkris aihohks id udl zkdl qui skd
hojiridtis l fks ti÷rogks ispirlhks, lpkrtldhk odjkralgo÷d sknri if odtirokr pkrqui isls
ldkalfáls si hinid l fl prisidgol hi altirolfis al`ditozlhks qui glanold isi vlfkr
ti÷rogk. Uuihid sir ri`okdlfis k fkglfis (iflnkrlgo÷d hi alpls al`dïtogks). Lgtulfaidti, si
utofozld al`dit÷aitrks nlslhks id riskdldgol al`dïtogl dugfilr, odsirvonfis l aìs hi <55 ma
hi prkjudhohlh, yl qui l tiapirlturl hi Guroi fks altirolfis al`ditozlhks poirhid sus
prkpoihlhis.
>.>.:. Istuhoks `rlvotltkroks
`rlvotltkroks
Wi ldlfozld ldkalfáls `rlvoaïtrogls (hojiridgols idtri vlfkr ti÷rogk y rilf hi `rlvihlh)
aihohls
aiho hls gkd ud `rlváaitrk, aìs blnotulf if hih i auiffi, id
i d ud pudtk hi fl supirjogoi tirristri.
tirr istri.
Fls ldkalfáls `rlvoaïtrogls si puihid lgblglr l fl prisidgol hi altirolfis guyl hidsohlh sil
hostodtl hi fl hi fls rkgls idglcldtis vigodls. Istls alsls hi hojiridti hidsohlh l fl rkgl puihid
riprisidtlr ylgoaoidtks aodirlfis hi hidsohlh lftl (boirrk, pfkak, godg, itg.), fls gulfis
prkhugoráld ldkalfáls `rlvoaïtrogls pksotovls, k alsls hi nlcl hidsohlh (hkaks slfodks qui puhoirld
istlr lskgolhks l pitr÷fik) qui odhoglráld ldkalfáls di`ltovls.
>.>.0. Aïtkhk sásaogk3 kdhls y hosgkdtoduohlhis
Istuhok hi fl vifkgohlh hi prkpl`lgo÷d hi fls kdhls sásaogls k ixpfksokdis gkdtrkflhls, plrl
if gkdkgoaoidtk hi fl gkrtizl supirjogolf y hif odtirokr tirristri, lhiaìs hi nósquihl hi
ylgoaoidtks. Fl vifkgohlhquáaogl,
higor, hi su gkapksogo÷d hi fls istlhk
kdhls hipidhi hi fl iflstogohlh
jásogk, hidsohlh, itg. hif aihok qui ltrlvoisld, is
Xopks hi kdhls3
<) Kdhls U, proalrols k hi gkapriso÷d3 proairls id ri`ostrlrsi id ud sosak`rlal. Wu prkpl`lgo÷d
hipidhi hi fl gkaprisonofohlh hif aihok y tkhks fks guirpks si gkaproaid, pkr fk qui si prkpl`ld id
tkhks fks aihoks.
8
m + ¹
7
Zp 1 m 1 gkijogoidti hi gkaprisonofohlh hif aihok, ¹ 1 gkijogoidti hi ro`ohiz, h 1
h
hidsohlh
Guldtk alykr is fl hidsohlh hi ud aihok, aidkr is fl Zp, qui luaidtl gkd fl ro`ohiz hif aihok.
Fls kdhls U ltrlvoisld jfuohks (ro`ohiz girk), yl qui m45 soiapri.
>) Kdhls W, sigudhlrols, k hi gozlffl3 aìs fidtls qui fls U, id supirjogoi `idirld fls kdhls
rispkdslnfis hi hlüks hi tirriaktks. Wu prkpl`lgo÷d hipidhi hi fl iflstogohlh hif aihok= si
prkpl`ld id s÷fohks (ifìstogks) pirk dk jfuohks, fáquohks y `lsis (dk ifìstogks).
¹
Zs 1
h
7) Kdhls supirjogolfis3 sod oapkrtldgol plrl istuholr if odtirokr tirristri.
Hif ldìfosos hi ri`ostrks hi udl rih hi istlgokdis sosakf÷`ogls id fl supirjogoi tirristri,
l lanks flhks hif ipogidtrk,
ipo gidtrk, si gkdgfuy÷3
<) Fls kdhls U y W si ri`ostrld
ri `ostrld l hostldgols aidkris hi
h i ud lrgk hi <59µ
<59µ hif ipogid
ipogidtrk
trk,, pkr
pkr
tldtk si prkpl`ld pkr aihok s÷fohk. Nidk @utidnir` (<?<8), sosa÷fk`k hldïs, glfguf÷ qui if
dógfik istlrál
i stlrál l >.?55 ma hi prkjudhohlh, hi lbá fl hosgkdto
hosgkdtoduo
duohlh
hlh hi
hi @utidni
@utidnir`.
r`.
>) W÷fk si ri`ostrld kdhls U l hostldgols alykris hi ud lrgk hi <87µ hif ipogidtrk, pkr
tldtk if
i f dógfik is jfuohk.
7) Dod`udl kdhl idtri <59µ-<87µ hif ipogidtrk, zkdl hi skanrl sásaogl, hihugoïdhksi qui
fls U si rijrlgtld id fl hosgkdtoduohlh hi @utidnir`.
8) Id fl zkdl hi skanrl si ri`ostrlnld kdhls U hinofotlhls, pkr rijrlggo÷d y rijfixo÷d id if
odtirokr hif dógfik. Od`i Fibaldd (<?7:), sosa÷fk`l hldisl, hihuck fl ixostidgol hi ud
dógfik odtirdk, hi lbá fl hosgkdtoduohlh hi Fibaldd. Fls kdhls W si trldsjkrald id if
dógfik
dógf ik ixtirdk,
ixti rdk, id kdhls gkapgkaprisrisokdl
okdlfis,
fis, gkd vifkg
vifkgohlh
ohlh 77,2
,2 ma/s.
9) Fls kdhls
kdhls U y W si ri`ostrld l aidks aidks hi >55 ma hif ipogidtrk, pkr fl hosgkdtoduohlh
hi Akbkrkvog
Akbk rkvogog,og, hisgunoirtl
hisgunoirtl pkr Ldhrocl Akbkr
AkbkrkvoāoĀ,
kvoāoĀ, aitikr÷fk
aitikr÷fk`k`k y sosa÷fk`k grkltl,
grkltl, l 95 ma
hi aihol id fks gkdtodidtis, pkr glanok nrusgk nrusgk hi hidsohlh hi flsfls rkgls.
:) Id kglsokdis si ri`ostrlnld tris jridtis hi kdhls id zkdls gkdtodidtlfis, pkr fl
hosgkdtoduohlh hi Gkdrlh, l 70 ma hi prkjudhohlh, hisgunoirtl pkr Zogtkr Gkdrlh, sosa÷fk`k
bód`lrk.
0) Hosaodug
Hosaodugo÷d o÷d Zp y Zs
Z s iidtri
dtri <55->
<55 ->95
95 ma hi pr prkju
kju dho hlh aaiho
ihol,
l, pk
pkrr dkt
dktln
lnfi
fi hosaod
hosaodug
ugo÷d
o÷d
hi fl
fl ro`ohi
ro`ohizz hi fks alt
altirol
irolfis
fis,, id if ‖gldl
‖g ldlff hi nlc l vifkg
vif kgoh
ohlh‑
lh‑..
2) Luaidtk hi Zp y Zs idtri 895-055 ma, id fl hosgkdtoduohlh hi ^ipitto qui siplrl
if aldtk supirokr hi odjirokr.
7. Fls
IWX^YGXY^L ODXI^DL3 AKHIFK
ODXI^DL3
godgk hosgkdtoduohlhis @IK\YÁAOGK
ixpfoglhls _ @IKHODÌAOGK
id if lplrtlhk ldtirokr puihid gflsojoglrsi id
hks topks3 fls hosgkdtoduohlhis hi proair krhid, qui supkdid vlrolgokdis hi `rld
al`dotuh id fl vifkgohlh hi fls kdhls sásaogls y riprisidtld pkr tldtk glanoks auy
oapkrtldtis id fl dlturlfizl hi fks altirolfis qui siplrld (gkrrispkdhid l fls
hosgkdtoduohlhis hi Akbkrkvogog y @utidnir`) y fls hosgkdtoduohlhis hi si`udhk
krhid, qui supkdid glanoks hi aidkr al`dotuh id fl vifkgohlh hi fls kdhls, y
riprisidtld glanoks aidks lguslhks id fl dlturlfizl hi fks altirolfis qui siplrld
(gkrrispkdhid l fls hosgkdtoduohlhis hi Gkdrlh, ^ipitto y hi Fibaldd).
Wi`ód istls hosgkdtoduohlhis si puihi istlnfigir ud akhifk nìsogk hi fl istrugturl
odtirdl hi fl Xoirrl id tris `rldhis glpls (siplrlhls pkr fls hks hosgkdtoduohlhis hi
proair krhid)3 gkrtizl, aldtk y dógfik. Fls hosgkdtoduohlhis hi si`udhk krhid
piraotid istlnfigir sunhovosokdis hi istls `rldhis glpls3 gkrtizl supirokr i odjirokr
(siplrlhls pkr fl hosgkdtoduohlh hi Gkdrlh id fks gkdtodidtis), aldtk supirokr i
odjirokr (siplrlhks pkr fl hosgkdtoduohlh hi ^ipitto) y dógfik ixtirdk y dógfik odtirdk
Gkrtizl kgiìdogl (:-<>
kgiìdogl (:-<> ma)
GK^XISL
Gkrtizlsupirokr (05-:05
Aldtk gkdtodidtlf
gkdtodidtlf (>9-05
supirokr (>9-05
(05-:05 ma)ma)
ALDXK
ALDXK
Aldtk odjirokr (:05->.?55
odjirokr (:05->.?55 ma)
Dógfik supirokr (>.?55-9.<>5
supirokr (>.?55-9.<>5 ma)
DÓGIFK
DÓGIFK
Dógfik odjirokr (9.<>5-:.702
odjirokr (9.<>5-:.702 ma)
Jo`url 7. Akhifks `ikquáaogk y `ikhodìaogk. Isti akhifk `ikhodìaogk hif honuck is if qui si
guistokdl rispigtk l fl lstidksjirl.
Ixosti prìgtogl iquovlfidgol hi glpls idtri lanks akhifks3 dógfik gkd idhksjirl y aldtk
odjirokr gkd aisksjirl. Fl fotksjirl iquovlfi l fl gkrtizl aìs udl plrti hif aldtk supirokr,
rá`ohl jridti l fl pflstogohlh hi fks altirolfis hinlck hi iffl, gkrrrispkdhoïdhksi plrl lf`udks
lutkris gkd fl lstidksjirl. Lgtulfaidti, si lgiptl qui fl lstidksjirl dk ixosti idtidhohl
gkak udl glpl tirristri aìs, sodk gkak zkdls hosgkdtáduls hi nlcl vifkgohlh l dovif fkglf y
ri`okdlf id if aldtk supirokr. If fáaoti supirokr hi fl fotksjirl istì l <55 ma, id kglsokdis
lgirgìdhksi l fl supirjogoi tirristri, gkak if rojt hi hkrslfis kgiìdogls. Wu fáao
fáaoti
ti odjirokr gkd
fl aisksjirl gkodgohi gkd fl hosgkdtoduohlh hi ^ipitto, plrl lf`udks lutkris, pirk plrl ktrks
istì l aidkr prkjudhohlh. Is oapkrtldti higor, qui id fl lgtulfohlh vlrols knsirvlgokdis
rilfozlhls pkr fks goidtájogks, idtri fls qui histlgld fls hif prkjiskr hi fl Ydovirsohlh
Gkapfutidsi hi Alhroh J. Ld`uotl, istìd pkdoidhk id huhl fl ixostidgol hi fl Lstidksjirl.
Fks óftoaks hltks kntidohks pkr tkak`rljál sásaogl, bld riviflhk qui tkhk if aldtk tirristri
jfuyi, pkr fk qui fl lstidksjirl gkaoidzl l sir hisglrtlhl tldtk pkr oddigislrol gkak pkr
odixostidti. Lgtulfaidti fl prkpuistl si nlsl id ud akhifk id if qui fl Fotksjirl id`fknlrál fl
gkrtizl y plrti hif aldtk supirokr, if ristk hif aldtk sirál fl Aisksjirl y jodlfaidti, if dógfik
plslrál l fflalrsi Idhksjirl. Isti bigbk hirovl pkr tldtk tlanoïd, id if glanok id fl ixpfoglgo÷d
hi fks prkgisks hi fl hodìaogl hif aldtk qui prkhugid if akvoaoidtk hi fls pflgls. Wod ianlr`k,
lpidls si bld prkhugohk rigtojoglgokdis ixpfágotls, y tldtk augbks tixtks gkak lrtágufks
goidtájogks so`uid iapfildhk if voick tïraodk.
l)
l) Istrugturl virtoglf.
virtoglf. Xris dovifis hi hostodtl gkapksogo÷d y glrlgtirástogls3
<) Glpl si siho
hoai
aidt
dtlro
lro l3 sihoaid
sihoaidtkstks,, rk
rkgls
gls siho
sihoaidt
aidtlrol
lrolss y aitla÷rjogls ljig
lj igtl
tlhk
hkss
pkr hijkralgokdis tigt÷dogls id fks kr÷`idks. Uifágufl orri`uflr sknri fl gkrtizl
gkdtodidtlf, id
i d lf`udls ri`okdis lusidti y id ktrls gkd ispiskr hi aofisao fis hi aitrks.
>) Glpl k gkrtizl `rldátogl3 rkgls á`dils y aitla÷rjogls ìgohls (`rldotk). Ispiskr
vlrolnfi hi >5 ma.
7) Glpl k gkrtizl nlsìftogl3 rkgls á`dils nìsogls (nlslftk). Ispiskr vlrolnfi hi >5 ma.
If trìdsotk idtri fl gkrtizl `rldátogl y nlsìftogl is `rlhulf, ludqui id lf`udls zkdls dk,
hijodohl
hijodohl pkr ud fo`irk
fo`irk luaidtk
luaidtk hi Zp y Zs,
Zs, hosgkd
ho sgkdtoduo
toduohlh
hlh hi Gkdrlh.
n) Istrugturl bkrozkdtlf3
<) Grltkdis3 zkdls `ikf÷`oglaidti istlnfis, tkpk`rìjoglaidti ffldls, sod glpl
sihoaidtlrol k auy jodl, dk hijkralhl, id plrtis gidtrlfis hi gkdtodidtis, y aìs ldto`uls hi fl
gkrtizl gkdtodidtlf, auy lrrlslhls pkr fl irkso÷d.
>) Kr÷`idks k gkrhoffirls lgtulfis3 zkdls pirojïrogls gkdtodidtlfis, rkhildhk ìrils
>)
grlt÷dogls, `ikf÷`oglaidti lgtovls gkd tkpk`rljál isglrplhl, glpl sihoaidtlrol noid
hislrrkff
hisl rrkfflhl,
lhl, gkd gkrtizl hi alykr ispiskr pkr odtidsl hijkralgo÷d
hijkralgo÷d hinohk l prkgisks
prkgisks tigt÷dogk
tigt÷dogkss
(isjuirzks gkaprisovks).
7) Ufltljkral gkdtodidtlf3 gkdtodulgo÷d hi fks gkdtodidtis, soidhk fl supirjogoi hif jkdhk
kgiìdogk pr÷xoak l fl gkstl y gkd prkjudhohlhis odjirokris l >55 aitrks. Wu lapfotuh is vlrolnfi,
hishi aitrks blstl goidtks hi mof÷aitrks.
8) Xlfuh gkdtodidtlf3 lguauflgo÷d hi jrl`aidtks hi rkgl jrl`aidtlhl id fl nlsi hi
plrihis hi rkgl, lgldtoflhks
Fl hostronugo÷d hi grltkdishi akdtlüls,
y kr÷`idksk blgid
guidgls hi vlffis.
pidslr id ud akhifk hi jkralgo÷d gkdtodul hi fl
gkrtizl gkdtodidtlf pkr grigoaoidtk id sus zkdls pirojïrogls.
8.<.>. Kgiìdogl
Kgiìdogl
Ispiskr aihok hi <5 ma. Istrugturlfaidti aìs soapfi qui fl gkdtodidtlf. Hidsohlh aihol hi 7
`/ga7, gkak su prodgoplf gkapkdidti3 nlslftk vkfgìdogk.
vkfgìdogk.
l) Istrugturl virtoglf3
<) Glpl supirjogolf hi sihoaidtks3 ispiskr auy vlrolnfi, alykr id zkdls aìs pr÷xoals
l fks gkdtodidtis i odixostidti id fks icis hi fls hkrslfis.
>) Glpl hi nlslftks sunalrodks3 istrugturl hi flvls lfakblhofflhls (poffkw-flvis) id
fl plrti supi
supirokr
rokr y hoquis
ho quis hi nlslftk id fl odjirokr.
odjir okr.
7) Glpl odjirokr hi rkgls pfut÷dogls nìsogls3 prihkaodok hi `lnrks y porkxidotls,
trldsogo÷d blgol if aldtk supirokr.
supirokr.
n) <)Istrugturl bkrozkdtlf3
Jkdhks kgiìdogks k lnoslfis3 prkjudhohlh supirokr l 8.555 aitrks. Wupirjogoi ffldl
(pidhoidti odjirokr lf <%), lplrigoidhk ifivlgokdis gkak aisitls kgiìdogls,
kgiìdogls, akdtis sunalr
sunalrodks,
odks,
`uykts k vkfgldis sunalrodks, osfls vkfgìdogls (vkfgldis sunalrodks iair`ohks).
>) Hkrslfis kgiìdogls, gkrhoffirls vkfgìdogls sunalrodls3 aofis hi ma hi fkd`otuh, gkd
plrti gidtrlf k ici gkd ud vlffi prkjudhk, rojt= y jksls kgiìdogls, hiprisokdis istrigbls y
prkjudhls hif jkdhk kgiìdogk (aidks hi << ma), pr÷xoals l fks nkrhis gkdtodidtlfis k lrgks hi
osfls.
8.>. Aldtk
Aldtk
Is if 27% hif vkfuaid y if :9% hi fl fl alsl tktlf hif pflditl. Gkapksogo÷d judhlaidtlf hi rkgls
uftrlnìsogls. Ukr ldlfk`ál gkd aitikrotks y gkdsohirlgokdis `ikquáaogls y pitrkf÷`ogls, si
ltronuyi lf aldtk supirokr gkapksogo÷d ldìfk`l l fl hi fl rkgl uftrlnìsogl pirohktotl, porkxidks y
kfovodks, gkd pksonfis nkfslhls hi igfk`otls, `rldltis y porkxidks, hif ldìfosos hi rkgls ixpufslhls
pkr vkfgldis. Lutkris gkak Nuffid gkdsohirld udl zkdl hi trldsogo÷d idtri aldtk supirokr i
odjirokr (idtri >55-055 ma), id fu`lr hi udl hosgkdtoduohlh ditl. Lgtulfaidti si lgiptld hks
glpls hi hojiridti hidsohlh3 aldtk supirokr (7,9 `/ga7) y aldtk odjirokr (idtri 9 y : `/ga7).
L 7?5 ma, if luaidtk hi priso÷d prkhugi glanoks id fl istrugturl hi sofogltks, gkak kfovodk
plsldhk l aodirlf ispodifl, qui l prisokdis hi 055 ma (hosgkdtoduohlh hi ^ipitto), plsl l udl
aizgfl hif aodirlf pirkvsmotl y ÷xohk hi al`disok, akstrldhk if luaidtk hi hidsohlh hif aldtk
odjirokr jridti lf supirokr. Lf`udks akhifks prihogid fl oapkrtldti prisidgol hi ktrks ÷xohks k
sufjurks aitìfogks id if aldtk odjirokr, girgl hif fáaoti gkd if dógfik.
Ixosti gkdsidsk id fl `rld oapfoglgo÷d hif aldtk id fks prkgisks hodìaogks hif pflditl.
Lf`udks lutkris hijoidhid fl gkdviggo÷d hi tkhk if aldtk, y ktrks, qui fks prkgisks gkdvigtovks
skd odhipidhoidtis idtri if aldtk supirokr i odjirokr. Odvisto`lgokdis rigoidtis, siülfld udl
zkdl nlslf hif aldtk odjirokr, dovif H‑, <55->55 ma hi ispiskr, `iktïraoglaidti auy lgtovl y
trlsgidhidtlf id fl akhuflgo÷d hi fks akvoaoidtks gkdvigtovks hif aldtk y id if nlfldgik hif ici
hi rktlgo÷d tirristri y hif glapk `ikal`dïtogk.
8.7. Dógfik
Dógfik
Is if <8
<8%% hif vkfuaid y if 7>% hih i fl alsl hif pflditl.
pflditl. Gkapuistk
Gkapuistk pkr boirrk.
boirrk. Ldtis si
si pidslnl
gkapuistk hi udl lfilgo÷d jirrkdáquif (:% Do), hisglrtìdhksi lf sir su hidsohlh aìs lftl l isl
tiapirlturl y priso÷d, qui fl aihohl. Lf`udks lutkris hijoidhid fl prisidgol hi ifiaidtks fo`irks
(lzujri, sáfogi i kxá`idk). Fl bop÷tisos hi prisidgol hi kxá`idk id if dógfik, guyk hijidskr istriffl
is ^od`wkkh, pkstufl qui ÷xohks hi boirrk, dk aitìfogks l nlcl priso÷d, si gkapkrtlráld gkd
glrìgtir aitìfogk l ifivlhls prisokdis.
Odvisto`lgokdis rigoidtis, huhld hi fl hosgkdtoduohlh hi Poigbirt-Fibaldd, lnk`ìdhksi pkr
udl lapfol zkdl hi trldsogo÷d, aizgfl hi jjlsis
lsis hif dógfik odtirdk y ixtirdk.
ixtirdk.
If glapk al`dïtogk odtirdk tirristri, judgokdl gkak udl `o`ldtisgl hodlak, pkr su
dlturlfizl aitìfogl y hulfohlh s÷fohk-fáquohk.
9. WÁDXIWOW
Fl aitkhkfk`ál hi istuhok hi fls glpls tirristris prkgurl gkdkgir fls glrlgtirástogls
odtirdls hif pflditl3 istrugturl, gkapksogo÷d y prkpoihlhis hi sus altirolfis, qui hitiraodld su
gkapkrtlaoidtk hodìaogk.
If prknfial odogolf lf istuholr if odtirokr tirristri is su lggisk horigtk, rilfozlhk ódoglaidti
id udl piquiül zkdl supirjogolf. Lsá, fks aïtkhks skd jkrzkslaidti odhorigtks, pkr fk su
gkdkgoaoidtk quihl sucitk l gkdstldti glanok y ivkfugo÷d, hipidhoidhk hif lvldgi tigdkf÷`ogk,
qui prkpkrgokdi hltks aìs prigosks.
:. NONFOK@^LJÁL
Alhroh
Ld`uotl, J. y Akridk, J., <??>3 Urkgisks `ikf÷`ogks odtirdks . Ih. ^uihl. Alhroh
•
•
• Lakr÷s, C.Uïriz,
Aiholvoffl F. y ktrks,
A. C.,<??23 . Ih. Ldlyl.
>55:3@ikfk`ál
Fl bostkrol Alhrohud istuhok `fknlf hi fl altirol . Ih.
Alhroh
hi fl Xoirrl3
Alhroh
Ag@rlw-Boff. Alhroh
• Alhroh
Aifïdhiz, N. y Jóstir, C. A., >5573 @ikfk`ál . Ih. Ulrldodjk. Alhroh
• Alhroh
Akdrki, C., >5523 @ikfk`ál . Ihogokdis Ulrldodjk, W.L. Alhroh
• P^ Uiftoir, >5503 Aldtfi hydlaogs ldh tbi H-hkunfiproai flyir oapfogltokds kj tbi pkst-
Xkrkdtk.
pirkvsmoti pblsi . Hiplrtlaidtk hi Jásogl, Ydovirsohlh hi Xkrkdtk. Xkrkdtk.