New Concepts of

space and time

Milar, Francis Cyril S.
Ocampo, Carl Francis M.
universal Space
Limit
The speed of light is the speed limit of the
universe. The speed of light traveling
through a vacuum is exactly 299,792,458
meters (983,571,056 feet) per second.
That's about 186,282 miles per second — a
universal constant known in equations as
"c," or light speed.
Albert Einstein developed his theory of relativity, which includes
the concept of the universal speed limit, through years of
observation, experimentation, and deep thought.

Through his experiments and analysis, Einstein realized that the

speed of light was always constant, no matter how fast an
observer was moving relative to it. This meant that the laws of
physics had to be the same for all observers, regardless of their
relative motion. This principle, known as the "principle of
relativity," became a cornerstone of Einstein's theory.

 Implications of Universal
speed limit
Einstein's theory of relativity has been supported by numerous
experiments over the years and is now widely accepted as a
fundamental principle of modern physics. It has revolutionized
our understanding of the universe and led to many important
discoveries and advancements in science and technology.

The speed of light is considered a fundamental constant of

nature. Its significance is far broader than its role in describing a
property of electromagnetic waves. The implications of the
universal speed limit, or the speed of light, are vast and far-
reaching. Here are a few examples:
 1. Travel
The universal speed limit means that it is impossible
for any physical object to travel faster than the
speed of light. This has important implications for
space travel, as it means that interstellar travel
would take a very long time and may be impossible
with current technology.
 2. Time dilation
The theory of relativity predicts that time can
appear to slow down or speed up depending on the
observer's relative motion. This phenomenon, known
as time dilation, has been observed in experiments
and has important implications for our
understanding of time and the universe.
 3. Energy
The universal speed limit implies that there is a
fundamental relationship between energy and mass.
According to Einstein's famous equation, E=mc²,
mass and energy are equivalent and can be
converted into each other. This relationship has
important implications for nuclear energy and
particle physics.
 4. communication
The speed of light is also the speed at which
electromagnetic signals, such as radio waves, travel.
This means that there is a limit to how fast
information can be transmitted over long distances.
This has important implications for
telecommunications and the internet.
 5. cosmology
The universal speed limit is a fundamental principle
of modern cosmology, and has helped us understand
the behavior and evolution of the universe. For
example, the fact that the speed of light is constant
allows us to observe the distant universe and study
its history and composition.
 What is a Black
Hole?
A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so
much that even light can not get out. This region is
made of matter that is squeezed and packed tightly in
space where gravity is strong and overwhelms other
forces.

Black holes are formed when a giant star collapses at

the end of their lives.

 What do black
holes look
like?
Black holes are invisible, and they release no
light and that is the reason it cannot be seen
directly. In order to observe and study black
holes, tools and instruments such as space
telescopes and other technologies were used.

 What's inside
black hole?
Parts of the Black Hole:

Horizon - is the surface where the gravity

gets too strong for anything to escape

Singularity - it is located in the center which

is a point that is infinitely small and
infinitely dense.
How big are
black holes?
A black hole can be big or small.

There are 3 types of Black Hole:

1.Stellar
2.Intermediate
3.Supermassive
 Types of Black Hole:
1. Stellar Black Holes
formed by stellar death or from the death of a star.
The mass of this black hole is at least 10 to 20 times more than the mass of the sun

2. Supermassive Black Holes

considered the largest black holes
contain equal masses that are more than million or billions of suns
Example: Sagittarius A, the mass of this is equal or more than 4 million times of the sun

3. Intermediate Black Holes

middle/center of the members of the black hole family that revolved around soon after
the universe was formed
 What do black
holes eat?
They “eat” gas, stars, planets, and even other black holes. They can be
described as “messy eaters”, as objects are being ripped apart.

 How were black

holes discovered?
In the 18th century, John Mitchell was the one to apply new
mathematics of statistics to astronomy. He was then able to imagine
the existence of black holes.

1905 - Albert Einstein was able to prove that light travels at constant
speed, regardless of the local strength of the gravity.

1968 - the term black hole originated by John Wheeler, who worked
out further details of black hole’s properties.
How was the first picture of black hole taken?

2019 2022

In the year 2019, the first picture of black hole was released by Event
Horizon Telescope Collaboration and it was the first time people around
the world were able to witness it. Last year, Nov 4, 2022, another image
of a supermassive blackhole was unveiled to the public.

 Event horizon telescope

It is a tool used by scientists and astronomers that captured the first

image of black hole “shadow”.
It is composed of many telescopes working together to create one Earth-
sized observatory.
 Gravitational Waves
Gravitational waves are ripples in space-time (the fabled “fabric” of
the Universe) caused by massive objects moving with extreme
accelerations.

 Gravitational waves
HOW DO THEY FORM?

According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, mass warps

space-time, causing it to curve. When a massive object
accelerates or changes its velocity, it produces a disturbance in
space-time that propagates outward in the form of gravitational
waves. The waves themselves are created by the changing
curvature of space-time, which produces oscillations in the
gravitational field.
 Gravitational waves
HOW DO THEY FORM?

The most powerful gravitational waves are created when objects

move at very high speeds. Some examples of events that could
cause a gravitational wave are:

when a star explodes asymmetrically (called a supernova)

when two big stars orbit each other
when two black holes orbit each other and merge
 Some examples of events that generate
gravitational waves:

BINARY BLACK HOLE MERGERS:

When two black holes orbit each other and eventually collide,
they generate strong gravitational waves that propagate
through the universe. This was the first type of gravitational
wave detected by LIGO in 2015.
 Some examples of events that generate
gravitational waves:

NEURON STAR MERGERS:

When two neutron stars merge, they also generate gravitational waves. In 2017,
LIGO and the Virgo detector detected a neutron star merger for the first time.
 Some examples of events that generate
gravitational waves:
PULSARS:

Pulsars are rapidly spinning neutron stars that emit regular beams of
electromagnetic radiation. As they spin, they also emit gravitational waves,
although these waves are much weaker than those generated by black hole or
neutron star mergers.
 tHE SUN DELAYING
RADIO SIGNALS
Einstein questioned the idea of the pace of time in different environments
because Earth and space do not have the same force of gravity. The flow
of time on Earth differs from the other objects in space. And, even today,
Einstein's prediction has been tested in both places.

In November 1976, the Viking spacecraft was deployed on Mars in order to test
and confirm Einstein's general relativity theory. The purpose of this experiment
is to measure the time it took for a radio signal to return to earth when the sun
stood between two planets. Based on general relativity, there is a delay of radio
signal because it will pass through a region where time runs more slowly.

The Sun and Earth curve spacetime due to its mass. The Earth and the other
planets orbit to sun in curved spacetime
When light emerges from strong gravity, time slows down and light
experiences a change in frequency and wavelength
 gRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
REDSHIFT
Astronomers often used the term redshift to describe how far away objects
really are.
 iMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO REDSHIFT:
DOPPLER EFFECT
Observes change in wavelength and pitch of a sound / frequency
Sound / change of frequency or pitch of a sound

GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
Lengthening the wave into longer and redder wavelength
Gravity is the source of causing stretching waves
Light / change of color
eXAMPLE OF DOPPLER EFFECT:

HIGH FREQUENCY
The more compressed the waves, the higher
frequency of sound produce
Blueshift

LOW FREQUENCY
Stretched out
Redshift
 eXAMPLE OF gravitational redshift:
This is a Neutron Star, a dense object with high
gravitational pull. When Neutron star emits a
light, gravity pulls or stretch the wavelength from
blue to red

BLUESHIFT
Shorter wavelengths
Objects towards us

REDSHIFT
Stretched wavelengths or longer wavelengths
Object moves away from us
 proof from orbiting the earth:
Aristotle’s idea about the orbit of the planet succeeded among all the ancient
philosophers. He believed that all planets and the Sun orbited the Earth as he saw
that there is no evidence that the Earth was moving or in motion.

After a very long time, Nicolaus Copernicus countered the notion of Aristotle as
he proposed that Earth was just the same as planet Venus or Saturn, and all
planets are orbiting the sun.

Around the year 1610, Galileo Galilei discovered that the planet orbits the sun,
not the Earth with the use of his telescope and observing the phases of Venus.
 proof from orbiting the earth:
Also at the same time, Johannes Kepler was publishing a series of laws that
describe the orbits of the planet around the sun.

After that, Isaac Newton concluded to end the idea of Aristotle and focus
on improving Kepler’s Law where he expounded why planets moved as they
did around the Sun.
 Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion:

Since Copernicus was able to observe correctly on how the planets orbit around the
sun, Kepler was the one who polished and gave exact descriptions about the
orbits.With all the astronomical observations gathered by Kepler, he found out that
the orbits of the planets followed three laws:

1. The shape of the universe is “circle” and the orbit of the planet moves in a circular
direction.
2. The planet shares the same amount of area of space no matter where the planet is
in its orbit.
3. The amount of time that a planet orbits is equal to the size of the orbit of the
planet.
 Gravity probe b

Gravity Probe B was designed to measure the “geodetic effect”, the warping of
space and time around a gravitational body, and frame-dragging, the amount
of spinning object pulling space and time with it as it rotates.
 Observation of the stars
As the Earth orbits around the Sun, the positions of the stars appear to
shift over time. This is known as stellar parallax, and it provides evidence
that the Earth is in motion relative to the stars. In fact, the apparent shift
in the positions of the stars is consistent with the Earth's motion around
the Sun.

 Seasonal changes
The changing seasons are a direct result of the Earth's orbit around the
Sun. As the Earth moves around the Sun, the tilt of its axis causes
different parts of the planet to receive different amounts of sunlight,
leading to the seasonal changes we observe.

 The phases of the moon

The Moon's phases are also a result of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. As
the Moon orbits the Earth, the amount of sunlight it reflects changes,
leading to the different phases we observe.

 Overall, there is overwhelming evidence that the Earth orbits around the
Sun. The idea that the Earth is at the center of the universe was disproved
centuries ago, and modern astronomy has provided a wealth of evidence
to support the idea that the Earth is just one of many planets in our solar
system that orbit around the Sun.

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