Edward Sapir

Mouton

The
Collected

Works
Sapir

of

Edward

XIV

W
DE

The Collected Works of Edward Sapir

Editorial

Board

Philip Sapir
Editor-in- Ch ief

William Bright

Regna Darnell
Victor Golla
Eric
P.

Hamp

Richard Handler
Judith T. Irvine
Pierre Swiggers

The
Collected

Works
Sapir

of

Edward

XIV

Northwest California Linguistics

Volume Editors

Victor Golla

Sean O'Neill

2001 Mouton de Gruyter

Berlin

New York

Mouton de Gruyter
is

(formerly Mouton.

The Hague)
Co.

a Division of Walter de Gruyter

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@ Printed on acid-free paper which

and
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permanence

Library of Congress Catalogmg-m-Puhlicatkm-Data

Edward, 1884-1939. Northwest California linguistics / volume editors, Victor Golla. Sean O'Neill. cm. - (The collected works of Edward Sapir 14) p. Includes bibliographical references and index.
Sapir,
:

ISBN 3-11-016432-9
1.

(cloth

alk. paper)

Indians of North America

I.

California, Northern

- Lan-

guages.

Golla, Victor.

II.

O'Neill, Sean,

1969-

III. Title.

PM501.C2 S26 497'.09794-dc21

2001

2001032705

Deutsche Bihliothek - Cataloging

in

Publication Data

Sapir.

Edward:
/
;
:

[The collected works] The collected works of Edward Sapir ed. board Philip Sapir ed. -in-chief .... - Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 3-11-010104-1 ISBN 0-89925-138-2
14. Northwest California Sean O'Neill. - 2001

linguistics

vol. ed.

Victor Golla

ISBN 3-11-016432-9

Copyright 2001
may

by Walter de Gruyter

GmbH &

Co.

KG.

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All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages.

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Edward

Scipir in
(

Hoopa

Valley,

Summer 1927

Courtesy of Sapir Jaiuily

Edward Sapir (1884-1939) has been

most
brilliant scholars in linguistics

referred to as "one of the

in

try" (Franz Boas)

and

as

and anthropology "one of the greatest figures

our coun-

in

American

humanistic scholarship" (Franklin Edgerton). His classic book, Lan-

guage (1921), is still in use, and many of his papers in general hnguistics, such as "Sound Patterns in Language" and "The Psychological Reality of Phonemes," stand also as classics. The development of the American descriptive school of structural linguistics, including the adoption of phonemic principles in the study of non-literary languages, was primarily due to him. The large body of work he carried out on Native American languages has been called "ground-breaking" and "monumental" and includes descriptive, historical, and comparative studies. They are of continuing importance and relevance to today's scholars. Not to be ignored are his studies in Indo-European, Semitic, and African languages, which have been characterized as "masterpieces
of brilHant association" (Zellig Harris). Further, he
a forefather of ethnolinguistic
is

recognized as

and

sociolinguistic studies.

In anthropology Sapir contributed the classic statement

on the

the-

ory and methodology of the American school of Franz Boas in his monograph, "Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture"

major contribution, however, was as a pioneer and proponent for studies on the interrelation of culture and personality, of society and the individual, providing the theoretical basis for what is known today as symbolic anthropology. He was, in addition, a poet, and contributed papers on aesthetics, literature, music, and social criticism.
(1916). His

Contents
Frontispiece

6
11 13

Preface

Introduction

Hupa

Texts, with Notes and Lexicon

(Edward Sapir and Victor Golla)

19

Yurok and Chimariko Materials

Yurok Texts
(edited by

Howard Berman)

1015

Chimariko Linguistic Material (edited by Howard Berman)

1039

Appendix: Reports on Sapir' s Northwest CaHfornia

Letters

Work
1081

from the
J.

field to

A. L. Kroeber

Letters to

P.

Harrington regarding work on Chimariko

1090
1094

An

Expedition to Ancient America

A Summary

Report of Field

Work among

the

Hupa, Summer 1927

...

1097 1099

Reminiscences about Edward Sapir (Fang-Kuei Li)

References

1101
1

Index

113

Preface
Volumes VII-XV of The Collected Works of Edward Sapir are devoted to republication of Sapir's works of monograph length grammars, dictionaries,
text collections,

and ethnographies, including works

that

were edited and pub-

lished posthumously

and

to the publication for the first time of edited verleft in

sions of projects that were

manuscript

at the

time of Sapir's death in

first

1939. This volume falls into the latter group and represents the
dition to the corpus of Sapir's published

major ad-

work

in several decades.

Included in this volume are the

fruits

of Sapir's field trip to

Hoopa Valley

in

Northwest California during the summer of 1927. The most important of these is Sapir's documentation of the language and culture of the Athabaskan Hupas:

77 narrative

texts, a substantial lexicon,

and numerous ethnographic notes.

data, including three texts, as well as

Sapir also collected

some valuable Yurok

linguistic materials

some miscellaneous
tance in

on Chimariko. The Hupa corpus has

assis-

been edited and provided with thorough annotation by Victor Golla, with

some sections from Sean O'Neill. The Yurok texts have been edited and annotated by Howard Berman, who has also contributed a detailed assessment of the Chimariko materials. Editorial responsibility for the entire volume
rests

with Golla and O'Neill jointly.

all

Preparation of

of the monographic volumes of The Collected Works of

the Phillips

Edward Sapir was

no.

aided by grants from the National Science Foundation (grant

American Philosophical Society, Funding for the work on the Yurok and Chimariko materials was specifically provided in the NSF grant. Work on the Hupa material has additionally been supported by a fellowship (to Golla) from the American Council of Learned Societies and a research assistantship (to O'Neill) from the Department of Anthropology, Unithe

BNS-8609411),

Fund of

and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research.

versity of California, Davis.

Special recognition must be given to the

tively

Hoopa Valley

Tribe, both collec-

and individually, for

their sustained help in the

decades-long project of

preparing Sapir's

Hupa

texts for publication.

The

editors

would

like to give specific

thanks to several individuals for their

Philip Sapir,

special contributions to the preparation of this volume:

who

in ad-

dition to serving as Editor-in-Chief of

The Collected Works of Edward Sapir

contributed immeasurably to understanding the personal context of his father's

work; Michael Sapir and Helen (Sapir) Larsen, for their memories of the sum-

12

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

mer of 1927; Catherine Griggs, secretary for the Sapir editorial project at George Washington University, 1986-89; and Howard Herman, of Seattle, Washington, who was unhesitatingly willing, so many years after completing the
editorial

work, to correct the proofs of the Yurok and Chimariko sections.

Introduction
Edward
Sapir's research were devoted to the

Several significant chapters of

languages of Northern California and Oregon. His earliest field project, in 1905,

was a study of Wishram Chinook on the Columbia River (Volume VII), followed by studies of Takelma of Southwest Oregon (Volume VIII) and Yana of Northeast California (Volume IX). From 1913 onwards he played an important role, together with Roland B. Dixon and Alfred L. Kroeber, in the establishment of deeper genetic connections among the languages of this area, and between California and Oregon languages and languages in other parts of the continent. This included linking Yurok and Wiyot of Northwest California to the Algonquian family, expanding Dixon and Kroeber' s Penutian stock to include a number of Oregon languages (Takelma and Chinook among them), and exploring the relationships of several Northern California languages within Dixon and Kroeber' s Hokan stock (in particular Yana and Chimariko). However, it was
none of these areal concerns that led him, beginning in 1921, to plan a field trip Northwest California. The intended subject of this new investigation was quite specifically Hupa, one of the California Athabaskan languages, and Sapir's immediate goal was to obtain a more accurate phonological and grammatical
to

record of that language than Pliny Earle Goddard had presented in his numerous
publications (most importantly

Goddard 1905 and 1911). The broader goal was

to

a clearer understanding of the Athabaskan languages, and of the deeper genetic

relationships

which Sapir believed Athabaskan

have both

in

North America

and

in Asia.

Athabaskan language was a Oregon during his Takelma work (Sapir 1914c). A deeper interest in these languages was first stimulated during his continent-wide search for deep genetic connections. Although the Athabaskan languages stood apart from the Algic, Penutian and Hokan relationships, by 1914-15 he had accumulated what seemed persuasive evidence for a "Na-Dene" stock that encompassed not only Athabaskan and Tlingit, which had previously been thought to be related by Swanton, but also Haida (Sapir 191 5d). Unlike the Algic, Penutian, and Hokan relationships, however, further linkages of NaDene in North America were not forthcoming. Instead, Sapir began to note evidence pointing to the startling possibility that the Na-Dene group was a branch
In 1921, Sapir's only field experience with an

brief encounter with Chasta Costa of

of an ancient stock that straddled the Bering Strait and included Sino-Tibetan
(see

Volume

VI, pp. 133- 140). This possibility so fascinated him that by 1920substantial part of his research time to assembling

21 he

was devoting a

com-

14

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Na-Dene and "Sino-Dene", as well as to reconAs his work progressed the need for richer and more accurate descriptive data became acutely apparent, in particular from Athabaskan languages. As soon as funding for research became available
parative data in support of both
structing the details of Proto-Athabaskan.

again after the economies of World

sive

War

I,

Sapir began laying plans for an extenin

program of

field

work on Na-Dene languages

Canada and

the western

United States.

Hupa, despite its peripheral geographical position in the was probably the best known Athabaskan language, and Goddard's publications on it had done much to determine the paradigm for Athabaskan linguistics. A reassessment of Hupa was a major item on Sapir' s research agenda, and his first Athabaskan field trip, in the summer of 1921, was to include both a
In the early 1920s

family,

study of Sarcee (Tsut'ina) in Alberta and a quick

obtain fresh data on
celled, in large part

visit to

Northern California to
trip

Hupa (Golla 1984a: 368-369). This

illness

had

to

be canable

because of the

of Sapir's wife Florence.

He was
its

to reschedule the Sarcee

work

for the

summer of
texts

1922, although not the addi-

tional trip to California.

right.

Sarcee, however, proved quite rewarding in

own
XIII)

Sapir collected a substantial

number of

(to

appear

in

Volume

and sufficient phonological and grammatical data to justify a deeply revised model of Athabaskan structure, in particular one that took into account the fact that Sarcee had revealed itself to be a thoroughgoing tone language. Sapir was

now convinced

that

Goddard had ignored or

seriously misinterpreted a
it

number

of facts about Hupa, not least

that, in all likelihood,

too had tonal distinctions

(Sapir 1922a, 1925f; for the evolution of Sapir's thinking on tone and other
features of

Athabaskan phonology and grammar, see Krauss 1986).

Sapir began making plans for a

1984a: 402).
cal.
It

Hupa

trip the

following year (1923) (Golla

Again, however, personal difficulties

made

the journey impracti-

was necessary

for Sapir to spend the field season of 1923 at a sanitorium

in

Pennsylvania convalescing from a broken leg as well as tending to his

now

seriously ill wife. Providentially, Sapir discovered that two young Athabaskan men from Alaska were working at a nearby summer camp, and he seized the opportunity to collect data on Anvik (Ingalik, Deg Hit'an) and Kutchin (Gwich'in) (to appear in Volume XIII). But interesting as this material was to

him

Kutchin,

if

not Anvik, had a tone system clearly cognate with that of

required attention.

Sarcee
It

Hupa

still

would be

three

more

years, however, before another opportunity to visit

itself.

Northwest California presented

Sapir's life in turmoil for
In 1925 he resigned

Florence Sapir died early in 1924, leaving

a major career change.

many months and prompting

his research

from

and curatorial position with the Victoria

first

Museum
cago.

in

Ottawa

to take an Associate Professorship at the University of Chi-

The only new Athabaskan

data he was able to collect during his

two

years of teaching were on Navajo, which he obtained from a speaker living in

Introduction

15

Chicago.

His discovery that Navajo also possessed the Sarcee-Kutchin tone

to set the record straight

system underscored the need

on Hupa. After the years

of delay, plans finally solidified for a

Hupa

field trip in the

summer

of 1927.

Sapir was accompanied to California by a graduate student, Fang-Kuei Li,

who had begun studying with him the year before. Li, a native speaker of Mandarin, had come to the University of Chicago for advanced study in comparative
linguistics, but

had quickly been drawn into Sapir's

orbit.

Believing that Li's

make him an excellent field researcher on Athabaskan languages, Sapir had him familiarize himself with Athabaskan
acquaintance with tone languages would

by writing a study of Sarcee verb stems based on Sapir's 1922 notes (published as Li 1931). On the 1927 trip the plan was for Li to work directly
structure

with Sapir on
ers of other

Hupa

for a

few weeks, then

to strike off

Athabaskan languages

in the area (see

on his own to find speakAppendix, "Reminiscences

about Edward Sapir"). Li spent a month in Petrolia, Humboldt Country, working with a speaker of Mattole, and a second
vation,

month on the Round Valley ReserMendocino County, working on Wailaki. His Mattole material, which is
in 1930.

largely paradigmatic elicitations, served as the basis for his doctoral dissertation,

which was published

is

His Wailaki material, which contains

many

texts,

of equally high quality but has been published only in part (Seaburg 1977a,

1977b).

Sapir and Li, together with Sapir's teen-aged son Michael, arrived in

Hoopa

Valley
July,

in the last

week of

June, 1927.

Li

left for his

own

field

work

in early

and shortly afterwards Sapir and his son were joined by Sapir's (second) wife, Jean, and his daughter Helen. Jean Sapir, a psychiatric social worker,
collected English versions of several

Yurok

narratives

(J.

Sapir 1928).

The

group was enlarged further

had recently come

to

August by the musicologist George Herzog, who America from Hungary to study Indian music under Boas.
in

In 1927, supported

by Boas and the American

field trip

Museum

of Natural History,

Herzog made an extended

ranging to
cylinder
visit

through California and the Southwest, ar-

Hoopa Valley during Sapir's stay. Herzog collected twenty-two recordings of Hupa songs, now preserved in the Archives of Traditional
Indiana University (Seeger and Spear 1987: 54). Sapir had also hoped

Music

at

that Alfred
there, but

Kroeber would be able

to

spend some time

in

Hoopa while he was

Appendix, "Letters
left

Kroeber' s schedule did not

field to A. L. Kroeber").

make

this possible (see

from the

Jean and Helen Sapir

Hoopa

in late
7.

August, and Sapir himself, together with Michael, followed on September

returned to Chicago independently two weeks
later.

Li

Sapir considered his

Hupa study
to

to

have been "eminently successful"

(Appendix, "An Expedition

Ancient America"), although he found himself

embarrassingly wrong about phonemic pitch. Hupa, unlike Navajo and Sarcee,
is

not a tone language, as subsequent research has

shown

to

be true of a signifi69-71).

cant

number of Athabaskan languages (Krauss and Golla 1981:

But

if

16

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Goddard was right on this score (see Goddard 1928), the new data showed that Goddard's morphological analysis, as Sapir had suspected, was quite inadequate. Although Hupa was revealed to have a number of unique or unusual
features,
it

differed from Sarcee and the other Athabaskan languages Sapir had

investigated

much

less dramatically than

Goddard's description had suggested.

A new grammar
needed
to

of Hupa, and a

new comparative grammar of Athabaskan,

be written.

Sapir also found

Hupa

traditional culture

much

richer than he

had expected,

and the Indian people with

whom

he worked

particularly his chief consultant

and

interpreter,

Sam Brown

unusually knowledgeable and articulate.

texts as "probably the best
I

He
that

later described his extensive

Hupa

ever collected"
to

(Sapir to Kroeber, August 25, 1938,

UCB), and recommended

it

Kroeber

he "get

in closer

and closer contact with the Hupa Indians and take a good look
he would find
"a most exciting and rewarding

at their religion," predicting that

task" (Sapir to Kroeber, August 2, 1930,

UCB).

Although the primary motive for Sapir' s Northwest California trip was to document Hupa and related Athabaskan languages, he did not forego the opportunity to collect smaller amounts of data on other languages of the area. Early along in his stay, he (and Li) set the routine of taking Sundays off from Hupa to work a few hours on Yurok with Mary Marshall, a half-Yurok woman fluent in both Hupa and Yurok. (Mrs. Marshall was also the source of several Hupa texts.) Although Sapir's interest in Yurok dated back to 1913, and his demonstration that Yurok and Wiyot (the "Ritwan" languages) were distantly but firmly related to Algonquian (Sapir 191 3h), there is no indication that he wanted to devote more than a limited amount of time to the language. His primary motive seems to have been to provide others primarily Kroeber with
a detailed phonetic record, and to

make

suggestions for future investigation.

been pursued, the chance

1984a, 316)

Although a similar opportunity to gather data on Karuk seems not to have to hear Chimariko a nearly-extinct Hokan language

of considerable importance to understanding that stock (see Sapir 1920d;

GoUa
found
he

could not be passed up, even

if it

entailed a long automobile trip

over the back roads of Trinity County.

In the end, the speakers Sapir

were poor and the scanty Chimariko data he collected were

had hoped they would
be.

less useful than

Furthermore, on his return from California Sapir was

distressed to discover that John P. Harrington had secretly

made an

extensive

study of Chimariko a few years earlier with the

last fluent

speaker, and had been

continuing field work with other speakers. The days that Sapir had "lost" from
his

Hupa work

thus went largely for naught (see Appendix,

"Letters to

J.

P.

Harrington regarding fieldwork on Chimariko").

Other than the two brief summaries he wrote immediately after his return (see Appendix) Sapir published only one fragment of his Hupa material, an ethnographic essay on Hupa tattooing based on the text on that subject (text 15 in the

Introduction

17

present edition), together with

some notes and diagrams,

that

he had obtained

from Sam Brown (Sapir 1936e).

Spier, circulated privately

typescript version of the

latter

nographic notes, the organization of the

apparently

Hupa texts and eththe work of Leslie

texts

among

California anthropologists in the 1940s and

1950s.

Another typescript version of English translations of the

was

pre-

pared by the senior editor for the

Hoopa Tribe

in the early 1980s.

Full publica-

Yurok and Chimariko notes, was assigned high priority by the Editorial Committee of the Collected Works of Edward Sapir at its first meeting in 1984. That it has taken more than a decade and a half to redeem this pledge is due to the usual exigencies of scholarly work, exacerbated by the size of the corpus and the conviction of the senior editor that
tion of this material, together with the

the texts deserved full linguistic and ethnographic annotation.

Hupa

Texts, with Notes and Lexicon

Edward Sapir and Victor Golla

Contents
Preface

25
Orthography
31

Key

to the

Alphabetical Order
I.

33

Ceremonies
1.

2.
3.

4.
5. 6. 7.

The The The The The The The

White Deerskin Dance {Sam Brown)

Jump Dance (Sam Brown) Origin of the Jump Dance (Mary Marshall) Origin of the Misq'id Jump Dance {Jake Hostler)

35 55

Acorn Feast {Sam Brown) First Salmon Ceremony {John Shoemaker) Origin of the First Salmon Ceremony {John Shoemaker)

72 76 84 99
103

8.

9.

10.
1 1.

12.

Bathing the Rain Rock at Sugar Bowl {John Shoemaker) Formula for Bathing the Rain Rock {John Shoemaker) The Flower Dance {Sam Brown) The Origin of the Flower Dance {Sam Brown) The Brush Dance {Sam Brown)

109 113
1

18

135 147

II.

Traditional Life
13.

How

to Treat

Babies

14. Traditional Standards of

15. Tattooing

{Emma Frank) Beauty {Emma Frank)

{Sam Brown)

16. Rules of Etiquette

{Emma Frank)

17.

How

to

Ensure a Long Life {Sam Brown)

159 167 170 175 179

181

18. Insults
19.

and Bad Behavior {Sam Brown)

A Jump Dance Sermon {Sam Brown)

When
there
to

20. 21. 22.

How How

{Sam Brown) Gather and Prepare Acorns {Sam Brown)

is

a Death

185 188 194

Basketry Roots are Gathered and Baskets Woven {Sam Brown)

in

208 217

23.

How

Handle Firewood the Old-Fashioned Way

to

{Emma Frank)

III.

Doctoring and the Spirit World

24.
25. 26.

How Became a Doctor {Emma Frank) Emma Frank's Method of Doctoring {Emma How Silis Became a Doctor {Sam Brown)
I

Frank)

223 230 238

251

27. Silis' Vision of Hell

{Sam Brown)

22

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

28. Silis Loses and Finds her Pipe

29.
30.
31.

32. 33. 34.

{Sam Brown) The Kick Dance {Sam Brown) How I Became Fond of Kick Dancing {Sam Brown) k>i}we" Sickness is Taken Out {Sam Brown) Hunting Magic and Prayers for Deer {Sam Brown) A Vision of Sam Brown's {Sam Brown) Power Over the Grizzly Bear {Sam Brown)

257 260 268 274 280 283 292

35. Training for Striking Fear into the Grizzly Bear

{Sam Brown) 36. The Afterworld {Sam Brown)

IV.

300 303

Medicine Formulas
Introductory Note
37.

To Cure Vomit and

Passing of Blood

{Emma Frank)

38. For Sickness {Jake Hostler) 39. For a Menstruating

305 307 312

Woman

to

Shorten her Period

{Emma Frank)
40. Pronounced over a Child to

315

make him
320
327 342 344

Wealthy and Brave

41
.

{Emma Frank)
has Handled a Corpse

To

Purify one

who

{John Shoemaker)
42.
43. 44.
45.

To Induce Forgiveness {Mary Marshall) For War {Sam Brown)

The Ugly Dog,
a Medicine Formula for Love {John Shoemaker)

349 352 356 362 366

371

A Woman's Love
{Emma Frank)

Medicine for Getting a

Man

46.

Man's Love Medicine {Emma Frank)

47. For a

Man who

Desires Wealth and Success

in Love {John Shoemaker) 48. For Wealth {John Shoemaker) 49. The Dawn Maiden {Sam Brown)

50. Big Dentalia

Comes

to the

Redwood People
374

{Mary Marshall)
V.

Prayers
Introductory Note
51. Prayer for
52. Prayer to the Sun 53. Prayer in

Good Luck {Emma Frank) {Emma Frank)

the Trails in the

377 378 379

Mountains

Going Over

{Emma Frank)
54. Prayer to the Acorn Feast

380 382

Ground of Hostler Ranch {Sam Brown)

Hupa

Texts: Contents

23

55. Prayer to Yimantiw'^winyay's Resting Place

(Sam Brown)
56.
VI.

Night Prayer (John Shoemaker)

384 386

Myths and Tales

Grandmother (Sam Brown) Salmon's Grandmother and Timber Robin (Sam Brown) 59. Water Dog and Acorn Worm (Sam Brown)
57. Salmon's 58.

60.

Iris

and Panther (Oscar Brown)

61. Coyote and Frog

(Emma Frank)
Woodpecker (Emma Frank)
Doctored by Bluejay

62. Three Tales of Little 63. Salmon-Trout

is

387 394 397 405 408 412

and Hummingbird (Jake Hostler)

64. 65.
66.

67.
68.

Wind (Sam Brown) The Lake Whale (Sam Brown) The Rival Wives (Mary Marshall) The Two Brothers (John Shoemaker) The One who Established a Medicine at Miyimidaq'id,
Story of the South

430 433 437 438 446 450 468

69.
VII.

and his Grandmother (Emma Frank) The Hated Suitor (Jake Hostler)

Legends and Traditional History

(Sam Brown) 71. The Acorn Provider Saves Weitchpec (Sam Brown)
70.
at Me'^dildir)

How

Ear Aches Started

72.
73.

Two Young Men Do

The Village
that

Indian Deviling (Jake Hostler)

Blasphemed (Sam Brown) 74. How a Man was Destroyed at New River (Sam Brown) 75. How a Tattooed-Face Stole a Woman (John Shoemaker) 76. The Chimariko Attack a Hupa Village (Sam Brown) 77. A War Between the Hupa and Yurok (Sam Brown)
Linguistic NOTES TO THE TEXTS (with Sean O'Neill)

479 486 490 497 499 505 509

5
1

531

Analytic Lexicon
Introductory Note

Element List (with Sean O'Neill) Morphological Outline

725 727 813

Ethnographic lexicon
Introductory Note

General Glossary Kinship Terminology

873 875

999

Preface
This edition of the

in the field during the

Hupa texts and other materials that Edward Sapir collected summer of 1927 is the product of 38 years of intermittent
Over
this

labor by Victor Golla, materially aided since 1996 by Sean O'Neill.

span of time Golla' s

own work on Hupa

has

become so

intricately intertwined

is the more accurate attriSwadesh took with Nootka Texts (1939) or Harry Hoijer with The Phonology and Morphology of the Navaho Language (1967). The texts themselves are presented in as diplomatic an edition of

with Sapir' s that co-authorship rather than editorship

bution, similar to the role Morris

Sapir' s originals as the circumstances permit, with editorial departures

from the

content of the notebooks explicitly marked. The free translations, however, are
entirely Golla' s, as are

many

of the textual notes. Sapir' s ethnographic notes are

partly incorporated into the textual notes,

and partly into the Ethnographic Lexiand lexicon

is
is

con.

The

linguistic analysis reflected in the annotations

Golla's,

although based on the model of Athabaskan morphosyntax that

Sapir' s published

explicit in

ganization of his

work on other Athabaskan languages and implicit in the orHupa files. Whatever the balance of authorship in any specific
and
infelici-

part of the work, however, the ultimate responsibility for all errors
ties rests

with Golla.

History of the

Work
is

Sapir obtained the primary materials on which this work

based during an

eleven-week stay on the

speakers of Hupa:

Hoopa Valley

Reservation, California, from late June to

early September, 1927 (see Appendix).

Jake Hostler,

He mainly worked with six fluent Sam Brown, Emma Frank, John Shoemaker, Mary Marshall, and Oscar Brown. He also interviewed several others, including
for shorter periods of time

Berman Lack and Ada Masten,

texts.

and without obtaining

In

all,

Sapir transcribed from dictation 77 narrative texts.

He

collected

these in eleven top-bound field notebooks, each with 62 double pages, and entered associated lexical and grammatical data on approximately 5,000 4" x 6"
slips (Sapir

ms. 1927a). Copious ethnographic notes are also found in the notetexts.

books, usually on the pages opposite (above) the

file slips

Many

of the notes on

words and phrases in the texts, and consist of pronominal and aspectual paradigms and other elicited data expHcating the textual form. All of the texts are in interlinear format, a Hupa line in broad phonetic
are

keyed

to specific

26

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

transcription alternating with an English line that translates the

Hupa

line

word

by word, although occasionally glosses are omitted or abbreviated when predictable from context. The procedure that Sapir apparently followed was to transcribe the Hupa text from dictation without pausing for translation, and later to go over the text with Sam Brown, who provided careful English interpretations

and supplementary

linguistic data.

Most of the ethnographic data was

also

supplied by

Sam Brown.
in

Between 1927 and Sapir's death

texts,

1939 some preliminary steps were taken

to organize these materials for publication.

An
all

assistant typed all of the

Hupa

with two carbon copies, penciling in the English glosses on the original

copy, and a similar typescript was

made
is

of

ethnographic and textual notes

Sapir,

contained in the notebooks (Sapir ms. 1927b).

however, created no sec-

ondary grammatical

files,
is

and so

far as

language beyond what

implied in his

known he prepared no analysis of the original notes. He outlined his prelimialluded to

nary findings in two short publications, and in letters to colleagues written at the

time of his work (see Appendix).

structure in

He

some

particulars of

Hupa

two publications (Sapir 1931b and 1936f), and he briefly discussed Hupa phonology and grammar in a course at Yale on Athabaskan linguistics
(Haas ms. 1936,
texts

Newman

ms. 1936).

Sapir's only publication of the narrative

was an English

translation and ethnographic

commentary on

text 15,

"Tattooing", written for Alfred Kroeber's festschrift (Sapir 1936e).

After Sapir's death his

scripts,

Hupa notebooks and

files,

together with the typeall

were placed

in the care of

Harry Hoijer, together with

of Sapir's other

Athabaskan materials.

Leslie Spier appears to have had at least

some of

the

Hupa

materials in his possession later in the 1940s.

He planned

to write

an eth-

nographic report on

Hupa based on
that

Sapir's data, similar to the ethnographies of

Wishram and Yana

he had edited from Sapir's notes (Spier and Sapir 1930;

Sapir and Spier 1943).

preliminary typescript of the ethnographic notes, or-

ganized into broad categories, was prepared, but no further work was done.i
typescript of the texts, under the
title

"Hupa Myths, Formulas, and Ethnological

Narratives in Text and Translation", appears to have circulated

nia anthropologists,

among

Califor-

and was available

to

William

J.

Wallace and Edith Taylor

during their ethnographic work on

Hupa

in the late 1940s.

GoUa began working on Hupa

three

in 1962,

conducting independent fieldwork for

summers (1962-64)

as well as the

Sapir's notebooks and files over to

autumn of 1963. In 1963 Hoijer turned Golla along with a copy of the typescript of
formed the basis of
his dissertation, a

the texts. With Hoijer's encouragement, Golla incorporated Sapir's grammatical

and

lexical materials into the data set that

study of

Hupa grammar.

In reciprocaion, Hoijer requested

Golla to edit Sapir's

texts for publication.

Golla finished his dissertation in 1970 and (keeping a photocopy of the note-

books) returned Sapir's original materials

to Hoijer,

who

shortly thereafter de-

Hupa
posited

Texts: Preface

27

American Philosophical Society. In 1975 Golla received a fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies that allowed him to prepare a preliminary phonemic version of the texts, with

them

in the Library of the

and ethnographic annotations. Except for an annotated version of text 61, "Coyote and Frog" (Golla 1977b), this version remained unpublished. In the early 1980s Golla worked under contract to the Hoopa Tribe to prepare a
free translations

typescript edition of his free English translations, with basic ethnographic notes.

This compilation has circulated in photocopied form

among Hoopa

Tribal

mem-

bers for cultural education and language restoration purposes.

The present

publication began to take shape in 1996 when, during a year at

the University of California, Davis, Golla began working with Sean O'Neill, a

graduate student in Linguistic Anthropology. prepared a

full

Under Golla's

direction, O'Neill

computer

file

of Golla's 1975 preliminary edition, restoring from

the (photocopies of the) original notebooks various details that had been regu-

Golla and O'Neill then drafted linguistic annotations to the texts (for the final version of which Golla must assume responsibility), and Golla reedited the textual notes and compiled an ethnographic glossary. O'Neill drafted an
larized.

element

list

based on earlier materials of Golla's, which Golla revised and

linked to a morphological outline.

The Consultants
Of the
books:
speakers of

Hupa whom

Sapir interviewed during his stay, the follow-

ing six were the sources of the narrative texts and ethnographic data in his note-

Sam Brown

(the source of thirty-nine texts, all those not noted

below) was
in-

Sapir's chief consultant and interpreter.

He had

earlier served as

Goddard's

terpreter (1904: 93), and in later years would work with other anthropologists. A batchelor, he often wore a (woman's) basket cap and excelled in such traditional female occupations as basket weaving, acorn processing, and cooking.

knew him, he had become one of the chief authorinumber of other rituals. Alties on World Renewal though his father was White, his mother came from a branch of the family that owned the xontah nikya-w in toPJiyimH-dirj. He died in 1959 at the age of 80.

By middle

age,

when

Sapir

matters, as well as for a

Emma
was

Frank
is
all

(texts 13-14, 16, 23-25, 37, 39-40, 45-46, 51-53, 61-62, 68)
at the

in her late

60s

time of Sapir's

visit.

The source of

three of his

Texts, she
"surpasses

described by Goddard as a "very conservative"

other

Hupa woman who

and for
that

Hupa women
have been

in

basket-making" (1904: 324). She was one

of the

last

woman

to

fully trained as a traditional doctor,

and other reasons she was generally referred to by her Indian name, tahse-nc'e'^. Before marrying Henry Frank her (non-Indian) maiden name was Emma Dusky.

28

XIV Northwest
John Shoemaker
(texts

California Linguistics

6-9,

41, 44, 47-48, 56, 67, 75), also called

at the

"Shoemaker John", was

in his

70s

time of Sapir's
(the me'^dilx'^e-).

visit,

and a respected
the

elder from the upper half of

Hoopa Valley
last

He was

younger

half-brother of Robinson Shoemaker, the source of three of Goddard's

Hupa

Texts (1904: 237, 265) and the

(text 6).

person to officiate

at the First

Salmon Feast

John Shoemaker died

at

an advanced age

in 1949.

Jake Hostler (texts 4, 38, 63, 69, 72) was a member of a prominent family from ta^Uyimii-dirj, but otherwise little is known of him other than that he was the great-uncle of Jasper Hostler, a contemporary Hupa elder.

Mary Marshall (texts 3, 42, woman from the village of Sa'^a

was half Yurok on her mother's side (a [Map C-19] who was married to a Hupa), and spoke both Hupa and Yurok fluently. She was the wife of James Marshall and the mother of Julius Marshall. All three worked with Goddard, and Mary Marshall was the source of nine of the narratives in Goddard's Hupa Texts (1904: 93, 150; see also Goddard 1907: 4, and plates 1-2). Kroeber, who obtained information from Mary Marshall on the World Renewal ceremonies at Kepel (Kroeber and Waterman 1938), describes her as "intelligent, friendly, and
50, 66)

opposite Kepel

helpful,

and patient about dictating slowly" (Kroeber ms.

(text 60),

n.d.).

Oscar Brown
1

as "a burly, hearty,

Sam Brown's extraverted man of

older brother,

is

described by Kroeber

about

my

age [Kroeber was

bom

in

who rented me saddle horses and helped steer me around when I was new to Hupa. He left most religious matters to his sensitive younger brother Sam, inclining rather to the practical and skeptical" (Kroeber ms. n.d.). Oscar Brown also served as Goddard's interpreter in 1901 and the source of three of his Hupa
876]
Texts {\9^A:91>, 135).

GoUa's independent data on Hupa were

three primary consultants:

largely obtained in 1962-64

from

Ned Jackson and

his

his wife

mother being Sam's

sister.

"Jimmy" Jackson, who Hupa elder.

at

Louisa Jackson. Ned was Sam Brown's nephew, Ned and Louisa were the parents of James the present time (2000) is the most knowledgeable
Louisa and Minnie were

Minnie Reeves, Louisa Jackson's older

dren of the Hill family, and were

sister.

chil-

bom

at noleh-ditj

(Map

D-5), the last

Redwood

Creek

{x'^iyiqid) village to

be inhabited.

Hoopa Valley since 1888, their of the Redwood Creek dialect.

Although both sisters had lived in speech may have retained a few characteristics

Hupa

Texts: Preface

29

General Editing Conventions

In the presentation of the

Hupa

texts, all

Hupa forms

are retranscribed in the

to the

phonemic orthography described

in the

accompanying Key

Orthography,

but are otherwise unaltered except for: (1) editorial emendations, which are indicated by square brackets; (2) the restoration of consonants elided by the rules

of external sandhi (Morphological Outline 71), which are indicated by parentheses. Similarly, all glosses are printed as they stand in Sapir's notebooks, and

missing glosses supplied by the editors are indicated by square brackets.

All

Hupa words

(including underlying forms) are printed in

italics,

except for

words

and phrases that are in the General Glossary, which are printed in unitaliThus, a boldfaced

cized boldface.

Hupa word

in a free translation or textual

note refers the reader to a specific entry in the General Glossary.

Hupa words
raphy, which
tions.
is

are alphabetized according to the order in the

Key

to the

Orthog-

basically the order of the English alphabet, with special conven-

Annotation
In addition to notes specifically on the

form and content of the

texts,

which

are printed as textual notes immediately following the free translations, the texts

have been provided with a substantial amount of additional

graphic annotation.

linguistic

and ethno-

Notes

form of a separate section of Linguistic which Golla takes primary responsibility, important editorial contributions from Sean O'Neill with acknowledgement of are intended to elucidate the phonological and morphosyntactic structure of

The

linguistic annotation takes the

to the Texts.

These notes

for

forms whose structure

basic principles of
to

is

not immediately obvious to a reader familiar with the

Hupa word

formation.

The

linguistic notes are also

designed

be a pedagogical aid for anyone who to this end they are extensively cross-referenced. The grammatical terminology used in these notes is explained in the Morphological

might wish to use the texts to learn the

grammar of Hupa, and

Outline.

Sapir collected ethnographic information on the Hupas only incidentally to

his linguistic

Most of

this

work, although for some subjects with considerable thoroughness. material has been incorporated into the present work, either as fur-

ther notes to the texts or as items in the General Glossary.

The only

significant

pieces of ethnographic data omitted pertain to a few special subjects, such as

personal names, which require more focused treatment than can be given here.

Both

in the textual notes

and

in the

General Glossary efforts have been made

to refer the reader to all relevant published sources of information

on

traditional

30

XIV Northwest
culture,

California Linguistics

Hupa

some of them postdating

commentary
is

Sapir's work.

Quotations from these

all

sources are frequently included, with appropriate attribution. In general,

attributed ethnographic

un-

Sapir's, usually reflecting information

from

Sam Brown.
Note

These materials are now

1927b).

filed with the earlier typescript

of the

Hupa

material,

described above, in the American Philosophical Society Library (Sapir ms.

Key

to the

Orthography

All Hupa words in this volume are written in a phonemic orthography closely modeled on the one Sapir used in his separate publication of text 15 "Tattooing" (Sapir 1936e). The conventions of this orthography follow general Americanist practice as it was standardized in Haas et al. (1934). Although this orthography differs from the writing system adopted by the Hoopa Tribe and used for cultural and educational materials (cf. Golla 1996b) the two systems are interconvertable. The only phonological feature marked in the present orthography that is not represented in the Tribe's writing system is the high pitch cadence, marked by a circumflex accent.

In his 1927 notes Sapir transcribed

Hupa

in a

broad phonetic orthography

in

which he distinguished the principal allophones of the Hupa phonemes cated below in square brackets:

as indi-

Vowels:
a
a[a];
[a-]

[a]

before y

e
e/

[8]

(occurs only before a laryngeal)

[e] elsewhere
(gy, ky, ky);

[e] before y;
[i]

before y or a palatal stop

[v] before

W;

[u]

before w;

[i]

elsewhere o
o-

[o]

before laryngeal;

[o]

before y; [v] elsewhere

[o]

Sapir usually noted a (light) aspiration of final long vowels:

tse-

'stone' [ts'e'],

sometimes putting the length mark

Consonants
b
c
c'
c'"

in parentheses [ts'e()'].

c'

Unaspirated ("intermediate") bilabial stop. Rare. Voiceless aspirated alveolar affricate. [ts'] Glottalized alveolar affricate. [tc'w] Voiceless alveo-palatal affricate with labialized aspiration. [tc'] Glottalized alveo-palatal affricate. [D'] or [d'] syllable-finally, [d] elsewhere. Unaspirated ("intermediate")
[b]
[ts']

alveolar stop; lightly aspirated finally.

32

XIV Northwest
[g]

California Linguistics

g
g^

Unaspirated (or "intermediate") mid-velar stop; lightly aspirated

finally.

[]

Unaspirated (or "intermediate") front- velar stop; lightly aspirated

finally.

{^,]

Unaspirated (or "intermediate") back-velar stop; lightly aspirated

fi-

nally.

h
k

[h] initially, [']

[k']

K
k^
^/

[k']
[If']

[k']
[1]
[1]

elsewhere. Strong aspiration. Aspirated mid- velar stop. Glottalized mid-velar stop. Aspirated front- velar stop. Glottalized front- velar stop.
[1]

syllable-finally,

elsewere

A'

Voiceless lateral spirant. Glottalized lateral affricate. m [m] Bilabial nasal. [n] finally; [n] elsewhere. Alveolar nasal. n
[tl']
(/

[q] "~

Velar nasal.
]

Q
s

[q'l or [k'
[s]

Glottalized back-velar stop.

Voiceless alveolar sibilant. s [c] Voiceless alveo-palatal sibilant. Rare. [f] Voiceless aspirated alveolar stop. Glottalized alveolar stop. w [w] syllable-fmally; [w] elsewhere. Voiced bilabial semivowel. W [W] Voiceless bilabial semivowel. X [x] Voiceless velar fricative. ^w Labialized voiceless velar fricative.
t
/'

[t']

[^x*]

[i]

finally (as the

/yi/ is the

second element

in a

diphthong); [y]

initially;

[y] finally

where
vowel.

underlying phonemic sequence.

Voiced

palatal semi-

J J
?

[ts']

or [Dz'] finally; [dz] elsewhere.

Unaspirated (or "intermediate")

alveolar affricate; lightly aspirated finally.

[tc']

or [Dj'] finally;

[dj]

elsewhere

Unaspirated (or "intermediate")

alveo-palatal affricate; lightly aspirated finally.

[']

Glottal stop.

Prosodic features
Sapir used an acute accent to mark the syllable of a word or phrase on which

primary stress

falls.

Since the position of the stressed syllable

is

predictable

Hupa

Texts: Orthographic

Key
it

33
not

from the (underlying) phonological structure of the phrase, the phonemic orthography employed here.

is

marked

in

Two
marked

other prosodic features marked by Sapir are not predictable, and are
in the present orthography:

A
+

circumflex accent on a vowel indicates a syllable with noticeably higher

pitch than preceding syllables.

The function of this cadence

in

is

not clear,

plus immediately following a vowel or consonant indicates an unusual

prolongation of that

phoneme (noted mainly

exclamations or song vocables).

Alphabetical Order
The order of the Hupa phonemic alphabet
d, e, e\ g>\ g, G, h,
i,

is

as follows:

'^,

a, a-, b, c,
t',

c',
x''',

c'\ c\
y, j,

k>, k, k>\ U,

I,

i, A',

m,

n,

rj,

o, o-, q, s, s,

t,

w, W,

x,

I.

CEREMONIES

1.

The White Deerskin Dance

I,

Narrated by
( 1 )

Sam Brown. Notebook

xonsii-c'idilyeSummer Dance.

pp. 44a-61;

II,

pp. 1-12.

hay-ded
This

(2)

c'ide'^ilye'^-tei-id

They always dancewill-when,

camehsKon'^ women

ya^U.ye'^icid

widwd'd
acorn flour

yoPaic'"''e'^^

iaP-^e-nis
all

(3)

hayaha^id
[Then]

they pound acorns,

they

make

day.

hay
the

xd^osday man, men

'^aht'irj

^e'lo'^-me'^
in storage

noya7aliW
they put

hay
the

baskets

down

dilxij-iicay
white deerskins.

Uyiq'eh-nadiwal
wolf-skin headdresses.

Icyiwo"^

(4)

hay ah -m a
[Then]

worn around
head.

yehna-lce'd
feather plumes

c'eya'^aliW
they take out
(of basket).

ce'l-nehwa-n
red flint

q'ina'^

to'-nehwd-n
black
flint.

also,

xosa-Ypay
whistle,

na^Ryidilyay
(&) necklaces.

(5)

hayahajid
[Then]

'^e'^ilwil-mii

ie-na'^aliW
they build a
fire

when

it is

dark,

xontah-nikya'w-dirj at the Big House

min'^day'^
outside of.

(6)

hayaha^id
[Then]

na^d[r\ya^
he goes around
5

xontah

mitiwa'

xixex 4
boys

ie'^Rye'^ilaw

yaydilye--mir)
so (the boys) dance.

house - amongst (= from house to house)

he (dance-maker) gathers them.

may

(7)

hayaha^id
[Then]

na'^ne'^idd'W he comes back

xontah-nikya-w-dirj
[house-big-place]

mirPday"^
[outside of]

hay ie-na-wila-diij
the fires-have-been-

(8)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xontah-me"^ yehna'^[a]dd-W
[house]
-

into

he goes back

in,

hijid and

built-place.

c'e'^ixdW
he carries them out
(in basket)

hay
the

mU-c'idilyeregalia.

(9)

hay ah
There

c'e'^iliW

he takes them out

jeio'^-me'^
storage basket
-

hay
in

dilxi^
deer-skins,

na'^Uyidilyenecklaces,

"^ahfin
all

no'^o'^dW
he lays

the

(of

it)

down

yo'W-id
there (outside

of Big House).

36
(10)

XIV Northwest
hayaha^id
[Then]

California Linguistics

q'ad now,
at last

'^aht'irj
all

c'ine'^ina'Wi-mi-i

hay
the

xixex
boys

when

(people) come (to house),

xowa'^atiliW
he gives to them

wiloy'^
grass-

knq'eh-na'diwal
[wolf-skin headdresses,]

yehnaice'd
[eagle-feather

na'^Uyidilyay necklaces

bundles,

headdresses];

xosowoi
his, their

yehya'^kntiliW he puts them on.

(11)

hayaha^id
[Then]

jc"'<3"

yehnaya'^ti-i'^e-K

for

them

throats

he sticks (feathers) into (straw bundles)

yehna-lce-d
feather

(12)

hayaha^id
[Then]

miqeh
into,

yehkyiticod
he pokes
(its

hay
the

dilxi^
deerskins,

headdress.

through

skin), sticks in

(13)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xowaya'^ticod
to the (boys) he

hayah
there

c'ine-'^ifiUy ^
(the boys) are

hay
the

pokes the

(skins with sticks put in);

strung in a line

ta-kyiW-dirj sweathouse place

min^day^
outside,

hayah
there

na'^ne'^iital

wiiwii-dirj
in the

they kick, dance stamping

evening,

"^ixe'X

Waneonly.

(14)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

tahc'e^ina-W^
they quit dancing.

(15)

hayaha^id
[Then]

boys
'^aht'in
all

now

yaxokye'^iwa'^n
they sleep

^
in

mirj-x'"'

hay
that

xiKe'^-dan'^-ditj
early

(people)

order that

morning time

'^inaya'^asde'^t-t-te-

(16)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xiKe'^-dan'^-diij
early in the

'^inaya'^se'^indil

they

may

get up.

morning

they get up,

hi^id
[and]

to the

to-c'irp water

naya'^Uye'^iwe'^ they pack (back and forth)

'^aht'irj

hay
the

c'ide-&Hri 9

everything:

household goods, cooking utensils

hay
the

mii-c'idilyethings with which they dance

q'ina

Uyiwiyal-tah^^
food also.

(17)

hayaha^id
[Then]

too

me'^dil-me'^ m canoes

'^aht'in
all

yehya'^aliW
they put their (things) in.

(18)

hayaha^id
[Then]

yinac
upstream

ya'^te'^iice-d

they shove the (boats) along.

sa'^e'^ide'^n

(19)

hayah-mil
[Then]

me'lah
some of
the people

na'^cid-x'^

on the dry land

they always travel

in

company.

(20)

"^aht'in

cine'^ina'W-ey^^
then arrive there

xowarjq'id
Campbell's Farm,

hay
the

All

no-kyiwilta-K stamping ground, dancing place

sa'^an-dirj

where

it is.

Hupa
(21)

Texts: 1

37
'^aht'in
[all]

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay
[the]

me'^dil-me'^
[in

c'ine'^inaWi-mii

canoes]

when

they arrive

to--c'iif
to the river

xoda?atindil
they always went

xold-n
to help

xayaPUyisiwiW-miij
in

down

them

order to pack the loads

(the people),

up the

hill.

(22)

hayaha^id
[Then]

'^aht'irj
[all]

xa-ya^kyise^iwiW-mH when they packed it uphill

c'eya^tixdW
they take out severally

hay
the

widwa-d
acorn flour.

(23)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
the

camehsXon
women
(24)

w-c'irj'^
to the

water

xoda-ya'^Uyitixa-W they all went down

(with baskets of flour)

Uyita-ya-'^aici(d}-mirj
in

hayahajid
[Then]

hay-yo-w
that

order each to soak

it.

xd^isday

c'idilye-c'Uc'^e'

c'ixote^isow
sweeps, scratches the earth

hay-yo-w
that

man

who makes

the dance

c'idiwilye'^-tehi-dirj
place where they are to dance at

mixa'c'e'^-xole-n
[incense root]

mil
with
it

ie-na'^aliW
he makes a
fire.

(25)

hayahajid
[Then]

xorf
fire

ya^awiW^'^he picks up,

yo-wi
from
there

yice'^ni-xoliW

^^

no'^o-wiW
he puts the
(fire)

down

the

hill,

off

some distance away

down

hay
(at) the

xoij'^a'^diwilah-teM-dir} 14 place where they are going to paint and put on regalia.

(26)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayah
there

da'^a'^lcye'^iliw

hay
the

mU-c'idilyethings with which

miq'eh
along,
into
it

yehUyiticod
he severally pokes into (them)

he unpacks things

they dance,

hay
the

dilxij
deer-skins.

(27)

hayahajid
[Then]

'^aya'xoic'ide'^ine'^

xa^
"All right

nohdil
come
here ye,

he

tells

them,

digyar)
here

dohiyedo ye dance!"

(28)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

"^aht'in
all

now
wiloy"^

c'ine'^ina'W-mU when they come

xowaya'^tiliW
he hands the (regalia)
out to them

hay
that

head bundles,

'^a-diq'i(d)-no-ya'^tiliW

'5

(29)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xonirj"^
their faces

ya'^Uye'^Uiw
they paint, smear

on themselves - they severally put them down.

mii-xorj'^a'^dii'^e-n '6

with

face paint.

38
(30)

XIV Northwest
hay-yo'w
That

California Linguistics

xo^ewan-na'^asde'^X-te[flint carriers]

Wanealone

kyiwo"^
the (seal) teeth,

"hooks"

xowaya'^aliW
he gives them
to

ditjUHn

'"^

nahnin
2 people

ce'l-nehwd-n
red-flint

xowaya'^aliW
he gives
to,

nahnin
2 people

4 people:

them

to'-nehwan
black-flint.

(31)

taq'in
(The) three

ya'^knta-'^a'^aw

hayi Wane'
them only
(singers)

people

(who) sing the songs (of the White Deerskin Dance)

dilxij-Hcay
white deerskins

xowa-ya'^acod
he pokes them to them.

hay
that

ialhyx"^
just,

tehiq'id

18

^e-n^

only

common
dancers

however

ia[h]-xo
(he gives) just

dilxi^

(32)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xat'a-hayah
right there

na'^neVital
they stamp dance (people with skins),

(common)
deerskins.

nahdirj
twice

19

xo^e'warj-c'eVndil-mii
after they

hi^id
[then]

yehc'eVnd'W
they go in (to main

hay
the

xo'^j
regular,

have danced
flints]

with [the

dancing ground)

main

no'kyiwilta'^X dancing ground, it is stamped on

sa'^an-diij

hayah
there

c'ide'^ilye'^

(33)

hayaha^id
[Then]

where

it

lies.

they dance.

q'ad

tahc'e'^ind-W-mii

ky'iye'

me'^dil-x'^-e-

xorj'^a'^de^iliw

now

when

they quit

again

people of

they dress themselves

dancing.

me?dilding

up

in regalia.

(34)

hayah-mii
[Then]

q'ad

hay-yo'w
those

camehsKon
women

xanaya'^RyisitixaW
they bring (acorn mush in baskets) up back.

hi^id
then

taya'^Uye'^imil
they cook the

(35)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

hay-yo-w
those

me'^dil-x'^-e'

now

people of
me'^dil-dirj

mush.

Ryiye-

yehc'e'^ind-W
they

c'ide'^ilye'^

(36)

hayi
That

noya'^de'^ilye'^-mi-i
they quit dancing
-

again

come

in.

[and] they

when,

dance.

'^aht'irj

yehna'^xotH'^a'^
they invite them in severally (for dinner at several camps),

'^aht'iij

hay
the

na'^wdy
going about, people present

all

all

Rye'^iya'^n

they eat.

Hupa
(37)
'^ahfirj

Texts: 1

39
^^
it

hay
the

mi^in
people

'^a-'^ant'e-

hayah
there

no'^olxid^^
they set up their

All

who belong
(the dance)

to

dance camps,

"^aht'irj

ya-xoie'na-wilay^
their

all

(own) dance camps, "fires"

those

xole-n who own.

(38)

qad
Now
been given to them)
(it's

hay
the

k>iwinya'^nyd-n

40
(47)

XIV Northwest
hayaha^id
[Then]

California Linguistics

hay ah
there

k>iye-

xa'^aya'^aniw
they do that way:

hay
the

camehsXon
women

again

k>eya'^alna'^
they cook,

hay-y&w
(and) those

xo^osday men

q'ina"^

UHyeagain

'^aht'in
all

also

c'eya'^aliW
they take out

hay
the

mi-i-cldilyewith which they dance.

(48)

hayaha^id
[Then]

knyeagain

hayah
there

'^adiq'i(d)-noya'^tiliW on themselves - they lay down, put on (regalia).

(49)

hay
The

c'idilye'-c'iic'^e-

q'ad

dance-maker

now

hayah
there

Uyiye-

xa^a'^antw
he does
in that

xo'^ji-koh 26
carefully

c'ixote'^isow
he sweeps the

hay
the

again

way;

ground

c'idiwilye'^-tehi-diri
place where they are to dance.

(50)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad now, finally

c'ide^ilye^
they dance,

(51)

nah-din
Twice

tahc'e'^ina-W-mi-l

na-na'^de'^ilc'^a'^n

(52)

hayah-mil
[Then]

when they've
dancing,

quit

again they

eat.

ce^eh-;^i-dirj

'^1

for a short time

when
here

na-na-Rye'^idil-mii they go around

'^e^ilwil

(53)

hayaha^id
[Then]

night comes.

&

there (talking),

Ryiye'

again

'^a-diq'i(d)-nomiW on themselves - they

put the (regalia).

(54)

c'idemye'^

(55)

Uyiye-

nah-dirj
twice

They dance.

Again

yehc'e'^inaW-mii when they've gone in

to

cid
first

'^aht'in
all

nana-de'^ilc'^a'^n they eat;

hi^id
[then]

dance (each division)

c'initite-c'

(56)

'^aht'irj

hayah
there

x'^'e'^ilwil

(57)

hayaha^id
[Then]

they,

all

of them,

All

they camp.

lie

down.

in the

xiXe^-datf morning

Rnyeagain

'^ina'^sitindil

na'^de'^ilc'^a^n

hi^id
then

c'ide'^ilye'^

they

all

get up,

they eat,

they dance

ia'^a-xiXe'^-daij'^
all

niiwah-x"^
separately from each other (2 divisions)

nah-dirj
twice

yehc'e'^ina-W
they go in (each twice),

morning,

Hupa
(58)
hayi
tahc'e'^inaW-mii
they've finished going, dancing,

Texts:

41
dirjUn
four

me'^dil

me'^iice'd
they shove to shore, land in (side by side)

When

canoes

to'-diij
at the river

la^ay-dirj 28 in one place.

(59)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay-yd'w
those

dilxij deer-skins

'^aht'in
all

in storage

^e'lo^-me'^ basket

he sets them

no-na^aliW down
again,

hay
the

c'ide-c''in-tah

cooking

outfit

in

ia'^ay-din one place

[as well]

they put them

(all in

no-na^aliW down
one
pile),

hi^id
[and then]

to--c'irf
to the river

naya^kye'^iwe'^
they always pack them back.

(60)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

hay-y&w
those

ya^dilye'

to--c'in'^

c'e-yaPandil
they walk out,

hi^id
[then]

who dance

to the river

go down.
me'^dil

yehc'itindil
they go
in,

hay
the

U.yiwo^-me'^

UyinirP-dirj
at the

canoes

hook dancers

end, bow, of the boat

niima'^n on both sides, side by side

Uyinin^-din
at the

no'^ondil
they
settle,

ia'^a

me'^dil-me'^
boat in

nahnin
two men

one

IcHwo'^-me'^ with 'hooks'

c'ine'^ica-d

(61)

hay
The

Uyiq'eh-na-diwal-me'^
dancers with fringed headdresses of wolfskin on

'^aht'in
all

bow

they

sit

down.

nUq'eh-dinan
behind one another facing one way

c'e'^iye^n

nUcantaca
on each other's shoulders

dahUyislay
resting their

Uwarj
one man

they stand

hands.

RyiKa'^-din
at the stern

c'ine^ica'd he sits down

hay
the

Uyiwint'oh-teone who is going

to paddle.

(62)

hay-yow
Those

nahxi
two

q'ina'^

also

me'^dil boats

camehsKon

me'^
in

they

no'^ondil sit down,

hay
(which)
the

them
c'ide'c'^irj

me^-silay
are lying
in.

hayi
they
(are)

meneqi
behind

na-ya'^kyiwirf'^ah-te-

cooking outfits

(who) are going

to sing.

them

(63)

hayaha^id
[Then]

'^aht'in
all

yima-ni-yinaca-dice'^ 29
across south heading, facing,

no'^oliW
they put them, point the (canoes).

(boats)

hi^id
[then]

Hwa(n)^^
one man

me'^Uye'^ihiw

'^^

hay
the

he sings, measures (song)

Witj song.

42
(64)

XIV Northwest
xat'a-hayah
Right there

California Linguistics

c'^oW-dirj
five times

no'^o'^aW
he stops singing,
puts (song)

hijid
[then]

ta'^axiW
(as) the

^'2.

canoes

down,

float out

yima-n
across the river

dice"^

no'^o-ital

"^aht'in
all

nin^se'^indil
they dance bobbing

pointed
to

they stamp down,

(standing

dance

icicking.

up)

up

&

down.

hay
the

lc>'iwo'^-me'^

xosa-ij'^dy
the whistle in his.
their

ya'^de'^Hne'^
they play
it.

(65)

hayaha^id
[Then]

"hook" dancers

mouth(s)
33

yide"^

c'ite^iital

mis-q'id
mis-q'id

yinahc'i(n)-mii
(= moving

downstream

they stamp along,

from above downstream

in a different

naia'^-xo 34 way

down toward)

^a-naya'^de'^ine'^
they again

(66)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay
the

camehsKon
women

Waneonly

make

sound.

ya'^UHta'^a'^aw
they sing along.

(67)

hayah-mii
JThen]

ce'yehUyixa'W
[a place

mije-'^-dirj
in front

above mis-q'id]

of

it

no-'^oxiW-mi-t

U>'iye'

me-na'^Ji>e'^iitiw
the (dancers) again sing

hay
that

Wirj
song.

when
float

(the canoes)
to that place

again

(68)

hayaha^id
[Then]

mis-q'i(d)
mis-q'id

miyeh-mii
right

even

with,

tiwimah-c'in'^-dice'^ on the shore-towardpointed

no'^oliW
they lay, turn

hay
the

meWl
boats,

me'^ixiW
(the canoes)

minian-ditj
10 times

yima-ni
[and] to the

me-na'^aic'^id
they push it [back] several times.

land

other side

(69)

hayahajid
[Then]

q'ad
that
last

hay
time

lc>'iye-

again

me'na'^aitdl 35 [they dance to

shore]

tahya'^andil
they get out of
the boats.

naq'i-yidac
up the gravel bar

c'ideVlye'^
they dance

hay ah
there,

xowa^ticod
they poke to them

dilxi^
deerskins,

each one

ia[h]-xo
just

ceio'c'e'^-mii with bedrock (flat rocks on shore)

xo^ewan-na'^dil
they dance in with flints

hayah
there.

(70)

hayahmi-i
[Then]

tahc'e'^ind-W-mii

nana'^de^ilc'^a'^n
they eat again,

x'^e'tilwil

when

they finish

they

camp

dancing

hayah
there.

Hupa

Texts: 1

43

(71)

xiXe'^-darj'^
In the morning.

'^ina^sitindil

naPde'^ilc'''aPn

hi^id
then

'^ahfirj
all

Ryiye-

they get up

they eat,

again

me'^dil boats

yehyaPta^aW^^
they gather
it

hi^id
[then]

xoda-tidce'd
the boats

c'ildn-ditj
(at) c'ilan-ditj

me'^iliW-ey
they land the
(boats) there.

go

into (boats),

down,

(72)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayah
[there]

Uyiye[again]

xaPa-yaPaniw
they do as before

ia^a-^e-nis all day

hayah
there

c'ide^ilye^
they dance,

hi^id
[then]

Uyiye-

hayah
there

x'^e-tilwil

(73)

again

they

camp

yisxande"^ Next day

severally.

xiXe^-darj'^
in the

cid
first

c'ide'^ilye'^

hi^id
[then]

'^aht'in
all

me'^dil-me'^-c'iri'^
into the boats

morning

they dance,

na-naya^Uye'^iwe'^
they pack back again.

hi^id
[then]

yinaci
upstream

naya'^te'^i-ice-d

they pull, shove the boats back.

c'e''^indiGo'^-di(n) 3V
c'e'^indico'^-ditj

miyeh
at the foot

xa'naya'^se'^iiGe-d-ey
they shove (the boats) back

(74)

hayaha^id
[Then]

of

it

up (from

c'ilan-dirj) to

it.

hayah
there

Ryeya'^aina'^ they cook

hay
the

camehsXon
women,

hayah
there

na'^deVlc'^a'^n
they eat.

ia'^a-^e'nis
all

kyin-na'^^aya'^ 38
they gamble.

(75)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayah
[there]

Ryiye[again]

day

x'^e'tilwil

(76)

yisxande'^
[Next day]

xiXe'^-darj'^
[in the

Ryiye-

'^aht'in
all

me'^dil-me'^
boats into

they camp.

morning]

again

yehnaya'^ta'^aW

44

Hupa
(83)

Texts: 1

45
xa?se'^indil-e-y they've come up
to
it

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad
at last

hayah
there

hay
the

no'Uyiwilta'K-dirj dancing-place,

niitaca-lay'^
nUtacalay"^

(84)

hayah
There

c'ixote'^isow he clears away

the

ground

hay
the
the

ma-c'ica'l
one who leads
the dancers.

(85)

hayaha^id
[Then]

yehc'e'^i

nd-W

they go in to dance.

hi^id
[then]

hayah
there

c'ide'^ilye'^

la'^a-jenis
all

hijid
[then]

nana'^de'^ilc'^a'^n
they
eat.

they dance

day,

(86)

hayahajid
[Then]

wilwH-diij when evening comes

hijid
[then]

Icy'iye-

c'ide'^ilye'^

hi^id
[then]

Uyiye[again]

again

they dance,

na-na^de^ilc'''a'^n

hayah
there

x^'e-tilwil

Uyiyeagain.

(87)

hayaha^id
[Then]

again they eat (supper),

they

camp

[in the

xiXe'^-darp morning]

'^ina'^sitindil

na'^de'^ilc'^d'^n

hi^id
[then]

Uyiye[again]

[they get up,]

[they eat,]

'^a-diq'i(d)-no'^oliW on themselves they

put the things,

hi^id
[then]

ia'^a-^enis
[all

c'ide'^ilye'^

niima'^n-e--mii

'^^

day]

[they dance,]

on both sides, each division

(one after the other)

nah-diij
twice

yehc'e'^inaW
they go into the dance.

hi^id
[then]

hay
the

ta'^Uyimii-x'^-e-

na-miq'eh
the last

'^^

people of ta?linmU-dirj

yehna-'^ada'W
they go in again.

ia'^ay-x'^
all,

dilxi^i-iicay
white deerskins

Wane'
only

mii
with

c'e'^ifiUy'^

nothing but

they are strung out,

hayi
that

q'ad
now,
at last

mii

do'-c'o-'^ola'^n 45

(88)

hayahajid
[Then]

with which they always quit.

46

xehi
loads

wan-na-na^adil
they fix them up again.

hi^id
[then]

ya-na-ya'^Uyitiwi'W
again they pack them up on their backs off

to'-c'irj'^

to the

river

ce'-UyiwoX-c'iij'^

na-na'^nitindil
they cross (river) back to (camp).

(89)

hayaha^id
'[Then]

towards ce-UHwoK-dirj

nana'^deVlc'^a'^n-ey
they eat again (supper).

hayah
there

x'^enatilwil
they camp again severally

iah
one (night);

hayah
there

na-ya'^ne'^iiye'^

hay
that

Uyiwiyal
food,

they eat up (again) has been left over

46
(90)
q'ad

XIV Northwest
hayi-qi way

California Linguistics

Waneonly,
all

hay-dethis

Now
(91)
do-

in this

xonsii-c'idilyeWhite Deerskin Dance.

Uyitiiyo-l

cidilye-dirj
dance, where they dance.
at the

(92)

do-

q'iiwe--q'i-^^i

One never swears

Not

funny talk, joking, frivolous

c'ixine-W
they
talk.

(93)

doNot

k>dn
they eat

hay-y&w
that

no-lc>'iwilta-K

me-xandirj
near
it.

danceground

(94)

ca'^al

do-

Uya'^al

(95)

Chewing gum

they do not chew.

doc'iiondita'^n 48 Not - they hold on to each other.

(96)

'^aht'ir)

hayd[ethe, this

'^a'winiw 49

miq'eh
if

na-'^as'^a'^-de'^ 50

All

way of doing
yo-wi-'^e-n'^

one minds

it,

well, in a

niWor}-x'' good

c'isdiyan-te- 5i one will be old.

hayi
that

"^aht'in
all

way

but on the other hand

namilah
opposite, contrariwise

"^a-c'idyah-de"^
if

one does,

do- xolin c'idya'^n one does not get old.

ia[h]-xo
just

do--niWo-n-me'^
bad (luck)
-

in

c'iGahi-wint'e--te- 52 he will always walk.

(97)

hay-dij^
That
is

md-n
the reason

why

me'niwilgyid
it

53

hayi
the

is

feared

(forbidden) of doing

xa^a-winiw way
it.

(98)

do-

niWon
Badly

c'ixe-nehW-de'^
if

c'idilye--dirj

ninis'^d-n

c'^in'^-da'^wHtin-te- 54

he talks

where they dance,

x'iyiq'id-x'^-e-

world
doyitehs'^e'^n 55

he will spoil

it.

(99)

Redwood Creek

Indians

not they can look on

mi^e-'^i-di(n)-mii right in front, from

in front

(100)

hay-yo'w
Thai

no'kyiwilta-X dancing ground

no->j'^a--dirj

Wanethe limit

where

it

reaches up

to,

only
c'idilye-

mii
from,
at

yite-'^e'^e'^n

(101)

they could see.

In this

hayi-xo way

Wa-neonly

hay-de-d
this

dance.

The White Deerskin Dance

(l)This
is

[a]

the

White

Deerskin

Dance,

the

summer World Renewal

ceremony
(2)

(xonsit-cidilye*).

When

they are about to have the dance, the

all

women pound

acorns

they prepare acorn flour

baskets
all their

day.

(3)

Then

the

men

take out from the storage

white deerskins (dilxis-licay), wolf-fur head-bands (kyiq'eh(4)

na'diwal), and crowns of seal-teeth (kyiwo*^).

They

get

out

feather

Hupa

Texts:

47

plumes (yehna'Ice'd), red obsidian blades (ce*l-nehwa*n), black obsidian

blades (to*-nehwa*n), whistles (xosa'g'^ay), and necklaces (na'^kyidilyay). [b]
(5)

Then,
[cl

in the

evening, they build a

fire

outside the Big

House (xontah-

nik>a*w).
to

(6)

The dance-maker

(cidilye*-c'Rc"e*) goes

around from house

has been

house and gathers boys for the dance.

(7)

Then he comes back

(8)

to outside the

Big House where the

fire

built.

regalia.

He goes back in Id] (9) He takes

them

the house and brings out the baskets full of

dance

the deerskins and

all

necklaces out of the storage

baskets, and he lays

down

there.

(10) Then,

at last, after all the

people come, he gives the boys grass-

bundles

(wiloy*^),

wolf-fur

head-bands,
(11)

and

feather

plumes;

he

puts

necklaces around their throats.

He

sticks the feather

plumes
(13)

into their

sweathouse; they dance there during the evening, the boys only. (14) Finally, they quit dancing. (15) Then everybody sleeps, so they can get up early in the morning.
line there outside the

head-bands for them. (12) He pokes hands them to the boys, who form a

sticks into the deerskins.

Then he

(16)

Then they

get up early in the morning, and pack everything

the river: the cooking utensils, dance regalia, and also the food.

down to (17) They

upstream.
arrives at

put
(19)

everything

in

canoes.

(18)

They

paddle
(20)

the

canoes

Some

of them travel on ahead by land.

Then everyone

Campbell Farm (xowag-q'id), where the dance ground is located, [e] (21) When all those in canoes arrive, they go down to the river to help pack the loads uphill. (22) Then, when they've packed everything uphill, they take out the acorn flour. (23) Then women go down to the river with
baskets of flour to soak
it.

(24) Then the man who is the dance-maker (cidilye'-citc^e*) sweeps the ground where they are going to dance, and makes a fire there with incense root (mixa-cV-xolcn). [f] (25) Then he picks up some of the burning pieces, and sets them down some distance down the bank from there, at the place where the dancers are going to dress up. (26) He unpacks the dance
regalia there, then he sticks a stick into each of the deerskins.
tells

(27)

Then he

them, "All right!

Come

and dance here!"

all

[g]

(28) Then,

when

at last

they have

each of them, which they put on.

paint (mil-xog'^a''dilVn).

come, he hands a head-bundle out to (29) Then they smear their faces with
are

(30)

To

those four

men

alone

who

to

be

obsidian-blade
to

carriers

(xo3e*wan-na'^diI) he gives the seal-teeth crowns

two of them he gives

(31)

red obsidian blades, to the other two black obsidian blades.

three people
the

To

the

who

sing songs, and to them only, he hands white deerskins

common

dancers get plain deer-skins, [h]

48
(32)

XIV Northwest
Then they dance
right

California Linguistics

there

(at

the dressing

place);

[i]

after the

obsidian-blade carriers have danced in front of the line twice, they go in to

the

main dance ground, and there they dance.

[j]

(33) Then,

when

at last

they

quit dancing, the me'^dilx^^e* dress up.

(34)

The women bring

the baskets of acorn

mush up from

the river

now,

and they cook the mush.

(35)

Then

the

meMilx^e* come
and everyone
to set

in

to

the

danceground
is

and

dance.

(36) After they have finished dancing, everybody

the various

invited in for dinner at

who is there eats. (37) Everyone who up their camp; everyone has their own camping place, [kl (38) They were made for them when the Indians were created. (39) That is the reason they do not forget their camping places. (40) After they have finished eating, they spend the rest of the day close to
camps
,

belongs to the dance goes

the dance ground.

(41) Later, at the beginning of the evening, they dress up again, and again

both sides dance.

(43) Finally, they

(42)
all

When
(44)

they have

all

finished dancing, they eat again.

camp

for the night; then, the next day, early in the

morning, they get up.

finished, several canoes

The women cook.

(45) Everyone
(46)

eats,

and
is

then, in the late morning,

they dance again.

When
[I]

the dancing

go downstream

to ce*-mit'ah.

same way: the women cook, and the men take out all the regalia again. (48) They dress up again there. (49) The dance-maker does things the same way there, and carefully sweeps the
(47)

They do

things there again the

danceground.
(51)

(50) Then, finally, they dance.

When

they have danced twice, [m] they eat again.

visiting for a short time, night falls.

(52) Then,

after

they go around
again.

(53) They

dress

up

(54) Again they dance.

eat again,

(55) After they've gone in to dance twice,

they

all

and

later they all lie

down. (56) Then they camp there for

morning, each

the night.

(57) In the morning they get up again, eat, and dance

side doing in to dance twice.

all

(58)

When

they've finished dancing, they land four canoes

(59)
all

[n]

at

one

place on the riverbank.

the storage baskets, and

They

put

all

the deerskins,

the cooking gear, together in

and everything in one place, and they

carry

it

all

down

to the river.

(60) Then the dancers go down to the river, and they get into canoes, the "hook dancers" (k^iwo'^-me'^) getting down side by side at the bow of each boat two men with "hooks" sit at the bow of each boat, [o] (61) All the men in fringed head-dresses stand in a row, facing one way, resting their hands on each other's shoulders, Ip] while the man who is going to paddle sits down at the stem, tq] (62) The two other boats, with woman sitting in

Hup a

Texts: 1

49

them and cooking utensils stowed, follow the ones who will be singing. (63) Then they point all the canoes across upstream, [r] and one man sings the Boat Dance song, [s]
(64) While the canoes are in that position he sings
it

five times, then as the

all

canoes

move

out into the stream and face across the river they

sing

and

dance; they dance up and

whistles.

down
sing

(65)

Then they

from upstream toward mis-q'id,

the

men" blow on and dance downstream, and as they come they make a different sound, [t] (66) Only
in place,

while the "hook

women

are singing, [u]

(67)

Once

they have floated up abreast of ce*-yehkyixa*W [v] the dancers

again sing the Boat Dance song.

(68)

When

they

come even

with mis-q'id they turn the boats in to shore;

the canoes land ten times, and each time they push

them back

across, [w]

and have a dance up on the gravel bar, distributing ceremonial deerskins and doing the obsidian-blade dance there with mere riverbank rocks, [x]
(69)
to shore, get out of the canoes,

Then

finally they kick

on

(70)

When

they finish dancing, they eat again, and the parties

camp

there

for the night, [y]

(71) In the morning,

boats, then they

again

all

they get up, eat, and gather everything into the go downstream and land at cilan-dir). (72) There they do day what they did before: they dance there, and again each party

camps
(73)

there for the night.

The next day

in the

morning,

first

thing, they dance, then they

pack

everything back into the boats and go back upstream, paddling up to just

below cV^indicot'-dii). (74) The women cook there, they gamble all day. (75) They camp there for the night..
(76)

eat,

and they

morning they bundle everything back boats again and go downstream, landing at ce*k>iwoX-dig.
in the

The next day

into the

(77) Again the women cook there, and the dance-maker sweeps the place where they are to dance; then he again hands out the regalia, which they put on. (78) They dance all day, and in the evening too; everybody eats; and in the morning they get up, eat, dance for a little while, and again pile all the stuff in one place and ferry it across the river in canoes.

(79)

Then everybody Then they

helps carry

it

up

to dahsita*ne*-q'id; [z]

everybody

rests there at that resting place.

(80)

set off

(81) Before they get up

paint, right there at

trail (leading up Bald Hill). where they're going, they put on ceremonial the place designated for it; they dance there for a little

along the dance

to

while, then they set off,

still

in their regalia.

(82)

They

carry the deerskins

along on poles.

50
(83)

XIV Northwest
Then
at last

California Linguistics

they get up to the danceground at niltaca-lay'^.

(84)

The

dance leader (ma*-c ica*!) clears away the ground, [aa] (85) Then they go in to dance; they dance there all day, and then they eat. (86) When evening comes, they dance again, and then, once more, they
there for the night.
eat;

then they

camp

(87)

Then
all

in the

morning they get up,

a final
(fifth) time,

eat,

and again put on

regalia; they

dance

day, each division going in to dance twice, with the ta'^k>'imitx*e*

in

going back

for

lined

up with nothing but white

deerskins, and that's the

way

they quit, [bb]

to the river,

(88)

Then they

fix

up loads and pack things back

(89) There

crossing

back over

to ce*-k-iwoX-dii].

they eat again; they each

camp

again, for one night, and finish up the food there.

(90)

Now

that is the only

way of doing

the

Summer Dance.

RULES:

(91) People don't swear (kyitilycl) at the danceground.

(92) People don't talk frivolously (qilwcqis). (93) People don't eat near the danceground. (94) People don't

chew gum.

[cc]

(95) People don't hold onto each other, [dd]

(96) If one

minds these
is

rules,

one

will to

grow old

in a

good way

but

if

one does the opposite, one won't get

luck.

be old, and will always have bad

(97) That
If

the reason

(98)

one

talks in a

why people are afraid of doing these things. way during a World Renewal dance, one will spoil bad

the world, [ee]

The Redwood Creek people (x^iylq'id-x*e*) can't watch the dance from in front. (100) They can watch it only from the end of the
(99)

danceground.
(101) That

[ff]
is

the only

way of doing

this dance.

[a]

The White Deerskin Dance and

the

principal public ceremonies (c idilyc) of the

Jump Dance (see texts 2-4) are the two Hupa World Renewal religion, their version
1949).

of the complex, multifaceted religious system shared by the three major tribes of
northwestern California, the Hupa, Yurok, and Karuk (Kroeber and Gifford

These two ceremonies have been performed

flood of 1955

at

least every other year

throughout the

postcontact period, with the exception of a seven-year hiatus following the disastrous

when many of the ceremonial

is

sites in

Hoopa Valley were

destroyed.
is

The

White Deerskin Dance

usually held in August or early September and

called xonsit-

Hupa
c'idilye*
fall

Texts: 1

after the

('summer-World Renewal ceremony'); the Jump Dance, normally held in the White Deerskin Dance, is called xay-c'idilye; ('winter-World Renewal

ceremony') or t'anqi-cidilye' ('fall-World Renewal ceremony').

The White Deerskin Dance was the subject of a short but thorough monograph by Goldschmidt and Driver (1940) and is otherwise represented in the ethnographic
literature

by

briefer descriptions in

Woodward

(1892),

Goddard (1903: 82-85), Curtis

(1924: 31-33), and Kroeber and Gifford (1949: 56-65; 127-28).

The White Deerskin Dance

is

closely associated with

nik-^a-w) at the village of ta'^kyimildirj (Hostler Ranch).

family was sometimes referred to as the "chief of the

has been called the "spiritual leader" of the
tribe.

the Big House (xontahThe head of the Big House Hupas, and in more recent decades
is

This person (or a delegate)

the

the

"dance-maker" (cidilye'-citc^e*),
distributes

who announces
ta''kyiiniJx"'e-

beginning

of the

dance and
carries

the regalia;
fire

he also usually serves as the ma'-cica*!

participants
in

who
dance.

the

ceremonial

and leads the

the

the

Albert

Montgomery was
[he
is

most prominent man

in the

Big House family

at the

time of

Sapir's visit, and often served as the dance-maker (Goldschmidt and Driver 1940: 106

to participate, his cousin,

"M"]; Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 64). However, when he was unable or unwilling Mrs. George Socktish, took the lead, as she did in 1927.
in the

Since she could not, as a woman, participate

relative (in

dance herself, she appointed a male

in

1927 Milo Ferry),

to serve as

dance-maker and ma'-cica'!

her place.
prepares the

The dance-maker
danceground

also has the right to serve as the priest (c'ixoIc"'e')

the

who

and

tends

sacred

fire,

burning

incense

root

(mixa'c'e''-xole'n,

angelica) for the k>ixinay while praying to

them on behalf of the people.

Frequently,
the prayers

however, the dance-maker delegates

well.

this role to a respected elder

who knows

In the 1920s

and 1930s
in

this

was usually Charles Tracy.

divided
into

The

participants

the

dance are ceremonially

(ta''kyimitx"'e'

those

from

the

downstream half of Hoopa Valley

from the upstream half
me''dilx**e'

'people of ta'^kyiml-dii]') and those

(me''dilx"'e'

'people of meMil-dig').

Technically, the Big

the

House family has ownership only of

have their

the ta''k>iinUx"^e' portion of the ceremony;

own dance-maker and

ma'-cica'!, and set up their

own camps.

However, the dance cannot proceed without the dance-maker of the and on at least one occasion at the turn of the century his refusal to
in the cancellation

ta''k>imilx"'e' side,

paiticipate resulted

of the entire ceremony (Goddard 1904: 202).

Sam Brown's
recitation of the

description adds a

number of small
at the

details, but is a relatively cursory

sequence of events
all

various dancegrounds.

He

obviously

knew

the

ceremony

well, as did

traditional

Hupas of

his generation, but

he was a somewhat

peripheral participant. Although he could claim connections to the Big

his mother, his father

House through

was white, and so

priest.

far as is

known he never

served as the dance-

maker, ma'-cica*!, or

On

at least

one occasion, however, he was delegated by

family's dance

Mrs. George Socktish to serve the food

1949: 64).
[b]

at the

camp (Kroeber and

Gifford

These are the ceremonial objects or regalia

i.e.,

that will

be "danced with" (miJ-

cidiiye*),
articles

that will

be used by participants

in the

dance.

Most of them

are also

of considerable value and were the principal index of wealth

in traditional times.

52
They

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

are considered, however, to "belong to the dance" (c idilye*

is

misin) and individual

ownership
[c]

downplayed

in the
is

ceremony.
semi subterranean living houses in the
there

The Big House

is

the largest of the

Hostler Ranch village

and, technically,

(ta''k>iniit-dii]).

The White Deerskin Dance can begin only

owned by

the family that formerly occupied the house (including

families that occupied houses that "branched

Id] Individuals

off from

it).

own

their

own

ceremonial regalia, but

when

the White Deerskin

(c'idllye*-

Dance
c'ilc^e")

is

about to be held they are notified by the leader of the dance

their things to

and they donate

is

him

for distribution to the dancers. After the

ceremonies each item

returned to

its

proper owner.

Although the items of dance

regalia are private property

and constitute personal wealth, they "belong to the dance"

and

may
[e]
first

not be used except at the appropriate time and place.

the west side of the river not far

On

downstream from
the

diysta'g'^a'-dii].

This

is is

the

of several sites other than ta''k>iniit-dir) where the White Deerskin Dance

performed.

These dancegrounds were ordained by

k^'ixinay

who

created

the

ceremony, and no others may be used.

[fj

This

is

the role of the priest

it

(cixolc^e*

'he prepares the place'),

and while the

dance-maker himself can do

as

Sam Brown

implies here, he frequently delegates the

task to a knowledgeable elder.

[g]

xaP nohdii dig'an dohiye- ('All right!

here!').

Come

(you

all)!

Perform a World Renewal

ta'^k-Mmit-dii) dance-maker

ceremony

As

the

"owner" of the ceremony, only the

that the

has the right to

[h]

command

dance begin.
in

White Deerskin Dance songs (xonsH-c'idilye*-Wig'') are led by a single singer

the center (k>ita*''a*n),

who

kicks the ground as he sings, joined in chorus by two

"helpers",

one on each

side. In addition to these three singers (ya'^k^ita'^aw) there are

The others (tehl-qid), numbering from accompany the singers with he"^ he^ and yells of ceh ce-w, and keep time by stamping. The actual owners of the obsidian blades and
four obsidian-blade carriers (xose^wan-naMil).

four to a dozen or more, carry deerskins,

other regalia are not necessarily those

who

dance. Generally, younger people are asked to

are divided into
is

dance, whoever
division

is

good

at

it.

The deerskins
me'^dilx^'e*).

(ta'^kyimitx^'e*

and

individual gets a particular skin;

two groups, one for each to which any they keep changing skins and dancers. The skins are
There

no rule according

white, gray, tanned, and black. There are no rules about displaying these deerskins; they

can be shown to people

li]

at
is

any time.
a
rehearsal

Although
it is

this

or

warm-up

for
is

the

actual

dancing

in

the

danceground,
[j]

considered part of the ceremony and

divisions
at

never omitted.
the

The two ceremonial

(or "sides") of

Hupa, ta'^k>imUx"'e* and

having
ritual

meMilx^e*, dance alternately

precedence.

cidilye*,
is

with

the

ta''k''iniitx"'e*

The White Deerskin Dance

at the

the

property of ta'^k-imil-dii], and must

join in at xowarj-q'id, but are

always begin

xontah-nikya'w
at the

there.

The meMilx^'e*

not allowed at ta''k>iinit-dir)

[k]

beginning of the dance.

sites

There are eight camping

or "fires" (te'na'wilay) at each of the White

Deerskin Dance dancegrounds. (In recent decades these have

in local English, since picnic tables are

come

to be called "tables"

now

a standard feature.) These are maintained by

Hupa
individual families,

Texts:

53
participants at their

who

look

after the

needs of

all

own

expense.

Four

of the "fires" are claimed

by

ta'^kyimiJ-diij families, four

by me''dil-dig families,
each danceground

and are an index of social

prestige.

The

location of the

camp

sites at

was designated by
[I]

the k^ixinay

who

ordained the dance.

A danceground

several miles downstream, near the

mouth of Hostler Creek.

visit in

In

Goddard's time

(ca. 1900),

and apparently as

late as the

time of Sapir's
to

1927,
in

participants in the

White Deerskin Dance moved from danceground

danceground

the traditional fashion

by canoe.

By

the mid- 1930s they were travelling in cars and

trucks (Goldschmidt and Driver 1940: 113).

[m] Once for each side

[n]

(ta''k>'imiJx"'e'

and

me'^dilx^'e*).

These are for the Boat Dance

to carry

(ta*''aJtal).

There are two canoes for each division,

one for the dancers, one

[o]

women and

supplies.
(kyiwo'')

Two men

on each canoe wear crowns of sealion tusks

and most of the

other regalia of the obsidian-blade carriers, but do not carry obsidian blades.
at the

They squat
Their
their

prow, holding paddles across to the other canoe to keep the two abreast.

faces are painted solid black and they

whistles.
[p]

move

their

heads around slowly, blowing on

(Goldschmidt and Driver 1940: 110-111.)

are the singers.

These

The

first

in

line leans

on a

stick planted against the

in front.

bottom of the canoe, the others lean on the shoulder of the man
and Driver 1940: 111; plate
[q] In
lb.)

(Goldschmidt

1927 each of the canoes had two

men

with sea-lion "hooks", four singers

It

standing in line behind them, and one paddler at the stern.

was

said that formerly,

when

boats were larger, they had a larger

number of

singers in each boat.

it

[r]

The term used

{yima-ni-yinac)
in the

probably being used here

means 'across the river-upstream', but more general sense of 'south' (see linguistic note

is

1.29).

The canoes
[s]

are pointed south, toward one of the mythical abodes of the k>^ixinay.
is

The song

specific to the

Boat Dance, and

may

never be sung, even for

practice,
[t]
he'^,

on any other occasion.

singers
he'^,

The

he; hah

now, instead of singing the Boat Dance song, chant (hah he'^ hah hah he"^, he"^), while the "hook" men keep time with whistles. The men

stop their song in order to give the

women

in the

canoes behind a chance to have their

voices ring out.

[u]

They

sing ordinary songs (k^ita'^aw), not c'idilye* songs (me'^kyittiw), which

only

men

are allowed to do.

Iv]
river.

On

the east bank, upstream from mis-q'id, where a large rock overlooks the

[w] This
[x]

is

on the west bank opposite mis-q'id (Shenon Bar, misq'i-mima-ncii)'').

dance, with

A mock

much clowning.
the river
east.

[y]

the ta''k>imitx"e'
[z]

The camps of the two divisions are on opposite sides of camps on the west bank, the me'^dilx^e* on the

on

this night,

ridge near the foot of Bald Hill, where there

is

an established resting place

If

(na*''alye'W-na*i]''a''-dii)).

Resting here

is

part of the

ceremony.

you don't

rest here

when you climb up Bald

Hill,

you won't

live long.

54
[aa]

XIV Northwest
The

California Linguistics

leader of the ta''k>imitx"e* dancers, usually the

same individual

as the danceit

maker

(c idilye'-c iJc*e*).

He must

not eat or drink before this dance, or else

will rain.

(See note f above.)

[bb] That
is,

they display only the most valuable deerskins as a grand finale.

[cc] Traditional

chewing

gum

(c'a'^al)

was made from milkweed

was
too.

(dina*^)

cooked

with sugar-pine pitch

[dd]
die,

Sam Brown

said that the reason for this rule

to

that if

someone

is

going to

anyone who holds on

[ee]

him

at the

dances will die

The world's "spoiling" or "going down

to ruin" (c^'in'^-da'nyay) is
to prevent.

what the

ceremonies of the World Renewal religion are intended

[ff]

The Redwood Creek people (x*iytq'idx"e*) had no World Renewal ceremonies of However (despite what Sam Brown says here) the lower Redwood Creek people from the village of q'a*xis-tah-dii] downstream could come to the Hupa dances and take part, as "honorary Hupas". It was only people from above that village
their

own.

who were

not

allowed to dance and could only look on from a distance.

This

distinction between lower and upper

labels "Chilula"

Redwood Creek

corresponds to the ethnographic

and "Whilkut" respectively (Wallace 1978: 177-179).

Hupa
2.

Texts: 2

55

The Jump Dance

II,

Narrated by

Sam Brown. Notebook

pp. 13-39.

(1)

xay

-c'idilye-

(2)

c'ide'^ilye'^-tei-id

xiXe'^-datj'^
in the

Winter Dance.

When

they are about

to

morning

dance

'^inaPadce'^

c'i[te'^i]nd-'W

td^Uyimi-t-dirj
at

yinaGi-yiman
above
-

he (dance leader)
gets up,

he walks off

ta?U>imUdiri

across (= SW),

along

naPne'^ina'W
he crosses over

me'^dil-me'^
in a

hi^id
[then]

yidaci
uphill

canoe.

me'^se'^ina-W he always goes up

iisc'i

lumber, Indian boards

mixaafter
it,

do-

knwidya'^n

'^

(3)

daniarjWo'^-dir)
Several times, what number of times is not known

without eating.

ye'^Hxd^ 3 days pass

xaWt'irj-x"^^
while he does so.

(4)

hayaha^id
[Then]

'^aht'in
all

when he
(to

c'e'^itiW-mU brings them out the place near him)

hay
the

Use' boards

to--c'iif
to the river,

Ryiye-

mixa
after

c'ite^ind-W
he goes off

clme-yaW^
young growth
of
fir

again

them

hay
which

c'ine'ino'^-te'

(5)

milay'^
Their tops

he's going to stand up

for posts.

dokye'^kyiicil he doesn't pound off,

do-

c'ii[g>]a-s 6

hdyi
that

"^alyeis

kyin-iicay
white sticks.

(6)

hay
The ones

he doesn't break them off by hand (the tops of firs),

called

c'iniwiPe'^K-te-

q'ina'^

'^isde-w

ia"^

Icye'^kyemcil

which he
to

going ones put crosswise

is

too

madrona

he pounds

it

off

hdyi
that

mic'irP
to
it

no'^otiW
he lays

hay
the

c'ime-ya-W young fir poles,

fir

(7)

'^aht'irj

(madroria)

(pine poles)

down

saplings.

All (of these poles)

miwinaall

xodaliyiw^isoY;
scratched

c'e^iic'^e'^ 8

(8)

hayaha^id
[Then]

around

down

their

them
wilwii-dirj evening

length

he makes them.

nd^ne^iliW
he brings them over (across to Hostler Ranch),

hay-yo-w
(to) that

in the

no-kyiwilta-K dance-ground

sa'^an-ditj'^

where

it

lies.

56
(9)

XIV Northwest
hayah
There

California Linguistics

niima'^n
on both sides, at each end (of danceground)

xa'^kye'^iWe'^

hi^id
[then]

hayi-me"^
in that

he digs a hole,

na'^de'^ii'^e'X

hay
the

c'imeyd-W
fir

yide'^e-n'^-c'irj

'^isdew

he stands them up

saplings.

on the north side

madrona

mic'in"^
to them, against
it

he stands

no'^U>e'^iGod it up

hay
the

c'imeyaW
fir

(10)

hayaha^id
[Then]

saplings.

(the

fir)

c'ine'^ii'^e'X

hay
the

k>'in-jiwol-ji-ne's ^^
long fir-sapling
poles.

(11)

hayaha^id
[Then]

he puts the (2 long poles) across

me'^iloy'^

cross pieces) to the (posts)

ties the (2

he

niima'^n on both
sides

Kohs-c'iPeni-mii
with long twisted hazel
switches.

(12)

hayaha^id
[Then]

niima'^n-eon both sides, on each side

ia'^a

me'^ne'^iPa'^

hay
the

h'in-^iwol-^
fir-sapling poles.

one

he makes it lean against it

hi^id
[then]

me'^iloy'^ [he ties the (cross pieces)

to the posts]

Kohs-cWe-ni-mii
[with long twisted hazel switches.]

(13)

hayaha^id
[Then]

to'-c'iif
[to the

river]

xoda'^ana'W he goes down

knye[again]

mixa[for
it]

hay
[the]

Use' boards
(for walls),

"^aht'itj all

ya'^an-c'irj

from across,
to this side

na'^ne'^HxiW
he moves them across (in canoe)

me'^dil-me'^
in

hi^id
[then]

'^aht'irj

xa'^se'^iliW

hay-y&w
that

canoe,

all

he brings up
(to the top)

c'idiwilye'^-tehi-difj
place where they are
to dance,

hi^id
[then]

c'e^iime'^n 12

hay
the

xontah
"house",

he builds

(14)

hayahajid
[Then]

meq'
inside
it

c'ixote^isow
he sweeps out the place

hay
the

c'idiwilye'^-tehi-dirj
place where they are to dance,

(15)

hayaha^id
[Then]

me'^Hxiw-mii when he finishes.

xontah-nikya-w-dirj
Big House-place
^'^

yehna'^ada'W
he goes back

^^

in.

hi^id
[then]

mixac'e'^-xoleni-mii
with incense root

ie-na'^aliW
he builds a

takyiW-nikyaw-me"^
sweathouse-big-in

fire

q'ina'^ also,

hijid
[then]
for

ma-de'^da'^a'^aW^^
he puts the (roots) in the fire (for the knxinay),
it
-

niWo-ni good
things

Wane
only

warj-^xe'^ine'W
he talks about

^^

it.

Hupa
(16)
yisxande"^
[Next day]
xiKe'^-datj'^
[in the

Texts: 2

57
xontah-nikyaw-me'^
Big House
in,

yehnaPadaW
he goes back into

morning]

hi^id
[then]

xon^

c'e'^iwiW
fire

mirfday'^
outside.

(17)

hayaha^id
[Then]

ie-naPaWW
he builds a
fire

he takes out the

mixa'c'e'^-xoleni-mii
with incense root

xontah-nikya-w-di(n)
[House-big-place]

minPday'^
outside of.

(18)

Myixinay
k>ixinay

Wa^neonly

warj-'^xe'^ine-W

kyixinay
lc>ixinay's

he talks about,

mixoda-nc'e- '^ wind blowing down

(he talks about);

Uyic'ind sickness

do'-xolirj-xoliw
it-is-not

18

c'ide'^ine'^

niWoij-x''
well

na-dU-tethings, people
will

plenty-the

he talks about,

go about

Uyiwinya?nyd-n
Indians.

(19)

hayahajid
[Then]

kyiwinyaPnyd'n
Indians

yo'^oic'id
they know (what's going on)

q'ad
just as

hay
soon as

xontah
house

yaPaicis
they perceive

hi^id^^
when.

(20)

hayahajid
[Then]

q'ad

now

c'initindil they severally

arrive there

hay-y&w
that

le-na'wila--dirj

(21)

hayaha^id
[Then]

where the

fire is built.

mixafor
it -

yehnaPadaW
he goes
in

hay
that

mii-c'idilyewith which they dance,

hi^id
[then]

'^aht'irj
all

again

c'e'^ixd-'W

hay
the

me-wi-na'sitan
woodpecker scalp
headdresses or "rolls"

he brings

out in baskets
it

na'^Ryidilyay beads in strings,

na'^wehj
ceremonial
basket.

wiloy'^
grass bundle.

yehnaice'd
feathers for

mii-xorj'^a'^dii'^e'n
face paint,

kyisecod
headdress.

t'e-^

buckskin
apron.

headdress.

(22)

'^aht'in

nite-l-e--x^^^
spread out,

no'^oliW
he lays them out,

hay
the

mewi-na'sita-n
"rolls",

hi^id
[then]

All

widely

xowa'^tiliW
he gives them
to the (people),

hay-yow
(to) those

na-kyidW^^
people walking about
(in a

wiloy"^
grass bundles

mic'i(np
to

them

crowd)

nasa'^dn
which
lie

hay
the

mewi-na'sita'n
"rolls".

along with

58
(23)

XIV Northwest
tahiW-diin)
Sweathouse-place

California Linguistics

min'^day'^
outside
it

'^a'diq'i(d)-no-ya'^aliW
they put them on themselves,

hi^id
[then]

"^aht'in
all

na'^Jc>idilyay

xosowo-l
their throats

yehya'^aliW
he puts them
into,

bead strings

around.

(24)

hay a ha^ id
And
then

t'e"^

buckskin
aprons

xowaya'^tiikyo-s he gives them

to

hi^id
[then]

na'^weh^
ceremonial baskets

each of them,

xowaya'^tiliVi/ he gives them

to each of them.

(25)

hayahajid
[Then]

hay-yow
that

ie-na'wildy
fire

which has been built

miyde'^e'n'^-c'iif 22

no-xota'^aW'^^
they
all

(26)

mine'^id
In their midst

c'e'^iye'^n 24

on

its

north side

run

stands

to that place.

(of dancers)

hay
the

na^U>iwiij'^ah-te'

hay
the

ya'^Uyita-'^ah-te- 25
the ones

qina"^
too.

"one

who

is

going

who

are to

do

to sing,"

the singing

(27)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xonad
around them
(3 center-people)

no'xo'ta'^aW
they all run, rush there

hay
the

ia[h]-x''
just

ya^diwilye'^-te-

(28)

hayaha^id
'[Then]

q'ad

na'cefirst,

ya'^atiW
he raises

ones

who

are going

now

before

to dance.

the rest

hay
the

na'^weh^
ceremonial
basket.

(29)

'^ahfirj

All

after

xoq'eh him

'^a'^aniw
they do.

(30)

nah-diij Twice

ya'^aliW
they raise

hi^id
[then]

ya'^lcyita''^a'^aw

hi^id
[then]

dicigy
unshelled
acorns

tenaya'^asow
they scrape them together.

them,

they (two singers) begin to sing.

hay
the

tehiq'id-ya'^dilye-

(31)

common

dancers.

nah-ditj Twice

no'^o'^aWi-mii

hay-y&w
that

when

they lay it down (= stop dancing).

c'ixoic'''e-

xon"^

ya'^awiW

xontah-nikya-w-di(n) min'^day'^-mii
from outside the Big House,

the

one

who

carries the burning brand

prepares the ground

(32)

hayaha^id
[Then]

ma-c'ite'^ina-W
for
it

"^aht'in
all

ni-iq'eh

he walks
file),

(= he leads in single

behind each other

Waneonly (single
file)

c'ite^indil

they walk along.

Hupa
(33)

Texts: 2

59
min7-day'^
outside
it

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
[the]
in

me'^-c'idilye-dirj
it -

they dance

place

(= danceground)

yide'^e-n^-c'irP-c'irj'^ 26

naPne'^Htal
they always stamp there.

(34)

on the north side of

nah-diij Twice

na'^neVital-mii

hi^id
[then]

when

they have

yehc'e'^ina'W they go in
to dance,

c'ine'^it'ilcy

hi^id
[then]

dicig>'i

they string out

in single file,

stamped.

unshelled acorns

'te-na-ya'^asow
they scratch together.

(35)

hayahajid
[Then]

hay
the

mine-ji-na'^lc>a'^dw one who "sings"

in the

center

nace'
first

ya'^atiW
he raises

na'^weh^
ceremonial
basket.

(36)

'^ahfiij

Ail

after

xoq'eh him

?/7?,

a'amw

they do.

(37)

nah-din
Twice

ya'^atiW
he raises
it.

hi^id
after,

ya'^Ryita'^a'^aw they start singing,

dicign
acorns

qina'^
also

when, then

ie-na-'^asow
they scrape
together.

(38)

niima^ni

nah-din
twice

na'ya'^k>ine'^a'^aw-mii

On

both sides the two

(real singers)

when

they again sing.

no-na'^andil they sit down.

(39)

hayah-mii
[Then]

JcHye-

'^ina-na-ya'^se^indil
they get up,

kHyeagain

again

ya'^de'^ilye'^

(40)

ta-qi-diij

they dance.

Three times

xa'^aja'^aniw-mi-l when they have done so,

t'e"^

no'^oliW
they lay

"blankets"

them down,

hi^id
[then]

hay
the

na'^weh^i
ceremonial baskets

q'ina too

no-na'^andil they sit down.

(41)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
that

Ryiye-

nina-na'^se'^indil 27
they get up again,

again (= second time)

hi^id then

"^ahfin
all

ya'^nie'^ilhid 28
they get hold of

hi^id
[then]

each other.

dicigyi acorns

ie-naya'^asow
they scrape
together.

(42)

hayaha^id
[Then]

ya'xo'^o^dW^^ they jump up

in

nah-diij
twice

dancing.

yana-xo-'^o'^aWi-mU when they have jumped up (again).

tehiq'id dancers
dicigyi acorns

hi^id
[then]

ya'^kyita'^a'^aw
they begin to sing;

hay-y&w
those

q'ina"^

too

le-naya'^asow
they scratch together.

common

60
(43)
taq'i-diij

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

yanaxo'^o'^aW-mii
when
they have

fe'^

yanaya'^aliW
they pick up

aht'irj
all,

Three times

jumped

up,

"blankets"

hi^id
[then]

c'e-naya'^andil they go out of the

"house" (=dance wall),

hay
the

daPn who a
while ago

yehc'ite'deKi-q'eh 30 had gone in to the dance

that

ones

way

(by road)

yide"^
to the north

xontah-niha'w-c'irj'^ House-big toward

naya'^ne'^indil-ey they go back to

'^aht'irj
all

(of them).

(44)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay ah
there ("wall")

"^aht'irj
all

'^a'diwana-ya'^nde'^iliW^^
they take the (regalia) off themselves again.

(45)

hayahapd
[Then]

na-na-fc^e'^idil 32

ia'^a-^en:nis
all

they again all go about here and there

day.

(46)

q'ade'^
After a while

kyiye'

'^e'^ilwil-mii

c'ide'^ilye'^

Icyiye-

again

when

night

they dance;

again

comes.

xa'^a'^aniw he does
as before

hay-yo'W
that
the

ma'-na'^way
one walking about
it

(47)

for

(dance leader).

no'^diwilye'Hi '^'^ they have stopped dancing successive times,

hi^id
[then]

When

Uyiwiyarj'^il^^

hay
the

ma'-na'^way
leader.

(48)

hayaha^id
[Then]

taq'i-dirj
three times

he eats time after time.

ye'^Hxa^-mii

ia'^a-diij

ditjUyi-dirj

ye'^iixa'^

when

the day has passed,

sometimes

four times

days have passed

hi^id when,

me'^dil-x'^-eme'^dil-dirj

people

noya'^alxid ^^ they move camp

ce'winal-diij
ce-winai-dirj

miyeh
at its foot.

(49)

hayaha^id
[Then]

leht'e't'e'^-c'e'^iic'^e'^-dirj

ya'^ne-'^iwiW
they pack
it

"mud one makes"

place

there

their

hay ya-xomii-c'idilyeown dance paraphernalia

(that

of the

me'^dilx'^e-)

(50)

hay a ha^ id
[Then]

hayah
there

c'initindil

kyiwinya'^nyd-n
people, Indians,

hay
the

they arrive there.

ya'^diwilye'^-te-

(51)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayah
there

Icyiye'

xowa'^tiliW
he hands
to

ones

who

are going

again

to dance.

them

hay
the

mii-c'idilye'

hi^id
[then]

hayah
there

na'^ne'^iital

dancing
paraphernalia,

they dance

stamping.

Hupa
(52)

Texts: 2

61
xoicoc'i-meq'i

nah-din
Twice

na^ne'^iital-mU

yide'^
to the north

when

they have danced,

"the hollow place in"

ma

xorP

c'ite^iwiW
fire as

iiwafj
one, a
certain

hay
the

c'idilye'-c'Hc'^e-

he packs the

leader

dance maker.

man
nirj^a'-dirj 36

(53)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
the

tini-ne's
Trail-long

na'^ne'^iital

U>'iye-

where

it

runs

they stamp up to there

again.

(54)

nah-din
[Twice]

na'^neVital-mii [when they have danced,]

ya'^te'^indil

hay
the

me'^-c'idilye'-dirj

they go on

place for dancing in

down from

yidah-c'iij ^'^ above.

(55)

hayaha^id
[Then]

Uyiye-

hayah
there

naya'^ne'^Htdl
they dance up to

again

hay
the

me'^-c'idilye--di(n) dance-place ("wall")

min^day"^
outside of,

hay
the

ta'^UyimU-x'^-epeople of ta?liyimUdiri

na'ya'^niitai-dirj
place where they have

(56)

q'ad

hay
that

'^aht'irj
all

ya'xojin

38

Time

(people)

(danceground)
belongs to them.

been stamping.

(= That time)

(57)

hayah
There

nah-din
twice

when

naya'^ne'^iital-mii they have stamped.

yehya'^andil they go in
(to the wall).

ya'^deVlye'^
they dance (people of me'^dil-diij)

hay-y&w
that

ta'^RyimH-x'^-e-

'^a-ya'^t'e-n-q'

people of
taPky' imii-dirj

as they had done.

(58)

hayahapd
[Then]

q'ad

tahc'e'^inaWi-mii

hay
the

Ryiwinya'^nyd-n
people

now
naya'^dil

when

they quit dancing,

aht'in
all

who walk around

yehna'^xotH'^a'^ he invites them all in

(to his

melah
some of them

campground).

ce'winai-c'irj'i' ^^
to

Senalton Camp,

me'lah some
kyin

ta'^Uyimil-dirj
at ta^UyimU-dirj.

(59)

hayaha^id
[Then]

qade"^
after a while

no'^de'^ilc'^'a^ni-mii ^^

nana'^aya'^

ia'^a-ditj

kyiteVci^
they play the
billet-tossing

when they've

quit eating,

they gamble,

sometimes

game.

(60)

yiwidinde"^ At last

minian-dirj
ten times

ye'^iixa'^

morning has come

xa'^ayaYirj-x'"^^ doing that way

(as described).

62
(61)

XIV Northwest
minlan-di(n)
Ten times

California Linguistics

ye'^iixa'^-mii

xiKe'^dan'^-dirj
early in the

c'ide'^ilye'^

when morning

has come,

morning

they dance,

niima'^ni-mii
on both sides, for each side

taq'i-din
3 times

yehc'e'^ind-W
they go in dancing.

(62)

hayaha^id
[Then]

ta'^Unmii-x'^-e-

lc>'iye-

people of taPkyimii-dirj

again

xoq'id on them

na-'^aPa'^
it

'^'^

hay
that

q'ad

(regalia) lies,

now

mii do- c'o'wiWn-tewhere with they are going to quit.

(63)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

Ic^iye-

now

again

na'^ne'^iitdl

hayah
there

k>'iye-

xa'^aya'^aniw
they do as before,

hay
the

da'^ni
before (way)

they dance up
to there;

again

'^aya'^t'e-ni-q'
as they had done.

(64)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
the

c'idilye--dirj

ya'^ne'Hndil
they go to
it

dance-place

U>iyeagain,

hi^id
[then]

hayah
there

Unyeagain

nah-din
twice

na'^ne'^Htal they dance,

hi^id
[then]

me'^dil-x'^-eme'^dil-diij

me'^-no-na'^andil
they
sit

(65)

hayaha^id
[Then]

yehc'e'^ina'W
they go in to dance
{ta'UyimH-x'^-e-),

down

people

inside.

cid
the first

ya'^de'^ilye'^

(66)

ta-q'i-dirj

ya-na'xo-'^o'^a'W-mii

'^ina-na'^se'^indil

they are to dance.

Three times

when

they jump up again,

again they get up

me'^dil-x'^-eme'^dil-dirj people,

niima'^ni on each side

na'^ne'^it'iRy^^

(67)

hayaha^id
[Then]

'^aht'irj
all

they

fall

back

in line.

(things)

c'ine'^ixa'W
they bring out

hay
the

mii-c'idilye-

hi^id
then

"^aht'irj

xowaya'^tiliW
he hands out to them (that wish to dance)

dancing things;

all

("rolls")

hay
the

ya'^dilye'-ne'^in

wH-daij'^
yesterday

na'sda'^andeh-tah 44
(or)
it

ones

who had danced

(68)

may

be the day before.

me'^-c'e-naya'^dilye--miij'^^
so that they may again dance going out (of wall) dressed therein.

hayaha^id
[Then]

me'^-no-na'^andil
they
sit

down

there in

(between 2 rows of dancers)

hayi
those (who've put on old things).

(69) hayaha^id
[Then]

hay-y&w
those people

na'^niwint'iky^^ niima'^ni on both sides fall back in line,

Hupa
(70)

Texts: 2

63
'^aht'in
all

miniandi(n)
Ten times

when

ya-na'xo-'^o'^a'W-mii (again) they jump up

ia'^ay-din
close together
in

one bunch.

naPaye'^n
they stand

niiq'eh-dinarj
facing behind each other,
in

(71)

na'teVldixid ^7
[They
start

de-xo
this

yide"^

way downstream

one direction.

off back]

c'e-na-'^aldixidi-mii ^^

hay
the

when

they again crowd out dancing.

(little

naPne'^Utal-dirj place) where they danced

me"^
in
it

no'^o'^aW
they lay
it

(dance)
quit.

down,

taPkyiimU-x''-ethose of taPUyimH-dii].

{11)

hay
When

Ryiye-

ya'na'^aliW-mii
they raise up the (ceremonial blankets).

camehsKon

again

me-ne-q
(close to

nana-ya'^Uye'^Paw
they also sing.

(73)

Vsdiya'ti-c'^irj

behind the (dance)

Widow

men)

je-fj'^lcyildy

donot

meme-qi
behind them

na'^Rya'^aw 49
she sings,

(74)

hay
The ones

(and)

woman who
grow

again allows

hair to

after

mourning

da'^n-tah
either
little

wiida'^n-tah 50
or yesterday

ya'^U.yita'^ah-ne'^in

'^aht'iij
all

naya'^Ryita'^a'^aw
again they sing

who had

sung,

while ago

hay
the

^e-na'^aldixidi-mii ^^ where they again separate

from,
at this point.

(75)

hayah-mii
Starting from
there (= then)

hay
that

Uyiye-

again

(basket)

yana'^aliW
they raise up.

hi^id
[then]

me'^dil-x'^'-e'
tne'dil-diij

hayah
there

na'^ne'^indil
they reach

people

ta'^kyiW-misciy'^^i ^'^-dirj

hi^id
[then]

no'^o'^aW
they put the (dance) down, quit dancing {ta^knmU-dii] people).

(76)

hay
That

sweathouse-small-place,

yana'^aliW
again they raise
(baskets).

(77)

xontah-nikyd-w
Big House

minP-c'e'tfay-ditj 53

where

it

sticks out of the roof

(side pole running length of house)

hi^id

kyiye-

no'^o'^aW
they quit

(78)

hay
The
(baskets)

yana'^aliW
again they
raise.

when

(they

again

arrive at)

dancing.

64
(79)

XIV Northwest
hay-yo-w
That

California Linguistics

na'^ne'^Htai-dirj
place of dancing up to

wehiq'is one side of, on the side of

nona'^aldixid 54
they reach it going back.

hi^id

no'^o'^aV/
they stop singing.

(80)

hayaha^id
[Then]

kyiye-

ya-na'^aliW
they raise the (baskets).

(81)

digya(n)
Here

when

again

nohoi
with us (Indians)

yima-ni-yide'^-c'iij'^

c''ola'^-din
five times

no'^o'^aW
they stop singing

across the ocean downriver towards (= northwest)

hayah
at that place.

(82)

hayaha^id
[Then]
haya'-c'in'^

de-xo
this

yinaci-yidac
northeast

dinaij
facing

way

nana'^de^ilya'^ 55
they (again) come to a stand

dinar]
facing.

(83)

kyiye-

c''ola'^-diri five times

toward

that

Again

direction

no'^o'^a'W-mi't

hay
the

xontah-di(n)
house-place

min'^-day'^

ie-na-wila--ditj

when

they stop

outside

dancing

where the fire had been built

'^adiwa'na'^nde'^iliW
they take off again
the (regalia).

hi^id

do'-c'o-'^ola'^n

(84)

hayah
There

when

(arriving at)

they quit.

(85)

'^aht'irj

hayah
there

niiq'i(d)

no-naya'^aliW
they lay them down,

hi^id
[then]

hay
the

All (regalia)

on top of
each other

me-wi-nasita-n
"rolls"

'^aht'in
all

nana'^ai'^e-X
they hang it up again,

hay
the

yehnaice-d
standing
feathers

q'ina"^
also.

(86)

hayaha^id
[Then]

'^aht'iij
all

Rye'^iya'^n

hijid
[then]

naya'^te'^indil
they go back home.

(people)

they eat,

(87)

qad
Now

in that

hayi-q way

Wa-neonly

hay-de'd
this

xay-c'idilyeWinter Dance.

The Jump Dance

(1)

[a]

The winter World Renewal ceremony

(xay-cidilye*).

(2)

When

they are about to have the ceremony, (the dance maker) gets

up

early

one morning and goes off upstream across the river from
(3)

ta''k>'mit-dig,
(lisc*),

crossing over in a canoe, and goes up the mountain to get boards

eating nothing, [b]
(4)

He does

this (i.e., fasts) for several days.

all

Then, after he has brought

fir

the boards out to the riverbank, he goes

(5)

off again to get

saplings (cime*-ya*W) to use for posts, [c]

off;

The

tops of
(fcyin-

these are not

chopped or broken

they are called "white sticks"

Hupa
licay).
(6)

Texts: 2

65
and a
all

He

also cuts

down

fir

saplings to use as crosspoles,

to the fir saplings, [d]

madrone Cisde'w) which he lays next fir saplings he makes marks down the
[e]

(7)

On

the

side by stripping off a spiral of bark,

(8) Then, in the evening, he ferries these across the river [f] to the place where the dance will be held, [g] (9) There he digs two holes, in each of which he stands up a fir sapling; then he stands the madrone next to the pole on the downstream side. (10) He lays the long poles across. (11) Then he ties them on with hazel switches (Xohs-ciPe-n) at both ends. (12) And then he leans a pole against each end and ties it on with hazel switches, [hi

(13)

Then he goes down

to the

riverbank again to get the planks, brings

them

all

across the river in a canoe, carries

them

to

where they
[i]

will

be

dancing, and builds the

Jump Dance
where they

fence (or "house"),

will dance,
[j]

(14)

Then he
House

clears off the place inside

(15) Then,

when he has

finished with this, he goes back to the Big

fire

(xontah-niRya'w) and builds a

with incense root (mixa*c'e'^-xoIe*n) there

it,

and

in the

Big Sweathouse (ta'^k-iW-nikya'w), and prays with

(16)

speaking

only of good things, [k]

House and carries some of the on the terrace of the Big House. (18) He talks only about the k^ixinay and about their wind coming down from the mountains [1] he
in a fire
talks also

The next morning he goes back into the Big fire outside. (17) Then he burns incense root

about there being an absence of sickness (k^icmd), and about

people being well, [m]

As soon as people see the dance fence they know what is happening. (20) One by one they start coming to where the fire is built, [n] (21) Then the dance-maker goes into the Big House to get the dance regalia (mil(19)
cidilye*),

bringing

it

all

out

in

baskets:

woodpecker-scalp

headdresses

(me*wi-na*sita*n), necklaces (na'^kyidilyay),

grass

Jump Dance
(yehna'lce'd),

baskets (na'^wehs),
face
paint

bundles

(wiloy*^),

feather

plumes

(mit-

xog'^a'^dilVn), hoods

(k>ise*God),

and deerhide blankets

(t'e*^).

(22)

He
the

spreads everything out, then he hands out woodpecker headdresses to the

crowd
regalia

there,

a grass bundle

with each headdress, [o]

(23)

They put
a

on outside of the sweathouse; the dance-maker

(24)

puts

necklace

around everyone's neck.

basket to each of them.
(25)

Then he gives
the
fire

a deerhide and a

Jump Dance
side

Then they

all

run

to

on

the

downstream

(of

the

danceground). [pi (26) The "singer" stands in the center [q] along with the (two others) who are going to do the singing. (27) Then the ones who are
only going to dance run up around these.
to raise his

(28)

The

(center

Jump Dance
raise

basket.

(29) All the others do the

man) same

is

the first

after

him.

them twice, and then the singers commence [rl, while the common dancers (tehl-qid) say "who-o-o" (dicig>-le*na*'^asow). [si
(30)

They

66

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

(31) After they have sung

a piece of the fire
lead,
all

two groups of songs, the dance-maker picks up from the Big House terrace. (32) Then he goes off in the
following him
in

the

others

single

file.

(33)

Just
[t]

outside

the

daneeground, toward the downstream side, they stamp-dance,

say "who-o-o".
(35)

(34) After
line,
first.

dancing there twice, they go inside the daneeground, string out in a

and
(36)

The center man

raises his

Jump Dance

basket

Everyone
singers

else

does so after him.

(37) After raising the basket twice, the

(38) After each of the
get

commence and

the others say "who-o-o".

sit

singers has sung twice, they

down,

[u]

(39)

Then they

two up again and

do another dance, [v] (40) After doing this three times, they lay down their deerhides and Jump Dance baskets and sit down. (41) Then once again they get up, all take hold of one another's hand, and say "who-o-o". (42) Then they jump-dance (ya*xo*''aW), [w] and, after they have jumped-danced twice, the singers commence while the common dancers say "who-o-o". (43) After they have jumped three times, they pick up their deerhides and go out (of the dance fence) the way they had come in before, and then they all go back downstream to the Big House, [x] (44) There they take off all their
regalia. (45)

And

then they go about their

own

business the rest of the day.

(46) After a while,

when

it

gets dark, they dance again while the

leader (ma*-na''way) does what he did before.

is

dance Only when the dancing (47)

over each day does the dance leader

(48)

eat. [y]

When

three days, sometimes four, have passed, the me'^dil-dir) people

(me'^dilx^e*)

move

their

camp

to just

below
(50)

ce*-wina*l-dii). (49)

They pack

their regalia to teht'e*te'^-c'e''Rc'^e'^-dii].

Then

the (mcMilx^e*) people

is

who

handed out to them, and they stamp-dance there. (52) After stamp-dancing twice, one of them, their dance maker [aa] (cidilye'-c'itc^e*), carries their fire and leads them downstream to xolGOC-me*q'. (53) Then they stamp-dance again where
are going to dance arrive there, [z]

(51) Regalia

the'Long
to the

Trail' (tini-ne*s) runs. (54) After

it

dancing there twice, they go on

uphill.

daneeground, approaching
in the

from
it

(55)

dance

place just outside the daneeground where the ta'^kyimiJx^e*

(56) At this time

Then they stampdo

(57) After
just

their stamp-dancing.

belongs to everyone.

stamp-dancing there twice, they go into the dance fence area and dance
as the
ta'^k>imilx"e*
is

had done.
is

(58)

Then, when they

finish

dancing,

everyone who
ta'^kimil-dii].

around

invited to eat,

some
game.

to ce*-wina'l-dig,

some

at
is

(59) After a while

when

they have finished feasting, there

gambling and sometimes they play the

stick

(60) Finally ten days pass in this fashion, [bb]

(61) Early in the

morning
(62)

of the tenth day they dance, each side going

in to

dance three times.

Then

the ta'^kyiniitx**e* put

[cc]

on the (fancy) regalia with which they are going

(63)

to finish the dance,

have on previous days.

(64)

They stamp-dance and do things just as they Then they go over to the daneeground again,

Hupa

Texts: 2

67

and stamp-dance outside twice while the me'^dilx^e* sit inside, [dd] (65) inside and are the first to dance. (66) After they jump-dance three times, the meMilx^^e* get up and form a line opposite them, lee] (67) Then they bring out all the dance regalia and hand it out to those who have danced on previous days so they can dance again at the end with these things

Then they go

on. [ff]

(68)

Then
one

these people

sit

in the

middle.

(69)

Then
starts

the others line

all

up

opposite each other again.

close,

(70) After jump-dancing ten times, they

stand

back in the downstream direction; after they have moved out of the dance house in a crowd, the ta'^k>imUx^e' sing one group of songs in the place where they
the
other.

behind

(71)

The crowd

off

(72) When they start off again, the women sing along behind Widows, and widows past mourning, do not sing behind there. (74) All those who have sung on the previous days sing again when the divisions separate. (75) After they start off again, the me'^dilx^e* go to the "Little Sweathouse" (ta'k>iW-misGiy''3i-dir)) [gg] where they sing one group of songs. (76) They start off again. (77) When they get to where the roof beam sticks out of the Big House (min'^-c'e'g'^ay-dig), they again sing one group of songs. (78) They start off again. (79) Then they move back in a crowd to one side of the stamp-dancing place, and sing one group of songs. (80) They start off again. (81) They head to the west and sing five groups of songs. (82) Then they head to the east and come to a stop still facing that direction, [hh] (83) After singing five more groups of songs, they finish up at the place outside the house (the Big House), where the fire was built.

stamp-dance.
(73)

them.

(84)

Then they

take off their regalia there. (85)

Then they

stack

it

up,

including the woodpecker-scalp headdresses, and they hang up the eaglefeather plumes.

(86)

Then everyone

eats

and they go home.

(87) That

is

the only

way

to

do the Jump Dance.

descriptions of the

[a]

This

is

the second of
is

Sam Brown's

Hupa World Renewal

ceremonies (cidilyc), and

probably the fullest account on record of a traditional

performance of the ceremony. Short ethnographic reports of varying degrees of accuracy

can be found in Powers (1877: 79-83), Woodward (1892), Goddard (1903: 85-87),
Curtis

1924: 33-34), and Kroeber and Gifford (1949: 56-65).

full

Barrett (1963)

is

remarkably

account from one of California's great ethnographic observers, but

Barrett witnessed a less elaborate

ceremony
is

in

1962 than

Sam Brown
in the in

described for Sapir

a generation earlier. Norton (1971)

an analysis of the structure and symbolism of the

Jump Dance by

a native scholar

who

has himself participated

ceremony.
Valley, one in
at ta''k>iinit-

There were originally two Jump Dances regularly performed

Hoopa

the spring at the village of mis-q'id (see text 4), and one in the

autumn

dig, ten days after the conclusion of the White Deerskin Dance (xonsH-cidilye*) and
associated with the Acorn Feast (no''k>igxa'n; see text 5).

Only the autumn Jump

Dance survived

into the 20th century,

and

that is

what

Sam Brown

describes here.

68
Some

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

1924: 33; Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 62) ceremony was earlier called t'anqi-cidilye' 'autumn-World Renewal ceremony' and that it was the mis-q'id dance in the spring that was more commonly called xay-cidilye*. However, one of the earliest published descriptions of the autumn
sources (Goddard 1903: 83; Curtis
indicate that this

Jump Dance (Woodward

1892) refers to

it

as

"Hi-jit-delia",

which

is

apparently a

transcription of xay-c'idilye-.

The earliest published description of the Hupa Jump Dance comes from Stephen Powers (1877: 79-83), who calls it the "dance of peace... [that] signifies that the tribe are
at

peace with

all their

neighbors."

He

reports that

it

ceased to be performed shortly

after

the white invasion of 1850, being revived only in 1871.

to

From
in

at least

the early 1890s

in

1953 the two principal Hupa cidilye* were performed

years, with the exception of

sequence every two years,

when only the Jump Dance was performed (Goddard 1903: 85). Because of flood damage to the dancegrounds in the winter of 1954-55, no dances were held between 1955 and 1962. The Jump Dance was
odd-numbered
1901
revived in the
fall

of 1962 (Barrett 1963) and the biennial schedule of both cidilye* was

resumed
[b]

in 1963.

These should be hand-hewn planks of cedar, about ten

in

feet long

and a foot wide,

and may be prepared several months

dry (Norton 1971
:

advance

in

order to allow time for the

wood

to

11).

After their use in the

Jump Dance

fence they are used as roofing

on the Big House (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 65). In the 1962 revival there was insufficient time to prepare the planks by hand, so milled lumber was used (Barrett
1963: 78).
[c] In

1962, the dance-maker and an assistant

forest-clad hills

"made
is

a considerable journey, perhaps

two or three miles. ..into the

1963: 74-78).

on the west side of the valley " (Barrett

and

The

area

is

ritually specified,
first

supposed to be the exact location

:

from which the originator of the dance

[d]

obtained the posts (Norton 1971

11).

Sam Brown
That
is,

neglects to mention the tan oak (k^inehstVii) sapling that

must

also be cut for a pole.

[e]

he makes a spiral mark

as k>in-3iwol-3
left

down

the poles

by picking off the dark green

fir

bark, leaving the poles looking white and dark green.

for poles are
[f]

All six of the

saplings used

known

'little

round

sticks'.

The poles must never be

alone and must be transported speedily across the

is

river to the

danceground the day before the dance

to begin.

Under no circumstances

may any
[g]

of them be allowed to touch the ground in transit (Barrett 1963: 77).

is

The Jump Dance danceground

about 50 yards south (upriver) from the village

of ta''k>imil-dig.
[h]

Six

fir

saplings in

all:

one

at

each end as posts, two parallel beams tied

together to join on top, and a brace against each of the posts.

the post
side.
[i]

The madrone

is

tied to

on

the north

(downstream)

side, the tan

oak

to the post

on the south (upstream)

The
It is

wall of boards curves toward the brace side of the crosspoles.

it is

It

is

called
pit or

xontah
roof.

('living house'), but

not at

all

like an ordinary house.

There

is

no

a wall of planks, rather

more

like a fence than a house.

During the ceremony

Hup a
no one may go behind the structure, since a kyixinay) comes to watch.
[j]

Texts: 2

69

that is

where the originator of the dance (now

The area

in front

of the dance fence where the dance takes place

is

considered to

be "inside" the "house". The formula repeated by the dance maker while preparing the

danceground can be found

[k]

in

Goddard (1904: 226-227).

root (mixa*ce''-xole-n) at the Big
fires:

The dance-maker bums incense

House

in order

to

pray to the k^ixinay.

in front

On
of
it,

this

occasion he makes three scented

in the

one inside the

Big House, one

[1]

and one

sweathouse

that

belongs to the Big House.

dance-maker prays for

for

wind blowing from the east, where the k>'ixinay live, toward the north. The this wind to come down from the mountains to the danceground

good

luck.

[m] For a version of this prayer see Goddard (1904: 228).

the

Hupa Jump Dance

[n]

is

to

The primary function of ward off disease: "a prophylactic ceremony for good health"

(Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 56).

That

is,

in front

of the Big House. Unlike the White Deerskin Dance, there

is

no

formal announcement by the dance-maker of the beginning of the

[o]

Jump Dance.
to the

Most of

this

regalia belongs to others,

who

lend

it

dance-maker
its

for

distribution to the dancers.

At the end of the dance, each piece

is

returned to

private

owner.
[p]

This

fire

is

in

front of the

Big House,

not

the

ceremonial

fire

at

the

danceground.

The

ta'^kyimilx^e* dancers rehearse here

and then move on

to

the dance

fence (Goddard 1903: 86).

There

is

a similar staging area for the

meMilx^e* dancers

about 100 yards upstream from the danceground, but the meMilx^e* join the dance only
after the ta''kyimitx"'e'

have danced the

first set.

[q]

This "singer" or "center man" does not actually sing himself but leads the

others.

He

is

the first one to raise his na'^wehs and gives the signal for the dancers and

their actions,
[r]

na'^weh3.

The songs have no words, and time is kept by stamping and raising of the Each of the two singers has his individual repertoire of songs. They sing
with no rule as to
their

one

at a time,
[s]

who

begins.

They

lift

Jump Dance

baskets and say who-o-o, and

when
at

a song

is

being

sung they say wo- hey-y-y-yah as a background rhythm, stamping

term for
is

yah.

The

technical

this, dicigJ' te'na'''asow,

means

'they scratch unshelled acorns together'

and

it

supposed

to

be good luck for the acorn yield.

For an analysis of Jump Dance music

see Keeling (1992: 93-99).

[t]

Such stamp-dancing

in a circle {nd^niital 'they

is

stamp-dance')

is

different

from

the regular

Jump Dance

that

done

in a line in front

of the dance fence.

lifts

[u] After the singers alternate twice the center

man

his

na''weh3 with a shout of

(no'^nir/'^a-n

hoh\, and there

'they put
it

is

a pause, signalling the completion of a unit of dancing

down'). During the interval the dancers lay

down

their

Jump Dance

baskets

and

sit

down.

The

center

man and

the

two singers
sit

permanent part of the danceground; the others

on three stone seats that are a on the ground (which is presumably

sit

why

the

common

dancers are called teht-qid 'Hat on the ground').

70
[v]

XIV Northwest
That
is,

California Linguistics

another unit of dancing, structured as before, with the two singers

is

alternating twice. After another pause there

type, but in this

a third

group of dances of the same basic

(t'e'').

one they also carry deerhide blankets

their

[w]

The dancers put down

This
is

Jump Dance

baskets and join hands and

its

jump with

both

feet.

the distinctive dance step that gives

the first unit of

name

to the entire

ceremony.

[x]

As noted above,

two dances
is

is

followed by another two dances,

and then three dances with blankets. This

joined together for jumping (ya*xo''^aW).

followed by three more dances with hands

after

Only

completing
is

this set

of ten dances

can the dancers

'he

retire

from the danceground.

is

ten-dance set

called iah yehc'iwinyay

it

came
[y]

in

once', and

indivisible.
all

It is

"against the rules" to break

up

in

any way.
the
first

He

can't eat until

the sets of dances for that

day

are completed.

On

few days only one or two

sets are danced, since

only ta'k^imiJx^e" dancers participate.

After the me'^diix^e* join in there are four ten-dance sets each day, two for each party.

Only when these four

through the ninth day.

sets are

over does the dance-maker eat, not before.

This

lasts

On

the tenth day there are five sets, with the ta''k>'imitx"'e* last,

and he can't eat

[z]

until all five sets are over.

Dancers from the meMilx^e' division usually do not join the dance
(In

until

the

third or fourth day.

1962 they made

that

their first appearance

only on the eighth day

at the

[Barrett 1963: 82].)

ta''K>imitx"'e* set

On

day one of

their side looks on,

and

end of the

first

he rushes back

to the me'^dilx^'e*

camp upstream
set.

to tell

ready, and they join in in time to take care of second

After that,

them the two

to get parties

work together
fire.

alternately.

On

the tenth day,

two

parties separate,

each going to

it's

own

[aa]

The me'dilx*e* have

1

their

own

regalia, fire,

and dance leader.

it

[bb] In the

962 Jump Dance

that Barrett witnessed,

rained continuously

all

day
If

on the tenth day, so the

anything makes
it

final day's

dances were postponed to the eleventh day.

it

impossible to finish the tenth day

must be held over and finished

when

conditions permit (Barrett 1963: 83.)

[cc]

The

best na''weh3 are brought out. Also,

last

two new songs

are

added

to each set

of ten dances on the

[dd]
[ee]

day.

They

sit in

front of the dance fence, waiting for the ta''k>'imiitx*e* to finish.

They

face each other (both divisions)

and jump-dance ten times, then

at the

separate.

Women
girls

join in this dance,

two

girls

from each division,

in the

end of the

do not dance with a na''weh3 and dance

on chin one
in the center,

jumping

part only.

The They do not

line.

drink water; they paint their faces with soot (two horizontal stripes on each cheek, three
stripes

one on each mouth comer if not tattooed);

they

wear di3id,
they can't
the

a head chaplet strung with sea-shells, or braided porcupine quills (Ryoh)

on

a circular chaplet on top of head; and they wear abalone-shell dresses that are so fragile
sit

down
"^e-

or they might break the shells.

As

the

ceremony comes

to

an end,

women

sing

on a

shrill tone, like crickets,

and turn around to face the fence,

eastwards.
[ff]

All materials which had been used and which had been gradually set aside to
for

make

way

new

outfits

must now be used again

at

end of dance. Nothing must be

left out.

Hupa
The people who put on

Texts: 2

these old articles of regalia

sit

between the rows of dancers.

After the final set of dances they will join in the procession out of the danceground.
[gg]

The sweathouse belonging

They
97
1
:

to the

house immediately upstream from the Big

House.
[hh]
turn

from west

to east

and move along very slowly.

According to

Norton

( 1

0) they face "a point of land

ten

where the dance

is

given back to the creating

beings."

The dancers then "move

more times

to the special rock

upon which

the

leader steps to end the ceremony."

72

XIV Northwest
3.

California Linguistics

The Origin
Mary

of the

Jump Dance

Narrated by
ta'^K>imiidin At Hostler Ranch

Marshall.

Notebook IX, pp. 40-43.

Ryixinay
ky'ixinay
c'isle'^n

(1)

c'in

they say

he became.

(2)

'^aht'irj-q'i

xoh'^
in

x''a-

^a'^Rye'^iUw^
they did things.

(3)

h[aya-l]
[Then]

In all kinds of

ways

vain

for

him

xo'^^i-xo-di(n)

dahxo-'^o-xoW

'^a'^ne'^it'e'^

mine'^ixomii do[finally, after

lc>a'n ^

sile'^n 5
eat.

more and more worse, in some way he used to act; (= he became more and more out of the ordinary)

he got not to

some

time]

(4)

h[aya-l\
[Then]

ye'^iixa'^

na'^Ic>a'^ah-x''^

ta-kyiW-me"^
[at

[days pass]

he singing

the sweat-house]

c'idilye--Wirj'^i
c'idilye- song.

(5)

h[aya--l]

xoh
in

x'''a-

c'ide'^ilye'^

[Then]

vain

for

him they danced

the

Jump Dance,

mine-^ixomii
[some time
later]

ya^xoica'n
they saw him

xon'^-na-xowilaw^
dressed up.

(6)

h[ayai]
[Then]

hayaha^id
at that

time

'^a'^de-ne^

'We--'^e''^n

do-ff
it

de

nohoi

he said.

"I

myself

is

[from us here]

yide>i-yima'n-c'nf 9 downstream across to

na-'^ay^^a^
I

lo

(7)

qa'de^
After a

c'itindii-tethey'll be

hay x(A
with those

ya'te'seya'-te'
I'll

^^

always go.

while

coming

people

go off along

tehs'^irf
to look on."

(8)

hayi-q'i

de-

'^a'^aniw
to

(9)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

Thus

come

find out

he had been doing.

c'idiwilye"^
[they danced]

ta'^Uyimii-dir)
[at ta^U'imii-dirj]

x^'a
[for him.]

(10)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

ya'xorj'^a-n
they

jumped up

and down

hayi-q'i
thus (in the

c'idiwilye'^

(11)

hlaya'^-arj'^
[Then]

minian-di(n}
ten times
it

yisxan
dawned

Jump

they danced.

Dance way)

(= ten days passed)

c'idilye'-x'"'

(12)

hayai-arj'^
[Then]
it

hay

yice'^n

wiij'^a^

^'^-mH

they dancing.

is

when

the sun set westward,

yiniikyid
(to the

13

'^arj-gya'^

mis^e'
fog.

the fog reaching

they saw.

house)

Hupa
(13)
ia^ay-x"^ At once

Texts: 3

73
c'idilye-difj
c'idilye-dancing place.

xo'wehs'^e'^n doone could not see

14

hay-yo'w
that

(14)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

ya-naywHdikyid
the fog rose

salcHdirj
[they were

'^aij-gya^
[to see]

up

again.

surprised]

do-

c'ixole'n-e-

15

hay
the

jC^a*

c'idilye'-ne'^in

(15)

ye'w-xo

yidac

he was gone,

for

they had been

Way

uphill

one
no'^nirj'^a-n-e'-c'eh i^

whom
(16)
Icyiye-

dancing.

nah-di[n]
twice

they heard him stop singing.

Again

no'^niij^a-ni-mU when he had stopped singing.

qa{d)
[then]

do-

na'naywinc'a^n-e'-c'iw

(17)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

they could [no longer] hear him (singing).

nah-di[n]

yisxani-mii

[when two days had passed],

c'itehsyay he went off

taPRyimii-di(n)-mii from taPl<.>imii-dirj

c'ixoicatj
he saw him.

miq'ic'iif-x'^
to Hostler

Ranch

flat.

(18)

hayah
[There]

'^arj-gyaP
[he saw]

(19)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

'^a-xoic'ide-ne'^ 17
[(the

iah-x'^a
"Just

man)

said

'^aniidiWni-mirj 18 that I might tell you

hay -dethis

'^a'diicis
(that)

to him,]

(my)self be seen

nisehic'^e'^n 19
I

hay
in

x'^e'di-ql

c'idiwilye'^ii-te- 20

made you
minian-di(n)

what way

people will dance

c'idilye-.

(20)

yisxa-ni-mii

donot

hay
the

Usc'i

na-de'^e'^K.-c'irp

After ten days, on the tenth day

boards

they stand up direction

xe'^e'c'oya'^a-heh-ne'^ 21
let

(21)

hay ah- mil

From
there

[no] one pass.

na-te-W^irjVi^^-teI shall always be looking back."

(22)

'^ahti'irj

xoi
to

c'ixowiligy'^'^

hay
in

x'''e-di-q'i

c'idiwilye'^ii-te-

All

him

he told him,

what way

they will be

dancing.

(23)

hayah-mii
"Then

ninis'^d-n
the world

xo'^^i

nonadxisii
will fall

24-/^-

xoicide-ne'^ 25
he told him

properly, well

back always

into place,"

(24)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

'^a'xoic'ide'ne'^
[he told him].

We"I

^e-f

q'ad

hay
the

however

now

kyixinay
k>ixinay
I

se-litj"^

have become."

74

XIV Northwest
[a]

California Linguistics

The Origin of the Jump Dance

(1)

said. (2) They tried all more and more peculiar, and finally stopped eating. (4) He would sing World Renewal songs in the sweathouse for days on end. (5) They held a World Renewal ceremony for him [b], but it did no good; then, one day, they found him all dressed up in dance regalia. (6) He said, "I belong in the downstream heaven. (7) They will be coming in a while, the ones with whom I will go off to watch (you)."

He became

a k-Mxinay at ta''k>imit-diij,
(3)

it

is

kinds of things to help him, but in vain.

He

got

[c] (9) Then They jump-danced, doing a World Renewal ceremony in that fashion. (11) They danced for ten days. (12) Then, when the sun was setting, they saw fog coming in. (13) All at

(8) In this

way, they discovered what he had been doing,

for

they danced

at ta'^kimit-dii]

him.

(10)

once the danceground could not be seen.

they found that the
(15)

(14)

When
set

the fog rose back up,

man

they had been dancing for was no longer there.

Far uphill

they

heard

him singing

of

Jump Dance songs

of songs, they could

(no'^nirjVn).

(16) After he had sung two

more

sets

hear him no longer.

later someone was going from ta'^k>iniit-dii] to miqi-c'ir)'^ came upon (the man). (19) (The man) said to him, "I have only made myself visible to you in order to tell you the way they are to

(17)

Two

days

[d]

(18) There he

do the World Renewal ceremonies.

the boards are standing, [e]

(20) For ten days

let

no one pass where

(21)1 shall always be looking on from there."

that,

(22)

Then he

told

him everything about how

he said.
(24)

ceremonies. (23) "After doing

the world will always

told

proper place,"

[f]

Then he

do the World Renewal fall back into its him, "As for me, now I have
to

become

a k>ixinay."

[a]

The

origin

myth of
Renewal

the

Hupa Jump Dance

is

(specifically the

main or
in

ta''k>'imil-

dii}

Jump

Dance, xay-cidilyc, see text 2)

tradition.
is

quite distinctive
in a

the

northwest

California World

Rather than being set

mythic pre-human world

populated by k>ixinay,

it

the story of a

man from
was

ta''k>'imit-dig

who went

into a

trance, visited the world of the k-ixinay, and

carried

away

to

heaven

in the fog.

He
then

reappears briefly to give instructions for the performance of the

Jump Dance,

disappears again, promising to return to look on at each future dance.

fuller version

of this story, told by

(1904:

229-232).

more

recent version

Minnie Reeves (transcribed in Sam Brown, can be found in Kroeber and Gifford (1949: 65), and the essence of the story can be glimpsed in the Christianized and sentimental "Legend of Gard" that

in 1901, can be found in Goddard was recorded by Victor Golla in 1963 from Golla 1984b: 27-34). A short English summary, from

McCann

Powers
[b]

relates (1877: 80-81).

Jump Dance did not exist at this point, the term cidilye* ('perform a World Renewal ceremony') must be taken in a general sense. In historical times.
Since the

Hupa
however,

Texts: 3

75
pestilence or

it was a version of the Jump Dance that was performed "whenever some calamity threatened" (Goddard 1903: 87).

[c]

That

is,

his spirit

had been going

to a k>ixinay

heaven.

[d]
[e]

A place

near ta''kyimit-dii).
rules of the

One of the
at the

Jump Dance

is

that

no dogs or people
This

are allowed to

go

behind the "house" (xontah), or plank fence, that forms the backdrop for the dancers,
nor be

back (upstream) end of the Big House.

is

because these places are

at

reserved for the Indian

to look on.
[f]

who went

off to cidilye'-heaven and

comes back

every dance

The fundamental purpose of the World Renewal dances

to its

(c idilyc) is to restore the

world

proper state and position.

If the

ceremonies are not performed regularly or

causes the world (ninis'^a-n) to be

properly, the accumulation of

human wrongdoing

"ruined" (c*in''-da*nyay);

it

gets out of joint and does not "sit right".

76
4.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

The Origin of the

Misq'id

Jump Dance
pp. 11-18.

Narrated by Jake Hostler.

(1)
ma-^iwilay'^ (Mountain in Bald Hill county)

Notebook X,
i

c'iteMc"-e-n
he grew up

knina'dil -Uyiwarjxoya-n
Wolf-old man.

(2)

hayai
[Then]

yehwinyay x'^eda'^ay his head - it went into (= he heard)

'^ac'ondehsne'^
[he thought,]
3

c'iWil
around

a yelling

nahsya'^-c'iw sound - went

-

was audible

(3)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

x''e-di-g>a'^a V^-'^arp
"I

"^ahdiyaw
that did so

wonder what

it

is

hay-dethis

'^a'lcyidcn'^-c'iw'^

(4)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^ac'ondehsne'^
[he thought,]

heard to make a sound!"

is

which

kyeh

wiWahi 5

(5)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

"Let me go over (and see)!"

[he

c'itehsyay went off]

x'^iytq'i(d)

yidad'irj ^-q'eh

coming up from downriver along Redwood Ridge

c'iWil

(6)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

KohWaP-lay'^
(top of

Hupa
Hill)

Bald
'^ile-xi^i-hidi
in

xa-'^asya'-hid [when he reached its summit]

na-wa'-c'iw

he heard a yelling sound going around.

lah-x''^
just

yehc'iwirjxic'-te- -nehwarj-hid
as
if

imagination

one would

fall

into

(sound and be overwhelmed).

(7)

h[aya-i\
[Then]

ta'^knmii-din
[ta'^lcntni-l-diij]

c ininyay
[he

(8)

tirj'.

"^anian 9

came

to].

Very many
"^a'd'ondehsne"^
[he thought,]

na 'way
were going
about

hay
[the]

lc>ixinay
[l<>ixinay.]

(9)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

dax'^e'di-q'i-gya'^a
"I

'^a-'^o-ne- lO

hay-de'd
this

Icyic'indi

q'a(d)

wonder how

[they will think

sickness

now

about, treat]

tehic'^irj-xolan which has become

'

(10)

hay-yo'w
That
(clouds)

evidently.

ninis'^a-n-me-q'i-tah all around the world, in every spot .seen

kyic'indi-me'^

miqos
its

neck

yineino"^
it

'2

'^ah

nikya'w

hay
the

teMc'^em

(clouds) has stood up

big clouds.

sickness which grew in it (the clouds) (= in which sickness grows)

(11)

h[ayai]
[Then]

'^a'condehsne'^
[he thought,]

hayi-q'a
'In that

'^ahdiyah-te'
it

way

will do."

(12)

Ryila-dosce'^
Fir bark

mixaafter
it

c'itehsyay
he went
off.

c'initjen 13
he packed
it

to the place.

Hupa
(13)
h{aya'l]
[Then]

Texts: 4

11
(14)

xontah
house

the (dancers)

yehc'ite'de'K all went

h[ayal]
[Then]

into the house.

niiq'eh-dinan
facing one way, behind each other (facing east),

na^de'lya?
they stood,

c'ey-Hcow
myrtle twigs

naima'c'
in the

'4

x'^'e-dd^ay
their

form of a
wreath

heads

circle, in a

mina-yd^Rnst'iUy
they stretched it around them,

'its

Uyida-ma-c'e'^ mouth-circle' (= 'eel mouth')

'^olye'^^
it

(15)

h{aya-i]
[Then]

qad
[now]

is

called.

nirpisde'K'^^
they start dancing all together

niiq'eh-dinan
[facing one way,

nUcantaca

dah-knslay^i

(16)

Witj

behind each other]

with hands on each other's shoulders.

Song

me'^kyiwiitiw
he (WolO sang

is
it.

hayi-mii
with which

niij'^isde-K

they danced

min'^t'ah-mii from the entrance into the (Big House)

to the opposite corner

yo'^ni-yinaca-c'in'^-dinarj upstream facing.

(17)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

no'^o'^aWi-mii when they end their dance

yoPaWil

19

"^aht'irj all

xoW
their

ie'^Rye'^iima^t'

kyo-le+ 20
"Let
fish
lots

yaPde'^ine'^
[they said].

the (dancers) yell,

hands

they clap,

of

become!"

(18)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

minia(n)
ten

me'^Uye'^Htiw-mii
songs when he has sung.

h[ayai]
[then]

iena?aliW
he makes a
fire,

c'ine-'^iino'^

hay
the

Uyila-dosc'e'^

xon'^-ditj
at the fire.

he stands them up

bark pieces (stood up

against each other)

(19)

h{aya'i]
[Then]
they

ne'^nse'^indil
all

xo(nP

mina-d
fire

c'ite'^ina'W
they
all dance around.

dance jumping,

around the

c'ite'^idyos'^^

(20)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

hayi
[it]

'^aht'irj
[all]
it

na^^alid
always burns up

they

all stretch.

xon"^
(and)

na-na'^adahW
when the fire has come down,

hi^id
[then]

do-c'o'^ola'^n-ey
they quit,

hay
the ones

nin'^sindil

dance up and

who
xa'^aya'^t'iij-x''

down.

(21)

c'''ola'^-di(n) ye'^i-txa'^

Five days go by

they doing so.

78
(22)
h[aya--l]

XIV Northwest
xontah-me^
[inside the

California Linguistics

ya'^de'^ilye'^

hayi
[that

qin"^
[also]

c'^'ola'^-diin)
[five times]

[Then]

house!

they dance, c'idilye- dance.

one]

ye'^iixa'^
[it

c'idilye-x^
[as they dance.]

(23)

hayah-mil
[Then]

hay
the

ya'^dilye'

dawns]

dancers

when

no-ya'^de'^ilye-m ii they have stopped

dancing.

tahc'e'^ina-Wi-mii

no-na'^tindil
they sit down again;

hi^id
[then]

xonin"^
their

when

they

come

out

of the dance.

faces

they

nana'^ale'^ 22 move from

me- wi-na'sitani-me'^
dressed
in rolls,

Wi(n)-mii
with a song.

^iwa-na'^kye'^iliW'^^
"they crack acorns."

side to side always,

(24)

minian-di(n)
[When

yisxa-ni-mH

yide"^

xon"^
fire

c'itehswe-n
he carried

ten days have passed]

down-stream

along

misq'i(d)-c'irj'^
to

(25)

nin'^i-me'^-xa'^sindii-dirj
(Place between taPli>imii-dit]

yide'^e-n'^-cirj'^

misqid

(all

dancers

&

misqid)

on the lower side

follow him).

xon"^

no'^nirje'n 24
fire

(26)

hayahajid
[Then]

mixa'c'e'^-xolen
[incense root]

xola'^-me'^
in his

he set the

down.

hand

wirjqay
he rubbed
it.

(27)

x'^e-di-gya'^aW-'^anUe"What I wonder is going

to

(28)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

ta'^na-n

"Water"

be?" (he says).

c'ide-ne^
he said.

(29)

h[ayai]
[Then]

ta'^nan
water

'^aht'in-dirj

xa-lcyinyo'W
it

everywhere
do-

flowed up, boiled up.

(30)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

^a'c'ondehsne'^
[he thought,]

niwirjWon{^\
"Not
it

'^^-tehi

will be

good"

(31)

^ahdaToo many

winiarj'^ 26
it

hay-y&w
those {kyixinay)

got

tinyayxe-ne-W^"^ had gone wrong

in

speech (taboos).

(32)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

ya-na^wirje-n
he picked up the
(torch) again;

yide"^

misqi(d)-yinaG
above misqid

hayah
there

downriver

no'nifje-n he put it

hay
the

xoij>
fire.

(33)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

to'-c'in"^

na'^te-ijVrj'^-hid

down

to

when he looked
back.

down.
ta--ne-^i(d)-yinaG in the middle of the river upstream
ioq'i salmon

the river

xaliad
jumped
up.

Hupa
(34)
h[aya-i]
[Then]

Texts: 4

79
xolan
evidently

'^a'c'ondehsne'^
[he thought,]

Uyisleh ^^-teh-t
be lots (of fish caught)
"It will

digyarj
here."

(35)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

hay ah
[there]

^a-ya-xoic'lde-ne"^ he told them,

hay-y&w
those

tinyarj'^xenehW^^-ne'^in who had sinned in speech.

"You

nohni-'^e-^n (pi.) for your part

Koh
grass

nasohdilirP'^^-teyou will turn into.

Ryimd'w
medicine

"^a-noht'e'-te-

(36)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hayi
that

yaywehsyo"^
they

3i

you

will be."

all liked.

(37)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

q'ad
right

hayah
there

c'idiwilye'^ they danced.

na'^nehita-K.
they stamp danced.

(38)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

yide'^

c'itehswe-n
he carried
it

hay
[the]

XOtj'^
[fire]

downstream

along,

misq'id yinace-rf-clij'^ on the river bank above mis-q'id;

hayah
there

no'^nirjen
he put
it

hay
[the]

xorp
[fire]

down

hayah
[there]

na'^nehita'K
they stamped.

(39)

hayah-mii
[Then]

misqid-c'itf
to mis-q'id

cimrje-n
he brought
it,

hay
[the]

xoij'
[fire,]

hijid
[then]

hayah
there

no'^nirjirj-hid

when he had
it

put

down.

hayah
[there]

c'idiwilye'^
[they

(40)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

hay-yo-w
[those

Jump

who]

tinya'^rjxe-nehW ^'^-ne'^in [had done wrong

(in

Danced.]

speech taboos)]

^ahda'

winia'^n

Icnxinay
k>ixinay.

hayi
those

Koh
all

naya-'^asdile'^n
turned into weeds.

got to be too

many

(41)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

hay
that

c'e'^idinilye'^
their finishing

q'ad

hay

up

as soon as

the

dance
33

minian-di(n)

yisxd-ni-mii

hay
the

UHxinay-ne'^in
lc>ixinay [past]

tahsyay
they went off each
to his place.

ten days passed

(42)

hlaya-y
Then

hay
the ones

do-niWon
who were bad
naya-'^asdile'^n
they
all

?e-'?rj

q'ad
then

for their part

xa'di
right

de'di-meq
in this (valley)

Koh
weeds

turned into.

80
(43)

XIV Northwest
h[aya]i
[Then]
'^a'^de-ne'^

California Linguistics

[he said,]

li>[iwinya'^ya-n] "[People]

na-nde'^K^^-de'^

when

they

become

de-q'a
in this

'^a'^wilei-te'^

ninis'^a-n

no-tj'^a'-di/j

U>ic'indi

c'iniW^^-de"^
if

they will always do,

way

as far as the world extends

sickness

they hear about it.

(44)

kyiwinya'^ya-n-'^arj'^

mafor

"^a^naWdiyaw
I

hay-dethis.

People

it

is

them
minin'^-din

have done

(45)

hayi-q'a

'^a't'in-teit

c'idiwilyeiH-tethey will be dancing

c'idilye-."

Thus

will take

place

(= before sickness reaches in)

at its face

(46)

hayi-q
Thus
(it

Waneonly.

is)

The Origin of the Misq'id Jump Dance

(1)

[a]

Wolf-Old
is

Man grew up

at

ma'siwilay*^. [b]

(2)

One day he heard

a to

yelling sound echoing about.

(3)

He

thought, "I

wonder what happened

making this noise?" (4) Then he thought, "Let me go and see!" went off along Redwood Ridge (xMytq'id), coming from (5) downstream.
whatever

And

he

(6)

When

noise
(7)
there.

he got to the summit of Bald Hill (XohWan'^-lay'^), was echoing about so much, it seemed as if one could fall
to ta'^k-imiJ-dig.

the shouting
into
it.

[c]

He came (9) And

stuck

(8)

great

many k^ixinay were

living
this

he thought,

"I

wonder how people should think about

the

sickness that has apparently started? [d]

(10) All over the world big clouds

in

have
(11)

up

their

necks,
"It will

clouds

And

he thought,

happen

in this

which sickness grows." [e] way." [f] (12) He went off to

fetch fir-bark, and brought

some back,

[g]

(13) Then they all went into the house (to dance), [h] (14) They took up a position one behind the other then they put wreaths of myrtle twigs around their heads, what are called "eel-mouths" (k-ida*ma'cV). [i] (15) Then they began dancing up and down in place, one behind the other, with hands on each other's shoulders. (16) He (Wolf ) sang a song, and as he did they danced across the house from the entrance (min'^-t'ah) toward
the opposite

comer upstream

(yo'^n-yinac).

[j]

(17)

When
When

they finished the dance, they yelled.

all said,

They

all

clapped their

hands. "Let there be lots of fish!" they

(18)

[k]

he had sung ten songs, he made a fire. He stood the pieces of up around the fire. (19) They all danced jumping up and down moving around the fire and "stretched." [I]
fir-bark

Hupa
(20)

Texts: 4

When

all

of the fir-bark had burned up and the fire died down, the
(21)

dancers finished.
(22)

They did

it

like this for five days. in the house, also for five days,

Then they did

the

Jump Dance

[m]

(23)
sat

When the dancers stopped dancing, and came down and moved their faces from side to side,
to

out of the dance, they

[n] dressed
in

"rolls"

(me*wi-na*sita*n),

the

accompaniment of

song

they

'"cracked

acorns", [o]
(24) After ten days, he (Wolf) carried the fire off
q'id.

downstream toward misnin'^-me'^-xa'^sindit-

(25)

He

set the fire

down on

the

downstream side of
in his hand.

dig. [p]

(26)
is

Then he rubbed some incense-root

(27) "I

wonder what

going to happen?" [q] (28) Then he said, "Water!" [r] (29) And water surged out of the ground everywhere. (30) And he thought: "It won't be good!" (31) There had gotten to be too many wrong-doers, [s]
(32)
just

He

picked up the
in the

fire

again and took

it

to a place further to

upstream from mis-q'id.

(33) Looking down

the river,

downriver he saw a

salmon jump up
(34)

middle of the river upstream.

And he
You

thought, "It seems that lots of fish will be here."

told the
will

(35)

Then he

wrong-doers

there,

"You, for your

part,

will turn

into grass.

be medicine."

(36)
there.
q'id,

They all liked that. (37) They did the Jump Dance and stamped right (38) Then he carried the fire downstream to the riverbank above miswhere he put the fire down and they again stamp-danced, [t]

(39)

there, they did the

Then he took the fire into mis-q'id, and when he had put Jump Dance, [u] (40) And all those wrongdoing
was finished and

it

down

l^^ixinay

turned into weeds.

(41) After ten days, the dance
(42)
the k^ixinay dispersed.

The ones who were

bad, for their part, they turned into grass right there

in the valley.

(43)
things
(44)
will

And he
in
this

said:

"When people come down to earth, they will always do way when they hear about sickness anywhere the world.
I

It is

for the Indians that

in the face
it

have done

this.

(45)

Thus

it

will

be that they

Jump Dance
Thus only

of sickness."

(46)

is.

[a]
at

This

is

the formula of the

Jump Dance which used

at ta''k>'imit-diij.

to

be danced

in the

springtime

mis-q'id after a preliminary dance

in the fall

(The other
is

primary

Jump

Dance, held
diq.)
the
It

following the White Deerskin Dance,

danced only

at ta''k>imit-

has not been performed since the beginning of this century, but the details of

ceremony are outlined in Goddard (1903: 82) and in Kroeber and Gifford (1949: 62). According to Sam Brown (quoted in Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 63) the last performance

82
of the Misq'id

XIV Northwest
Jump Dance occurred
It

California Linguistics 1908 or 1909. The timing of the Misq'id Jump

in

Dance

is

not clear.

was apparently

a spring dance, loosely correlated with the spring

run of salmon, but

some informants

indicated that the dance could be held at any time

that sickness or calamity threatened the

Hupas (Goddard 1903: 87; Kroeber and Gifford

1949:

62).

The formula follows

Yuroks and Karuks,

the general pattern of

it

World Renewal origin myths among

the

in that

takes place in in pre-human times,

It is

when animal beings

and k>ixinay inhabited the world.

structured as a medicine formula for a ceremony

illness,

that is basically a preventive against

epidemic

but allusions to the abundance of

first-fruits
trial

salmon

(line

17 and 33-34) also indicate

some connection with a

in mis-q'id

ritual.
(cf.

Wolf's discovery of the correct place for the ceremony

lines 26-34)
is

by

and error

typical of

Yurok myths, and

there are parallel incidents in

Lame

Billy's

version of the Origin of the Weitspus Deerskin and Jumping

Dances (Kroeber and

Gifford 1949: 117-120.)

Jump Dance formula given here can be found in myth of yima*n-tiw''winyay, dictated by Sally Lewis in 1901, in Goddard (1904: 234-36) also gives another text, Goddard (1904: 104-105, 127). specifically identified as a formula for the spring Jump Dance, that was dictated by
of the incidents of the Misq'id
a section of the

Some

Senaxon

in

1901.

This formula, however,

is

quite different

from the present one

in

incident and structure.

[b]
[c]

mountain

in the

Bald Hills country, northeast of Redwood Creek.

(or k^ixinay)

The noise was being made by people

running about doing crazy

things, breaking the rules, and not living properly. This

was ruining the world, and

causing sickness to come.

[d]

The noise was of the

different kinds of people ruining the

world and not of the

sickness.
[e]

These

are thunder clouds

which always cause sickness. When Indians saw too

many of them
[f]

they said sickness was coming.

here to the end of the text
its is

What follows from

a detailed description of the

contemporary ceremony, related as the actions of

is

institutor in

pre-human times. This

the standard structure of a medicine formula.

[g]

The

priest for the

ceremony (k^isciW

'the

one

;ach

day

to gather fu--bark for the ceremonial fire.

priest

who has peeled bark') goes out He is accompanied by a girl who

girl

wears a wreath of myrtle twigs and neither the

this time.

nor the

can eat or drink during

a
In

They

peel the bark from standing trees

(dead bark must not be used) on

mountain on the west side of Hoopa

addition to the bark they bring back
to support the bark.

Valley, back of Oscar Brown's residence.

to lay

two pieces of tan-oak wood

over the fireplace

(Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 62).

{xorj'^

[h]

preliminary sweat dance

mina--c'itina-W 'fire-they go around')

fire

is

danced
at

for five

days and

nights

around a hot

in

the

Big House (xontah-nikya'w)

ta'^kMiniJ-dirj.
[i]

The

priest sits in the

house while the dancing

is

going on, while the dancers,

62).

all

men, wear deerskin robes and myrtle-twig wreaths (Kroeber and Gifford 1949:

Hupa
[j]

Texts: 4

83

The

leader enters first followed by the other dancers in line, each putting his

hands on the shoulders of the one ahead (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 62).
[k] This indicates a tie between the spring Jump Dance and first-fruits rites for the salmon run, which would parallel a similarly loose integration in Yurok and Karuk World Renewal ceremonies (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 128). However, the Hupa First Salmon ceremony (see text 6) apparently had no connection with the spring Jump Dance

or with any other World Renewal ceremony.

[I]

The

fire is hot, the

dancers sweat and get burned, and

it

is

something of a
if

feat of

endurance. The dancers can not quit or pause even to rub their legs

they are blistered

by the
fire in

heat.

The roof boards of

the

Big House

are

removed
is

to let out the light of the

is

order to frighten away sickness.

It is

Much

incense root (mixa*ce''-xoIe'n)

burned

(Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 62).

not clear what

meant by "stretching"

(c'itidyos

'they stretch themselves') in this context.

[m] After the preliminary sweat-dance, the dancers return to the xontah-nik>a'w for a
regular
[n] to

Jump Dance,
They look
first).

this

time only with a small

fire.

to right

and move

their

heads

slightly, then to left

(no special rule as

which side
[o]

The appropriate term

to literally but

to refer to the

head motion and song. The motion must not

In general,

be referred
used

only as "cracking acorns".

words

for foods are

in this

ceremony

as substitutions for
r

more common words,

especially

words

for

sickness and rain (see note

[p]

below).

A place on the

riverbank between ta'^Kyimit-dii) and mis-q'id. Wolf-Old

fu-e

Man

is

being the dance leader (ma'-cica*!), carrying the

from one danceground

to another.

The dancers follow him.

[q]
[r]

He

is

testing the place to see

that
is

if it is

an appropriate danceground.
Instead of ta^na-n 'water' you

word

forbidden

at a

Jump Dance.

must

say k>insinto'^ 'grease'.

all

number of common words

the rules

are tabooed (tirjxiniwidyehW) at

strict at

World Renewal dances, but

[s] If

were particularly

the mis-q'id dance.

the people

but with things being the

had been sinless he might have risked having the dance at this place, way they were (the noise everywhere, etc.) he couldn't take the
where nothing would happen when he mentioned a

chance.

He had

to find a place

forbidden thing.
[t]

This place

is

called mine'3ix"^-na''ne''ihaj[-dir)

('half

way-where they stamp-

dance').
[u]

They dance

for ten days at mis-q'id in a pit or depression in front of a newly-

erected fence of boards.

The ta''k>imit-dii] people go home every night, whereas the meMil-diq people, being too far from home, camp out (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 62).

84

XIV Northwest
5.

California Linguistics

The Acorn Feast

III,

Narrated by

Sam Brown. Notebook

pp. 1-20.

(1)

t'arjq'i

te'^inahW-tel-id
time of acorn falling it

xaya'^ane'^ite'^
they look for
it,

hay
the

daydi-dirj
what
-

Fall, at the

at place,

when

is

to go,

become

where

kyiwinya'^n
acorns

ninyay
come, are
plentiful.

(2)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

hay
[that]

na'kye'^idiw-mii

when
to

the (acorns) begin

drop to the ground,

xoh la'^a-heh^
even
if

yaya'^wa'^aWiM
they pick them up one by one, as they go along

xoh q'ad
even

hay
the ones
in

mina-'^^-heh
with worm-holes them (won't ripen).

only one,

(3)

^irj-kyo'w-id By day

Wa-ne- Uya'da^ane"^
only
they gather acorns.

(4)

wilwii-dirj

do-

na-'^aixit'

In the evening they never handle

them

kyiwinyd^n
acorns

doijq'a'^

ma- -de'^ida'^aW^
they pray (in the Acorn Feast ceremony)

before

te'^ixisi-man because they (acorns) fly away, become scarce.

(5)

hayaha^id q'ad hay

[Then]
then

when

do--ia-n-^i-heh'^ even if but little

(acorns)

dah-c'iwi^i^il^
they put them up one after another (day by day) on drying platform.

(6)

yiwidin-de'^
Finally

'^e'^iia'^n-e-y^
it

xa'^at'irj-x'^

(7)

q'a(d)

idn
many

becomes

so doing.

Now

[plentiful]

'^e'^iliw-mii

xowan-ya'^[a}nitind-'W

lo

hay
the

when

they

he (or she) goes to each one,

become,

ya'^kyiwincid-tewho are going to pound (women constituting Acorn Lodge)

ones

(8)

c'ixQ-ya-de'^iixid

hay q'ad
all
if

me-ya'^winiaij'^
it

^^

xola-n
the as
it

He

(or she) asks

them

already

become enough to them all

has

seems

iah
(for)

one

kyicid pounding.

(9)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad hay

c'o-'^alc'idi-mii

when

finally

when he

learns

it

(that there are

enough),

'^a-yaxoic'ide'^ine'^

hayah-de'^
"At
that

he

tells

them,

we

ya-kyiwidicid-tewill pound acorns."

(future) time

Hupa
(10)

Texts: 5

85
'^aht'irj

hayahajid
[Then]

q'ad hay

when
c'ine'^ind-W
they

finally

me'^ina-Wi-mii the time comes

hay
those

all

who

Uyiwincid-teare to pound
acorns

(11)

come

In the

wilwii-dirj evening

xontah-nikya-w-dirj (to) the Big House

there.

ya'^ne'^iwiW
they pack
it

hay
the

Uyiwinya^n
acorns,

'^aht'itj

hay
the

c'ide'-c'^irj

there

all

cooking

utensils,

hay
that

mii
with which

wana-'^asde'^K

^^-te-

ioq'
salmon,

XiwiWxdn
eels,

13

hay
the

they will be busy.

miq'eh
[(fish)

noya'^lcyinirjxan-te- 14
will use for the feast.

(12)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayah
there

which they

X^e'ya-'^alwil 15

hay
the

(women) all camp over night,

they

xontah-me'^ Big House in.

(13)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xiKe^-daij"^
in the

morning

yehc'e'^ina-V/
he comes
in,

hay
the

one who

yinaci-c'isddy "Acorn Provider"

clslin^-te' 16
is

(14) hayaha^id
[Then]

about to become.

c'emm
he brings out

mixa'c'e'^-xole'n

ma'-de'^da'^a'^aW

^'^

(15)

hayaha^id
[Then]

mcense

root

he puts it in the fire (= prays with it).

yo-w
those

camehsKon
women

18

'^aht'in
all

na'^ame'^ swim, bathe.

(16)

xoninc'^ine'^ ^^-mii Their face dirt -with ( = with dirty faces)

do[there
is

kyicid no pounding].

(17)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ay'^te-

me"^
in
it

no^oliW
he lays
it

basket plate

down

mixa'c'e'^-xole-n incense root

hay
(and) the

ce-kyirj'^a-gya'n

q'ad
[now]

hay
the

stone-pipe,

one

mi^in
that

hay
it

xontah-nikaw-diij
Big House place.

(18)

hay q'ad
That time when

belongs to

the

kyiwinya'^nyd'n
Indians

na-nande'^X-dar}'^ 20
got to live
-

witfa'^'^^
it

hay
the

since then.

lies there

kyiij'^agya'n
pipe.

(19)

q'ad

hayi
it

hay -yo-w
belongs to
that (to

Now

(pipe)

which

the pipe belongs)

no'^kyitjxa-n

na-rj'^a'^
it

picnic-ground

(ground) lay
still.

there, lies

86
(20)

XIV Northwest
Ic>iwinya'^nydn
Indians

California Linguistics

do-

midenaw'^^
it

ia[h]-x'^'^^
for

(21)

q'ad

hay
those

they never touch

no reason.

Now

without cause.

Ic>iwinya'^n acorns

they'll

c'o'^oiyohi-^-teblow at them

hi^id
that time

c'e'^a'^aW
they bring out

hay
the

(= pray with incense).

k>'itj'^a-g>a-n

hay
that

"^aht'irj

hay
the

mixac'e'^-xole-n
incense root

tah
also,

pipe.

all

in

ia'^ay-din one place

no'^oliW
they lay
it

hay-yo-w
that

q'ay'^te'-tne'^
in basket-tray.

(22)

hayaha^id
Then
xonirj'^
his face

down

c'e'^a'^aW

mii-xorj'^a'^diPe-n
black soot with which they paint themselves,

hi^id
then

he brings
it

'^ai[ky]o-w-e-dirj all over

out

xaldeX^^
dotted over

na'^aic'^'e'^

xoxac{e>
his

q'ina'^^

(23)

hayaha^id
[Then]

de-xo
this

he makes

it

again,

body

too.

way

yinaci-dinan
[facing] upstream

c'ine'^ica'd

(24)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
the

camehsXon
women
c'enic^e'f

he

sits

down.

ya'^fc>iwincid-te-

na'ce'-dirj
first

xonirj"^

who
to

are going

pound

(ahead of other women)

her face

q'ay'^-nehs long marks

(vertical)

he makes

them

hayi
the

ma--UHcid
leading pounder.

(25)

"^aht'irj

xa'^x'^e'^iliw

(26)

hayaha^id
[Then]

All

he does that to them.

q'ad

now

lc>iwa-di-me'^ pan - m (for blowing of their skins)

na-ya^ditiiwal 26
they spill the acorns (shelled and seasoned).

(27)

hayahajid
[Then]

wmnowmg

dahya'^kyide'^Uc'^'o- gy 27

xon'^-c'in'^-dinar}
facing toward the
fire.

(28)

"^aht'in

down they shake them up blow skins off

&

All

&

dahya'^Uyide'^iic'-o-gyi
they shake and clean,

hijid
[and]

qad
then

ya'^Rye'^icid

nace-dirj
first

they pound;

na'^ne'^iicil

hay
the

ma-Ryicid
leading pounder.

(29)

'^aht'in

donever
eat,

kyiwidya'^n
without eating

she comes down with her pestle.

All

do-

ta-wina'^n'^^

(30)

hayahajid
[Then]

q'ad

'^aht'itj

never drink, without drinking.

now

all

(acorns)

ya'^acidi-mH when they've pounded them

ya'^kyite'^iwad
they fan them
(into li>iwa-d)\

hi^id

kyiye'

kyesde'^
acorn lumps
still

naya'^acid
again they pound them.

when

again

unpounded

Hupa
(31)

Texts: 5

87
ta-na-ya?aicil-mii
Uyiyeup,

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayi
that {Uye-sde'^)

when they've pounded

it

again

ya'^k>ite'^iwad
they shake
it

(32)

hayaha^id
[Then]

qad
now

'^aht'i[n]
all

miito-y-me^
into

(into li>iwa-d

from

mii-li>itiwa-d).

cooking basket

na-ya^de^iiwdl
they

hijid
[and]

me'^isd
pestles

dump

the (acorns)

in

ia^ay-dirj one place

no-na-yaPaliW
they lay them down,

q'ay'^Uyisdi-tah
also basket

hi^id
that time,

'^aht'i/j

hay
the

c'ide-c'ifj

q'ay'^timii-me'^
in the

all

cooking
utensils

burden- basket

hoppers

no-yaPaliW
they lay them

hijid
[then]

to'-c'irj'^

xoda-yaPU>'e^iwiW
they pack the things
(pi.)

XOIJ'
fire

q'inoP

towards the river

too

down;
yd?te'^iwiW
they pack along.
it

down.

(33)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay ah
there

Ryita-lcid acorn-soaking

wan-na'^adil
they go about
it.

(34)

iiwaij

inlaw

29

do-

deWtiW

One (woman)

wood

she goes after

it

off in the

[they] never put

into the fire

woods;
no-lcyixiW^o what floats on to
(= driftwood).

do'-niWoni-ma'n
not-good for that reason
it

(35)

is

U>inehst'a-n Tan-oak wood

Wa'ne'
only

(to

do

so).

"^isde-w-hii

mii
it,

ie-na'^aliW
fire

(36)

hayaha^id
[Then]

qad
now

madrona-with too

they build a with.

Ryita-ya'^aicid they soak the

(acorns).

(37)

c[ade^
After a while

Icye'^ilxa'^ni^^-mii

na-ya'^U>e^ila-W
they rinse
it

hi^id
[then]

iiwan
one (woman)

when

it

becomes sweet,

off;

na'^teVda-W
she goes back to the house;

yohic'id 32
to

c'tx^^e'^Hc'^'e'^

hay
the

yinaci-c'isday
'upriver sitter'

know

she makes him

c'isle'^n

(38)

hayaha^id
[Then]

yinaci
upriver

na'^ne'^idd-W
she arrives back;

hi^id
[then]

xorf
fire

he

who

has

become.
xa-na'^se'^iwiW
the (head pounder)
carries
it

no'^lcyirjxan-diij
picnic ground

hay
the

ma-Uyicid
leading pounder.

(39)

'^aht'ifj

All

back up

xanaya'^kyise'^ixa-W
bring vessels with acorns going back up to (cooking place)

hay ah
there,

88
(40)

XIV Northwest
hayaha^id
[Then]
xo'^ji
really big

California Linguistics

ie'na^aliW the make a

fire

nikyah-x""
big-ly;

"^isde'w

ma-no'^otiW^^
at the

madrona

bottom
it.

she puts

U>inehst'an
tan-oak

miq'is

(4

hayahajid
[Then]

celnat'
rocks which are used to cook acorns

xa-ya'^sitiwiW
each one packs it up to it (place).

along
with
it.

(42)

hayahajid
[Then]

"^aht'itj

hayi
these (rocks)

deya'^de'^iliW
they put them into
the
fire.

(43) hayaha^id
[Then]

all

q'ad now,
at last

hay

taya'^Rye'^imil ^^-mii

hay
the

when

they start stirring the (mush).

yinaci-c'isddy c'isle'^n 'Acorn Provider'-impersonator

c'e^ina-W
he goes out

xontah-nihaw-dirj-dac
of the Big House,

-^5

(44)

hay
The

niitaci black

na'da'^ay standing
there

mide'^inaW
he goes close past
it.

up

to the hills.

oak

(45)

nahxi-le'n

xonirj'^-q'eh

c'e'lcyitjxat'^^
he/it

Two

buckskins sewed together, Indian blanket

along his face

had

it

covered over.

(46)

mixac'e'^-xole-n-mii
Incense root with

xon"^
fire

c'ite'^iwiW
he packs
off.

q'ay'^te'-me'^
in the

basket plate

c'ite'^ixdW he carries along in vessel

hay
the

ce'-h'irj'^a-gya-n

mixa-c'e'^-xolen-hii 37
[incense root] along with.

stone pipe

(47)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay-yo-w
that

no'^Uyitjxa-n-diij
picnic ground

mitine"^
its

niij'^ay-q'eh

road

along where it runs

c'ite'^indW he goes off,

c'ineVna-W-ey
he then arrives

38

hay ah
there.

(48)

hayaha^id
[Then]

c'ine'^ica'di

he

sits

down

hay ah
there,

de-xo
this

yinaci-dinarj
facing up the river;

Icyiwinya'^nydn
people

do-

c'inehi'^e-n
at.

way

he never looks

(49)

hayaha^id
[Then]

qa(d}

liye'^it'e'^i-mii

when everything
is

iiwatj one person

Ryiwinya'^yd-n
Indians, people

cooked.

after

m/jca"39 them

na'^te'^ida'W
he goes back
(to village).

(50)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

"^aht'in
all

c'ine'^ind-W
arrive there,

hi^id
[then]

nahxi-len
double
buckskin blanket

no'^oiky&s
he (takes
puts
it it

hay-yo'w yinaca-c'isddy
&)
that

c'isle'^n

all

off

Acorn Provider

actor,

down

Hupa
(51)

Texts: 5

89
to-c'iif
to the river.

hayahajid
[Then]

ma'-xoda'^anaW
(actor) takes the lead
in

(52)

'^aht'iij

All

going

down
na?ame'^
they swim;
ce(little)

xoq'eh
following him

xoda'^ana-W
they go down;

hi^id
[then]

yaya^tiliW
they
all

rocks

pick up

na-q'
gravel;

tehya^Uye'^ic'^a?

^^-mU

'^a-yaPde'^ine'^

kyo-le- 41

when

they throw them into the water,

they say,

"Let
(of fish)

lots

become!"

(53)

'^aht'irj

na^ame'^-mH
when
they bathe, after bathing,

xana^sitindil
they
all

hi^id
[then]

q'ad

All

come
to.

back up

(54)
they eat.

UrP
Dogs

donever

nina-W
come
there

hay
the

no'^Uyiijxa-n-ditj
picnic place.

(55)

hayahajid
[Then]

q'ad

"^aht'irj

now
cid
first

all

Rye'^iya'^ni-mU having eaten

sahna-'^ade'^n 43
they go back (to village).

(56)

^aht'irj

xola"^
their

All

hands

na-na'^kye'^Hdiw they wash (again).

dotjq'a'^

before

na'^tidaW ^'^
they go off home.

(57)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xo^^i
really

in a

nikyah-xo big way

le'na'^aliW
they build a
fire.

(58)

iiwarj

RyeMca-n
maiden (having had courses).
yo--c'irP

hay
the

da'^ni
a while

ce-

RyicW^^
to the (old)
pile

One

one

rocks

who

before

no'^oliW
had added,
put down.

to that pile

na'^de'^iiwal always dumps

(59)

hayi
That
(girl)

mixac'e'^-xolen
incense root

them down.
c'e'^icid

hi^id
that

"^aht'in
all

naya'^x'^'e'^Rme'^

she pounds (before they bring acorn flour to the river);

time

she bathes them (humans), sprinkles water on them,

hay
the

ce-

rocks

naya'^asdile'^n that had become

c'ixolc'^e--darj'^

hay
the

no'^lcyirjxa-n

micc'^
rocks

days when things become transformed;

in

picnic ground

na'diwilwa'^K-diij where they had been

yinaG-e-rP-c'iij'^

on the upriver side

dumped down

dahyaya'^witj'^e-K which are sitting up (human)

do-

hay-a'tj'^

they are the ones

hay
who

c'ixolc'^e--dar}'^
at the

xineW
talking,

miq'eh-naya'^as^a'^^^
not they minded.

transformation

what they

time
ce-

were
47

told (by chiefs)

na-ya-^asdiWn

hayah
there.

rocks

they turned into

90
(60)

XIV Northwest
hay-a[n]'^-mdn
That
is

California Linguistics

hay-yow
that

the

Uyehica-n maiden

na-ya'^x'^e'^Ume^ bathes them all.

reason

(61)

"^aht'irj

xa'^a-ya'^x'^e'^iliw-mii

na'^ne'^idd'W
she comes back

hay-yo-w
(to) that

All

having done so to them

all,

no'^U>irjxa-n-dir]
picnic ground.

(62)

mi^e'^e'din
Infants, children

q'ad hay
already

mi^in(i)-'^ant'e-

(up to 10)

belonging to it (Acorn Feast)

"^aht'iln]
all

minirj'^
their faces

xa-lde-K^^ dotted up

c'e'^iic'^e'^

(63)

hayaha^id
Then

he makes them.

hay-yo-w
that

no-ndiya'^n 49
left

Unwiyal
food

"^aht'irj

na-na'^aiid
they burn up;

hi^id
[then]

over

all

^a'^de'^ine'^

Uyiya'W
"Birds

mikyan
their

niwindin'^-te'
will get oily, filled up,

hay
(in) that

ninis'^a'n

he says:

world

insides

no appetite

(for acorns);

norj'^a'-diri
as far as
it

tehic^in-ne'^in
(acorns) which grew

digyarj
here (Hoopa Valley)

no-nandixic'-te'
they will fly back.

reaches

(64)

do-xolirj Not it is, will be

kyiya-W
birds

ia-n

yita-n 50
that
it

(65)

much

eats,

niWorj-x'' Well

they eat.

na-'^as'^a'^-te-

kyiwiyal
food,

hayi
that

xoi-tehPin 5i-rr
with him
it

(66)

hayi-ma'n
That
is

they, he will handle,

one

will reach

the

carry around

long, will hold out."

reason

why

wilwH-din
in the

do-

na-'^aixit'

kyiwinya'^n

do-

c'oMyohi

^^-darj'^
at
it

evening

they never handle

before they blow

(have Acorn Feast).

(67)

'^e'^ilwil-mii

'^aht'iin]
all

When evening

(acorns) over,

me-na'^kyeVixat' she covers them

hay
the

c'inirje-n 53

ones she brought

kyiwinya'^n
acorns.

(68)

do-

sa'^kyixa-W
eat the acorns

dobefore

'^o-lyohi-darj'^
it's

They never

been blown

at.

(69)

kyiwinya'^ni-ya-n
Indians

miynilgyid^^
are afraid of
it

hay-dathis

"^a-winiw

way of doing
(breaking laws).

Hupa
(70)
mirj-UyiPe-n^^ do- c'inind-W Menstruating she never comes

Texts: 5

91
(71)

hayah
there,

daxo-q'
In

"^ac'int'e-

some way

woman
do'
not he

(= one

who

- he acts has had relations)

c'ininaW
comes
there;

xonist'e'^
his

body

mi&'e'^n 56 which is dirty from copulation

do-

lc>a-n 57

hayah
there;

not he eats

me-niwilgyid
it

^^

(72)

hay
The one

c'idilyethe [World Renewal]

c'inirj'^d-n

hay
the

is

feared.

who

brought,

one

dangerous.

dance

de'
this

no'^Uyirjxa-n

hU
too,

hay
that

ta'^Ryimiidirj
at taPkyimiidirj

Uyixinay
U>ixinay

Acorn Feast

one

c'isle'^n

(73)

hayi
That one

nahafor us

nd^asc'^e^n
he

haydathis

59

'a-wimw
way of
doing.

turned into.

made
over

it

became.

(74)

"^ahfirj

hayi
that

'^a'^de-ne^

xa'^a'winehi-tein that

digyan
here

yo-w-d
at that,

All

(which) he said

way

it

then

would happen

c'idiwilye-l-mH 60

(75)

hayaha^id
[Then]

qad
now

"^aht'in
all

na-'^alidi-mU

when every time

they dance.

when

it

burns

hay-y&w
that

nondiya'^n-ne'^in what had been left

over (from eating),

'^aht'in
all

yide'^i

na'^ne'^idd-W
they go back and arrive

down

(to

village)

ta'^UyimU-cHij'^

hi^id
[then]

na'^Jcyite'^iGi^

(76)

ia'^a -dirj

toward ta^kyimUditj

they play the tossing game.

Sometimes

kyin-na-na-'^aya'^
stick (gambling)

(77)
The

cid
first

x'^'e-na-ya-'^alwil

iah
once
(one night)

game

time

they stay overnight

they play.

(before going

home)

hay
the

ya'^Uyicid acorn-pounders

xontah-nikya-w-me'^
in the

(78)

Big House.

na-^tida-W doNot each one goes back

xa-t'a
that

hayi same

je-nis
day.

(79)

hay
That

ye'^iixa'^

hi^id
that time

xiKe'^-c'in^

next day

toward night

^iwa'^kyiliW
that they shell acorns
it

'^e'^iliw

(80)

q'ad

becomes

(possible).

Now

that

hayi-q way

Wa-neonly

"^a-wildw

hay-dedi
this

no'^Uyirjxa-n

na-tj'^a'^^^

now

it

is

done,

Acorn

feast

[which]

lies there, is.

92
The Acorn Feast

XIV Northwest
[a]

California Linguistics

(l)When it is about to become autumn (t'anq), people search for places where acorns are plentiful, [b] (2) Then, at the moment when acorns begin to fall, even if it's only one, they go along picking them up, even the ones with wormholes. Ic] (3) They gather only by daylight. (4) They never touch acorns at night before they pray (in the Acorn Feast), lest the acorns stop ripening, [d] (5) However few there are, they keep piling them up on
the drying platform.
(6) After

doing

this for a while, the

acorns begin to accumulate. (7)

[e]

When
seems he

a lot of acorns have finally accumulated,

he

[f]

goes to each of the

if

women who
to

are going to be pounders,

[g]

(8)

He

asks them

there

be enough (of the acorns) for one pounding. (9) Then,

when

finally

learns that there are, he tells them:

"Soon we
all

will

pound acorns."
to pound acorns House the acorns,

(10)

When

finally the time

comes,

who

are going

come
all

together.

(11) In the evening, they carry to the Big

the cooking utensils that they will be using, and the

salmon and

eels they

will eat before finishing the

Acorn

Feast.

(12)

They

stay overnight in the

house.
(13)

Then

in the

morning the man who

in.
it.

is

going to be the Acorn Provider

incense root (mixa'c'e*^bathe,
[i]

(yinaci-cisday) comes
xole*n) and prays with

[h]

(14)

He
all

takes out

(15)

Then

those

women

(16)

They

don't pound acorns with dirty faces.

(17) Then, in a basket plate, he
[j]

lays

some incense

root and the stone

pipe (ce*-kyii]'^a*gya*n) that belongs to the Big House.

that people

(18) At the

same time

on earth this pipe came into being. (19) The pipe (also) belongs to the Acorn Feast ground. (20) Indians never touch the pipe without cause, [k] (21) When they are about to pray over the acorns, he takes out the pipe, along with the incense root, and puts them down together
to live
in that basket tray.
xog'^a'^dil'^e'n)

came

(22)

Then he
all

takes out

some black body-paint

(mittoo.

and makes dots

over his face and over his body

[I]

(23)

Then he

sits

down, facing upstream.

puts long
vertical

(24)

Then he
to

leading pounder, before the

women who
they pour

marks (q'ay'^-nehs) on the face of the are going to pound, [m] (25) He

does that
(26)

them
at

all.

Then

this

point

the

acorns

into
to

(kyiwa'd).

(27)

Then they shake them up and down

fire, [n]

a winnowing pan remove their skins,

facing toward the

(28)

they have shaken the skins off all of them, they pound; the pounder comes down with her pestle first. (29) None of the drink. pounders eat or
leading

When

Hupa
(30) Then,

Texts: 5

93
they
sift

when they've pounded them

lumps
(kJe'sde*^) again.
sift

all,

the meal, and they

pound
all

the remaining

(31)

When

they have

pounded

these to pieces, again they

into a

the meal, [o]

(32) At this point they

dump

it

cooking basket (mitto'y); they lay down the pestles in one place, together with the basket hoppers, and they put all the cooking utensils in a burden basket and they carry the them down to the river, along with the fire,
[p]

(33)

Then they

set

about making leaching pits (kyita*lcid). [q]

to fetch
it

(34)

One woman goes

fire,

firewood

in the

driftwood on the

because

isn't a

good

thing.

woods they never put (35) They build the fire

only with tan-oak, together with madrone.

(36)

[r]

Then they leach

it

the acorn flour.

(37) After a while

when

it

becomes

sweet, they rinse

let

off,

and one of the

women

goes back to the Big House to

upriver, and the leading

Acorn Provider impersonator know. (38) Then she comes back pounder carries the fire back up the bank to the feast ground (no'^kyirjxa'n-dig). [s] (39) All the others carry the filled baskets (of leached acorn meal) back up there.
the

(40)

Then they
it.

build a really big

[u]

fire; [t]

they put in
carries a
[v]

madrone with

tan-

oak alongside
bank.
they
(42)

(41)
all

Then each person

cooking rock up the

(43) Then, as soon as

They put

these rocks into the

fire,

start stirring the

of the Big House, going upslope.

standing there.
face, [y]
plate,

mush, [w] the Acorn Provider impersonator comes out [x] (44) He goes past the black oak (45) A sewn buckskin blanket (nahxilcn) hangs over his
carries a burning piece of incense root, and,
in a

(46)

He

basket

he carries the stone pipe along with incense root. (47) Then he goes off along the trail to the Acorn Feast ground, and arrives there.
(48)
[z]

Then he

sits

(49) Then,

down there, facing upriver, never looking at the people, when everything is cooked, [aa] one person goes back (to
they
all

the village) to fetch the people.

(50)

Then

finally

arrive,

[bb]

and

the

Acorn

Provider

impersonator puts

down

the buckskin blanket, [cc]

(51)

He

takes the lead in

going
bathe

down

to the river.
all

they

Everyone goes down following him, and they pick up stones and gravel, and as they throw them into the
(52)

water, [dd] they say, "Let there be lots of fish!"

(53) After they have

all

bathed, [ee] they

(54)

all

Feast ground and eat.

[ff]

Dogs never come

before

to the

go back up to the Acorn Acorn Feast ground,

they
set

(55) When everyone has finished [gg] (56) Everyone first washes their hands
(57)

eating,

off
for

for

home.
[hh]
a while

leaving

home,

Then they
fire),

build a really big

last

fire.

(58) One young woman, who

before had put

(at the

year's rocks on the pile,

dumps

(this year's

rocks) there
all

[ii]

(59)

She pounds incense root and bathes

rocks in myth time (cixoIc**e*-dai]'^)
[jj]

of those
these are

people

who had become

94
ones

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

who
in

who

sit up on the upriver side of the Acorn Feast rock pile, myth time didn't mind what they were told, and turned

the people
into rocks

there, [kk]

(60) That

is

the reason

why
the

the girl bathes them.

(61)

Having
are

done so
(62)

to

them

all,

she comes back to the Acorn Feast ground.

paint

Then

they

with

dots

faces

of

the

children

who
is

participating in (the
[II]

Acorn

Feast).

(63)

Then any

left-over food

burned,

will get greasy; [mm] the acorns which growing at the (far) end of the world will fly back here. (64) Birds won't eat many of them. (65) For him who handles it well, food

and they say, "Birds' insides

been

have

will be sufficient." [nn]

in

(66) This

is

the reason

why
up

they never touch acorns

the

the

evening
the

before

praying

over

them

(during
all

(67)

When

evening

comes,

one covers
acorn

the

acorns

Acorn Feast). one has

prayed.

gathered.

(68)

They

never

taste

mush

before

they've

(69) People are afraid of doing this kind of thing. (70)

menstruating

woman
is

never comes there (to the

(has

Acorn

Feast).

(71)

One who "does something"

dirty

sexual

relations) never

comes, nor

does one whose body

feared, [oo]

(from copulation) ever eat there

this

is

(72) The one who brought the Jump Dance, and this Acorn Feast too, became a kixinay at ta'^k-imit-dir). (73) It was he who created these practices for us. (74) Everything that he said will continue to be done that way every time they perform the World Renewal dances here. (75) Then when all the left-over food has burned up, everyone goes back downstream (to ta''k>imit-dig) and they play the stick game (kyiticis). [pp] (76) Sometimes they gamble. (77) Before doing anything else the acorn-pounders stay one
in the

more night
houses that

Big House, [qq]

(78)

They don't go back

at nightfall,
it is

to their

own

same day. (79) The next day

(80) That
is

all right to shell

acorns.

the only

way

to

do the Acorn Feast.

[a]

Among

Northwest California groups only the Hupas had a

first-fruits

ceremony
the First

specifically for the acorn.

The Acorn Feast

(sa'^kJ'irjxa'n)

was grouped with

Salmon ceremony
to

(texts

6 and 7) as a "feast" (no''k>ii)xa'n), marking the ceremonial

it.

beginning of the harvest and the removal of the restrictions on utilizing

According
to

Goddard (1903:

80),

no one belonging

to the ta''k5'imit-dir) division

was allowed

eat acorns of the

new

year's growth until the feast

was

held.
is

Unlike the Salmon ceremony, however, the Acorn Feast

into the

also loosely integrated

at the

complex of World Renewal dances, usually being held

by the same being who
is

time of the

Jump
It

Dance
is

at the

beginning of October, whatever the condition of that year's acorn crop.

instituted the

said to have been instituted

Jump Dance

(see

text 4),

and

this

human-turned-k>ixinay
Dances, the

believed to return and keep watch over the

performances of the Acorn Feast as well as the

Jump Dance. Like

to

the White Deerskin

and the Jump

Acorn Feast also "belongs"

ta'^kyimiJ-dig,

more

Hupa
particularly to the family of the Big
priest

Texts: 5

95
the

House (xontah-nik^a-w), which provides both

and the leading pounder.

of the features of the Acorn Feast echo the First Salmon ceremonies that were
at

Some

Amikiaram and the ine''dilx*e' Hupas at Sugar Bowl, but The stone pipe (now lost) that to be with Yurok rituals. at ta'^kimil-dii), and used by the Acorn Feast priest and was buried in the Acorn Provider Impersonator, was nearly identical in ritual function (and probably in shape) to the twin steatitie pipes used in the Yurok First Salmon ceremony at WeLkwew, at the mouth of the Klamath River (Spott and Kroeber 1942: 171-172). The supernatural Acorn Provider (yinaci-cisday) is paralleled in Yurok belief by the longperformed by the Karuks
the strongest affinities

seem Big House

bearded dwarf

megwomec and
at

impersonation of this figure plays a role

in

the

World

Renewal ceremonies

Kepel (Waterman and Kroeber 1938: 72).

The ceremony
which
in

as described here

by

Sam Brown

is

the elaborate traditional ritual,

1927 had not been performed

priest or

in its entirety for

many

years.

An

abbreviated

Acorn Provider impersonator, continued until at least 1942. Mary Socktish, who was the leading pounder in these later years, gave a detailed description of the ceremony to Gifford in 1940 (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 57-59). Goddard collected the brief texts of two prayers or formulas connected with the Acorn
ceremony, without a
Feast (1904: 233).
[b]

Usually the Acorn Feast

is

held in early October, but

if

tanbark-oak acorns (the

ones preferred by the Hupas) ripen early enough, and a sufficient amount can be gathered to feed the assemblage, it may be held in late September. It thus tends to be held at the

same time

as the

Jump Dance,

but there

is

no necessary correlation

(Kroeber and

Gifford 1949: 57).

[c] Literally 'the

(ones with) eyes' {hay

mina-"^).

These

are used so as to get

enough

for the feast.

[d] After the

Acorn Feast

ritual

has been completed, people can handle acorns

all

after

sundown

(that

is,

pick them up, crack them, prepare them). Before then

acorns must

be covered up
pick at them
[e]

at nightfall, for fear that

someone may touch them. For

the Feast, acorns

after

must be cracked with

all

teeth, not

with rocks.

Otherwise birds will get

acorns and

the time.
are

Acorns from the year before may be used, provided there

some of

the

new

crop (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 57).

[f]
It is

not clear whether this

(cf.

is

to

be done by the (male) priest or by the (female)

leading pounder

notes [g] and [h] below).

Between four and six women do the pounding. The leading pounder (ma*[g] k^icid) must always be a woman belonging to the family that owns the Big House (xontah-nik)a-w) in ta''k>imH-dii). Several women aid her. Sam Brown's mother
used to be a helper.
[h] In addition to the

women who do

the pounding, a (male) priest used to carry out

the preliminary rituals and then impersonate the

sits

Acorn Provider (yinaci-c'isday

'he

who

upstream', the supernatural dwarf

who

looks after the acorn crop), although by 1927

this

on

their

had not been done for many years and the women performed most of the ceremony own. The right to play yinaci-ciday resides in the Big House at ta'^k-imUdirj,

96
though
it is

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

not necessarily the head of the family

who does

it.

"In olden days there

[see

was

a priest for the acorn ceremony.

The

last

one was Old Roger

plate 12, figure 4],

my

mother's cousin,
in

who

served twice.

The

priest before

Goddard 1903: him was

Sanixson" (Mary Socktish,

[i]

Kroeber and Gifford 1949:

into the river

58).

"I get

up

at 3

a.m.

go
in

and bathe

in the

cold water.

My

helpers do

the

same" (Mary Socktish,

[j]

Kroeber and Gifford 1949:

57).

That

is,

the

Acorn Provider impersonator.

speaking of the past.

At

this point,

however, he

is

not in

costume and
[k]

is

carrying out the functions of a priest.

is

Sam Brown
village of

This pipe was lost or stolen about 1900.

set

of two pipes "male" and "female" of a similar nature belonged to a house in

the

Yurok

Welk*ew (Hupa

ce*lc'e''-diq), at the

mouth of

the Klamath.

These

were made of single pieces of

steatite (soapstone)

and were about a foot long.

They

were kept
First

in a

stone box beneath the house-pit floor, and were used only in the Yurok

Salmon ceremony (Spott and Kroeber 1942: 171-172).

[I]

He

is

now

in the

costume of the Acorn Provider.

The impersonator

sits

on a

stool (miq'id-cisday), facing the rear wall of the house,

and does not look

at the

women

or at what they are doing.

The

lead pounder addresses

him from time

to time, but he

does not respond.

[m]
[n]

The

lines are painted

over the cheekbones.

Each woman has a winnowing tray. They put some incense root into the fire as they do this, while the lead pounder addresses the Acorn Provider impersonator: "The smoke of the acorns will rest on the acorn mountains here. The acorns that grow far away will fly back to our mountains where the smoke rises" (Mary Socktish, in
Kroeber and Gifford 1949:
[o]

57).
left are

The coarse

pieces that are

taken to the Acorn Feast ground to

bum
No
for

(Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 57).

[p]

They leave
it

the

Acorn Provider impersonator alone

is

in the

vacant Big House.

one must enter

[q]

while the leaching

pits are

being done. (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 57).

the gravel bar, lined with sand,

Shallow leaching

made on

one basin

each woman.
[r]

(Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 57-8).

fire is for

This

heating stones which are then used to heat the leaching water.
for

These stones are discarded and not used

[s]
[tj

cooking the acorns.

About 300 yards upstream from

Formerly
this fire

ta'^k>imil-dii].

was

laid

by the Acorn Provider impersonator/priest (Goddard

1903: 81; Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 57-58).

[u]

Madrone
first

is

laid at the

bottom, tan-oak

wood

is

laid next

on top of

it,

and then

any kind of wood except driftwood.

square, the

The

sticks are first laid

down

in the

form of a

two pointing upstream toward the Acorn Provider's country.

The one

who

lays the sticks asks the

Acorn Provider

for acorns as long as a finger

(Kroeber and

Gifford 1949: 57).

[v]

and are called

believed that

These cooking stones are different from those used for heating the leaching water, ce"Ina*t' ('licked rocks'), because the women used to lick off what was left

of the mush. The men, however, did not sample the

if

mush from

these rocks, for

it

was

they did they might be easily hit in a fight.

Hupa
[w] The mush The word for this
derived.
[x]
is
is

Texts: 5

97
it

stirred with large

wooden

paddles, in the baskets as

is

cooking.
is

ta'^k>imH,

from which the name of the village of ta'^KimiJ-dii]

messenger from the Feast ground has informed him

ii

that the old

cooking
out

stones have been collected and added to the pile (see note

below).

He comes
57).

between the sweathouse and the Big House (Kroeber and Gifford 1949:
[y]

He wears

a headband of mink, with the blanket

on top of
like

his

head screening his

face; he has another deerskin

[z]

wrapped around
him.

his

body

an apron.

Nor do people look

at

When he comes

out of the house you must not look

at

him, or else a tree will

[aa]

fall

on you.
fire.

Salmon

is

broiled on sticks around the

Venison, however,
kill

is

tabooed: a

hunter

who

brought venison to the Acorn Feast would never

is

another deer.

The
are

acorns cook while the salmon

broiling.

Small cooking baskets with acorn dough

given to the visitors to cook for themselves. (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 58).
[bb] The people

come along

a special trail

from

ta'^ks'imit-dig.

Visitors

from

meMildir) or elsewhere must follow the same

[cc]

trail.

(Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 58).

He

lays

it

on the basket plate

that contains the sacred stone pipe

(Goddard

1903: 81).

[dd]

Making
The men

it

look as

if

salmon were leaping.

According to Goddard (1903: 81)

out of the river this fall."

the impersonator says,

[ee]
[ff]

"May

as

many salmon jump

bathe; the

women just wash

men
sitting

their faces

(Goddard 1903:

81).

They

eat in a circle, the

on

special stones that are part of the

Acorn

Feast ground (Goddard 1903: 81; Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 58).
[gg] In addition, the

Dances:
louse').

one cannot

call a

According

to

same prohibition is in force as at the White Deerskin and Jump dog by that term but must call him io-q-ma-'^aP ('salmon Mary Socktish (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 58) this was so there

would be plenty of salmon.

[hh] "If you go

away unwashed, you

are packing

away

all

the acorns and they will

58).

be scarce that season." (Mary Socktish,

[ii]

in

Kroeber and Gifford 1949:

The rocks
clears

are left at the fire place until the next year,

fire is built.

when

young unmarried
pile that

woman

them away before the new

She puts them on a large

sits

has accumulated over the years, while the impersonator

on a rock-stool nearby. One

must never monkey around near this pile. If you do, you may get burnt or a tree may fall on you. The pile measured 17 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 23 inches high (Goddard 1903: 81; plate 28). Kroeber estimated that it contained between 5,000 and
12,000 rocks. Since he observed

Acorn Feast,

as

many

as

at least 60 rocks being used for cooking at the 1901 200 ceremonies may have been represented (Kroeber and

Gifford 1949: 59). The pile was washed out

[jj]

in the

flood of 1955.

frosts

come

Goddard (1903: 80) says that this ritual is separate from the Acorn Feast: "When in the fall someone from the TakimiLdifi division, a man or a virgin, takes
all

a basket of water with incense root and washes

that gentle rain

these stones, praying, as he does

it,

may come and

that the frost

may go away."

98
[kk]

XIV Northwest
One never
rules.

California Linguistics

touches the rocks on the banks or knolls above the Acorn Feast

ground, because these are k>ixinay people

who were

transformed

into

rocks

for

disobeying

According

to

Goddard (1903:

80), another account holds that these

rocks (some of them standing in rows, others lying scattered about) were placed there by
the ta''k>iinil-dir)
[II]

man who
at the

established the

Jump Dance,
all

to

watch over the Acorn Feast.

Every year,

end of the ceremony,

the scraps left over

must be

burnt,

including the particles sticking to the cooking rocks.

[mm] That
acorns.

is,

the birds will

akeady be

satisfied, so that they

won't want

to eat

[nn] The preceding lines are a paraphrase of the Acorn Feast formula, which
recited

is

by the leading pounder and the other

women

while standing close over the

fire.

The

full text is in

Goddard (1904:

233).

The pounders can always tell if there are people present who have just had The pounders get headaches and become sick to their stomachs, sexual relations.
[oo]

because the k-ixinay don't like

[pp]

this.

version of shinny.

[qq] According to Mary Socktish (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 58) only the head pounder spends the night: "The helpers follow me to the sacred living house, where I
stay
all night,

while the helpers go home.

pray and wish for plenty of food."

Hupa
6.

Texts: 6

99

The

First

Salmon Ceremony
Notebook
VIII, pp. 31-33.

Narrated by John Shoemaker.

(1)

dahc'ine'^icad

iah-x''
[only, alone.]

(2)

haya'i
[Then]

c'iwirjxan-te'
he will catch in a dip net

He

sits

down

to fish

ioq'
salmon,

xalo-qe"^
silverside.

(3)

haya'i
[Then]

qiW-mii
alderwood-with

Uye'da'^dy fish-head

'

c'iwiiwe'^-tehe'll fight, strike

it.

(4)

haya'i
[Then]

Kohsc'iPe-n
hazel-switch rope

misa'^wiit'tky'^-tehe'll run
it

in its

mouth.

c'e'^niitin-tehe'll take
it

Uyixa-q'i-me'^

(5)

hayah-de"^-^

no'^niitin-te-

out

(from) in the dip-net.

And

then

he lays

it

down,

of the (fish net)

(6)

hayai
[Then]

yisxande^-^^
the [very] next day,

no'^lcyirjxa-n
feast
[will

nanta'^n-e--te-

come

to lie there again.]

(7)

hayah-mii
[Then]

nirj'^Uyiwii'^a'^K^-tehe'll cut the

miq'eh
along
it

c'e'^kyinint'a'^c'-te'

salmon,

lengthwise, he cuts the length of it out

dona-te-dye-c''^ while holding his breath.

(8)

hayahde^^
[Then]

xorP-c'i{n]'^
to the fire

no'^lcyinir}Go(d)-tehe'll put
it
it

(9)

hayah-de'^-j
[Then]

na'na'^wiitin-de'^

on and

stick

when

on

to (spit roasting).

he's taken it down again (off the stick),

t'ehW-q'i(d) on charcoal
(heated)

no'^niite-n-e-tehe'll lay
it

(10)

h[ayaha^id]
Then

mixa'ce'^-xole-n
[incense root, angelica]

down.

miq'i(d) dah-c'iwila'-de'^-^-id on it (salmon) - just when he has

put (the incense root) on,

t'ehW
charcoal (another layer)

meq'i(d)

when he

has put

dah-na'^wila'-de'^-^ it on again,

hayai
[then]
it

Ryiwint'e'^-tewill be

(11)

hayai
(Then]

tahna'^Uyis'^an ^-tehe takes the (salmon) out of the fire again.

cooked.

100
(12)

XIV Northwest
h[ayahajid]
Then
darjWo'^-g>a'^

California Linguistics
c'iwinyan'^-teeats
it.

(13)

xo/j

hay
the

anybody at all (whoever wants it)

q'in"^

He himself

one

e'ixdW who caught

na'^winyan'^^-tehe too will eat

it.

(14)

darjWo'^

it

also

Somebody

doyitam^^ does not eat

[savor]
it

in a dip-net

hay
the

ioq'
salmon.

hay
the (salmon)

mixa'c'e'^-xoleni-mii
with [incense root]

Uye-lna'^

iiwanin
one alone

which is cooked;

c'e'^iya^n
eats
It,

ia'^a-din

nahnin
two.

(15)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hdyi
that (priest)

sometimes

ta-wina'^n '2 dowithout drinking water

na'^aya'^ goes about.

xoi-te'^ilid

(16)

t'aijq'

with him it burns (he smokes himself)-

Fall

me-na-diwirj'^a'^ ^^-de'^-^

ta'^wina'^n-e'-te-

(17)

haya-i-'^e-fj'^

q'ad

when

close to it, nearly joined to it again,

it

is

he will drink again.

[Then] they, for

their part

now

'^aht'irj

hay
that

ya'^axd'W

14

Uy{iwinya'^nyan]
[people]

ye^iyd^n
they eat.

15

[he catches]

(18)

minian-diij Ten

yisxa-ni-mii
days after

hay
the

io-q'i

tahc'iste-n 16

salmon

he has taken out of the water

q'a-d [now]

hayah-mi-t
[when]

yide-xone'^iyiw i? its time is up (and people do as they like).

(19)

q'ad [Now]

hayi-q
[that

Wane[only.]

way]

The First Salmon Ceremony

(1)

[a]

(The

priest) sits at his fishing net alone, [b]

(2)

He
it

will catch a

salmon

in the net, a silverside (xalcqe''). [c]

alderwood (club). (4) He and will take it out of the

(6)

will

on the head with an run hazel twine (Xohs-cilVn) into its mouth
(3)

He

will strike

net. (5)

And

then he will lay

it

aside, [d]

The next day

(7)

the First

Salmon

feast (no''k>'ii}xa*n) will

it

be held

at that

place.

He

will

butcher the salmon, cutting

(8)

out lengthwise [e] while

spit.

holding his breath.

Then he
it

will roast

it

on a

(9)

When

he takes

it

off the spit, he will lay

root

down on
fire.

hot charcoal.
it,
it

(10) After he puts incense

will get

on

it

and puts (some more) charcoal on

it

cooked.

(11)

Then
it.

he will take
(12)
(14)

out of the

Anybody can eat it. (13) The one who catches it can also eat Nobody likes to eat salmon which has been cooked with incense root
it,

one person alone eats

sometimes two.

[f]

Hupa
(15)

Texts: 6

101
(16)

The

(priest)

goes without drinking water, and sweats himself.

He

will drink again (only)

when
all

it is

neariy

fall, [g]

(17) Finally, the people eat

the

salmon he catches.

(18)

Ten days

after

he takes the

first

salmon from the water, the ceremonial

restrictions (on the

eating of salmon) are ended, [h]

(19)

So

that is the

way

it is.

[a]

The

First

Salmon Ceremony,
a

like the

Acom

Feast held in the

to

fall at ta''k>imi}-

dirj (text 5), is basically

first fruits ritual

performed

ensure the regular appearance of

an important source of food.

Both

are occasions for

called "feasts" (no''k5'ir)xa*n, literally 'setting baskets (of food)

communal eating, and down (before

are both
diners)').

But while the

with the
fall

Acom

Feast

is

linked to ta'^k>imii-dii] and has important connections

Jump Dance there, the site of the Salmon Ceremony is near the upstream end of Sugar Bowl (the small valley south of Hoopa Valley) and belongs to the me'^dildirj division. Just as the right to be the leading acom pounder or the priest who
impersonates the

Acom Provider

belongs to the family of the Big House

at ta''k>imiJ-

dig, the

ritual

of catching the

first fish

of the spring run can only be performed by a

this

me'^dilx'^e'

man. In pre-reservation times from Sugar Bowl.

man

usually

came from xahslin-dir),

the

village upstream

The

last

Salmon Ceremony was held about 1910. John Shoemaker's

were the
last

father,

and his

older half-brother, Robinson,

officiants.

Although John Shoemaker

to

learned the formula (text 7) and believed that he

knew enough

perform the ceremony,

he never

in fact carried

the ceremony, saying that

through his mother's

asked Sam to leara Sam was eligible because he was related to the Shoemakers father, who came from the village of meMil-diij. But Sam
it

out.

According

to

Sam Brown, John once

declined, preferring to concentrate on ta'^k^imitx^'e' ceremonies.

Goddard's description of the Salmon Ceremony (1903:256-269) agrees

details with the information here.

in

most of

its

For a general treatment of

first

salmon

rites

along the

Pacific Coast see

[b]

Gunther (1926, 1928).

his

He wears beads around

The
first

neck and his face painted red, and

carries a fish-skin

quiver (Goddard 1903: 265).

[c]

run of King salmon (Onchorhynchus tschawytscha).

run depends on the state of the river in any given year. In a wet year,
high, there

The timing of this when the river is

may

be a spring run on the Klamath-Trinity system,beginning as early as

March or

as late as

May.

More
in

reliably there

is

summer

run, beginning in July

xalo'q'e'^, the first

(Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 4-5). The Hupas distinguish between the
run of King salmon, whether
or
spring or early
is

summer, and

the c"'alo*q'e'', the second

is

"summer"

run.

The Salmon Ceremony

fish.

held only for the xalo'q'e'^, which

considered a k^'ixinay
[d]

He

is

not supposed to remove the fish from the net

this prohibition is lifted after the fifth

with

his

hands.

According to Gifford
handling of salmon
fishing.

at all

Two

spirits

day of fishing. "Careful was believed, was necessary to maintain success in who dwell in the rocks on either side of the river above Sugar
times,
it

102
Bowl made

XIV Northwest
their business to
its

California Linguistics

watch

never be picked up by

tail

or cast

how people handled the salmon. A fish must down hard. If it were handled by the tail 'the

world would be ruined'" (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 60). See also Gunther (1928: 15055)..
[el

Leaving only the

Holding
his breath,

tail,

according to

Sam Brown;

the guts are cleaned out.

Gifford obseved John Shoemaker cut the fish "with a sharp fiake of stone, not a hafted
knife.

he drew the flake from head to

to

tail

down

the backbone.

Then

further incisions were make

remove

the viscera, but he need not hold his breath while

making them. He left the knife at the fire." He also reports that the fish was laid "on a bed of bunch grass (so'^acho'^) from the high mountains, and tinac'teke (a plant with white bell-like flowers which mature into long tomato-colored fruits)" (Kroeber and
Gifford 1949:60).
[f]

lucky.

The priest is supposed to eat The remains of the salmon

the

whole

fish.

If

he can do

that,

he

is

going to be

are burned

up with incense

root.

According to

Gifford, the ceremonially cooked

first

salmon

is

eaten only by the priest.

it

The

angelica

gives the fish an unpalatable flavor, making the eating of

an ordeal, but the more the

all

ceremonialist could eat, the luckier he would be.

If

he could eat

of

it,

he would be

very lucky. (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 60).

[g]

He goes
later said

without drinking water, although other liquids, such as thin acorn soup,
text implies

are permitted.

Although the
it

going without water for about 3 months,

If this is

Sam
in

Brown

was about 10 or 20 days.

According

not done, he will be bitten easily

by a rattlesnake.
catching the

When

to information

John Shoemaker provided Gifford

first

1940, this period both preceded and followed the

first

catching:

"For ten nights before

in

salmon the man prayed and sweated himself

the sweathouse at
it

[xahslin-digj.

sleeping, he placed angelica root under head and held

in

his

hand... For ten mornings he gathered sweathouse

wood

to

bum

at night...

He

drank no

water during these ten days.

Indeed, until Fall he drank only thin acorn soup and

In the Fall he

sweated himself occasionally.

Gifford 1949: 59).

resumed a normal diet" (Kroeber and

salmon, although

were not supposed to eat fresh was observed is not certain. Gifford (in Kroeber and Gifford 1949:60) quotes John Shoemaker as saying that the ta''k>imil-dii) were free to eat salmon even if the ceremony had not been performed. To mark the
[h]

Until the First

Salmon ceremony
widely

is

held, people

how

this restriction

lifting

of the restriction, a

communal

feast

is

held 10 days after the ritual catching of the

First

Salmon.

During

this period the priest

continues to catch salmon;

only he

is

permitted to do so.
feast

A woman
who have

assistant dries

and smokes them

in preparation for the

on the tenth day.

or those

Anyone can

attend the feast, except for menstruating

women

(migkilVn)

recently given birth or had a miscarriage.

Hupa
7.

Texts: 7

103

The Origin

of the First

Salmon Ceremony
VIII, pp. 34-38.

Narrated by John Shoemaker.

(1)
ninis'^a-n
ne^i-x""'
in the

Notebook

World

middle

when

sile'^ni-mU it had become,

'^a-c'ondehsne'^ he thought,

'^isdo^
"I

wish

ioq'i

wilc''e'n
is

yein this

'^ileh ~

(2)

hayai
[Then]

^ad'ondehsne"^
[he thought,]

salmon

made

way

it

becomes.

yidac "Up above

yohic'id
they
(it)

xoWc^'e'^
I'll

(3)

hayai
[Then]

qa(d)
[now]

should
it

make

it."

know

[he

c'itehsyay went off];

yo'W
there

yidac-eabove

cininya--ye-y
he arrived there

nahslindiij
at

Katimin.

(4)

c'ininya--hid

c'iitai-ctw
he heard kick dancing

When

he

came

ta'k>iW-me'^ [in the sweat

house.]

(5)

minPday'^
Outside

there,

c'iwinye'^n 4
he stood, came
to stand.

(6)

ta'kyiW-me'^
In the

'^aya^de-ne'^
they said.

daijWo'^oW^ "Somebody

c'isyirj^
is

standing

sweathouse

mirfday'^
outside."

(7)

haya'i
[Then]

ya^xone-Pe'^n
they (came out and) looked at him.

(8)

hayal-'^arj'^

[Then]

it

is

'^a^de-ne'^

one

said.

'A

diniifxine-W Hupa Indian."

(9)

haya'i
[Then]

'^aPde-ne'^

he said.

^a-xoide-n "Tell him

yehc'o-ya^
he should

'

yehc'iwinyay
he went
in

hayai
then.

(10)

haya'i
[Then]

sa'^a-

a long

come

in;"

time

c'iwinda'^-ey he stayed;

daniarj-Wo'^-diij
several
[it

xoW
seemed]

x'^e-lwe-K days he stayed

there.

(11) h[ayaha^id] Then

he

na'^tehsdiyay set off for home.

(12)

ienaidin
Weitchpec

c'ena'^andiya-hid when he arrived back

down, out from above

ioq
salmon

miXede'^
scales

yehnindilin

'^-e-y
in

na-tinixo-qeh
along through

he saw scattered
(the Trinity)

[Hoopa Valley].

04

XIV Northwest
xahslindiij At xahslindiij

California Linguistics

(13)

na-'^andiya-yey he came back;

io-qi

salmon

c'isc'^e^n-e-xolarj he noticed they

had made

'^arj-gm'^

(14)

h[ayaha^id]
Then

hay
the

io-q'i

nileh-xola-n
that had, as he saw, arrived

he saw, perceived.

salmon

there

[swimming]

ma'
for
it

ce--yeh
hole
in the

c'isc''e'^n

hi^id
[then]
in

me'^
it

naleh
it

c'isc'^e'^n

he made,

(hole)

swims

he

let

it.

(salmon)

ground

around

(15)

h[ayaha^id]
Then

micW
to
it

c'ixene'W
he talked,

'^ahic'ide-ne'^

he told

it,

diyWo"^ "Something (food

other than salmon)

after

niq'eh you

c'iwinyan'^-de'^
if

x'^e'da

one

eats,

what

are

'^andiyah ^^-teyou going to do?"

(16)

haya'i
[Then]

dah-wehsle'H^
(near) the top
it

(17)

haya-i
[Then]

xa't'i-^

Uyiye-

na-nahsliw
again
to
it

shortly
after that

again

began

[hovered].

swim around.

(18)

haya-i
[Then]

l<>'iya-

'^ahic'ide-ne'^ ^^
[he said (to the fish)],

xa'^ant'e-

niq'eh
[after

[again]

"Of

that kind

you]

c'iwinyan'^-de'^
[if

x'^e'da
[what]

he eats]

"^andiyah-te[are you going

to do?"]

(19)

haya-i
[Then]

Unye'
[again]

dahwehsle'l
it

(20)

haya'i
[Then]

Unya[again]

'^ahicide-ne'^
he said to the
(fish),

xa'^ant'e-

came

to a halt

["Of that kind]

diving about.

niq'eh
[after

you]

c'iwinyan'^-de'^ [if he eats]

^e-rf

x'^e'd

[indeed!]

[what]

[are

'^andiyah-teyou going to do?"]

(21)

haya-i
[Then (he says),]

xokyarj-Ryiya-d

^"^

"One who has

miscarried

after

niq'eh you

c'iwinyan'^-de'^ ^^
[if

she eats]

x'^eda
[what]

'^andiyah-te' are you going to do?"

(22)

xawilad
It

(23)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

floated up

to the top.

c'e'na'^nHtit]

hi^id
[then]

nanahsliw
it

he took

it

out again,

swam around

again (in river).

Hupa
(24)

Texts: 7

105

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

c'lniloy"^

he led

it

yima'n-yinah-c'irj [hither from across

upstream]

hay
the

ma-dahwilei
leading (salmon),

hay mina'Yan'^-tah
the

lc>'iya- W-me'da'^ay

one whose eyelashes

(are)

woodpecker

scalps.

(25) h[ayahajid] Then (26)

dig>'a(n)
here

miq'eh
along (upriver)

yida'-c'iij

c'iteioy'^

hayah
There

me'^
in
it

from downstream]
[hither

he led

it

along.

(rock hole)

c'iniloy'^-ey

(27)

h[ayahaji(d)]
[Then]

miq'eh
after
it

ninde'X
they came.

hay
the

io-q'

he led

it

to.

salmon.

(28)

h[ayahajid]
Then

na'^diwin&^id
he
let

hijid
[and]
it

na'tehsdiltw
started

hay
[the]

idq'
[salmon.

(First

go of the Salmon),

swimming
is

back to

home,

(29)

hayi
These

miq'eh
after
it

ninde'X
it

followed

yima-ni-yinaGa-c'irj'^ to the upstream ocean

hayah
there

(to that place);

nandiliw

15-^-

(30)

hayah
There
again

ma'-dahnawehslel
it

^^-e-

he returned swimming back there.

stayed floating near the surface for it (leader of the fish).

(31)

q'ad [Now]

hayi-q
[this

V/a-ne'
[only.]

way]

The Origin of the First Salmon Ceremony

[a]

(l)When the world had been half made, [b] he thought, "I wish that salmon would be created!" [c] (2) Then he thought, "Let me let me make people aware of it up-country" [d] (3) Then he went off and arrived there up-country at Katimin (nahslin-dir)). [e]
(4)

When

he got there, be heard the sound of kick-dancing

(5)

(c'iltal) in

the

sweathouse.
(6) In the

He came up and
said:

stood outside.

sweathouse they

came
(9)

out and took a look at him.

[f]

"Someone is standing outside." (7) They (8) Then someone said, "A Hupa Indian!
in."

(dinig'>xineW)"

Then someone
(10)

said, "Tell

him he should come

(12)

He went

inside

then, [g]

He

stayed there a long time, spending several nights.

(11)

Then he

set off for

home.

Weitchpec (tcnai-dirj), he saw

the river in through

that there

When he arrived downstream at were salmon scales scattered along

it

Hoopa Valley
at

(na'tinix^). [h]

(13) When he arrived back had been created there, [i]

xahslin-dir)

was apparent

that a

salmon

106
(14)

XIV Northwest
Then he made
up
there,
[j]

California Linguistics

a hole along the riverbank for the

let it
it

salmon he saw had

swum
(15)

and he

swim around
and
to

in

it.

Then he

talked to

[k]

said, "If a

person eats something else stopped swimming and lay

while,
it

after you,
still

what are you going

water.
[1]

do?"
after

(16)

It

in the

(17)

Then

a short

began swimming

around again.
(18)

Then he

said, "If

someone

eats
it

something of
lay
still

that kind

after

you,

what would you do?" (19) And again

(20)

in the water,

[m]

Then once more he asked, Then again he

after you,

"If

someone

eats

something of (another)

kind after you, then what, in this instance, would you do?"
(21)
said to
it,

"If a

woman who
It
it

has

miscarried

eats

something
[n]

(23)

Then he took

what would you do?" (22) it out of the hole and let

floated

up

to the surface,
in the

swim around again

[p] the

river, [o]

(24)

Then he brought
the

the First

Salmon (ma*-dahwile*l),

one whose

eyelashes are redheaded woodpecker scalps (knya-VV-me'da'^ay), here from

across

upstream
[q]

ocean.

(25)
it

He

led

it

along

here,

downstream,
other salmon

(26)

He

led

right there to inside the hole.

coming from (27) Then the

it,

came after it. (28) And then, when he let go of Salmon swam off back home. (29) The others followed it
(30) There (at the upstream ocean)
(31) That
is

the First

there

it

returned there across the upstream ocean.

it

remains the First Salmon.

the only

way

it is.

[a]

This

is

the formula
at

which

is

to

be recited by the
text 6).

man who

performs the

ritual

of

the First

Salmon

Sugar Bowl (see

Two

other versions have been recorded.

half-brother,

Goddard obtained a version from Robinson Shoemaker, John Shoemaker's

in

1901 (1904: 265-69).

John Shoemaker,

in

additon to the present text, dictated an

English version to E.W. Gifford in 1940

three versions
fullest.

(in

Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 124).

Of

the

two previously published and the present one Goddard's is the According to Gifford (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 60) Robinson Shoemaker did

the

not teach the formula to his half-brother,

grandfather, and this
narratives.

may

account for the

who learned it directly from many differences in the

his father and

details

of the

The formula makes a symbolic link between the Hupa ceremony and the Karuk First Salmon ceremony at Amikiaram, and the sacred sweathouse there with which it is associated. On the other hand, according to Sam Brown, the Yuroks looked down on this ceremony, and had no equivalent to it. It was believed that it rained in Orleans country when too many Yuroks came to the Karuk feast, and while Karuks could eat the salmon at the Hupa feast, Yuroks could not. This distancing of the Yuroks from the First Salmon ceremony is reflected mythically in Gifford's version of John Shoemaker's formula, where two Yurok k>ixinay are said to have come to Karuk country before the

Hupa
Hupa from xahslin-dig,
sweathouse.

Texts: 7

107
is

but are sent away.

The Hupa, however,

invited into the

These beUefs about the Yuroks seem somewhat

facts, since there

at

variance with the ethnographic

Salmon ceremony at the Yurok village of Wetk^ew, (Hupa cctce'^-dii]) at the mouth of the Klamath (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 99-100; Spott and Kroeber 1942: 171-179). While a number of the features of the WeLkwew rite have obvious Hupa parallels such as cooking the fish in angelica to make the eating of it a (luck-bringing) ordeal other features seem more closely connected with the Acorn Feast at ta''K>^imit-dii] (text 5), particularly the soapstone (steatite) pipes that were kept at the house with which the ceremony was associated.
First

was an important

[b]

That

about to
[c]

is, when the k'ixinay, the first race of beings move away and leave everything to the Indians.

to inhabit the world,

were

In

Hupa cosmogony,

the present state of the world

is

largely attributable to the

('he

actions of the k^ixinay, particularly the one called

yima'n-tiwVinyay

who went

away

across'),

who

transformed the "half-finished" world that they were abandoning into

a place suitable for

[d]
is

humans

to inhabit.
in Karuk country. The implication Salmon ceremony) was intended first for the

That

is,

over the mountains to the northeast,

First

that the
In

salmon run (and the

Karuks.

Robinson Shoemaker's version,

three k>ixinay at xahslin-dig decide to

this

create salmon, but only one of

1-4).
[e]

them goes off on

journey (Goddard 1904: 265, lines

An

important Karuk village

at Ishi Pishi Falls

(Karuk

kaPtitrPiin)

on the Klamath
their

River above Orleans, where the Salmon River joins the Klamath. The Karuk hold
First

Amaikiaram (Karuk '^ameek>aaraam 'salmon-making place', Hupa 3e'lo''-dii) 'storage-basket place'). In Robinson Shoemaker's version no mention is made of the proceedings in Karuk country, and Orleans (ycwi-yidac 'far upcountry') is specified as the destination, not Katimin (Goddard 1904: 265, line 3).
at
[f]

Salmon ceremony nearby

A Hupa k>ixinay

is

meant, presumably. Gifford makes

it

clear that the characters

in this story are k^'ixinay

[g]

(Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 124).

In the version collected

country)
[h]

come

first,

but are sent

by Gifford, two Yuroks (i.e., k^ixinay from Yurok away (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 124).

According

to

Yurok

belief,

when
175).

the First

Salmon swims upstream he rubs

off

one of

his scales at every fishing place, arriving at the

head of the river completely

smooth (Spott and Kroeber 1942:

[i]

more coherent version of this story that Gifford collected (Kroeber and it is made clear that the k>ixinay who makes the trip to Karuk country and returns to find the salmon already present is not the same as the k^ixinay whose actions are described from here to the end of the text. The latter (specifically identified as yima'n-tiwVinyay) stays behind at xahslin-dir). After waiting several
In the

Gifford 1949: 124),

days for the traveller to return, he goes

First

in

search of him.

He

crosses the ocean, finds the

Salmon, and leads

at the

it

back

to xahslin-dir).

In the present version, this episode is

added

end

(lines 24-29),

almost as an afterthought.

In

Robinson Shoemaker's

version (Goddard 1904:269), the returning k>^ixinay finds xahslin-dir) deserted and
tracks the others to

Sugar Bowl,

after

which he takes

his place (as a rock?) at ce*-

108

XIV Northwest
flat at

California Linguistics

yehk>ixa'W-qid, a small

the upper end of

Hoopa

Valley, to "keep watch" over the

salmon.
[j]

He made
is

a special hole in the rocky river flat (ce*-yeh 'rock-underneath'),

which

then filled with water.

[k] This
literally.
11]

the idiom for 'pray to (something)',

although here

it

could be meant

The

fish lies quietly in the

in that

water to indicate that

it

doesn't matter;

it

is

content
after

with being eaten

way. The

man

has not yet mentioned things that are taboo

eating salmon, or people

who

shouldn't eat salmon. (According to

explicit about

Sam Brown, John

to

Shoemaker should have been more

salmon.)

mentioning different foods

the

[m] Again
[n]

it

does not matter

he hasn't mentioned anything tabooed.

its

That

is,

the

salmon floated dead on

back.

The breaking of

a taboo has finally

been mentioned: a
[o] In
lie

woman who

has miscarried can't eat salmon.

fish is left to
it,

Robinson Shoemaker's version (Goddard 1904: 265-69) the dead

on the bank for five days.

Then

the

two brothers cut

it

up and

ritually eat

thus

instituting the First

[p]

Salmon ceremony.
year.

the

salmon
[q]

The mythical fish that leads the first run of King salmon each that was tested in the cc-yeh.

This

is

not

He went

south (upstream) across the ocean that circles the world (de'-noholit

yima'tii-yinac) to fetch this creature, and then led

back to Sugar Bowl via the

is

northern ocean, the Klamath, and the Trinity.

in

This episode

considerably elaborated

Robinson Shoemaker's version (Goddard 1904: 265-69). One of the two brothers who stay behind goes down to the river, where he makes a "stone cup" (ce'-xayc'a''). A
salmon appears
in
it,

and he makes the salmon lead him downstream and into the ocean.
of the
world,

They make

a complete circuit of the disc

going

counterclockwise

("upstream"), and

come back up

the

Klamath and Trinity

to the starting place.

Hupa
8.

Texts: 8

109

Bathing the Rain Rock at Sugar Bowl

Notebook
VIII, pp. 27-30.

Narrated by John Shoemaker.

(1)

hayi yisxan-de'^ The (day) after which it is day

(= the day before the feast)

no'^Uyirjxa-n
feasting

na-ntarP-tewill lie

wilwii-dirj
[in the

evening]

q'ay'^Uyisdi-me'^
in a

Uyiwinya7n
acorns

no'^oxa-'W
she puts

hay
the

cexat'-qid
mortar
-

basket hopper

down

(on rock)

on

dehsmiij
full (of

me'^isdi-me'^
pestle
-

nana'^Uyine'^Wa'^
she lays
it

(2)

xoiicay^
[Dawn]

acorns) (basket);

in

it

cross-wise.

te'^ina-Wi-mii [when it comes]

kye'^icid

(3)

h[ayai]
[Then]

she pounds (acorns).

me'^iixiw ^-mii [when she finishes],

h[aya-i]
[then]

sa'^eVde'^n ^
they
all

no^Uyirjxam-c'iri'^
to the feasting place.

(4)

go off there

h[aya-i] Then

hayah
[there]

ya'^ne'^indil they arrive

there,

hi^id
[and]

Uyita'^aicid she soaks

acorns.

(5)

me'^iixiw-mii [When she is

finished]

ta'^Uye'^imil

she makes

(stirs)

mush.

(6)

h[aya-l]
[Then]

ma'-de'^da'^a'^aW^
he burns incense root and preaches

(7)

h[aya-i] Then

xowayaij'^xe'^ine-W
he talks about them.

hayi
the people

miyi-me'^ in the miy

places

no-na^te'de'^K-tah who have severally

settled

(8)

hayi

c'e'^xe'^ine-W^

When

he

is

through talking,

down

at.

h[aya-i]
then

110
(10)
haya'i And then

XIV Northwest
qa{d)
[now!

California Linguistics

na'^de'^ilc'^a'^n

(11)

hayah-mii hay q'ad

Just

they eat together.

when
hi^id

na'^de'^ilc"a'^n-te- ^^-mii

mixac'e'^-xole-n
[incense root]

they are about to eat,

c'e^icid he pounds

it,

[then]

tehc'e'^imil
into the water he

(12)

mito-^
Its [juice]

xanisc'iPe-n-me'^
he makes
in the dipper.

throws (the roots).

ce-

sisei

tehc'e'^i-tq'as

hi^id
[then]

c'iteVxd'W
he carries off the (dipper and incense root) (to the rock);

hi^id
[then]

hot rocks

he throws into the water (of the dipper);

me'^U>'e'^imil

hay
that

miy

mice-"^

(13)

'^ahic'ide'^ine'^

he sprinkles (the water) on it.

we'syo"^ i^ do"Not I like it,

mi\ rock.

He

says to

it,

nirjxostirj
ice.

(14)

do-

miq'eh

na-d'^a'^i-heh i^

Do
'^aniPe-n '6 it (what they should not do) to you.

not

mind

it

lcy[iwinya'^nyan] people

do--niW6-n
bad

hay
the ones

ninist'e'^

who do

your body

do-

who do

yohic'id i^ not know.

(15)

Wida'^-q'eh Following my

na-narj'^a- ^^

WeI

q'ad

xo'^3

mind, heed

now

really

mouth (= As
ninist'e'^

say)

waij
for
it

We-xolyd-n

'^

haydethis

"^anHdiWne"
which
I

your body

who have

understanding.

thing

am

telling you.

(16)

IcHc'indi-ne'^in Sickness that was, has been

do--na-xo-dile- 20
let
it

become

(to)

da-yWo"^ some (other)

ninis'^d'n

country

no more;

'^a-na-didiwinc'^i(d) 21 -re*

you (sickness) yourself go

will let
off."

Bathing the Rain Rock at Sugar Bowl

[a]

(l)The day before

evening, a

the

feast

(no'^kyigxa*n)

is

to

take

place,

in

the

woman

puts a basket hopper (qay'^k^isd) filled with acorns on her

mortar stone

(ce--xat').

She puts a pestle

(016*^15(1) in

it

crossways.

(2)

When

dawn comes,

(3) Then, when she finishes, they go off to the feast ground, [bj (4) When they arrive there, she leaches the acorn meal. (5) When she is finished, she cooks acorn mush.

she pounds the acorns.

(6)

Then someone burns

the k^ixinay
(8)

incense

root

and

prays

(ma'-deMa'^aW).
at

(7)

He speaks about

who have

settled

down

the various

miy

places, [c]

Having spoken

this,

he talks to the sky above, there where the

Hupa
fog
is

Texts: 8

111

that has

been slipping half-way down the mountains, [d]

places,

(9)

Then he

says: "Wind that blows in the kixinay weather, would that you blow here!" [e]

wind

that

blows with mild

(10)
eat,

And

then they gather to

eat.

(11) Then, just as they are about to

it

he pounds some incense root and throws

a soup of
it
it,

into water. (12)

Then he
then he

makes
carries
"I

in a

dipper basket; he throws hot rocks into

it

it;

off and he sprinkles

like ice.

on the miy rock,

[f]

(13)

do not
don't
telling

(14) Pay no attention to the people

He tells the rock: who do bad things,

who

am
to

you

know your body. (15) Pay attention to my words, this is what I I who truly understand your body. (16) Let sickness cease
some
other country!"

be

sickness, take yourself to

[al

This rock-bathing ceremony took place

in

at the

miy

site (locally called the

Rain

Rock)

Sugar Bowl (xayah-me''), the small valley a mile upstream from Hoopa
the

Valley where the First Salmon ceremony also took place (texts 6-7). Like both the First

Salmon ceremony and

(no''k>ir)xa*n)

Acorn Feast,

it

was an occasion

for

public
to

feasting
attend.

and people from throughout

Hoopa Valley were expected

Bathing the miy rock with incense root brought

for the acorn crop.

warm
in

weather, and

was good medicine

No

other

miy rocks were bathed

Hupa

country, although a similar

bathing of the k>ixinay rocks near ta'^kyimit-diij was associated with the Acorn Feast
(text 5, line 59).

In former times, they

had the ceremony

at least
at

once every year

in the

spring to ensure a

good summer, and

it

could be carried out

spirit

other times

when

better

weather was desired. During the summer the miy

did not forget wrongs done him.
relative die to pass

did not do

The worst

sin

was

for a person

much harm, but he who had recently had a

at

by the rock going upstream. Anyone

to ask the spirit's

who

did this had to appear

the spring

miy rock bathing

pardon. According to Goddard,

"for his

the one

who

offended was expected to

make pubHc apology

wrong-doing

in

passing

near the god's dwelling in such unholy condition" (1903: 80).

[b]

Goddard (1903: 79) describes

and collect
at the

the journey in detail:

"All are expected to attend,

although few do so nowadays. They leave their homes

their fast

in the

morning without breaking

southern end of the valley.

fire

Just north of

above the road they build a

on a rock.

On

top of the mountain where the

fire.

Campbell creek wagon

is

road crosses a mining ditch they build a second

built.

By
all

the rain-rock the last fire

The food
in it."

for the feast

is

cooked over

this fire

and

the remains of the feast are

burned
[c]

He

recites the
is,

formula

in text 9.

[d]
[e]

That

the fog cloaks the mountains closely halfway

that cling to the
is

down
in

their length.

The cold mists and fogs

lift.

mountains

the winter are being

asked to

Note

that the prayer

addressed to natural forces, not to the

miy rock

or

to the k>ixinay.

Goddard (1904: 273-274) gives the text of the prayer as: "West it will draw back, north too it will draw back, east too it will draw back, south it will drawback. There will be sunshine. It will be good weather in the world. It will be wet. The frost will melt. Dew will settle. 1 brought it down."

1 1

XIV Northwest
[f]

California Linguistics

Goddard (1903:

80):

"The

priest

makes a prayer

for

warm winds and

gentle rain

been the rock with water in which incense root has to melt the frost, while sprinkling the root is sprinkled on the rock dry." wished put. If cessation of the undue rain is

Hupa
9.

Texts: 9

113

Formula

for Bathing the

Rain Rock

Narrated by John Shoemaker. Notebook VIII, pp. 22-26.

( 1 )

hay
The

Ryixinay knxinay

na-na-nde-K [who came to live]

mino'ij^aydiij
alongside of
it,

them

naya'^tehidic'^e-n they grew up

hay
the

do--niWo-n^
bad

'^a-ya-'^anfe-

(2)

haya-i
[Then]

xoUya-c'irj'^

they are of that sort.

away from

there

they

ta-yahsyay 5 moved away,

abandoned (them).

114
haya'i
[Then]

XIV Northwest
hayi
that

California Linguistics

(9)

miy-me'^
miy-'in

one

na'^nehsddy who settled at

'^c'^r}

'^a'^dene'^
[said],

[for his part]

We"I

'^e''^n

na-widilii
it

i9-re'

Uyilohail

tiwina-Wii-te'
shall

[for

my

part]

shall be

snow always,

be

[in

daxo'^-q' some way]

'^a'c'int'e-

so (= has a death in his family)]

[he
is

c'itiwina-Wii-de'^ [if he ever goes by

{niiy rock)."]

(10)

haya-i
[Then]

iiwarj
[one]

'^e-'^rj

[for his part]

^d^dene"^
[said].

We["I]

'^e-'^Y]

kyiwinya'^nydn
[people]

[for

my

part]

Wiq'id-xo [on me]

[if

tiwinaWH'2-^-de'^ they ever go by],

iah-x"^
just

mii
with them

ninc'iif

tiwiWc'^ilii-teI

down
the

to

shall pull

them down
hand.

ground

with

my

(11)

tiwic'ilii-te'

yiwidinde"^
finally

hayi-q'
in that

mii
with
it

se'sehiwin-te'
them, those people.
I'll kill

They'll be run down with weakness,

way

(12)

hayai
[Then]

iiwarj
[one]
[for

'^e-'^fj

its

part]

yah^i-me'^ yah^ime^

na'^nehsday
[who
settled at,]

hayi
[that

one]

'^a'^de-ne'^
[said,]

do- -wile-

'^^

c'iWondehsne'^-de'^

"Poor, weak - if he thinks me (= if he does not respect me)

nandil snow

wa-Rya'^a-n
with holes through
it

ti(w)iWdilii'^'^-teI'll

(13)

haya-i
[Then]

'^e-'^rj

iiwarj
[one]

throw, hurl (=

I'll

storm)."

[for its part]

diysta-rj'^a--di(rj)-yinaGi-yimd-n
south side on the other side of (the) river
diystaij'^a--diij
-

na'^nehsddy
[who
settled at]

'^a'^de-ne'^

We["I]

'?e-'?rj

[he said,]

[for

my

part]

do--wile[weak, poor]

c'i Wondehsne'^-de'^
[if

daxo-'^-q
[in
(

"^a-c'int'eis

he thinks me]

some way he

so

Wiq'id-X^ [on me]

= has

a death in his family)]

c'itiwina-Wii-de'^ [if he goes along],

ce-lirj

blood

'^a-de-w under myself

c'e-diceh
reaches out, shoves itself out
it

wiWc'^e-lii 23-/^shall be making;

kyic'ind
sickness

tiwina-Wii-tewill go about.
ninis'^a-n

(14)

haya-i
[Then]
[for

'^e-'^rj

iiwarj
[one]

my

part]

digya(rj)
here

yide'^

no-ij'^a--dirj

na'^nehsday
[who
settled at,]

hayi
that

downstream
lcy[iwinya'^nyd-n] people

world

where

it

reaches

one

"^aij'^
It

mikyansa'^d-n 24
their hearts

xola'^-me'^
in his

silay
they
lie.

IS

hand

Hupa
(15)
c'o-'^atc'id

Texts: 9

115
'^a-c'o-'^one'^-hid

daxo'^-q"^a-c'int'e[in

miy
"m/y

He always knows

some way he
in

(= has a death

so his family)]
is

when he

thinks,

mitis
1

te-se-ya--te-

(16)

hayah-mU
[Then]

xononawice'^'^^
his

na?te'^ice'^'^(>

shall

go over

it."

door

he always opens
it,

c'e-Rye'^ic'e'^'^''

(17)

hayai
[Then]

Uwaij
[one]

dig>a(tj)
[here]

yinac
upstream

wind blows

out.

ninis'^an world

no-ri'^a--dirj

na^nehsday
[who
settled at,]

hayi
[that

q'ind^
[too]
"^aht'in

U>[iwinya^nyd-n\
[people]
c'o-'^oic'id

where

it

reaches

one]

mikyansa^d-n
[their hearts]

xolaP-me'^
[in his

silay
[they
lie.]

(18)

hand]

All (hearts)

he knows them

hay
the

do- niWo-n
that

'^a'c'ondehsne'^
thinks about.

one

bad things,

evil

Formula for Bathing

(1)

the

Rain Rock

[a]

Alongside the k^'ixinay who came

(2)
evil.

to live here, beings

of an evil nature

(miy) came into existence.

because they had become
evil ones;

(3)

The k>ixinay moved away from them, These beings thought, "We shall become
(5)

we

shall

become

sickness."

(4)

Each one went off

settled

to a different part of the world.

Each of the

miy who

down

here said, "I will stay here, [b]

(6) If a person

who

has had a misfortune happen (who has had a death in his family) passes over

me, the weather

will turn cold.

(7) If

he doesn't think that

[c]

am

the sort to

do

this,

then

will

make him my own."

(8) The one who settled down along xahslin-dii) creek said, "As for me, whenever someone who is in a certain condition (who is in mourning) goes along by me, I will come out as a whirlwind."
(9)

The one who

settled

down
always

at

miyi-me*^ [d] said, "As for me,

it

will

always snow, and

goes by me."

hail will

fall,

whenever someone who

is

that

way

(10) Another said,

pull

"As
I

for me,

them down (with

finally, in this

sickness).
will kill

and

way,

whenever people go over me I will just (11) They will grow weaker and weaker, them" [e]
yahsi-me"^
[f]

(12) thinks (13)

The one who

settled

down

at

said,

"Whenever someone

me weak,

will

throw heavy snow."

The one who settled down upstream and across from diys-ta'gV-dii] [g] said, "As for me, whenever someone thinks me weak and goes over me when he is that way, I will make blood run out from under me. [h] Sickness
will

go about."

116
(14)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

The one who settled down at the downstream edge of the world (dig>ag yide'' ninisVn ncgV-diij), [i] he's the one who has human hearts in his hand. (15) He always knows when someone who is that way is thinking about passing over a miy. (16) He always opens his door then, and a wind
blows
(17)
out.

Then

the one

who

settled

down

at

the upstream edge of the world, he

all

also has

human

hearts in his hand.

(18)

He knows

those

who

think about

evil things, [j]

[a]

This

is

the formula recited at the Rain

Rock bathing ceremony and

bank of the Trinity

feast (see

text 8), held in the spring at the

miy rock on

the west

at the

north
this

end of Sugar Bowl

formula, told by

(nilin-k>in''-dii]).

A
is in

Emma

Lewis

in

1901,

somewhat more detailed version of Goddard (1904: 270-74).

The Rain Rock formula belonged

particular house, although the
village.

to the village

of xahslin-dir), but not to any

medicine maker was considered the leading

to

man
if

of the

John Shoemaker's maternal grandfather used

make
it

the medicine, and John

inherited the medicine directly

it,

from him, not from

his mother.

A woman,
unless no

she

knows
it,

can make the medicine, but she does not ordinarily make

men

are left in

her family.

Both John and

his half-brother

Robinson had an equal

right to use

but

no one else could do so unless the Shoemakers gave

least,

their permission.

In theory at
to

they would give this permission to any person man or

woman belonging
make

the me'^dil-dig division, so long as they were in

some way
learn
it

related to the

Shoemaker
a

family.

Others,

it

was

said,

would not want

person
to

to

because they might

to

mistake and cause sickness.

who wanted
make

the

ceremony

be performed could
couldn't refuse, and

come

to

John Shoemaker and ask him

paid.

the medicine.

He

was not
[b]

The person who asked, however, had

into rocks
are

to provide the acorns for the feast.

They turned

and other natural features when human beings came into

unlucky and dangerous (do*-niWo'n) and the miy-beings

the world.

These places

who

live there

must be

treated with circumspection.

Not
bad

all

supematurally dangerous

places are
[cl

miy

places, however. Certain localities are

a person doesn't respect the

in themselves.
it

That

is, if

miy's power

will take possession of his

body; he will always be sick and never get well.

[d]

Literally, 'in (the valley,

it

hollow) where the

miy

is'.

Several

miy

sites

have

this

name, and
here
is

may

be a generic term. According to John Shoemaker, the one referred to

a big rock

on the north side of the Trinity above Salyers,

in

South Fork Hupa or

Chimariko
[e]

territory
is,

(Baumhoff 1958: 213,

meant

no.24).

That

cause him to die a lingering death.

is

John Shoemaker did not mention

which miy place

[{]

here.

mountain between Willow Creek and Redwood Summit. In

is

Emma

Lewis's

version of the formula (Goddard 1904: 270-274) this mountain

identified as the place

where the miy

[g]

(ten brothers) originated.

This
its

is

apparently the
is

miy of

the Rain

Rock

at

Sugar Bowl
to

(nilin-kyin'^-diij),
this

although

name

not specifically mentioned.

According

Sam Brown,

miy

Hupa

Texts: 9

117

requires that someone who has had a death in the family and is travelling towards Willow Creek must take incense root (mixa'ce''-xoIe'n) and burn it at a place opposite diys-ta'i] V-dir) where the miy tipped his foot against the rock (as shown by a mark on

the rock [see

Goddard 1904: 272,

line 91),

and carry a torch of

it

on

to

Willow Creek.

Doing
[h]

this will nullify the effects

of his bad luck.

this

When
In the

blood appears underneath

miy

rock, ceiir) ('blood') sickness,

i.e.,

inflammation of the bowels, spreads among the people.

[i]

unknown country
this

at the

edge of the world

to the north.

Lj]

Sam Brown

claimed that

in the version

of this formula that he heard from his

grandmother,

miy

actually says, "I will be the first to

know
in

if

one who has had a

recent death in his family goes past the Sugar

Salyers)."

Bowl miy

or the one at miyi-me'' (above

He

lives far to the north

and

is

above both of these

potency.

He

sends his

wind ahead

to notify

them, so that they

may

greet the transgressor with bad luck.

118

XIV Northwest
10.
Narrated by

California Linguistics

The Flower Dance

IV, pp. 23-45.

Sam Brown. Notebook

( 1 )

t'ehxiyne'^in
Girl used-to-be

Ic'eMca'n
young woman

c'e'^iliw-hid

''alyeit

k>'ina'^lc>iida'

when she becomes

'^aya'^de'^ine'^

is

called

'she has first

courses'.

(2)

knna-ky'e'^iMa'^-hid

xoq'id

c'iswaM

~-te-

[When someone menstruates

for the first time]

they

all

say,

"on her - they'll beat time with sticks."

(3)

hayah-mH nahdin-tah
[Then, when]

ia'^a-diij

ta-q'a-din-tah^
or three times

x'^'ey^iixa'^^-mii

sometimes
twice

sometimes

when dawns have come,

days passed for her

k>inahidari
girl

noya'^x'^eVida'^ 6
they cause her
to
sit

hi^id
[and]

xonirj'^-q'eh

c'e'^kye'^iixat' i

menstruating

down

down,

her face

they put a buckskin (blanket) over her head.

(4)

hijid
[And]

de-xo
this

yinaci-yidaci-dinan
upstream-uphill (east) facing

c'ine'^ica'd

hay
[the]

way

she

sits

down

hinahidafj
[menstruating
girl.]

(5) kyiwinya'^niyd'n
[People]

do'

c'inehPe-n
at.

(6)

hayaha^id
'[Then]

she does not look

'^e'^ilwil-mii

iiwan
one

do'-lcyiwile'
old

yehc'e'^ind'W
she goes into

hay
[the]

when evening comes

woman

xontah-me'^
[house into].

hay
the
in

which

one

c'iswahi-tehi-dirj where they are to have rattleshaking. Flowers Dance.

c'e'^imij

(7)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay-yS-w
that

Koh-ha'^
grass dress

naMcis
which is hanging

hay
the

she breaks (the fringes) off of

ya-UyiwilUyil 8 which has been

ripped up, fringed;

hi^id
[and]

xola'^-taca between her

fingers

no'^oliW
she (old
lays
it,

hi^id
[and]

me^kye'^ihiw 9
she 'measures off on it', sings
^'^

Wirj
a song

woman)
them;

na-Ka"^^^

xo'^^i-ciif

^^

xoirjp-minaclean around the fire

kyisa'^a'^aw
she sings

na-Ka"^

moving backwards

to the right

backwards

xo(rjp-mina'^se'^ina-W
she goes around the
fire

^^

nahdirj
twice

(8)

hayaha^id
[Then]
'^e'^ilwil-mii

na-na'^aPeX
again she hangs up

hay
[the]

ya'kyiwilkyil
[fringes.]

(9)

hayaha^id
'[Then]

[when evening comes]

x'^ena'^kye'^iXo-W 14 she puts, ties it on

to the (girl)

Koh-kya'^
[grass dress;]

hi^id
[and]

na'ame'
she bathes

hay
[the]

kyinahidarj
knnahidari

to-c'iif

down

at the river.

Hupa
(10)

Texts: 10

119
xanaPse'^indiia-d
she runs back up to the house;

xohUyidi-xoh
places

15

'^a'de'^Rye'^im il-mii

In seven different

she throws water

on
16

herself,

when
hi^id
[and]

hi^id
[and]

xoUya-naPaikyd's
they take it off of her again

hay
[the]

Koh-kya?
[grass skirt;'

camehsXon

yehc'itindil
they

(11)

hayahajid xo(ijP mind'd

[Then]

miq'i(d)-c'isday
stools

no'^oliW
they set

come

into

around the

fire

the house.

them down;
no'^tindil

hi^id
[and]

yo'^ni-dinarj
facing the wall

(12)

hayaha^id
[Then]

Uwan
one of
the

they respectively
sit

down. hi^id
[and]

women
hayi
the

miq'i(d)-lcyi[dl]dy

17

c'e'^iliW

xowa'^tiliW
she gives them to each one of them

weaving materials

she takes them out (of storage on platform),

mii-ya'^aiwai
wherewith they beat time
(= hazel twigs)

camehsKon
(to)

Waneonly.

(13)

cid
First

nahx
2 (songs)

women

me'^Uye'^ihiw
they

hay
the ones

mii-no'^ondil
wherewith they
sit

Wirj

(14)

hayaha^id
[Then]

(women)

sing

down

songs.

q'ad

hayi
the

ia[h]-xo
ordinary

Wiij

mii
with

ya'^aiwdi
they beat the time;

xiKe'^-e'y-mii

18

now

song

about midnight

do--c'o-ya-Ma'^n^^
they quit

(15)
They

ya'^nititex'^^
all lie

hay
the ones

nisah-mii
from a long distance

down

to sleep

naya'^dii-tah

me'lah
some of them
do(lit.

V^rt
for their

naya'^te'^indil

(16)

hay-y&w
That

who walk

around,

go off back home

(to

come from
kyinahidarj
[menstruating
girl]

part

return the next day).

nikyah-xo
'not greatly')

xokyiwan^^
she sleeps,

(17)

xola'^-me'^
In her

sa ^an
always
lies

not soundly

hand

mixa'c'e'^-xole-n
[incense root.]

(18)

q'ad

hay

kyinakyHda-darj^

22

xola'^-me'^
in

Ever since

she's begun to menstruate

her hand

no'^nufa'n
they've put
it

(19) xokyansa'^a'n-dirj
Where her
q'ina'^

q'ina'^

ceiiij blood, red color

wilc''e'n-^
has been made;

heart

is

also

xoGantaci
(on) her shoulders

also

nihna'^n-e' on each side

7-?. m? xo^e'^-micitj middle of her back (well up)

ce'lirj

wilc''e'n
[has been made,]

[blood, red color]

xocida'^ on the crown of her head

q'ina'^

qina'
also

celitj
[blood, red

also;

at the

wilc^'Cn 24 [has been

made.]

colored]

120
(20)
x'^eda'^ay Her hair

XIV Northwest
niima'^n-eon each side

California Linguistics

cehna-wiKorj
it

25

hi^id
[and]

x^'e'da'^ay
[her hair]

is

braided;

minakyiwilt'iky

26

di^id
sea-

(21)

xoW
On

kyin'^-din

one string (of beads) is put around (where hair) reaches

her wrist

niima'^n on both
sides

shells.

Kohtehi-mii
with wild grass

^imeii-mikye'^
'lizard's tail'
it

wilc''e-n
is

made

in

it

mina-kyiwilt'iky is strung around it

(wrists);

(knotted grass)

the shape of

xocekyin'^ 27
her ankles

qina'
also

xa'^a'wilaw
they have done
it

niima'^n on both sides.

(22)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xola'^kyine'^

wan-nahicis
there
is

28
to
it

mii-c'ixosdw
the scratcher.

(23)

hayaha^id
[Then]

her wrists

hanging

ya-xokyeVwa'^n

29

(24)

xiXe'^-darj'^
[In the

c'e'^ya'^asid-mii

q'ad
then

they go to sleep

morning]

when they wake

up,

x^e-na'^kye'^iXoW
they put the (grass-dress) on her

hay
[the]

Koh-kya'>
[grass dress.]

(25)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'a(d) [now]

c'ite'^ildd-W
she runs off along

daniarjWo"^
several

mi^e-'^e-din

yixonte'^iyo-d ^^
chase her along.

(26)

'^aht'in-di(rj)

children

Everywhere
(in 7 places)

(down

to the river);

na'^ame'^
she bathes;

xa-na'^se'^indiia'd
she runs back up;

hay
that

daniandi-dirj many times

do-

xoy'^Hxa'^^^
as
it

dawns

for her

miian-e(up to) ten

c'itiwilda-Wil she runs along

hay
that

xoq'i(d)

c'iiwaM-darj'^
they've had the dance.

which

is

not (yet) on her = before

(27)

hayah-mii hay
[Then]
[the]

xoqi(d) c'e'^iiwa-Ii-mii - when they beat time = when they have a dance for her
on her

V^n
it

nahditj
twice

Wa-neonly

is

na'^ame'^
she bathes.

(28)

xiKe^-darp
In the

morning,

in the

wilwii-dirj evening

q'ina'^

do-

kya-n

too

she doesn't eat

c'^ola'^-din-tah

xoy'^iixa'^

ia'^a-dirj

xostan-diij
six times

(29)

hayaha^id
[Then]

sometimes
five

for

days for her

sometimes

(for six days).

kye'^iya'^n

do-

ta'^adinan

ta'^nan
water,

xe'q
(spit)

do-

c'e'^ixiw

she eats,

she does not drink

she never spits out.

Hup a
(30)

Texts: 10

121
c'iiwah-t-xo-mU
after the

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
the

nahdi(rj) ye'^iixaP second day

32

dance begins.

hi^id
[and]

xo'^osddy
the

men

yehU>e'^iital dance into the house kicking.

(31)

ta'q'i

Three men

"hooks"

xoq'id on them

'^e^a^oP^'^
lie;

ta-q'ini
three

q'inaP
also

mewi-na'sita-n
"rolls"

men

dressed

hayi-me"^ in them

no'^ondil
they
sit

down

xofj'^
fire

wehiq'is
away, to one side

dinaij
facing,

(32)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
some

meiah
(of the

dancers)

le-na'^at'iRy 34

xontah-me-q
inside the house,

aht'irj
all

knq'eh-na'diwal-me'^
dressed in wolf-tail "blinds"

they circle clear around

hayi
the ones

yehya'^kyiita'^K-te-

(33)

hayaha^id
[Then]

me'^Jc>e'^iitiw

who

are to dance

he starts

iiwarj one
person,

kicking into the house.

singing

hi^id
[and]

'^aht'irj all

Ryita'^a'^dw-mH

xonP-c'irf -dinar)
facing the fire

no-ya'^alcil 35

when

they sing

down (and move around on their toes)

they squat
"^aht'irj
[all.]

hay-yo-w
those

kyiwo'^-me'^
dressed
in

mewi-na-sitQ-n-me^
(and)
'rolls'

"hooks"

(34)

daniarjWo'^
Several

me'^Uye'^Utiw-mU
songs when they've sung

c'e-naya'^andil
they go out again.

(35)

hayaha^id
[Then]

camehsXon
women
(36)

36

Ryiye-

naya'^aiwdi
they beat time.

ye'^iixa'^

xa'^a-ya'^t'irj-x'"'
till
it

again

they doing so

dawns.

yiwidinde"^
[Finally]

minian-dirj
[ten times]

xoy'^iixa'^
the

hay
(with) the

kyinahidarj
menstruating
girl

day comes
to her

c'iiwahi-x'"
while they
beat time.

(37)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xa'^aya'^aniw they do in this way

ye'^iixa'^

morning comes

ni-lqid on top of each other

yehUyiltahi-x'^ they dance into the house - while.

(38)

ta'^lcyimi-t-x'^e-

iah
once

yehc'iwinaWil ^'^-mU
every time he has

ta^kyimiidii] people

come
qina'^ also

in

me^dil-x'^'eme'^dildit]

iah
once.

(39)

yiwidinde"^
[Finally]

ye'^iixa'^-ey

xa'^a-ya'^t'trj-x'^
[as they

[dawn comes]

do

this.]

people

122
(40)

XIV Northwest
hayaha^id
[Then]

California Linguistics

q'ad

hay
at last

do- -c'oWn-te--mii
they are to quit

when

'^a-diq'i(d)-no-na'^aliW on themselves - they lay them down

hay
the (things)

q'ad
finally

mii

do--c'o-w(i)la'^n-teto quit.

wherewith they are

(41)

yehc'e'^ind-W They go in
(to

dance)

Hupa
(48)
no'^wa'^aWil "^^-mii
[Each time] they quit
singing

Texts: 10

123
ya'na^wWe-Kil ^'^
they hold, raise

^e'nah-c'irj'^

hay
[the]

upward, up
the air

in

them up

kyinahida n-c'ey'^
[dance sticks.]

(49)

hayah-mii
[Then]

do'-c'o'^oWm-mii
when they've
quit,

xowa-na^a^aW ^^
they hand
it

digyan

nohal

yinaci-yidac

hay
the

(the dance)

back

to

them

up in heaven to the east where li>ixinay live

kyinahidari-wint'e--dirj^^ place where they always have menstrual dance (every night)

Uyixinay
Uyixinay,

"^aht'in
all

c'cna'^add'W
go (outside) again

min^day'^
outside.

(50)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
[the]

kyinahidarj
[menstruating
girl]

niima'^n 46
on each side

x''a--na-na'^aloy'^^'^
they
tie

ce'^-me-q'i-nint'iUy'^^
(with) hair-tie strung along in her hair;

hi^id
[and]

te'wina'Wirj'^-ciq'

mH
with
it

her hair (by

mink

(fur) [hair-tie]

winding band around)

x'^a'-na-na'^aloy'^
they
tie

(51)

siikyo-si-kya"^

x'^ema'^lcye'^iXo-W
they put
it

hi^id
[and]

her hair.

Beaded-dress

on

her,

xonin^
her face

ceiin
painted red

c'emc^e'^
they

make

xokyansa'^a-n-dirj [where her heart is,]

xocantac
[her shoulders,

[(and) the

xocida'^ crown

(52)

hayaha^id
[Then]

c'e'^Ukyos
they bring it out of the house

hay
[the]

Koh-kya'^
[grass skirt.

of her head.l

hi^id
[and]

mirPday'^
outside

c'e^x^emtiW
they take her out.

(53)

hayaha^id
[Then]

ia'^

c'e'^a'^aW
they bring out

one

miq'i(d)-c'isday
stool

kyinahidan-c'ey'^
dance sticks

nahx
two.

(54)

nahnin Two

camehsKon
women
iiwatj
[one]

hay
the ones

mining-din
"its face
-

naya-'^aswahi-teare going to

nahnini
[two]

q'ina"^

[also]

who

place"

beat time.

xo^osday
[man,]

iiwatj
[one]

kyehica'n [young woman]

hay
the ones

xona'di
around, alongside her

naya'^tehide'^i^^^-tethey are to run

who

along with.

124
(55)

XIV Northwest
hayaha^id
'[Then]

California Linguistics

hay
[the]

Xoh-k>a'^
[grass dress]

c'e'^imij

ya-RyiwilUyil
fringes.

they break them off from it

(56.)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
[the]

kyinahidan
[menstruating
girl]

naceleading,
first

xoW-tac
between her
fingers

no'^oliW
she puts

hay-yo-w
those

xonadi
[around, alongside her]

na'^tehide'^i^ -tethey are to [run with]

o[irP

down

also

the (fringes).

nahnin-eboth of them.

(57)

hayahajid
[Then]

hay-yo-w
that

miq'i(d)-c'isddy
stool

sa'^an-dirj

where

it

lies

ya'^ne'^indil 50

de-xo
this

yinaci-dinan
southeastwards

na'^de-'^ilya'^ ^^

(58)

hayaha^id
[Then]

they walk up
to
it;

they always
stand.

direction

me'^Rye'^iitiw-mH
[after singing a

na'Ka"^

song]

backward
na'cefirst

they

lift

ya-ya'^atdl up their foot, step

xo'^^i-c'irf
to the right

yaya'^ac'nd
they raise
their

hi^id
[and]

yide"^

c'ine'^indil-mH

north

when

arms

(before

left);

they arrive there

dahnaxode'^a'^aW ^^
they run back again

yida--c'irj

hijid
[and]

hay-dethese (two)

from north;

ya-'^aiwai (women) who

beat time

xo^e-'^-dirj
in front

of them

they always

no-naja'^aldito'^n ^3 jump back (forwards),

to the

nahx-e(both)

yaxoxe'^-mii
their feet with;

hi^id
[and]

xola"^
their

hands

same

position

ie-ya'^Uye'^iimat' ^^ each one claps together.

(59)

hayaha^id
[Then]

minian-diij
ten times

xa'^aya'^aniw-mii when they have done so.

c'e'^a'^aW
they bring out.

do'-c'o-ya'^ala'^n
they quit.

(60)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xosa-Uy
abalone shells

(61)

do-

io'^-c'Hc-e- ^^

hay
[the]

kyinahidarj
[menstruating
xona-'^-dirj
at/over her
girl,]

xonirp
her face

She must not laugh

"^ohidi^ni ^^-md-n for fear it might get wrinkled - for that reason.

(62) hayaha^id
[Then]

ya'^a'^aW
they hold it (shell) up;

hiyd
[and]

eyes

hay-y&w
that

xo'^osday

xonadi
(who) along
her

na'^tilde'^i^

yd^X^e^Htorp
causes her
to

hi^id
[and]

man

has been running

back

&

forth

jump

up;

me"^
in
it

c'ite-'^e'^e'^n-mii

xola'^
her hands

ie'^kye'^iimat'

hay
[the]

kyinahidarj
[menstruating
girl.]

she looks

when

she slaps together

Hupa
(63)

Texts: 10

125
c'onta?n 57

h[ayaha^id]
Then

hay-yo'w
[the one]

xosa'ky
abalone shells

'^a^de'^ine'^

who

holds

it

says.

digyan
"Here

nohoi
with us

yide'^i-yidac
to the north

hay
that

minian-din
ten times

ie"^

dah-naywehskyil
fog
still

58

wayninde'^iW ^^-e'-teyou'll be able to see

(64)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

into each

other (fog layers)

on top

in

hangs one place

through."

(= 10 layers of fog)

Icyiye-

de-xo
this

yinaGi-yidaci-dinaij
eastward [facing]

yana^a^aW
again she
lifts

hi^id
[and]

Icyiye'

[again]

way

again

the (shell) up;

haya-c'ir)^^^
in that direction

ya^alto'^n
she jumps up

hay
the

kyinahidarj
menstruating
girl.

(65)

kyiye-

[Again]

xa'^a-xoic'ide'^ine'^

(66)

h[ayahapd]
[Then]

xoUya-na'^aliW
she takes the (dress) off of her again.

t'e'^

she

tells

her [thus].

blanket

xoUye'^Uxat'^^-hid

(67)
it.

h[ayaha^id]
Then

hay
[the]

Koh-kya"^
[grass dress]

when

they cover her with

x'^e-na'^kye'^iXo-W
they tie it on to her again;

hi^id
[and]

ciq'

xowa'tiarPde'^iliW ^'^
they take it off of her again;

hi^id
[and]

mink-skin
tied to hair

x'^a'min
for her ahead

dahc'ide'^ilia-d 63 he always runs,

trots off

ta'^UyimHdi(r))
ta^kymUdirj

mida--q'i(d) 64 edge of,

yide"^

northwards

of her

bank

hay
the

xo^osday
man.

(68)

hay
That one
(girl)

(is) after

xoq'eh him

na-miq'eh
last

hay
the

(comes)

camehsKo-n

(69) h[ayaha^id] Then

yidah-dirj
lower end of village
of taPkyimUdirj

yice'^n

xoda'^aRa'd
downhill
he leads

down
toward

x'^a-miij

yidah-din
at

tin

c'e/j'^a'-diri

hay ah
there

c'e'^iye'^n

ahead of her;

lower end of village

road

where

it

comes out

he stands

hay-yow
[that]

xo^osday
[man,]

hay
[the]

camehsKon

qina'
[also.]

126

XIV Northwest
xa-na'^se'^indiiad She comes running back up,

California Linguistics

(70)

hi^id
[and]

ieh^ima--c'e^ici(d)-dir}
[= bathing place]

c'e'^ilid-d

[running out

at]

hay
[the]

h'inahidatj
[menstruating
girl;]

hayah
[there]

'^a-de'^Uy'e'^imil

hay
she

she throws water against herself;

who

xa-na-'^asdiia'd has come back uphill running

tosq'ac'i-dirj

yide'^en'^-c'iij'^

hayah
[there]

'^ade'^Uyiwimilil
she keeps throwing water against herself;

hay
[that place]

[= bathing place]

xa-na-'^asdiia-d
[she

tosq'ac'i-din
tosq'ac'idirj

c'e'^ilia'd

hayi-tah
also at
that place

'^a-de'^Uyiwimilil
[she keeps throwing water against herself;]

comes

she runs
out,

running back up],

[(= bathing place)]

hay
that (place)

me'na'^se'^ildiidd up it back she runs up

tosq'ac'i-di(ij)-mit'd'w
[=

c'ahli-mito-'^-diri
[= bathing place]

bathing place]

na'^ame'^
she bathes.

(71)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

yinac
up the
river

'^ehs-tahda'^a'^a'^-dirj
[= bathing place]

hayah
[there]

'^a-de'^U^e'^imil

hay
[she

xa-nase'^indiid-d
has

[she throws water

come running
back up

against herself];

who]

no'^Uyir)xa'n-di(ij)-miyeh

hay dexo

yide'^-dahto'-diij

hayah
[there]

[= bathing place;]

'^a-de'^lc>e'^imil

Ryiye[again;]

hijid
[and]

yidaci
[uphill]

[she bathes]

me-na'^se'^indiidd [she runs back up it]

hay
[to

where

the]

no'^kyirjxa'ni

mice''^
its

[Acorn Feast]

rocks

nadiwilwa'^X-dirj where they are

lying

yide'^e-n'^-c'irj'^

xoyidac
[in]

on the north
(lower) side

upward

dumped

direction

xana'^se'^ildiiad [she runs back up;]

hi^id
[and]

ta'^Uyimii-diiij)
ta'tiyimUdirj

na-ynah-cirj ^5
back from upriver

na'^ne'^ildiia'd
she runs back
arriving at

ta'^kyimii-ditj
ta^kyimHdirj.

(72)

c'e'^eh-^i-dirj

xola"^
her hands

For a little while

na'^aicei^^ she warms

them,

hi^id
[and]

Ryiye-

xa'^a'^aniw
she does as before (she goes through the 7 bathing places).

again

Hup a
(73)
minian-dirf Ten times
c'ite'^ilda-W

Texts: 10

111
(74)

hijid
[and]

"^a-deVixiw
she finishes
herself up.

h[ayaha^id]
Then

she runs along,

Uye'^iya?n-e'y she eats then.

(75)

no'^UyUwal ^i doShe must not stumble over, flop down on stubbing

kyinahidarj
[the menstruating girl;]

do'-niWo-n
it

do-

sa7a-

nd^way

(76)

would be bad;

she would not live long.

Icnla-^onde"^ Hazel nuts

do-

c'ita-n
eat.

she doesn't

(77)

xonirf-c^'ine'^^^

mil
with

do-

lc>a-n

(78)

to--c'irP

Her face

dirty,

unwashed

she does not eat

At the
hayi-q'i That

river

na?wime-l
she always bathes along,

Uyiwiyarj'^ii-te--mii
she eats-before.

(79)

Wa-neonly

'^oWc'id
I

hay-dethis

kyinahidarj
[menstruating
girl]

ma'^a-winiw'^^^
its

know

way of doing

it.

The Flower Dance

(l)Wlien a
first

[a]

girl

becomes

a
[b]

woman
(2)

it

is

said,

"She

is

menstruating for the

for the
(xoq'id-

time"

(kyina'^lcyi-ida-).

first

time, everyone says,

"They

will

Whenever someone menstruates have the Flower Dance for her"

c'iswa-l). [c]

(3) After

two or three days (of her menstruating) have passed

k>inah}dai)
sits

for her, [d]

they
(4)
at

sit

the

[e]

down

with a cover hanging

(5)

over

her

face.

The k>inahtdai)
people.

down

facing towards the east.

She doesn't look

(6)

When

evening comes, one old

woman

[f]

goes into the house where

they are about to have the Flower Dance.

She breaks off some of the She lays them fringes on the bark dress (Xoh-kya*^) hanging there, [g] between her fingers, and then she sings a song. Moving backward and to the right, [h] she sings while making a full circle around the fire. She goes
(7)

backwards around the

(9)

fire twice.

(8)

Then she replaces

the fringes.

Then,

that evening, she puts the

[i]

bark dress on the k>inahtdag,

who

then bathes in the river,

(10) After "splashing water on herself Pa-de'^Kyimil)

[j] at

seven places,

Then they take the bark dress off her, and several women go into the house. (11) They place stools around the fire, and they each sit facing the wall. (12) Then one of the women brings out hazel sticks (miq'idk^idloy) [k] and she distributes these for them to beat time with, to the
she runs back up.

women
Wiij).
[I]

only.

(13) First off, they

sing two "heavy

songs" (mit-no'^ondil

(14)

Then

they beat time for ordinary songs, [m]

About midnight

128
they quit.
(15)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Those who came from

a distance lie

down

there to sleep,

while others return home.

(16)
root

The k>inahMai] doesn't

it

sleep

much.
[n]

(17) She always has incense

since she

(mixa*ce''-xole*n) in her hand,

in her

(18) Ever

has

begun

menstruating, they've put

hand.

(19) Also the place over her heart

has been colored red, as have both of her shoulders, the crown of her head,

and the middle of her back, [o] (20) Her hair has been braided on each side (cehna'wiXog), and a string of shells (di3id) has been strung around her head, [p] (21) Wild grass knotted in the "lizard's tail" way (3ime*Iimikye'')
is

strung around both her wrists, and also around

wrist,

both her ankles.

[q]

(22)

The "scratcher" (mil-cixosow) hangs from her

all

(23)

Then

they

go

to sleep.

(24)
her.
[r]

When

they

wake up
all

in the

morning, they put the bark dress back on

then she runs back up.

(25)

Then she runs

off,

with several children chasing along after her.

[s]

(26) She bathes in

(seven) of the places,

She keeps on running

her, she

this circuit for as

many

times as days have passed for

her, until they begin the

Flower Dance.
[t]

(27) While they are dancing over

swims only
(29)

twice,
at

(28) She doesn't eat either in the

until her fourth or fifth,

in the evening, but

only

midday,

morning or sometimes sixth,

day. [u]

When

she eats she doesn't drink water or

spit, [v]

(30) Then, after the dance has been going on for

in to

dance.

(31) Three

men wear "hooks"

sit

(kyiwo*^)
to

two days, the men come and three other wearing

side

"rolls"

(me*wi-na*sita'n)
rest

down, facing
are going to

one

of

the

fire,

[w]

(32)

The
all

of the

men who

dance form a
[x]

circle inside the

house,
(33)

wearing "blinds" Ryiqeh-na'diwal).

starts in

Then one person

singing a song.

When

they have

all

sung

songs, the ones dressed in hooks and rolls face the fire and
squatting (no-ya'^cil). [y]
(34)

move around
go

When

they have sung several songs, they

back

out. [z]

(35)

Then

the

women

dance again.

They do so

all

night.

(36)

They

continue to dance over the k>inahtdai) until her tenth day.

Then (on the tenth night) they dance all night in alternate teams. (38) Each time the ta'^kyimilx^e* go in to dance once, the me'^dilx^e* also do so once. (39) They do this all through the night until daybreak. (40) When at last they are about to quit, they put on the regalia with which they will end the dance. (41) They all go in to dance, at first doing it the way they have before. (42) Then, after singing three songs, all of those in rolls and hooks
(37)
c'e*y'').

women hand them the split-sticks rattles (kyinahWanThen they remove the blanket from the kyinahtdag's face, and bring her out of the comer where she's been standing. She sits down in
stand up, and
[aa]
the

(43)

Hupa

Texts: 10

129

the middle (of the house), facing east, and they stretch the blanket over her.

(44) All of the

(45) (46)

men hold two or three split-stick rattles in their hands. Then one man sings the dance-ending song (mil-ce'na'^alwa'l
all

Wig).

They

beat time on that blanket with this song.

(47)
all

They

sing the

song ten times.

stick rattles

(48) Every time they finish singing, they

in the air.

raise the split-

(49) Then, having finished, they "hand it back" to the k>ixinay in the eastern heaven (digyan-nohot yinaciyidac) where there is a perpetual k>inahMar) dance, and everyone goes

up

[bb]

outside of the house, [cc]

(50)

Then they
fur.

tie

a string in the

kyinahMag's

hair

on each side and

(51)

tie it

up with mink

[dd]

They
(52)

dress her in a beaded dress (sitkyo'si-kya*^), and they color her

face red, as well as over her heart, on her shoulders, and on the

crown of her
(54) There

head.
(53)
are

Then they

take out the bark dress, and bring the girl outside.
stool

Then they bring out one

will beat

and two

split-stick rattles.

two women who and one girl who

(55)

time "in front", and two others

one

man

will run along with her. [ee]

Then they break

fringes off the bark dress.

(56) First the kyinahtdar)

puts the fringes between her fingers, then both of the ones

who

are going to

run along with her do so as well.

(57)

and stand looking

to the southeast.

Then they go up to where the stool is, (58) Then after singing a song, they
as

walk backwards, raising their arms, the right one first, [ff] When they get far as they are going downstream, they head back upstream, [gg] and
front of the

in

women who

are beating time, they

jump back with both

feet

and
they

each clap their hands.

quit,

(59)

Then when they have done

shell (xosa*ky).

this ten times,

[hh]

(60)

Then they bring out an abalone

lest

(61)

The kyinahtdag
they

must not laugh,

shell)

her face get wrinkled.

the

(62)

Then

hold

(the

over her eyes;

man who

has run along with her makes her

up, the

[ii] and when she looks into it the k^inahtdag claps her hands. (63) (woman) holding the abalone shell says, "You will see the heaven in

jump Then
the

north

(digyan-nohol yide'^i-yidac), through

(64)

the

fog that layers

itself ten

times."
the

Then she

lifts

the shell up again, this time towards the east,

in that direction.

and
tells

k^inahldag again jumps up

[jj]

(65)

Again the

woman

her the same thing,

(66)

Then they take the (fringes) away from her and cover her with the blanket. (67) They put the bark dress back on her and take the hair-ties off, and the man runs on ahead of her, downstream along the edge of the river bank at ta'^kimil-dig. (68) Following the (k-inahtdag) the woman comes
last.

(69)

He

runs ahead of her

down
the

the

bank toward the river

at

yidah-dig

(the

downstream end of

ta'^kyimit-dig),

coming
both.

to a halt at

yidah-din-tin-

ce*g''a*-dig, Ikk] the

man and

woman

130
(70)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

The kyinahldar) then runs back up from

and splashes water on herself

the river, runs out to lehsi-

ma'-ce'^ici-dii],

keeps splashing water on herself at tosqac'-dir) yide'^cn'^-cirj'^.

up and runs out at tosq'ac-dir), and there herself. Running back up above tosq'ac'-dig, she bathes
[H]

Running back up, she She runs back too continues to splash water on
there.
at c'ahl-mito*''-dir).

(71) Then she splashes water on herself upriver at '^ehs-tahda'^a'^a'^-diij. Then she runs back up and splashes water on herself again at no'^kyinxa*n-

diij-miyeh yide'^-dahtc'^-dirj.

Running back up the hill, she runs back up to Then she the downriver side of where the Acorn Feast rocks are dumped. runs back to ta'^kimR-dig, returning to it from upriver. (72) She warms her hands for a little while, and then she does it all again.
(73) She runs the course ten times, and then she
is

finished.

(74)

Then

she eats.

RULES:

(75) While running the Ryinahtdar)

can't stumble. That

is

bad luck.

She

won't

live long.

(76) She doesn't eat hazel nuts (kyila'sonde*^).

(77) She doesn't eat with a dirty face.

(78) She always bathes in the river

when she
(79) This

is

about to
that
I

eat.

[mm]
about what they do to a kyinahtdag. [nn]

is all

know

[a]

This details of this ceremony are specific to the Hupas and the

Redwood Creek

people, although most adjacent groups have (or had) a girls' puberty dance similar in
overall structure.

Of the Northwest

California Indians, only the Yuroks have no public

ceremony on

the occasion of a girl's first menstruation.

distribution of girls' puberty ceremonies in western North

The unusual

America has

attracted the attention of culture historians (Driver 1941, 1969;

Driver and Riesenberg

1950). Although rituals for menstruating

rituals

of cleansing, are nearly universal

in

woman, characterized by seclusion and private among North American peoples, the celebration
rite is restricted to

of a girl's coming of age

an elaborate public

three areas: the Hopis

and the Athabaskans of the Southwest;

together with adjacent Athabaskans.

the Takic Uto-Aztecans of southern California;

and most of the Hokan and Penutian groups of northern California and southern Oregon,

The occurrence of
of subarctic

variants of this distinctive ritual

among both Southwestern and California-Oregon Athabaskans

to

led Harold Driver (1941)

propose that

this

was a

feature
areas.

or

Northwest Coast
is

origin

that

Athabaskans brought into both

the

This conjecture

lent

some weight by

the

apparent historical identity of the terms for the ceremony in Navajo (kinaaldd) and in

Oregon and California Athabaskan languages (Tolowa chaalda, Hupa

k^'inahtdai)).

Hupa

Texts: 10

131

this richly symbolic complex makes an The Hupa k>inahtdai) dance, for all its individuality, is clearly just a version and a somewhat simplified one of a ceremony that is deeply rooted in Hokan and Penutian cultures (for the musicological evidence see Keeling

Closer inspection of the ethnographic data on

Athabaskan origin unlikely.

1992: 232-233).

immediate origin
places in the

resemblances indicate that the Hupa ceremony has its Karuk '^ihuk, an hypothesis strengthened by references to Karuk origin myth of the ceremony (see text 11). In similar fashion, the Navajo
Structural
in the

and Apache

girls'

puberty ceremonies almost certainly represent the borrowing of an

older Southwestern tradition (probably one sharing an ultimate origin with the Karuk
ritual).

By

chance, the identical Athabaskan term referring to menstrual seclusion

hinahida-, originally

(Navajo kinaaldd, Hupa

'having her sitting

in

a hut') was

transferred in both areas to the

[bl

borrowed dance
is

(for details see linguistic notes 10.1).

it."

Sam Brown

says "this

the decent

way of saying

[c] Literally,

'they beat time with sticks over her'.

The

"sticks" are the special split-

stick rattles (k>inahtdan-c'e*y'') used in the dance.

[d]

The Flower Dance should

menses, and
it

take place during the

first

ten days after a girl begins

her

first

should end on her tenth day regardless of

if

when

it

begins. (Thus
if

the dance lasts seven days

they begin

it

on the

third

day of her menses, five days

they begin
[ej
first

it

on the

fifth

day, and so forth.)

is

This special term

used only to refer to a

girl

during the

first

ten days after her

menstruation begins. (See linguistic notes 10.1 and 10.2).

[f]

Usually the

girl's

grandmother, or some other older female relative.

ripped up into fringes.

[g]

dress

made of maple bark

The old woman breaks

off a

few fringes and wraps them around the middle finger of each hand. Then she walks backward, singing, and alternately switches the fringes back over each shoulder.
[h] All

Hupa dances must

circle to the right, counterclockwise.

If

they don't, says

Sam Brown,
[i]

they will ruin the world.

The

k>^inahtdai] goes bathing in the river every evening

skirt.

and again eVery morning

After she returns to the

during the ten-day ceremonial period, wearing the bark

house the
[j]

skirt is

taken off and hung up again.

ritual in

This refers to a

which the

girl takes the

two

fringes that the old

woman

had used previously, wraps them around her middle

shoulder alternately. She does
[k]
[I]

fingers,

and throws water over each

this in

seven different places (see note kk below).

Hazel sticks are used for basketry foundations.

Literally, 'the

songs with which they

the

sit'.

These two songs must be sung

na-xe- ('excrement floats about').

first

every night.

The second has

words

c'^arj'^

The
If

k>inahtdai] must not laugh

at this,

or at any of the other things people say or sing.

life.

she does she becomes wrinkled early in

[m] These songs are sung funny remarks

in the

in

chorus.

Some have

words, others do

not.

Often there are

songs, making fun of people.

All Flower

Time

is

kept with split-stick rattles

in the

(k>inahtdan-c'e'y'').

Dance songs sung by

women end

word miloy.

Men's Flower Dance songs end

[n]

in a yell

he-w!

To

prevent her from having bad dreams during the ceremony. The only time she
is

puts

it

aside

when she goes

for her ritual

swims.

132
[o]

XIV Northwest
At the
first

California Linguistics
menses, they paint a red spot on the crown of

appearance of a

girl's

her head, over her heart, and in the middle of her back (xo3e*''-micig''), as well as on

each shoulder.
('what
is

If these spots

rub off they are repainted.

They

are called cclirj wilc"'e*n

made

to

be blood').
a single string.
It

[p] This

must be

used to have short dentalia shells (disid)

interspersed with dried juniper berries (xehlsaq').

[q]
It

is

made

out of polished elk horn, or the rim of an abalone shell.

to scratch herself.

The

girl

must not use her fingers

[r]

To "torment"

her.

The children

are

supposed

to follow her

and not get ahead of

is

her.

They shout
life.

teasing things at

her (such as c'ahl widahi, 'Frog

If

running'), but she

must not look back or pay any

rules in her
acts
(It is

attention.

she looks back, she'll always be breaking

believed that a girl's future actions are determined by

how

she

during the Flower Dance.)

[s]

These swimming places are fixed for the

and are a type of tim

girls

of each division (ta''kyimitx*e* or

me''diix"'e'),
[tl

(ritual training place).

in all

That

is,

she bathes each day

seven places, then repeats the whole thing for

(e.g., three

as

many

times as the number of the day since she began menstruating

times

on the

third day).

Once

the Flower

Dance begins, however, she swims only twice each

day, once in the morning and once in the evening.

[u] If she's

been mean, talking sassy, or not minding, some older person watches her
to eat,

to see

when she begins

to get

and may throw a rock on the roof

all

after

pounding on

it.

Then she has

[v]

up and bathe

over again without eating that day.

until

Some

girls refrained

from drinking water

their

second menstrual period.

(They would get liquid

in the
fire,

form of acorn mush.).

one hand toward the
in a circle
fire,

[w] They half- face the

[x]

the other toward the wall.

alternate

Six or seven

men dance

around the

fire,

men

wearing "hooks"
Their faces
are

(crowns of sea-lion tusks) and "rolls" (woodpecker scalp headdresses).

painted red and black.

The men wearing hooks imitate deer browsing, those wearing rolls imitate woodpeckers tapping. They try to outdo one another in acting. The women stand behind and join in singing and beat time, as do the men not dancing in hooks and rolls but wearing "blinds" of wolf-fur. The women dancers help the men to
beat time, but cannot wear the hooks or rolls.
[y] The dancers squat down away from the fire and move away from the fire and move counterclockwise towards the fire, still squatting, their soles never planted on the

ground. They lean on decorated sticks, called kyiwo"^

sticks').

mitic'e"^

('hook dancers' walking

These are plain or forked

sticks with the bark peeled off,

itself)

and

are decorated with

red,

tassels of

wood
juice

shavings (from the stick

and with colors (alder bark for

soapwood
[z]

mixed with soot

for black).

They go out

in order to give the

girl,

women
sits

a chance to sing again, or

men from

the

opposite division. The

meanwhile,
is

with her head covered, or her hand

in front

of her face.

When

the dance

on, she stands at the east

comer of

the house, with a

covering over her head. She must not look on.

[aa] Until

now, only the

women have been

beating time with these sticks.

Hup a
[bb]

Texts: 10

133
to

They do

this at the
all

end of each song. According

they have finished

[cc]

of the songs they throw their split-stick

is

Goddard (1903: 54), when rattles on the blanket.

it,

When

the blanket

held up and the sticks beaten on

they are "handing

it

back" {xowa-na^aW) to the k>ixinay.

k^ixinay stick their split-stick
rattles

When

the Indians have their

Flower Dance, the

This
the only

out of their heaven in the east (across the ocean,

village.
is

where the sun

rises)

and point them down toward the Indian

for a short while.

time the k>ixinay in the eastern heaven ever stop doing the Flower Dance, to give the
Indians a chance to do
it

[dd] This hair style

is

called na'na'wiloy'' ('tied back around').

fur (te'wina'Wig'^-ciq') or otter skin holds her hair back of her ears

the string strung along the hair and tassels of shell Plate 5).

on each end.

A hair-tie of mink on both sides, with (See Goddard 1903:

[ee] The two women are seated facing one another, with the stool between them. They beat time on the stool (minin'^-dig 'in front of it'), while the k>inahtdai) walks

back and runs forward,

right.
[ff]

at first

alone and then with the

man

to her left

and the

girl to her

They whip

the bark fringes over their shoulders in time to the dance.

[gg]

They back away about 20

girl

paces.

[hh] The
times.
[ii]

runs alone five times, then the other two join her for another five

He
Or

grabs hold of her under her arms and pretends to

rather, tells

lift

her up towards the

shell.

yj]

her that this time she

is

seeing the heaven to the east.

According

to

Goddard, there are two

women who

hold abalone shells, one standing to

the south and one to the north (1903: 54).

[kkj

Where

the

the seven ritual

trail comes out at the lower end of the village. swimming places (tim) for menstruating women at

This

is

the first of

ta'^kJ'imit-dii].

The

man

is

leading her on a final circuit of the tim places. All seven are mentioned by

name

in the

following paragraph. Their exact locations are not known.

[Uj

When

she bathes

at cahl-mito*''-dir) ('frog's

water place'),
old.

if

she dreams of, or

sees, the white frog that lives there she'll live to

be very

[mm]

Later,

Sam Brown
lots

elaborated on these rules.

not eat hazel nuts because,

birds will get

if

she does, she'll have bad teeth; also,

The k^inahtdag, he said, does it will mean that the

grizzlies) will

away with
If the

of nuts.
lot,

If

she eats between meals, without washing, birds

be she

will be plentiful

and eat up a

and bears (both brown bears and

plentiful too.

k>inah)dai] says anything bad

If

swears

(////'^.rme-HO

what

says will

come
If

true.

she wishes you a short

is

life,

you won't

live long.

Basically,
rest

whatever she does while she

of her
life.

k>inahtdag she will be

in the habit

of doing for the

she loses anything, she'll always be that kind of person.

if

During

this

time, she must not look at her friends;

she does, they'll die.

If

she handles her hair

If

with her fingers,

she'll stay that

it

will fall
all

out she'll have

If,

a poor head of hair.

she gets cranky,

is

way

her

life.

on the other hand, she minds people and

good-

natured, she'll be like that always and will live to be old.

134
[nn]

XIV Northwest
Some

California Linguistics

time after the Flower Dance

is

over, the k>inahtdai)

must carry

all

the

split-stick rattles

up

into the mountains.

She takes along her brother,

tie

father, or another
fir tree (nisk^ii)).

male
This

relative to help
is

pack them, and they

them

to the

branches of a

usually done in the

house.
sticks:

There are three

(1)

meantime the sticks are kept in the places where Hoopa Valley people went to leave their dancein the

summer, and

mixa'ce-xoIe*n-q'id ('incense root point'),

up

back of me'^dil-dirj;
in the

(2)

na'^ne'^itic-dirj ('sleeping place'),

on the top of mis-q'id mountain; and

(3) ta'^kyimUto the

it.

diq-yima*ni-yidaG ('up country across from ta'^kyimit-dig'),

west.

mountains

At

this last place is a big rock,

with sticks tied to manzanita growing on

are a gift to the k^'ixinay.
to the

Split-stick rattles carried

up

to the

mountains

They

are

always

tied in

two bunches, forking, with one fork pointing

heaven

in the south,

the other to the heaven in the north.

Hupa
11.
Narrated by

Texts: 11

135

The Origin

of the Flower

Dance
1-8.

Sam Brown. Notebook

^inis'^a-n
^

X, pp. 55-62; XI, pp.

no-r}'^a--dirj

( 1

digmtj yide^

Here down-river world (= as far north as one can go)

where

it

naPtehidi&'e-n there grew up

stretches to

Unxinay
knxinay

q'anc'iwilc'^il^

(2)

digya(rf)

nohoi yinac-yidac

[young man].

Here with us east

na'^tehidic''e-n

li>ixinay
kyixinay

k>'eMca-n
[young woman].

(3)

mine-^ixomii
[Then one time]

xowan
to her

[came into existence]

c ininyay
he came

lc>ixinay
k>ixinay

qlanc'iwilc'il] [young man];

'^a'xaic'ide-ne'^

He

said to her,

'With

Wii me

te-sinya--te-

digyalrj^
[here]

yide'^

ninis'^a-n
[world]

no'rpa-c'iff
[where
it

(4)

h.\aya^l
[Then]

you

will

go

[downriver]

stretches] to."

[they

c'tehsde'K went off;]

digya{rj]
[here]

yide"^

ninis'^a-n
[world]

no'ij^^a'-diij

na''^ande-K
they arrived, going back;

[downriver]

[where

it

stretches to]

xol-na'^winya'^'^
she became living with him = married him;

mine'^ixomH
[after a while]

xomi^e-'^e-din? having children,

a child

ya'xohsle'^^
they

t'ehxi^
a
girl,

became

[numerous]

(5)

h[aya-]-i [Then]

Uyiye[again]

ia'^

t'ehxi^i
girl

sile'^n

another

became, was born.

(6)

q'a(d) [Now]

ya7winkya'w(^-mii when they got big.

do'-kyinahidan-^
just before they

i ya'^asle'^ni-mii had reached puberty

ya'xoq'id on them
(7)

no-naW
to

mnyay
there

camehsKon
a

kyaP-iicow-me'^
dressed
in a

marry

came

woman
do-

blue dress.

h[aya-]i Then

hay-yo'w
that

camehsKo'n woman

x''a'

kyiwinya'^n

he wouldn't eat for her, did not eat what she cooked;

cnxowiiwe"^
he beat, attacked her.

(8)

h[aya]-l Then
do-

hay
the

t'ehxije
girls

'^aya'xoic'ide-ne'^
she said
to

them,

naya-te-se-K ^^-te"We'll go home."

na-ya'tehsde'^K-tethey were to go home

(9)

c'oyahlc'id

hay

da-ydi-c'itj'^
to

The

(girls) did not

know

where

hay
the

t'ehxije
girls.

136
(10)

XIV Northwest
h[ayaha^i]d
Then
x'^'ey

California Linguistics

ie-na'^Uyiwilaw
(she) gathered

hi^id
[and]

xehi
a load

their

things

together;

wan-na-na-'^asya'^
she fixed up;

^^

hi^id
[and]

naya'^tehsdeK
[they

to-

no'/j'^a-dirj

went

bacic off]

(traveling) at the

water's edge

yida-c'irj from downstream (up Klamath R.).

(11)

na'^te'dic'Hw^'^

hay
[the]

camehsKom
[woman.]

She cried along

(12)

w>ilwe'K.-mii

ni'^ni-wa-}c>a'^an-di(tj)
[Turip]

naya^widil

^^-id

When

evening came

when they were coming

along there

'^arj-g>a'^

xontah
a

sa'^arj

daharjWo'^-dar)'^
for a long time
it

xoW
seemed,

miq'id-x"^

[they perceived]

house

standing there

on

it

xa-na-Uyixolda'^a'^ ^'^ it (moss) grew up again (after being clear).

(13)

hayah
There

yehnaya'^winde-K
they went in on their

sa-Uyidiij
[to their

way home;
xomit'
his belly

surprise]

'^arj-gya'^

[they perceived]

Ryiwarjxoyan an old man

sitirj

Wan
only

sa^a-n
lying

lying

down,

(= pot bellied)

(14)

h[ayaha^i]d And then

'^a'^de'ne'^

he said:

hayi-x"^ "There

no'nohdii
you
(pi.) sit

^^

(15)

h[aya']i
[Then]

down!"

'^ina-'^asdice^

hay-yo-w
[that]

Uyiwarjxoyd-n
[old man.]

(16) h[ayaha^i]d

iena'^nilay
he build a
fire;

he got up

And
ta'^kyime'X 17
she stirred the acorn mush

then

hi^id
[and]

ce-

dah-c'iwirj'^a-n 16
she heated (the rocks)

hay
[the]

camehsKon
[woman.]

rocks

(17)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

hay-yo'w
[the]

Icyiwarjxoyd'n [old man]

dah^ii-q'i(d) on the platform

Rye-'^isydy

he went up
(to)
it,

hi^id
[and]

na-na'^wilay
he brought (back)

Ryinilfa-c'
cut-up and dried (venison);

Ryikye'^-din
the
tail

ya'xoyeh
under them

no'^nirjxan
he
set
it,

'8

part

down
ioq'i-tah
also salmon

of

it

c'e'^tclay ^^

hijid
[and]

ya'^lcyiwinya'^n
they
ate.

(18)

he brought out also,

hiaya']-! [Then]

second time,

kyiwa/jxoya-n [(the) old man]

'^a'^dene'^
[said,]

daydix''a-(ijP-mii'^^ "From where is it

wohdil^^
that

you

(pi.)

come?"

Hupa
(19)
he-yarj "Yes,"
xolc'ide'ne'^
she said,

Texts: 11

137
do-'^n
it

nehe"we

'^e-'^n

for our part

is

digyaiij) yide"^ [here] [downriver]

ninis'^a-n
[world]

no-ij'^a-di(]j)-mU [where it stretches to - from]

nayaydil^^
we are on our way back.

(20) noh-q'i(d)
[On
us]

do'^rj

[indeed]

no-naW
to

ninyay
there

marry

came

camehsXo'n a woman
(21)

very pretty

kya'^-iicow-me'^
dressed in a blue dress.

hayi
That

dorj'^
is

c'iWiwUwe'^
he beat me;

why

do- Wa' Uyiwinya?n he wouldn't eat of my cooking.

(22)

na7Wintehsyo-di'^^-warj
Because he has driven

nayaydil
we
are returning

me away

home,

digya(ij)
[here]

nohoi
[with us]

yinaGi-yidaGi-c'itj'^
[east]."

(23)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

"^a-n

"Indeed!"

c'ide-ne"^

(24)

hayah
There

x'^e-nayaiwe-K^^
[they stayed (another) night.]

(25)

xiKe'^-darj'^
[In the

he said.

morning]

ya^Uyiwinyarj'^-hid when they had eaten

naya^tehsde-K
they started back.

(26)

xd^
"Goodbye!"

ya'xoic'ide-ne^
they said to him;

haya-i
[then]

Uyiwaijxoya-n [(the) old man]

'^a^de-ne'^
[he said,]

xa7
"All right!

iaPa-dirj some day

"^ana^ado- 26 once again

c'ixolcis-te-

'^'^

(27)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

naya^tehsde-K
they started off for home.

(28)

h{aya]l
Then

he will see him."

kyiwaijxoya-n [the old man]

'^achondehsne'^
[thought,]

'^isdo^
"I

kyina-lcyildashe

hay-yo'w
[that]

wish

may become

menstruating

t'ehxi3
[girl]."

(29)

h[aya-]l
[Then]

niic'nni-qaP-diiij) Orleans Ranch

naya^ande-X-ey
they arrived there going back

wilwe'K-mU
when
it

(30)

got evening.

h{aya-]i Then

^a^de-ne^
she said,

hay-yo'w
[that]

t'ehxi^
[girl,]

hay
the

c'inkyd-w 28
older one,

nehe"We

'^e-'^n

do'^rj

for our part

behold!

kyina-Ryidilda 29 [we are ^>/>ja/jWa//],"

la^ay-x'"'

(and) right along

mil
with
it

Uyita-'^aw she sang.

138
(31)

XIV Northwest
h[ayaha^i]d
Then

California Linguistics

'^aya'^dene'^
they (people) said, (including)

yidahc'in-ceq'iyarj'^ay
Silver-gray Fox,

c'oMwaM^^
"Let the Flower Dance take place!"

(32)

"You

xo-nohc''id^^ (pi.) go and get

yidacexodnandiij
Innam

UyeMca-n

Girl (= Frog),

(33)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

ie^Unxolaw^^
he gathered the people,

k'osos^^
Hummingbird

'^ayaYirj
they did it (he and)
-

yidahc'in-ceq'iya-ij'^ay
Silver-gray

(34)

xo'^^i

wilweXi-mii
in the

'^aht'in
all

Fox

Late

evening

c'ininyay came;
yisxa-n-e-y
it

hayah
there

c'iswai
they beat time.

(35)

yiwidirj-hid
Finally,

miq'ost'ah-di(rj)
9 times

(36)

h[ayaha3i]d
Then

hay
that

na-lwe-K^^
evening

me'^U>iwihiw
he sang a song

dawned

(days passed).

Little

kyila-g>ah Woodpecker.

(37)

q'ad

c'ininyay
had come

hay
[the]

Now

kyiwarjxoyan old man

hay
the one

xoi x'^enaya-lwe'^K-ne'^in
with

whom

they had stayed one night

lcyiina-dil-Jc>iwaijxoya-n Wolf - Old Man;

c'iWxiy^^ young man

na'^asdile'^n-ehe had become again

xola-n
evidently,

lah-xo
just

as

do- c'ixone-Pin'^-te'-nehwa-n^^ though one might never look at him,

xa'^a'^a-tc^'orj

(38)

h[aya-]'l
[Then]

hay
[the]

hila-g>ah
[Little

me^Unwiitiw-mH
when he sang
Wixan"^ husband

so

handsome he was.
lc>inahidar)
first-time

Woodpecker]

hay-yo-w
that

ia'^ay-x''^'^
at

'^a'^deme'^

hayi
"That one

once

she said,

my

menstruating

girl

will

c'islinUebecome."

(39)

ia'^a
All

xiKe'^

xaWde'^ine'^
she kept saying that

hay
[the]

k>indahida^
[menstruating
girl.]

night

long

(40)

haya-i
[Then]

k>iinadil-k>iwafjxoya-n |AVolf-01d Man]

'^a'cho'^one'^^^
kept thinking:

xoW

do^otj

"I don't

know

about that!"

(41)

mine-^ixomii
[Meanwhile]

k^iye-

yehciwinyay
they

(42)

again

came

in to

dance.

h[aya-]i Then

me'^kn wiitiw
he sang a song

k'iidik>i-k>oh Big Woodpecker.

Hiipa Texts: 11
h{aya-i]
[Then]

139
'^a^de-ne'^

(43)

kyinaMdaij
[the menstruating girl]

Ryiya[again]

hay
"That one

ye-

[she said,]

instead

xol-nayya^'^^-teI'll live with him

(= marry him)."

(44)

h{aya-i] Then

xontehltaw
Coyote

'^e-'^n

for his

part

c'ahli-hil together with Frog

xe'^enarfiilwa'K^^
they had thrown each other away, had deserted each other.

(45)

c'ahli

xosakyi-kyaP-me'^
dressed in an abalone-shell dress

yo'^ni-yidaca
opposite the door

Frog

dahwirj'^ay was sitting;

yidace-xodnan-dirj-lcyehica-n
[Innam-Girl]

xolye-^^
she was called.

(46)

h[ayai]
Then

yisxa'ni-mU when day came,

q'ad
just

hay
when

do'-c'o-wilarP-te--mi-t
they were about to quit,

me'^kyiwiitiw
he sang a song

yidahc'in-ce-q'iya'rj'^ay
Silver-Gray Fox.

(Song.)

(47)

h[aya-]l Then

'^a-ya'^de-ne'^

hayi
"That one

[they said,]

yiw-'^a-c'ilah^'^

(48)

xonteMtaw
Coyote

has done the best."

na'^wawas going about

min^day-q'
outside the

house.

(49)

h[aya-]l
[Then]

xonteMtaw
[Coyote]

'^a'^dene^
[said,]

xoW
"I don't

do'^orj

know!

(50)

na'^wa- yedo'^oij He might be walking around

xoW

hayi
that

yiwi-'^ac'ilah-te'

one

who

will

win out."

(51)

'^e+

ya'^de'ne'^ they
[all]

xonteMtaw
"Coyote

'^e-'^n

do'^rj

'^a'^n^^'

na'^wa
'There

"Ehhh"

for
his part

see now!

he says,

said,

goes about

hay
the

yiw-'^a-c'ilah-te-

(52)

xa"^

Ryiye'

one

who

will win'.

All right!

again

yehna'c'o-diya'^ let them come

into the dance."

(53)

h[ayaha^i]d
Then

q'ad
[now]

kyfye'
[again]

yehna'^widyay
[they went back
(to the

hi^id
[and]

xonteMtaw
[Coyote]

dance) again;]

me'^kyiwHtiw
[sang a song:]

'^ina-'^e-+

Vna'he+ '^inahe+
(song)

...

(54)

h[ayaha^i]d
Then

c'ahli

Frog

lo^-c'isc'^e^n

'^ohohoho+y
"Oh ho-ho-ho-ho!
q'a(d)

xonteMtaw
Coyote

yiw-'^a'c'ilah
has

c'idene"^
she said.

laughed:

won

out,"

(55)

h[ayaha^i]d
Then

tahc'isyay

"^^

now

they quit dancing.

140
(56)

XIV Northwest
c'e-na'^te'de-Xi^^-mi-f

California Linguistics

^'ahli

When

they

all

went out

Frog

no-na-wice'-di(ij) to the door

c'ininyay
she came,

of the house again,

xonteMtaw
Coyote

hay

c'e-na'^andiya- ^i-teM-ditj where he was to come out back;

hayah
there

xoWt'e"^"^^ mila"^
his blanket
its

hand

c'Uknd
she caught hold of.

(57)

'^a'xoic'ide-ne'^

'^a--do--Unlyo'^^^
don't seem to like anybody, do you,

xonteMtaw
Coyote?

She said

to him:

"You

nil
I'll

natesdiya-tego back with you!"

(58)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

xa^
"All right,"

xoic'idene'^
he said to her;

na-na'^niisdile'^ ^^
they went around arm in arm.

(59)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

Koh-ha'^
grass-dress

x'^cna'^kHsKo'^n
they tied on to her

hay
[the]

kyinahidarj
[menstruating
girl]

hi^id
[and]

'^axoic'ide-ne'^
(her mother) said to her,

yidaGi-to--me'^-c'irp "In the eastern ocean

na'wime'^-teyou will bathe

hay nahdiyaw mito'"^ sixa'n where the water of Indian money sits.
'

(60)

h[aya]i
[Then]

hay-dand
whoever

nanic'inehsyod
chases you around

"^adiwan
if

nonic'iniitin 52-^^? he should bring you to himself

hayi
that

one

xoi-naijya'^-te' you will marry."

(61)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

dahc'idiwinia'd
she ran off

hay
[the]

kyinahidarj
[menstruating
girl;]

'^aht'irj
all

ya'^xontehsyo-d
pursued
her.

(62)

k'osos
Hummingbird

naya-'^astiw ^^ (& the other one) they beat them all, were in the lead;

hay
those

ya'^tiwic'ilil ^^
that

noya'^windil^^
they sat down.

(63)

yidahc'in-ce-q'iya-ij^ay
Silver-Gray Fox

Wa'ne'
only

gave out, got weak,

q'a(d)

na-cefirst, in

c'itehsde-X
they (2) went along.

(64)

now

h[aya-]l Then

hay-yo'w
[that

one]

the lead

kyiinadil-kyiwarjxoya-n
Wolf-Old

dedi ninis'^an-ne-^i-yidac
half

c'iwildaii-mil

Man

way up

this

world

when he had been

running along,

(to yidaci-to-me'^)

xowanixohsle"^
he lost

56

/j^-y

xoxe"^
track.

her

Hup a
(65)

Texts: 11

141
na'^andild'd
he came back running.

h[ayaha^i]d
Then

xd^^
clear (back to)

nilc^ini-qV-diCi])

[Orleans]

(66)

h[ayaha^i]d
Then

xo'^ji
really (= with

dahc'idiwinla-d yidaci-to'-me'^ miwa-n-^i^i

he ran
off;

[uphill

Ocean]

close to

it

a fresh start)

yisin-c It] 58 from the lower country

c'islirj^-hid

xowa-n
close to her

ciGai
he was coming along

when he

got to be.

yidahc'in-ce'q'iyaij'^ay
[Silver-Gray Fox;]

hayah
there

xowina- c'eVniad 59
he ran past him.

(67)

q'ad
Just

tehc'iwillah-te'-mii
to

na^xolkyid
he caught
her;

hay
that

ye'
instead
(of others)

when she was about

into the water,

run

one

xol-naPwinyaP-e'y
she married him;

nUc'^ini-q'a?-di(rj)
[Orleans]

na'^andeK

60-e-y

[they (2) returned.]

(68)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

hay-yo-w
that

iiwan
other

t'ehxi^
girl

x'^anc'^irj-hii

with her mother

naPtehsde'K
went back.

(69)

digya[rj]

nohoi yinaci-yidac
in the east]

[The Hnxinay heaven

xa-na'^asde-Ki-mH when they reached it,

going back up.

kyiye'

hdyi
that

again

kyinaPUyilday became menstruating

girl)

(70) hayah
[There]

xoq'i(d)

c'iswai

(younger

for the first time.

over her they beat time = had the Flower Dance for her.

(71)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

hayah
[there]

'^a'^de-ne'^

hay
[the]

camehXon
woman
(her mother),

[she said]

digyarj "Here

xa'^a't'in^^-te[(it)

(72)

hay-ye'd
Off yonder

will

be] in this way.

Icyiwinya'^nya-n-tah-dirj where people dwell

kyina-kyiwiida'^ali-mU-de'^-^id^'^ whenever a girl becomes knnaMdat]

nehe-

naya-widilyehW ^^-tewe
will rest;

lah-x"
just

we

ourselves

kyinahldan-c'e-y'^
kyinahidarj sticks

xo-c'iif
to

them

xoda-ya'w( i jdiPe'Xil 64./^we will have them pointing down (from heaven)."
me-ne'^-q'eh-dinan
facing her back

(73)

hayah
There
the

kyinahidarj
kyinaMdaij
girl

c'inehsddy
sat

down

na'xolc'a'^
(little bird).

142
(74)
xon'^-c'in'^ Into the fire

XIV Northwest
do-

California Linguistics

na'^tehs'^e'^n

(75)

she never looks back.

xoWt'e'^ Her blanket

ce'l-nehwa-n
is

red;

xoqostati^
her hat

cei-nehwan
is

red,

xohinaMdan'^-c'e-y'^-tah her hinaMdarj-raMe also;

xa'^a-yaic''o-n
they are
all

so pretty.

(76)

dedi-de-

Come

to find out

her eyes

xona'^-ne'^in^^^ - used to be

c'e-te-fe'^i^^-man because they are cooked out (from staying awake)

no-nt'ilcy(>'^

xon'^-c'in'^
into the fire

do-

na'^tehs'^e'^n

(77)

hayah
[There]
[it

she never looks back.

stretches to.]

The Origin of the Flower Dance

( 1 )

[a]

At the downstream edge of the world

(dig>aij yide*^ ninis

Vn

no'g'^a*-

dig) a young kixinay

Heaven to the east (dig>an-nohot yinac-yidac) a young k^ixinay woman came to exist. (3) It happened that the young k>ixinay man came to her. He said to her, "You will come with me to the downstream edge of the world."
to exist.

man came

(2) In

the

(4)

And

they set off and went back to the downstream edge of the world,
after a while they

where she married him, and

one more
(6)
girl

had a

child, a girl.

(5)

Then

was born.
had gotten
wife, [b]
big, just before

When

the girls

they

became Ryinahldai]

(just before their first menstruation), a

woman

in a blue dress arrived to settle

in as their father's

new

(7)

(8)

The man stopped eating what (his first wife) cooked. He beat her up. Then she said to the girls, "We're going back home!" (9) The girls

didn't

things, fixed

they were going back to. (10) She gathered up their up a pack, and they started off back, going upstream along the water's edge. (11) The woman cried as she went along back.
(12)

know where

When

evening came, as they were going along near Turip

(nin*^-

saw a house, one that (moss, plants) seemed to have been (allowed to) grow back over for a long time. (13) They stopped and went in, and to their surprise they saw an old man with a pot-belly lying
wa*k>a''an-dir)), they
there. (14)

He

said, "Sit

down

there!"

(15)

Then

the old

man

got up.

(16)

He

built a fire,

rocks and cooked acorn mush.

storage platform and brought
the
tail part, [c]

(17)

Then

the old

down

pieces of dried

woman heated man went up on the venison. He served them

and the
all ate.

and also brought out some salmon. They

(18) (19)

Then

the old

man

said:

"The

fact is," she said,

edge of the world.

(20)

"Where is it that you people come from?" "we are returning home from the downstream very pretty woman in a blue dress came to be my
is

husband's second wife.

(21) That

why he

beat

me and

wouldn't eat what

Hupa
I

Texts: 11

143

cooked. (22) Because he has driven me off, we are going back to the heaven in the east." (23) Then he said, "Indeed!" (24) They stayed there for
the night.

(25) In the morning they ate and went off.

(26)

"Good bye!"

they said to

him.
(27)

And the old man said, "Good And they went off. (28) Then
a Ryinahtdarj."

bye! [d]
the old

Some day we'll meet again!" man thought, "I wish that girl

would become
(29)

(30)

They got as far as Orleans (nitc^ini-qa'^-dig), when the evening came. Then the older girl said, "Look! We're k-inahtdar)!" [e] She started

singing a song.

Then Silver-Gray Fox (yidahc'in-ce*qiya*g'^ay) and some others said, Flower Dance begin! (32) Go fetch Innam Girl (yidace*xodnandig-k>ehka*n)!" [f] (33) Then Hummingbird (qo*so-s) and SilverGray Fox assembled the people. (34) By the time it was late evening everybody had arrived and they began the Flower Dance then.
(31)

"Let

the

(35) Finally nine days passed.

(36)
(37) At

Then
that

that

evening
the

Little

Woodpecker
arrived

(kyila'gyah) [g] sang a song.

overnight

whom they had stayed was Wolf-Old Man (k-ilna'dil-kyiwagxoya'n). [h] It seemed he had changed back into a young man so handsome it seemed you could
point

old

man

with

it

hardly look at him.

(38) Then,

when

Little

Woodpecker sang
husband!"
(40)

his song, the

kyinahtdag
(39)

said,

"That one will become

my

The k-inahldar) kept saying

they

that all night long.

that."

And Wolf-Old
Woodpecker

Man

kept thinking, "I don't

know about
in

(41) Meanwhile,

came

to

dance again.

(42) Big

(kyWdiky-kyoh)

[i]

sang a song. (43) The k-inahtdai) then said,

"Fm

going to

marry

that

one instead!"

(44) Coyote (xontehltaw) and Frog (cahl) had walked out on each other,
[j]

(45) Frog,

dressed in an abalone-shell dress, sat up on the platform

opposite the door.

(46) Then,

She was called "Innam-Girl."

they were just about
to

when day broke and

all said,

quit

dancing,

Silver-Gray Fox sang a song, [k]

(47)

Then they
(50)

"That one has done best!"

Then Coyote said, "I don't know The one who is going to do best might still be waiting." [I] (51) "Eh!" they all said, "Look at Coyote there, who says, 'The one who will do best is still waiting.' (52) All right, let them come back in to dance
(48) Coyote was waiting outside. (49)
that!

about

again!"
(53)

Then

right

away they

all

went back

in

to

dance again, and Coyote

sang a song, [m]

144
(54)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

"Oh ho-ho-ho-ho! Coyote is the best!" Then Frog laughed. Then they came out from dancing. (56) As they were going back out, (55) Frog went to the door where Coyote was going to come out. There she caught hold of the end of his blanket, [n] (57) She said to him, "You don't seem to like anybody, do you. Coyote? I'll go back with you!" (58) Then he told her, "All right!" They went about arm in arm.
(59) Then they put a bark dress (Koh-kya'^) on the k^inahtdai), and her mother told her, "You are going to swim in the eastern ocean (yidaci-to*me*^), where the Money Water (nahdiyaw mito'^) lies, [o] (60) But if whoever chases you catches you, you will have to marry him." [p] (61) And then right away the k^inahtdai) ran off. All of them chased her.
in the lead, (but) one after another they gave out down. (63) Silver-Gray Fox was one of the only ones going on. (64) Wolf-Old Man, after running half way up the world to the eastern

(62)

Hummingbird was

and

sat

ocean, lost her track. (65)

(66)

He

ran

all

the

way back

to Orleans.
start.

Then (Wolf-Old Man) ran

Wolf-Old

off again with a fresh fresh

As he
her.

approached the eastern ocean, he saw Silver-Gray Fox coming close to

At

that point

Man

ran past Silver-Gray Fox.

to run into the water,

(67) Just as the girl

was about

he caught her;

so

it

was him
(68)

that she married,

girl set

and they returned

to Orleans.

The other

off back

home

with her mother.

(69)

When

they

got back up to the k>ixinay

(she menstruated for the
(70)
"It will

Heaven

to the east, she too

became

a k>^inahldai]

first

time), [q]
there.

They had
be like

Flower Dance for her

here forever.
(72)

(71)

this

Whenever

a girl

Then her mother said, becomes k>inahtdai)

We'll just point

off yonder where people live,

we

will rest
[r]

from dancing.

our dance-sticks
(73)

down toward them."

[s]

little

bird (na'xolc'a'')

sat

down

there facing
fire,
[t]

the kyinahWar)

girl's back.

(74) She never looks back into the

is

(75)

Her blanket
is

is

red; her basket-cap

also red, as

is

her split-stick

rattle.

Everything

so

beautiful!

(76) And, lo and behold, because her eyes are

cooked

out, [u] she

never

looks back
(77) That
[a]

at the fire, [v]

is

as far as (the story) stretches.

Sam Brown

learned this story from Lily Hostler (mise-najc'e'^), of ta''k''imit-dii].

this

Her mother came from Redwood Creek country, and

version of the story.

may

be the

Redwood Creek
Goddard has
in

Whatever

its

provenience,

it

is

not the story that

Hupa

Texts (1904: 237-239), which was given to him by Robinson Shoemaker in

girl is

1901. In Goddard's version the

yima'n-tiw'^winyay's daughter.

He

is

greedy

for

food and has her carry eels to an imaginary "uncle,"

who

is

actually himself.

When

she

Hupa
discovers his trick, he
stick rattle,
tells

Texts: 11

145

her to

sit

facing the back of the house.

all

He makes

a split-

and invisible people dance over her

night for ten nights.

envelops her and carries her away to Heaven, where they do the
end.
[b] Literally, 'to settle

Then a cloud Flower Dance without

down on

top of them' {ya-xoq'id no-naW).

In the old days

men

could have more than one wife, and there was often tension between the co-wives.
in this story is apparently a

The second wife

[c]

mythological bird of some

sort,

perhaps a

blue duck or sea-bird.

The

tail (k-ikye'^-dii)) is

the fattest and choicest part of a deer.

The old man was

avoided by

being a very generous host.

[d]

The exclamation
it

xa'^ is

short for xa^gyaPne'^.

to

The longer form

is

many because
[ej

sounds too sad

them, for

it is

often used by a dying person.

sister.
[f]

Only the older girl was menstruating, but she was ashamed, so she included her The words are the text of a song that is sung in the Flower Dance.
Silver-Gray Fox
is

and Hummingbird were apparently inhabitants of Orleans.

"Innam-Girl"

a special

name

for

Frog

in

myths. Innam

is

the

Karuk

village at Clear

Creek, some distance upstream on the Klamath from Orleans.

[gl

The

smallest woodpecker.

[h]

Wolf-Old

Man

is

also the originator of the Misq'id (Spring)

Jump Dance. See

text 4.
[il

The

largest

woodpecker.
c'ahl),

Lj]

Coyote and Frog (here called by her proper name,

that follows
is

were husband and wife

in

Hupa myths. The humorous episode

See
text 61.
[k]
[1]

often elaborated into a separate

story.

Sam Brown
Meaning

sang Silver-Gray Fox's song here.

himself.

[m] Here

Sam Brown

sang Coyote's song: '^ma"V-i- 'Hna-he+ '^ina-he+

is,

...

[n] Literally, 'she

caught hold of his blanket's "hand" {mila^), that

leg.

the part of the

deerhide that corresponds to the deer's

[o] The mythical breeding ground of dentalia Klamath (or Trinity), far to the east.

shells, believed to lie

upstream on the

[p]

That

is,

if

the girl reached the eastern ocean, she presumably

the k^ixinay country (where her mother

were caught before then, the

[q]

would go over to was from) and remain an immortal. But if she man who caught her would make her his mortal wife.
was believed
to

The

first girl

ran toward yidaci to'-me'', an "ocean" that

be part

of the earth (ninisVn). Wolf-Old

earth.
It is

Man

caught up with her there, and she stayed on this

The mother and

the younger girl

went up

to

heaven (not a part of

ninis'^a'n).

not clear

how

they reached heaven, whether across the ocean or by

some

other route.

[r]
[s]

They

point

them

rattle-end

down.
little

Sam Brown

identified this as a species of

'it

bird

whose English name he

Its

didn't

know. The Hupa name means

She faces

soaks into the ground'.

role

is

not further

explained.
[t]

east.

146
[u]
[v]

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

the k>ixinay worlds.

constantly open. She has become blind from keeping her eyes initiated the Flower Dance in both the human and The two girls, between them, The latter girl never married, but is the kyinahWarj-wintV
is

('forever k-vinaWdar)') and

always having a Flower Dance performed over her

the

heaven

to the east.

Hupa
12.
Narrated by
(1)
mi^c'^e'din

Texts: 12

147

The Brush Dance

VIII, pp. 1-12.

Sam Brown. Notebook

(2) hayah-mi-t
[Then]

de'^ic'a'd^
gets sick

na'ne'^iWo'^n^
it

(3) hayah-mi-t
[Then]

child

gets well again.

diyWo^-mii
(=
it

Knc'irj'^^

'^e'^iliw

"^e^ic'^iw
It

Wa-ne'
only,
all

[overturned, upset] things-with it becomes; gets nervous, disgusted, dissatisfied with things)

cries

the time.

(4)

hayah-mU
[Then]

'^ayaPde'^ine'^
[they say,]

miq'id
"on
it

(= they'll

xoirjp na-'^aswe'^-te' fire one will wave" dance the Brush Dance for it).

(5)

do'xo'^osday-tah-c'ir]^ The land of dead people

yidontaij'^^-hid
it

hay-yd-w
that (child)

is

it

holds

it

because of

c'^iw 6
it

Wa-neonly;
(=

dime-n
sharp(ness), bad temper
it it

is

crying

nay'^ay i carries around

(6)

ha\ah-mii
'[Then]

is

hard to please).

yima'n-'^e'^iliw ^-mii

Uyima'w
medicine

Uye'^oic'nw 9
he hires
it.

miq'i(d)
on, for (child)

when

spring comes,

xon'^

na?we--mir]

(7)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

"^aht'irj-xo

"^ant'e-

no'^oliW
he lays down,
gets ready:

fire-waving (a Brush Dance) for that purpose.

every kind of thing

me'^isd
pestle,

qay'^U>isd
basket hopper.

q'ay'^te-l

basket plate,

miito-y cooking basket,

xayc'aK

nahx
two.

mush basket
hayah-mi-t
[Then]

xanis-c'iPe-n
dipper basket

ia^
one,

qay'^timU
burden basket,

t'e'^

(8)

q'ad
[now]

blanket.

when

me-'^ind'Wi ^^-mii the time comes,

c'ine'^ind-W
she comes

hay
the

k>ima-w-c'isc'HrP-temedicine maker.

hay
the

one

(girl)

xoq'eh
following her

na-'^asya'^-te-

qina'>
too.

(9)

h[ayahajid]
[And then]

hay ah
[there]

who

is

to

go

x^eya-'^alwil they (2) camp.

around

(10)

"^ahfirj

hay
which

mil
with

na'naya'^asloy'^-tethey are to
(their
tie

mida'^ytah
beads, necklaces also

All

(things)

own)

hair

'^adH
with themselves

ya^temW
they take them along.

148
(11)
tin-tawi
In the

XIV Northwest
c'iteVndil

California Linguistics

xatacay-ca-li-me'^^^
before daybreak

'^adixin^'^
living

they (2) go (after staying

in the

on

woods

house one night);

themselves, without eating

diyWo"^

do-

c'itan

ta'^na-n
water

do-

ta'^dina-n

(12)

hiayaha^id]
[Then]

hay
the

they eat nothing,

they do not drink.

lcyima-w-c'iic''e-

^ehmil^^
[(thin strips

ya'^Rye'^iiUyil

^eh-Ryiya-c'e'^
[(for) torches of]

medicine-maker

oO

she splits

it

up,

pitchy

fir]

pitch

wood.

(13)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

xa'^ne'^ite'^

^"^

hay
it

Ryima-w
she
is

c'isc'^in'^-te-

she looks for

the (things)

to

make medicine
out of.

(14)

'^aht'in

c'e'^iicisi-mii

ia'^ay-di(tj)
in

no'^oliW
she puts them

hi^id
[and]

mic'itf
to
it

All

when

she finds

one place

them,

down,

c'ixe^ine-W
she talks [= prays.]

(15)

'^aht'i(ij)

micW
[to
it]

c'ixe'^ine-Wi-mii

iena'^aliW
she makes a
fire;

[AH]

[when she has prayed]

miyeh-wilqa'^n-kyin'^
roasting rack

c'e'^iic'^e-

(16)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hayi
those (posts)

she makes

it.

c'ine'Hino"^ ^^

(17)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

she stands them up.

miq'i(d) on the (posts)

dah-na'^lcyine'^iPe-K ^^ she lays the (greenwood

cross pieces) on.

(18)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hayah
[there]

dah-kye'^iicdy'^
she dries on [top]

^'^

hay
[the]

^eh-Ryiya-c'e'^
[pitch

wood.]

(19)

"^aht'irj

^e'^iicay'^

^^-mii

c'itiloy'^

hay
the

kyina'^diday-Kow'^
salal

All

when

it

has dried,

she

ties

them;

bush

me'^tiloy'^

^'^

hi^id
[and]

'^aht'i(jj)
all

me"^
in
it

na'^Uye'^Hwe-l
she puts them

she

ties

it

(salal)

(in)

to the (pitchwood);

away

as burden

qay'^timii burden basket;

hi^id
[and]

no-na'^axa-'W
she sets
there
it

(20) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay
[the]

down

Uyima-w-c'ii&'emedicine-maker

'^a'^de'^ine'^

[says (to the girl),]

(out in bush).

xinay"^^
"Friend!

xa'^

xon^-na'^a-didileh'^^
let's

(21)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

'^a-din'^'^'^

come!

dress up!"

their

own

faces

na-ya'^fcye'^Hdiw they wash.

(22)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

nanaya'^aloy'^
they
tie

up

their hair.

Hupa
(23)

Texts: 12

149
yehnayaPUye'^iliW'^^ they put them in
(=around)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

na'^lc>idilydy

'^adisowoi
their

necklaces

own

throats

(24)

hlayahajid]
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

'^e'^ilwil-mii

iiWin
black
(charcoal paint)

'^a-dinirP
their faces

naPaiiw
they rub on.

[when evening comesl

(25)

hay
[The]

xoq'eh

na^wdy

qlnaP
[^also]

mU-xorj'^-'^a?diPe-ni-mii
with [black paint]

[assistant]

xoda?
her chin

na'aita^c' she marks

tattoo-like.

(26)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

na^te'^indil
they 2 go back to the house;

xo^^i
really

'^e'^ilwil-mU

hay
the

xorj'^-na-'^aswe'^-teh-i-dirj

na'^ne'^indil
they

when

it's

evening

place where they will have the Brush Dance

come back

to.

(27)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

q'ad

now

mina--c'isda-^'^-teshe'll be waiting for it (medicine)

hay-y&w
that

one

xomi^c'^e'din? whose child

dinc'ad
is

(28)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

q'ad

Ryimaw
medicine

c'e'^icid

sick.

she pounds

it

qay'^Uyisdi-me'^
in the

hay
the

xon'-na^wefire-waver

(29)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

xayc'a'^-me'^
[in the

hopper

eating

(woman).

basket]

no'^oxd-W
[she puts
it]

hay
[the]

Uyimd-w
[medicine]

miitoy-me'^
cooking basket
(for steaming) in

melah
some of
it.

(30)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

ce
rocks

de-de^iW
she puts
in the fire.

(31)

h[ayaha^id\
[Then]

ma'-min
for
lie
it

(to

down)

c'me^itiW
she
lies

hay
(for) the

mi^e'^^e'din
[child]

hay-y&w
that

camehsXo'n woman
(mother);

xonirj'^-q'eh

down
c'e'^Uye^iixat'
[doctor] spreads

along her face (mother's & child's)

(32)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

hay-y&w
[that]

xon'^-na'^we'
[fire-waver (doctor)]

hay
[the]

out a cover.

^eh-Uyiya'c'e"^
[pitch

nahx
two (torches)

yd^d^dW
she takes up,

hi^id
[and]

xoq'eh-na'^wdy
(to) the assistant

wood]

one
torch

xowa'^a'^aW
she gives
it

to her.

150
(33)

XIV Northwest
me-ya'^de'^iPe-K'^^

California Linguistics

nahnin-ethe

(34)

xo'^^i

te'^ilidi-mH

join the (torches) on to the (fire) (= they light the torches)

They

two

Fully

when

it

burns,

[of them.]

xonin'^-dit]
at their

niima'^n
on each side (mother and child)

na'^deiya'^'^^
they (2) stand

faces

on

miq'i(d) it, them (2)

xon'^-naya'^awe'^ they wave the fire

hay-yow
[that]

mi^e-'^e'din
[child.]

(35)

hayah-mii
[Then]

di^idi 27
short
little

(when
is

no''^olidi-mii when it burns

left)

down

to

it.

minYah-c'irj'^ doorway, towards the door

to the

Kyeya'^amil

28

hi^id
[and]

iic'iW-mii
with (wet) sand

they throw them down to the ground,

na-ya'^nenc^a'^^'^
they throw
at
it

(36)
It

Ryine'^icis
quits burning.

(37)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

by the handful.

kHma-w-c'iic'^e[the doctor]

ky'in

no'dwa's

30

ta-q'a
3 (for each)

icwiloy"^^^
tied together

mil
with

whittled sticks

xoq'i(d) on them

na-ya'^aiwdi
they (2) beat the time.

(Song.)

(38)

me'^Uye'^iitiw

hay-de'
this

She sings

Wiij
song.

(39)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

no'^wa'^aWil ^'^-mii when, while she

quits

na'^xoniwHyo'l
she blows
at

33

them.

singing

(40)

ta-q'a-di(ij)

me'^Ic>e'^iitiw-mii

na'ia^
another

V/iij

Ryita-'^a'^aw

[Three times]

[when she has sung]

song

she

starts in

singing

(41)

hay
That (song)

U>'iye-

ta-q'a-di(ij)
[three times]

no'^o'^aW
she lays
it

hi^iid)
[and]

na'^xone'^iiyol
she blows at them (from head to foot).

[again]

down

= finishes singing,
xowa^Uyide'^iixat' 34
she takes the cover off of them.

(42)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

(43)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay
the

camehsKo-n woman

'^ina'^adce'^
gets up.

(44)

'^a'dic'ine'^-q'id

dah-c'e'^iida'^ 35
she sets
it

On

her legs

up

hay
[the]

mi^e-'^edin
[child.]

(45)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

Ryiye[again]

Icyimd-w-c'i-ic'^e[the doctor]

miitoy-me'^
[cooking basket
in]

tehna'^de'^iiwdl
she pours the (medicine) into the water (in bucket)

hay
[the]

kyimd'w
[medicine.]

(46)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

ce-

sisei
[hot]

tehc'e'^iiq'ds

rocks

she throws

it

into the water.

Hupa
(47)

Texts: 12

15

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

miyeh
under
(the child)

no'^oxdW
she sets
it

hay-yd'w
[that]

mije''^e-din
[child]

(48)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

xonitj'^-q'eh

c'e^Uye'^i-txat'^^

(49)

hayah-mU
[Then]

on his (child's) face

she lays a cover.

daniaijWo'^-dirj
several times

xa?d?x'^e^iliw ^i-mii
in that

kyehicdn

38

yehyaPUye'^Htal
they
in

way when she

unmarried young

come

in

dancing
style.

has done to the (child),

Jumping

(50)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

yehc'e'^ina-W
they

come

in

xo'^osday the men;

Koh-mii
with branches (of

willow

&

Cottonwood)

yehyoPUye'^Htdl
[they

(51)

nahdi(ij)
[Twice]

come

in

Uye'^ihali-mii [when they have

danced,]

kyiye'
[again]

dancing.]

xorj'^-na-na^we'^
[they

(52)

haya-i
[Then]

q'ad

hay

kyiye[again]

xoyeh
under the
(child)

tos

wave

fire.]

as soon as

lukewarm
water

nonaPaxa'Wi-mH
when she
puts
it

'^aht'i(tj)
all

naPte'^idaW
they go home.

(53)

hayah- mi-i
[Then]

down,

tah

miUya'c'inP nayixa^ ^'^-mii once - from it - when daylight has come again, (= skipping one day)

kyiye[again]

xiXe'^-darp
[early in the

morning]

xoiicay-Gaii-mi-i
at early

tirjnndil^
they go off into the woods (doctor and assistant).

(54)

kyiye[Again]

kyima'w
[medicine]

dawn

wan-na^aya^ ^^
they go about
it

hayah
[there.]

(55)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

q'ade'^
after a

'^e'^ilwil-mii

while

[when morning has come]

kyiye[again]

na'^te'^indil

(56)

na'^ne'^indil

xontah-dirj
to the

hay
the

they go off back.

They

(2)

come back

house

xorP-na'^we--dirj
place where the Brush

(57)

hay
[The]

wHdarj^
day before

'^aya'^t'e-n-q'
as they

^aya'^aniw
[they

had done

do

(again).]

Dance

is

held.

(58)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

ia'^
all,

xiKe"^

yehkye'^iUdl
[they dance in

(59)

hay ah -m a
[Then]

one

night

Jumping
xoiicay-te'^ina-Wi-mii ^2
[after

style.]

k'iye[again]

xon'^-rnvna'^we'^
[they

dawn

breaks]

wave

fire.]

152
(60)

XIV Northwest
h{ayaha^id]
[Then]

California Linguistics

q'ad
[now]

'^aht'irj
[all]

hay
when
it

"^awildw-q
is
it

'^a'^aniw-mil
to the

done according

way

should be done.

h[ayaha^id]
[then]

hay-yo'w
[that]

xayca'-me'
[mush basket
-

knma-w
[medicine]

na'^de'^Hwal
she

in]

dumps

it

^in-dan'^-darj'^ 43 da'^n a while ago - early in the evening (= that same evening)

hayi
that

ya'^axaW
she takes
up.
it

(61)

nahxi

Two

(baskets)

(basket)

niiq'i(d)

dahna'^axa-W
she puts on top

xayc'a"^

hi^id
[and]

de-qa
in this

'^a'^deVne'^

on each
other

[mush
basket]

way

she says, prays,

(Song.)

(62)

h[ayahapd]
[Then]

no'na'^axaW she puts down

(baskets with)

hay
the

Uyimd'w
medicine.

(63)

hayah-mil
[Then]

hay

xiKe'^-daif

yehna'^kye'^iitdl
they
(all)

(in)the

morning

come back dancing

(men
only).

into the house

(64)

xo'^osday [Men]

nahnin
two

me'^-na'^adil
they hop around inside (the circle of dancers).

(65)

hay

iiwarf

One of them

xoW-me'^
in his

no'^oxa'W
someone places

hay
the

Ryima'w
[medicine.]

(66)

q'aid)
Just

hand

do-w-c'o-wilan'^^^-te--mii

hay
the

Ryehican
girl

xoq'eh-na'^wdy

q'in"^

when

they are about to quit,

who

assists

[also]

xowa'^axaW
one (basket)
they give her
(to

(67)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

nUc'irj'^

dance with). niiwayay'^ilto'^n ^5

passing each other they jump dance.

toward each other (one man and the girl assistant)

ya'^te'^ilto'^n

(68)

daniarjWo'^-diri
Several times

they

jump dance.

xa'^aya'^aniw-mii when they have done in that way

hay
[the]

kyima'w-c'iic'^e[doctor]

q'ina'^

too

xa'^a'^aniw she does in that way.

^enah-xo
high up,

'^a'dicida'^^i-

nehwa-n^^

c'ite^ixd-W
she moves along holding the (basket)

almost on top of her head

hay
at the

niideya'^se'^ilto'^n ^'^-diij

place where they meet each other

dancing (from opposite directions).

Hupa
(69)
yo'd
hi^id
line)

Texts: 12

153
naPte'^ixa-W
she again waves (the basket) down.

nin-c'irj'^^'^-xo

When

(she reaches)

toward the ground,

yonder (end of

below
49

(70)

de--x''

na'naPadndw

hi^id

Icyfye'

^e-nah-xo
up

yana^axaW
again she
it

This

way

she turns her body back, turns around,

when

[again]

lifts

up.

(71)

'^aht'iij

All

hay-de- '^a-winiw "^o-ltaq^^ way of doing this it is counted (= their dancing back & forth).

(72)
As

hay

c'ixolc'^e- -darp

in the

bygone myth days

'^a'c'ilaw

hay
that

miqeh
according to ( = they imitate

^awiniw
it

(73)

hayah-mii
[Then]

q'ad

he (myth hero) did so with (dance),

do'-c'o-'^ola^n
they quit.

is

done

it).

(74)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay
[the]

medicine

Ryima'w-ne'^in - which was

'^aht'irj

"^aht'tn
all

of

it

tehnaPde^iiwal
they

to'-c'irp
into the

(75)

hay
The

xayca'
baskets

x'^ey
her property

dump

it

all

into the water

water.

'^e'^iltw

hay
the

xon^-na'^we'
fire-waver
(doctor).

(76)

hayi-q'
[That]

Wane[only]

they

become

^oWc'id [I know.]

The Brush Dance

(I)

[a]

A
it

child sometimes gets sick.

(2) [Then]

it

gets well again.

(4)

(3)

And
this
it.

then

gets upset about things and does nothing but cry.

When
it

happens, they say, "They'll have to have a Brush Dance (5) It's because hell (do-xo^sday-tah-dil]) [b] has got hold of
child
(6)
is

(xon'^-na'^we-) for

that the

just a crier

and has a sharp temper."

spring

As

soon

as

comes,

[c]

the
(7)

family

hires
all

(someone

to

make) medicine
ready:
tei), a

for a Brush Dance, [d]

They

get

kinds of utensils

a pestle (me'^isd), a basket hopper (qay'^-k^isd), a basket plate (qay*^-

cooking basket (miUo-y), two mush baskets

(t'e*^).

(xayc'a*^), a

dipper basket

(xanis-cilVn), and a deerhide blanket

(8)

When

the time comes, the (9)

medicine

woman

(kyima*w-c'itc*e*) arrives with her assistant, [e]

there.

They
beads

spend the night

(10)

They bring

their

hair ties

and

their

(mida'^3) with them.

(II) Before daybreak, they go off to the woods;

they are fasting, eating

cuts

nothing and drinking no water.

(12)

The medicine woman

some pitchy
(13) [Then]

wood (3ehmil)
finds

[f]

for the

pitchwood torches

(3eh-k>iya-c'e*^).

she searches for the things that she will use for medicine, [g]

(14)
[h]

When

she

them

all,

she put them

down

in a pile

praying to them, she builds a

fire

and prays to them, and makes drying-rack

(15) After

sticks

(miyeh-

154

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

wilqa'^n-k>in'^). (16) She stands these up. (17) [Then] she lays cross-pieces on them. (18) And there on top she dries the pitchwood. [i] (19) When it has all dried, she ties salal (k>inaMiday) leaves to the pitchwood and stores everything away in a burden basket, which she sets aside. (20) [Then] the

medicine

woman

says,

"Come

on, friend! Let's get dressed up!" (21)

tie

wash

their faces.

(22) [Then] they

[j]

up

their hair.
it

(23)

And

they put

They on

bead necklaces (na'^kyidilyay).

rub charcoal on their faces, [k]
assistant's chin (and her

(24) [Then], as

begins to get dark, they

(25)

The medicine woman marks both her

paint (iTiit-xor)'^a'^diPe*n).

own) with black face

(26) [Then] they go back, arriving after dark at the house

where the Brush

Dance

is

going to be held.

[I]

(27) At that time, the ones (28)

whose
starts

child

is

sick will be waiting for them.

in the

The Brush Dance doctor

pounding the medicine

hopper,

[m] (29) She puts some of the medicine in a mush basket, some of it in the cooking basket. (30) [Then] she puts rocks in the fire. (31) The mother then lies down with her child, [n] and they spread a blanket over their faces.

The Brush Dance doctor picks up two pieces of pitchwood, giving one They both light them on the fire. (34) When these are burning well, they stand facing them (child and mother) from either side and "wave the fire" over the child, [o] (35) When (the pitchwood sticks) have burnt down short, they throw them to the ground towards the doorway and strew them with sand. (36) The flames go out.
(32)
to her helper. (33)

(37) [Then]

the medicine

woman

(and the assistant) beat time over the

child with three whittled sticks tied together.

[Song]

(38) She sings this

at the child.

song.
(40)

(39)

Each time she

she has sung

gets to the
it

end of the song, she blows

singing

When

three times, she begins

another song.

(41) She sings this one three times too, and blows (at the child). (42) [Then] she takes the blanket off (of the mother and child).

(43)

The

mother stands up. (44) She stands the child on its legs. (45) [Then] the medicine woman again puts medicine in a cooking basket. (46) [Then] she
throws
in the

heated rocks.
it

(47) She sets

his face.

beneath the child. (48) [Then] she lays (a blanket) across

(49) After she does this several times, the

young women come

in to

dance.

(50) [Then] the

men come

in,

carrying brush as they dance

in.

[p]

(51) After they have danced twice, (the medicine

"wave
child),

fire." [q]

(52)

When

she has once again

woman and assistant) again put warm water under (the

first

everybody then leaves.

light

(53) After resting for one day, on the next morning at the

of

dawn
after

the

two of them go off again

into the

woods,

[r]

(54)

They busy

themselves there getting medicine again.

it

(55)

gets dark. (56)

They

return to the house

They again head back a little where the Brush Dance is

Hupa

Texts: 12

155
[s]

being held. (57) They do things the way they did the previous day.
(58)

They dance

all

night.

(59) After

dawn breaks
it's

they

"wave

fire" again.

(60) [Then],

having done everything that

necessary to do, the doctor

picks up the
that night.

mush

baskets into which she had poured

some medicine

earlier

(61) She puts two

[t]

mush

baskets one on top of the other and

prays, singing a song,

(62) [Then]

she puts the baskets of medicine

down.
(63)
(64)

When it gets Two men dance

to

be morning, the

men come back

(66)

in to dance,

[u]

inside the circle of dancers (me'^-na'^dil). [v]

(65)

One
is

of them has a basket of medicine placed in his hand.

When

the

dance
(67)

about to end, the

girl assistant is also

given a basket of medicine.

other.

The

two of them dance toward and past each

several times, the medicine

(68) After they do this

woman

takes the assistant's place, carrying the

basket high, almost on top of her head,

(69)

when

they dance past each other

When

she gets to the end of the dance line she waves the basket toward

(70) Turning around to come back, she again lifts it high. They count the times this is done. (72) It must be done the way it was done in myth times, [w] (73) After this they quit. (74) They dump all that remains of the medicine into the river. (75) The mush baskets all become the property of the Brush Dance doctor, [x]
the ground.

(71)

(76) That's

all

know.

[a]

The Brush Dance (xon'^-naVe*)

is

not formally a religious ceremony, but rather

It

the public performance of a medicine (k>'ima'w).

can be held

in

any house, and

at

any

time, and can be conducted by anyone

who knows
the dance
it

the medicine formula

is

(Goddard 1904:

241-251). Usually the person for

whom
in

held

is

a restless child or a

young
or

person

in

delicate

health,

but

theory

can

be anyone

who

is

nervous

hypersensitive. (According to
elder around 1900,

Sam Brown, when Senaxon,

a prominent ta'^k-imit-dir)
for

became mentally disturbed, a Brush Dance was performed

him

and

it

cured him.)
is

The Brush Dance

ritual ten

also the occasion for a public dance, held every night during the

days of the ceremony. Both

men and women

participate,

and although the

is

singers are supposed to concentrate on the well-being of the patient the atmosphere

often

more

social than religious.

Sam Brown
preferred
it

did not hold the Brush Dance in high

regard, believing that Indians

who

over serious religious ceremonies

the
In

World Renewal dances and the Flower Dance

recent decades the Brush
in special

would go

to hell (see text 36).

at

Dance has become

major summer event

Hoopa, performed

"dance pits" constructed for the purpose (Keeling 1992: 21-27).

Reasonably thorough ethnographic reports on the Hupa Brush Dance can be found in Goddard (1903: 67-69) and Curtis (1924: 29-30), and the latter also has a description of the nearly identical Yurok ceremony (44-46). For a musicologically informed discussion of Brush Dance songs see Keeling (1982a; 1992: 100-1 14).

156

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

[b] Hell is traditionally located to the west,

where the sun

sets (see text 36).

The

Brush Dance

is

held for someone, usually a child,

thinking about
it

who

is

being "bothered by hell." The

to join

dead people

in hell are

him and wish him

supposed
that's

them

there.

He dreams
when

about these people and

[c]

troubles him.
Pratt:

Keeling quotes Alice

this

"It's

to

be

in the

spring of the year

all

you have

Brush Dance, so

that the child will

grow up with

the leaves and the

blossoms and the grass. With everything

[d]

growing" (1992: 100).

Two

kinds of medicine (k^ima'w) are used for the Brush Dance, xon'^-na'^we'

('waving

fire')

and kyina''-q'i-na''ay ('doing

it

in

Yurok

fashion').

These two

are not

used together in the same ceremony. They differ only in the actual medicine used, not
procedure or formula. The medicine is the secret knowledge of the medicinemaker (k-Mma'w-c'Hc^e*), always a woman, who gets paid handsomely for her services (in 1927 this was $25 to $30). In the old days they didn't pay her so much because she kept all the baskets, pestles, and other articles furnished for the ceremony by the father
in the

of the child.
[el
[f]

girl;

according to Goddard (1903: 67) she must be a virgin.

says that this pitchy

Sam Brown

wood comes from

a Douglas

fir (niskyirj),

as

does Goddard ("Douglas spruce"; 1903: 68), but Alice Pratt told Keeling (1992: 25-27)
that
it

must be from the sugar

According
to

pine.
this is primarily the

[g]

Goddard (1903: 67-8)

Alice Pratt said
it

bark of the ponderosa or

yellow pine

(dilc"e*g>).

should be sugar pine bark, and also mentions

Colt's Foot and the

new growth of

a pine

bough (Keeling 1992:

in

25).
is

[h] Short prayers, not the

formula given
note

Goddard (1904: 241-251) which

recited during the

Pratt

ceremony

itself (see

[t]).

Keeling (1992: 25-6) says that Alice

"made

it

very clear that her prayers were largely improvised rather than fixed in

form."
[i]

This drying rack

is

called miyeh-wilqa'^n.

Goddard describes

its

construction:

"The woman

erects four forked sticks,

one

at

each comer, and lays poles

fire is built after

in the crotches.

On
at

these poles the

wood

is

laid to cook.

The

stones have been placed

each of the four comers with [mixa'c e'^-xole'n] on them and a stick of the pitchwood
fu-e"

running from them to the

(1903: 68).

Alice Pratt told Keeling in

1979:

"You

have four

sticks.

It

has got to be tan

oak and madrone, when

I

you're baking that pitch,

and then you got

to put

tobacco on each comer.

always put Bull Durham under here

fn. 5).

[where the sticks cross each other]" (Keeling 1992: 293,

[j]

"[S]he

ties

her hair with the best fur ribbons and wears a good dress" (Goddard

1903: 67).
[k]

They use
Formerly

a paint

made from

the charcoal of angelica (itiixa'c'e'^-xole'ii), a plant

sacred to the k>ixinay. Ordinary charcoal must not be used.

[1]

this

was an ordinary

living house (xontah), usually the

its

house of the
pits

family that was sponsoring the dance, with

spectators.

roof structure removed to accommodate

After the old

houses were abandoned special Brush Dance

were

constructed near the traditional villages of ta''k>'imit-dii] and me'^dil-dirj.

the general shape of a

They have

xontah without a
fn. 3).

roof,

and are surrounded by permanent benches.

(Keeling 1992: 21-23 and 293,

Hupa

Texts: 12

157

[m] "As she pounds she sings the appointed songs" (Goddard 1903: 68).

Sam

Brown does

not mention the doctor's songs here, but does later (lines 37-41), and note
in note

Goddard's statement quoted

w. Keeling (1992) has no reference to the medicine

woman
[n]

singing.
text says

The

"woman" {camehsKom),
it still.

but the mother

lie

is
its

meant.

She has

to lie

down
[o]

near the child to keep

It

would not

down

of

own

accord.
its

The medicine woman stands

at

the child's feet, her assistant at

it

head.

They

each take a lighted stick of pitchwood and wave

This
is

over the child (Goddard 1903: 68).

the "fire-waving" {xorP naPwe-) that gives the

ceremony

its

name.
in front

[p]

The bunches of willow or cottonwood

that the

men

dancers carry

of their

faces are apparently the source of the English

name of

the dance.
[u].)

(At the end of the

dance they replace the brush with fur quivers.

dancers together form a circle around the
feet
fire,

See note

The men and women

to

locking arms, and dancing on their right

the right

while bending toward the

fire.

As they dance they move slowly

(counterclockwise). Songs (xon'^-na'^we*-Wig) are sung by the group, with time being

kept by jumping up and down.

The songs sung on

entering the dance pit

(mit-

yehc'ina'W) are slow and "heavy"; the others (miq'eh-me'na'Rj'iwiltiw) are fast and
"light".

(Goddard 1903:

68).

Keeling (1992: 100-114) describes Brush Dance songs

in considerable detail,

with musical transcriptions and analysis.

wordless and are generally performed with a "sobbing" delivery

the White Deerskin

The heavy songs are much like that heard in

Light songs

Dance or Jump Dance. They

are

sung only by men.

often have meaningful texts, ranging from the tenderly sentimental to the

humorous or
as well as

sexually suggestive, and are sung with a

somewhat quicker tempo.

Women

men can

sing them.

All songs are sung solo, with a rhythmic backing from the men.

(See also Keeling 1982a, 1982b, 1985).

[q]

The two

sets

of dances take most of the night, ending near

dawn (Goddard

1903:

68).
[r]
[s]

The morning of the

"[A]nd
all

third

and

final

day of the dance.

happens as before except that many more attend the dance that night"

(Goddard 1903:
[tl

68).

This

is

when
is

the formula that

Goddard collected from "the wife of McCann"

(1904: 241-251)

recited.

(See also the photograph of a "Hupa Female

Shaman"

in

Curtis 1924, facing p. 28, showing a Brush Dance medicine

baskets.) Keeling (1992: 25) calls this "perhaps the single

woman

holding the two

in

most important element

the ritual" and quotes Alice Pratt:

morning I pick up both of the medicines and 1 dance. Towards Mount Shasta. That's where we call for our medicine, There's a sharp rock, and you pound on the rock and you talk. You hit it again twice.
three in the

"About

No

answer. Talking in Indian

it

all

the time.

You pound

three times,

and the

third time

he's giving
[u]

to you."

"Toward morning
69).

the dancers put on the Indian finery.... There

seems

to

be no

prescribed regalia. Instead of the brush each dancer has a beautiful quiver of fisher skin"

(Goddard 1903:
[v]

Hopping

as in the

War Dance,

while the others sing in a circle around them.

"One of

the dancers steps within the line with a whistle

made from

the leg of a crane.

158
This he holds
in his

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

mouth while he dances backward through an

(Goddard 1903:
68).

arc of

120 degrees on

the inside of the dancers"

[w] Goddard says the

man and

girl in this final

dance are brother and

sister.

They
a

"take baskets containing the medicine and dance while holding

them above

their heads.

They advance and recede from one another

third of the distance

in a

most graceful manner, passing only

around the

fire

inside of the regular line.... The doctor has four

songs. She sings the last of these toward morning as she dances with the medicine held

above her head" (1903:

[x]

69).

According

to

Goddard (1903: 69)

a feast usually followed, sponsored

by the

child's father.

II.

TRADITIONAL LIFE

13.
Narrated by
(1)
q'ani-^isla-n
i

How to Treat

Babies

Emma

Frank. Notebook V, pp. 54-60; VI, pp. 1-2.

yehc'e'^iitiW'^
they, she always

q'ay'^tei

(2)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

miit&y
cooking
basket

Newly-born

basket plaque, Indian plate

puts

it

in.

c'emw
she always brings it out.
[and]

UHma-w
medicine
she (mother or nurse) makes.

(3)

hiayaha^id]
[Then]

miyeh
under
it

(child)

no'^oxaW
she sets the (basket with medicine).

(4)

nahditj ye'^HxaP-mU Twice - when it has dawned = after two days

miyeh
a different

no'^oxaW
she
sets.

under

it

(medicine)

(5)

ta-q'a-di(fj)

When

ye'^iixa^-mii have elapsed, on the third day

3 days

no^oxa'W
she puts
sets
it it

(6)

hay
The

mic'e-q'id
its

down,

aside.

navel [cord]

wad-c'ixolyam
carefully watching

4
it,

kyido'niW
evil
-

noya?ni^-ma'n
-

hay
the

mic'e-q'id
navel cord

na'^alc'id
drops
off.

might come
lest evil

because

she watches

it

(=

come)

(7)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

na'^de'^iiwal
they pour
it

hay
the

Ryimaw-ne'^in
medicine that was (used and put away)
ce-

hay
the

out

ce'-ne'^in
rocks that were (used for steaming).

c'^oW
five

Wa'neonly

hay
the

(8)

h[ayaha^i]{d}
[Then]

rocks.

naia'^
different ones

miniaij
ten

hay
[the]

ce-

(= they use 10

new rocks

&

rocks continue steaming)

xiXe'^-darj'^
[in the

miq'ost'ah-dirj yeV-ixa'^ when 9 nights have passed,

(= on the ninth day).

(9)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

xe-qay^
baby-basket,
cradle
8

"^

a- dixit] 6

morning

(of the ninth day)]

living on oneself (= without eating)

Uyite'^iXoW^
she (friend) starts twining.

0) h[ayaha^i](d)
[Then]

ma-lyeh-xo
fixing
it

'^a'^aliw 9

hay
[the]

xeqay'
babybasket.

she always does with it

(11)

mic'e'Uye'^-x'^

na'nint'iUy lo
stretched across

hayi
one (maker of
that

c'eV-ic'^'e'^

Around

its

guts, belly

fixes

it

(by attaching

(= string which loops around baby's belly)

3 or 4 loops

on each

basket)

side of basket).

(12)

'^e'^ilwil-mii

hay
the

Uyima-w-ne'^in
medicine that was (for second 5 days)

"^aht'irj all

tehna'^de'^iiwal
she

When evening
comes

dumps

it

into the water.

160
(13)

XIV Northwest
h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

California Linguistics

yehc'e'^iitiW
she puts
it

hay

xe'q'ay'^

(14)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

(baby taken

the cradle.

from

plate) into

xiKe'^-darj'^
in the

do--xa-sina-W
before sunrise,

^^

h[ayaha^id]
[and then]

c'eVdes
she (nurse, basket weaver) singes off hair

xo(r}P-mii
with
fire.

morning

(15)

"^aniatj-x^'e-dit]

'^a-.rv'^iVc"'^ 12

hay mii
to

cah-i-c'irj'^ ^^

Everywhere
digyarj

the smell goes

where

[the

baby] comes from

yinac-yidac

dah-widiH'^
floating in the air

hay
the

mi^e-'^e-din
infants.

(16)

hayah
There

here to the east

cilarj-xosin

15

leht'e't'e'^-mii

io'dHeh ^^-xosin
they bethrow each other,

naniinidyoh

^"^-xosin

they are playing;

mud

with

they are chasing each other,

hay do-

xa"^ na-ya'^dii-tah^^

na-ya^xone'^iiiw

'^^

(17)

haya'-i '^aya'^de'^ine'^

the ones

who

don't run fast

they hit them with mud.

Then

they say,

do"Not

xolarj-^
it

xa^ na'^wais

(18)

hayai
Then

hay
the

c'ixowindes-mii
they burned the hair off of him with it

evidently

he

is

going to be

a fast runner."

mixa'c'e'^-xole-n incense root

ta'^nan
water

siq'ac'

tehc'e'^imil

(19)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

cold

they throw into the water.

tehc'e'^iitiW
they put the (baby) into the water.

hay
the

siq'ac'

mije-'^-tehite'^^^-tehis

c'o-'^one'^^^-hid
it.

cold
(water)

mind
(=
if

be strong when (nurse) thinks of she wants him to become brave, hardy)
will

(20) h[ayaha^i]d-ari'^
[Then
-

xeq'ay"^

yehna'^aitiW
she puts him, it back into (it) (following bath).

(21) h[ayaha^i]d-afj'^
[Then
it

it

is]

baby
basket

is]

xorp-c'e'^ilaw 23

Hupa
(25)

Texts: 13

161
da-y^o^-x'"'

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^arp
[it

la'a-ditj

c'ite'^ina-W
she (mother) goes

is]

sometimes

somewhere

q'ay'^timH-me'^ burden basket in

no'^oitiW
she lays him (with cradle)

mi^e-'^e-din
infant.

(26)

h[ayaha^id] ya'^awiW
[Then]
she packs it on her back

Xoh
leaves

q'tna"^

c'e^iidas
she breaks off branch,

c'iteVna'W
she goes off

digyan
here (where)

tini

nirj'^a-

(27)

ded
At
this

also

road

runs.

point

tin

waywirj'^a' 27
it

hay
that

'^atf
it

tin

iena'nirj'^a'-ditj

"^olye'
it

hay ah
there

road

forks off;

is

road

comes together place

is

called;

"^aif
it is

no'na'^Uye'^iliW
she lays down.

(28)

xon^ c'e-wei^^
She
travels along

mixa'c'e'^-minah-xolen^'^
incense-root,

with

fire

sikyex'^^
bark (of black oak),

"^Utac^^
black oak

misikye'c'e'^
its

hayi me"^
in that

siwe-n^^
it

hay
the

xorp
fire.

bark

lies

(29)

hayah
[There]

c'ine'^ina-W
she arrives,

hay
the

(place)

me'^de'din^^-diij where she wants (to go)

c'ine'^ina-W
she arrives.

(30)

x'^e-'^ilwil

(31)

She stays

all

night

hayah-mii And then

ye'^icHw
it

hay
the

mi^e-'^e-din
child,

always cries

(visiting).

tiife'^ina-W^'^
it

"^arp
it

hay daharjV^o^darp-heh
the
-

35
it

do-

na'^way

goes off

lost

is

some time ago

even

has not been going around (= it has not yet been out)

hay-yo'w
that

mi^e-'^e-din

(32)

^id
Just

c'ininyay
(she) has arrived
(to visit)

ia'^ay-x'''
really, properly

baby.

now

do-

it

yidikye'^iwa'^n^^ never sleeps.

(33)

haya-i
[Then]

mixa'c'e'^-xolen
[incense-root]

she takes

ya'^a'^aW it up

hay
[the]

camehsXon
woman
(= mother),

haya'i
then

'^a'^de'^ine'^

she always says,

xola-icoh^ 37 "Oh xolahoh-j

vVafor,

from

me

micof
its

dahna'diliW
take them away!"

(child's)

knees

[She repeats this three or four times, drawing out the vowel of na.]

(34)

hayi-q'-arj"^
ip that

way

it

is

mi^e-'^e-din

'^a-'^aPin ^^-ne'^in

dahatjWo'^-darj"^
long ago,
in

babies

they used to do to them

olden days.

162

XIV Northwest
minc''iWmil Yellowhammer
mikye'^
its

California Linguistics

(35)

wana'^kye'^ii'^e-K 39

hay
the

xeqay"^
baby-basket.

tail(s)

they hang them on to

(36)

hiayahajid]
[Then]

Xoh-dit'in
sweet grass

c'ite'^iKo-W
they weave
it

hay
that

me-ne'^-qeh
[straight along
its

no'^oliW
they put
it.

into a braid,

back]

(37)

h{ayaha^id]
[Then]

minirj'^-q'id

kyine'^iit'iky'^o

mixac'e'^-xole'n
[incense-root]

on

its

face

across (over head along bow of basket) they stretch

te'wiXo-n"^^

(38)

hay-mii
That (incense root) with

nirjxa'^-silin'^ '^'^-te'-q'a

'^a'^aliw

woven

together.

so that

it

will be

she always

good-looking

does

it.

(39)

xoniif-qid

yiwan-na'Uyiwilmid^^
it

On

its

(basket-plate) has been

minirp-q'id on its (baby's)

face

(baby's) face

turned over (to keep off sun and flies)

yiwan-na^Uye'^Hmid
she tips
it

(40)

qaid)

xo'^^i

mije-'^e-din

sile'^n
it

over.

Now

a real

baby

has become.

(41)

hayi-q-a-t]'^

'^a^wilah-ne'^in
they used to do to it, it used to be done.

(42)

miqos-kyine'^-dirj
Its

"^aloh '^
hot, chafed

Thus

it

is

neck base

at

silin'^-teit

hayah-mii
then

kyiij'^kya-w

ce'-mii
with a rock,

ce'-dime'ni-mH
rock-sharp-with.

will

become;

white oak bark

kyidiwiice'^K-teshe will pound

it

(43)

hayah-de'^-^id
Just then

c'iwinci(d)-te'
she will pound
it

off (outside

up

crumpled part of bark).

q'ay'^kyisdi-me'^
(to

(44)

hayah-de'^-^id
Just then

basket-hopper in make "talcum powder").

she'll fan

dahna'^diwiide'^K ^^-te' it in a winnowing basket to remove the coarse parts.

(45)

hayah-de'^-jid

hay
wherever

'^aloh-silin'^-diij
it

me'^
in the (sore,

no'^niide'^X

'^^-te'

And

then

becomes chafed

red spot)

she will drop (a little) of it.

(46)

ha\i
That

mii
with

niWorj-x"
well

tilc'^'e-n

47

mije'^e'din
children.

grow

Hupa
(47)
mii-xo(r}Pa?dii'^e-n Black body paint, "dressing"

Texts: 13

163

wanaMcis
hangs to
it

hay
the

xe-qayf
cradle,

dic'^U

-tehmiP
sack

me'^-saPa-n
it

ia^a-di(r))-mii

mii
with
it

little

sits in

it,

sometimes

xo(np-c'ix''e'^ilaw they paint him,

dress him up.

(48)

qad
Now,
(=
I

xoW
finished
-

ha^ay
I

guess
all).

guess that's

How
(1)

to Treat

Babies

[a]

(The mother's helper) [b] puts the newly-born baby on a basket plate
(2)

(qay'^-te*l).

Then she

takes out a cooking basket, and

child, [c]

makes medicine.

(3)

She puts the basket under the

(4) After

puts

it

two days she puts another one under it. (5) After three days she aside. (6) She watches the navel carefully, because it might happen
appear when the umbilical cord drops

that evil influences (k-ido'niW) will

off. [d]

(7)

Then she throws out

far)

the used-up medicine and the (heating) rocks that

just five of them.

had been used (so

(8)

Ten more rocks

and

are used

through the ninth day.

(9)

Then, on

that

morning, (the helper)

rigs

fasts

starts

basket. (10)

Then she

up the baby basket.

{mic'e-Rye'^-x'^
all

(11) She
na'nt'iUy).

making a baby makes the strings

that loop across

and hold the baby

(12)
river.

When
(13)

evening comes, she throws

the used-up medicine into the

Then she

puts (the child) into the baby basket (xcq'ay). [e]

(14) Then, in the morning before sunrise, she singes off the child's hair

with
child

fire, [f]

(15)

The smell of burning

in

hair goes everywhere, to

where the
is

came from
being thrown

the heaven
air.

to

the east (digyaij

is is

yinaci-yidac) where

children float on the

[g]

(16) There

playing going on there, there

mud
"He

at

one another, there

chasing one another, and they

quickly.

spatter with

mud

the ones

who

don't

move

(17)

Then they

say:

apparently isn't a fast runner." [h]

(18) Then,

when

she has singed off his hair, she throws the incense root
(19)
[i]

(mixa*c'e'^-xole*n) into cold water.

Then she

puts the baby into the cold

water,

if

she thinks

it

will

be brave,

(20) After that she puts the

baby

back

in its

baby basket.
it

(21)
circles

Then she decorates

around
its
it

with body paint (mit-xoij'^a''ditVn),

making

knees,
this

[j]

(22) "Across-Old

Man"

(yima*ne*-k>iwii]xoya*n)

[k] himself did

way.

164
(23)

XIV Northwest
Then she
If

California Linguistics

takes out a small dentalium shell and ties

it

it

to the

baby's

right ankle.

she thinks
to

will acquire (wealth) she

does

this. [1]

(24)

They used

do

all

these things by the end of the tenth day.

(25)
the

From

then on, whenever the mother goes off somewhere, she puts
in

baby (and cradle)

a burden

basket.

(26) Then,

carrying

it

on her
trail.

back, she also breaks off branches and twigs as she goes along the
(27) She lays these down where the trail forks, at what they coming together place" (tin ie-na-nirj'^a--dirj). [m]
(28) She carries along

call the "trails

bark

in

which

the

some burning incense root, and bark black oak fire sits. (29) Then she arrives there she arrives at
(30) She stays over night.
cries
It

the place she wants to go.

(3
)

Then

the

baby

and strays

off,

even

if

the

walking for long.

just arrived
at.

(32)

never sleeps properly

in places (the

baby has not been mother) has

(33)

Then
is

the

woman
its

picks

up the incense

root,

and

she

says,

"Oh

xolaicoh^! Take
(34) That
the

knees off away from me!" [n]

they used to treat babies in the old days.

way

They hang yellowhammer (minc'*iW-mil) tail-feathers from the baby (36) They weave a braid of sweet grass (Koh-dit'in) which they put along its back. (37) Then across its face they stretch a chain of incense roots woven together. (38) They do that in order for the child to become
(35)
basket.

good-looking.

They invert a basket-plate over become a baby (mi3e*Vdin). [p]

(39)
(41) That
is

its

face,

[o]

(40)

Now

it

has truly

how

it

used to be done.
at the

(42) If

it

becomes chafed
in a

base of

its

neck,

they

chop off some

(43)
it

white-oak bark

(k>iij'^k>a*w) with a rock,

a sharp

rock.

pound

it

up

basket hopper (qay'^-k>isd). (44)

put a
little

They fan

to

Then they remove the

it

coarse pieces. (45) They

of

it

on (the baby) wherever

gets

chafed.
(46) This (47)
little
is

the

way

children

grow up

well.
is

Some

black paint (mii-xog'^aMilVn)

hung on
it.

the cradle, inside a

sack, and they sometimes paint the child with

all!

[q]

(48)1 guess that's

[a]

[r]

Childbirth and the treatment of infants are covered in

list

Goddard (1903: 50-52),

in

Curtis (1924: 20-21), in Driver's Culture Element

(1939: 348-350), and in a paper

by Edith Taylor (1948).

William Wallace (1947).
function of cradle baskets

Hupa

child training

is

the subject of a short

Eric H. Erickson's observations

to

monograph by on Yurok childhood and

world image (1943) are also relevant

is

traditional

Hupa

culture.

The design and

described by

Cody

(1940).

Hup a
[b]

Texts: 13

165

After the delivery of her baby, a mother used to stay in the menstrual hut

(inin3) for ten days, where she sat or lay in a shallow pit with

warm

rocks covered by

wet sand. Her needs were looked

Taylor 1948: 26).
[c]

after

by a female

relative or friend,

who

also carried

out the ritual "steaming" of the baby with

various medicines (Goddard

1903:

51;

The medicine
first

is

hot,

and the steam rising from

its

it is

thought to protect the infant.

"During the

ten days of
it

life

the infant

is

frequently steamed and numerous

it

formulas are recited to protect

long
life"

from

all

danger, to give

strength, and to ensure a

texts of three

(Taylor 1948: 26-27).

Goddard (1904: 286-298) gives the

formulas; for another, see text 30.

[d]
is

The umbilical cord

evil. If
it

is

cut at birth with a quartz knife.

The
luck.

short piece remaining

tied with a string (Taylor 1948: 25)

and

is

kept clean and free from slime, so as to

is

prevent

drops off on the fourth day, that

after, that is

good

If

it

doesn't drop off

until the

seventh day or

bad luck, and the child won't

live long.

(The

fifth

day, according to Goddard 11903: 51] was "supposed to be one of especial danger").

When

a sign that the father or mother had done was passed on to the child. The cord is put in a little bag made from the tip of a bear's ear and is hung around the baby's neck. After about two years the father later takes it up into the mountains, where he splits a young pine tree (Goddard says "Douglas spruce") and ties the dried cord inside. This tree becomes a life token for the child; as it grows, so does he (Goddard 1903: 52;
it is

the cord does not drop off properly,

forbidden things and acquired

RidcniW

that

Driver 1939: 349; Taylor 1948: 27).

le]

"On

the tenth

day the baby, wrapped

it

in a soft

buckskin,

is

laced into the sitting

it

cradle [xcqay'']. Here

remains save

for brief bathing

and exercise periods until

can walk alone" (Taylor 1948: 27).

[f]

With a hot coal (Taylor 1948: 27), presumably of angelica (see

line 18).

Goddard

(1903: 51) says "the infant's hair was cut off and put in the fire."
[g]

Unborn children

float in the air in the

heaven

to the east,
its

and come hs a

gift

from
its

the k^ixinay to

human

beings.

If a child dies

before

hair

is

singed and put into

since
it

baby basket,
really

it

goes back to the k^ixinay.

The family doesn't mourn,

isn't

human
in a

until the tenth day.

Ih] This

is

an explanation for Mongolian spots (na*niwHiq', 'spattered with mud').

is

Once

while a child

born with two or three of these blue marks on the small of

its

back; these are said to indicate a poor runner.

runner.
li]

A child

born with one or none

is

a good

Not every baby would be put

into cold water, only those they

want

to

become

particularly hardy.

"The

infant suffers a great deal during the ten

day medicine-

making period and many are

1948: 27).
[j]

said to die as a result of the 'cooking' treatment" (Taylor

The baby

is

painted over

its

eyes as well as around

its

knees with black body

paint.
Ik]
11]

Another name for yima'n-tiw'^winyay.

The

shell

is

small,

immature,
it

tail-end
tied to the

dentalium,

called

mik>e*l''ce''n.

According

to

Goddard (1903: 52)

is left

baby "until the mother's

relations

166

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

with her husband are resumed.

if

The mother

is

taught that

ill

luck will

come
first

to the child

the shell

be allowed to remain longer.

It is

therefore a sign to the old people that the

law which separates a nursing mother from her husband during the
kept."

year

is

being

[m]
is

If the

brush

is

not put at the crossroads the child might

go off and get

lost.

This

an offering to the
[n]

trail

on behalf of the

child.
It is

She repeats

this three or four times.

is

asking the thing that

to

is

bothering

it

usually (mythical) Lizard or Frog

that

mentioned

go away.

It is

generally believed

these

two

are jealous

of
is

human
is

children.

When

boy child gets suddenly

is

frightened, 3ime'l ('Lizard')

probably tormenting him, telling the baby his mother

jealous and bothering the baby, telling her
lies.

dead. If
girl

it's
is

a girl,

it's

Frog

who

baby

called "Lizard's wife"; a

boy baby

is

"Frog's husband."

If

anything gets

into a baby's eye, they say

pmei
it

mina-^ ('Lizard's eye') or c'ahl mina-"^ ('Frog's eye')

and ask Lizard or Frog to cries at night, won't go

and putting
[o]

lick

out.

Then

they'll

soon get over the trouble.

If a

baby
leg

to sleep, it's because his or her

mother handled a woodrat

its

during her pregnancy. This can be cured by killing a woodrat, fixing a string on
it

around the baby's head,

is

letting

it

hang behind. Then the crying

- it

stops.

The

plate
to

called xonirj'^-qid yiwana-kyiwilmid ('on his face

flies.
is

has been turned

over').
[p]

It is

keep off sun and

The formal term mi3e'Vdin

is

not used for a baby until

to

it

survives the

first ten
is

days and
the child

put in a cradle basket.

at

According

Taylor (1948: 27), "no name

'little

given
of

this

time,

it

is

simply called 'baby',

one', or

some term

endearment."
[q]
[r]

One line over each eyebrow, to make him look pretty. Sam Brown later added some information on breast-feeding:

Before feeding an

them powdered pine-nuts (na'de'^X), served in lukewarm water. There was a special mussel-shell spoon for feeding-babies. Then they That was steamed the mother's breasts with milkweed growing under black oaks.
infant at the breast, they used to give

supposed

to ripen her
all

milk quickly.

When

her milk started, they

first

milked her out

would be gotten out of it. About a day after birth they let the baby begin sucking, meanwhile steaming the mother's breasts with hot rocks. Sometimes, if the mother's milk did not come, they used to buy milk
completely, so that
the Xoh-licow ('green grass')

from another woman.

nusring
is

Taylor (1948: 27) gives the same information, adding that

is

continued until the child

is

able to walk.

If the

mother dies

in childbirth,

"every effort

made

to find a

wet nurse

who

will take over the feeding of the infant.

if

The pine-nut soup, meanwhile, is continued. Mothers without milk are rare, unknown, because according to a Hupa adage 'acorn mush makes lots of milk'."

not

Hupa
14. Traditional
Narrated by
( 1 )

Texts: 14

167

Standards of Beauty
pp. 60-61;

Emma

Frank.

Notebook VI,

VII, pp. 1-2.

hay
That

"^alye"
is

nehe'
with us

Uy[iwinya?nya-n\
Indians

called

good-looking

niijxaP-c'inehwd-n - he is hke
'

hayi
the

one

xomif
whose stomach
is

not (too

do'-xole'n much)

nehwan
-

(2)
like.

xodaceye'^-c'irj'^^

Wane'
only

looking

From
to his

his waist

shoulders

nikya-w
it

(3)

xoKa'^-c'itf

Wa-neonly

sa'^a'n

nehwa-n
is

(4)

hay-ded
This one here

is

big.

At

his buttocks

[something
it

there]
like.

looks

xoq'os-tah
his

dois

nahsGOt'

(5)

xonW-tah
His face also

niWorj-xo
nicely

'^ant'eit

"^

neck also

not bent over, stoops over.

looks;

xona'^-tah
his eyes [also]

do-

nikya-w

xonc'iW-tah
his nose [also]
is

do-

nica-s

x'^'e-da'^ay-tah
his

are not big;

not big, bulky;

head

(hair) [also]

niWo-n
is

(6)

hayi
[That]

'^alye[is

nirjxa'^-c'inehwa-n
[good-looking
-

(7)

hay-de-di
This [one here]

good.

called]

he

is like.]

xose'toX-tah
his

ce-litj

c'isc'''e'^n

nehwa-n
it

nehe(with) us

cheeks also,
as well

red

he makes them

looks like

dahatjWo'^-darj'^ long time ago

Uy{iwinya'^nya-n]
Indians.

(8)

xo'^^i

na-dii^-daij'^
they used to live.

hayi-mii
that with,

Well

because of

nirjxa'^-nehwan-ne'^in good looking - in appearance

they
-

(9)

hay
That

mida^
its

wilta'^c'^

camehsKon
woman.

mouth

was tattooed

used to be.

(10)

xoda'^''

me-siwidlay
against
it

hay
which

naydiniiyeh

Her mouth

the (tattoo

^-ne'^in used to become it

marks) are carried up

(woman).

(11)

lcy[iwinya'^nya-n]
Indian

camehsKo-n women
xo^iw"^
her ears

xo^iwP
her ear

wa-Uyiwidcod^^
was punched through;

nikya-w-'^a'^kyiPin ^^-diij
big things - one does (= at ceremonies)
-

nana'^k'e'^iPe-K.^^
she hangs to
it

nahdiyaw
dentalia.

at

always

(12)

hayi-mii
[That with,

nirjxa'^-nehwa-n-ne'Hn
[good looking - in appearance they used to be.]
-

because of]

68
(13)

XIV Northwest
me'lah Some

California Linguistics

Waneonly

hayi
the ones

xa'^ayawowilaw

'2

who
misa-UyiwiPe'K
were stuck
(dentalia's)
'3

were fixed in that way (=wore dentalia in ears)

kyiya'W-me-da'^ay woodpecker scalps

hay
the

nahdiyaw
Indian money.

(14)

hay
The
wealthy

in its

mouth

catnehsKo-n

Wane'
only

xa'^a-wilah-ne'^in
used to be fixed up
so.

(15)

h[ayahajid]
Then

xonin"^
her face

woman
ce-li(ij)

na'^aic'^e'^

hay
the

c'iyo-kyini ^^-dirj

(16)
fun.

hay
That

red

she makes it over (=paints it red)

where people joke, have

naydiniiyeh-ne'^in used to become

camehsKo-n woman

c'idilye'-din-tah White Deerskin and Jump Dances (and others).

at the

hay

(17)

na-na'^tiloy'^

She

ties

up her

nihna'^n on both
sides

hay-atj'^
[then
it

niW&n
good
put
-

'^a'dic'iij'^
-

no'na-dlay

16

is]

to herself

hair (= braids)

down

again

they've been laid, (= she wears good clothes)

(18)

Icyywinya'^nya-n]
Indians

ma'^a'winiw'^
their doings.

17

Traditional Standards of Beauty

(l)He
(3)

is

called
(2)

too ample.

handsome among us Indians whose stomach doesn't look Only from his waist to his shoulders is his body big.
it

Only

at his

buttocks does

look like there

(5)

is

something,

[a]

(4)

This one's neck also

isn't bent.

His face also looks nice;

is

his eyes

aren't big, his nose isn't bulky,

(6) (7)

and

his

head of hair

good, [b]

That

is

who

is

called

handsome.
like they

That one's cheeks also looked

(8)

were painted

red,

among

us

Indians a long time ago.

They used
tattooed.
[d]

to live properly,

and

that is

why

they looked handsome,

(9)

[c]

woman's mouth was

ears

against her

mouth" (mcsiwidlay),

Indian

woman's

were pierced;
ears,

dentalia

(nahdiyaw) from her

(10) The marks were "carried up which made her look good. (11) An at ceremonies she would hang (small) [e] (12) That is the way they looked

beautiful.

(13)

few of them who got fixed up

that

way had woodpecker

scalps

(k>iya*W-me*da'^ay) stuck into the ends of the dentalia shells.

(14) Only the

wealthy

women were

fixed up like that.

[f]

(15)

And

then they painted their

faces red on festive occasions,

(16) There were things to

make women

Hup a
look good
at the

Texts: 14

169
tied

dances (cidilye*), too.

(17)

They

up

their hair

on both

sides in braids, and they had

good clothes

on.
things.

(18) (This was) the Indian

way of doing

[a]
feet.

That

is,

handsome man

is

broad-chested and broad-hipped, and tapers to the

[b]
[c]

This means that his hair

According

feeding her

is all the same length, Sam Brown said. Sam Brown, in former times a woman kept her looks even after own child, but now an Indian woman loses her shape, just like a White

to

woman.
[d] This refers to

two slim

triangles pointing up,

one above each comer of the

mouth. See text

[el

15,

and the General Glossary.

(cf.

The

dentalia used as earrings are usually the smaller, less valuable, lengths
still

mida''3), although they are

considered

nahdiyaw

('money').

A woman who

has

lost a child (do*lya'-c*ii]) is not

supposed to wear Indian money

in her ears, or in

any

other way.
[f]

On

non-serious
It

occasions
for

(ciyo'-kyini-diij,
to paint

'times

when
at the

they

are

being
or

frivolous').

was forbidden
It

anyone

themselves red

Jump Dance

White Deerskin Dance.

allowed
at the

could cause sickness of the blood.

Red

paint was, however,

Flower Dance.

170

XIV Northwest
15.
Narrated by

California Linguistics

Tattooing
IX, pp. 48-52.

Sam Brown. Notebook

ta'^Uyimii-din
at taPkyimiidiri

(1)

dahaijWo'^daij'^ Long ago

c'idilye'-hid

'^iWcdn
I

when Jump Dance

was held

saw

it

t'arjqi-meq
in the Fall:

t'ehxic'egirls

xiKe'^-daij^
in the

qaytimii-^
little

morning

burden baskets

they

ya-ya'^te-we-n 2 lifted up their packs and went on

sahwinde'^n
they went off
(fir)

mixaafter

yima-ni
across the
river

na'^nite'deK.
they
all

(2)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

went

pitch

toxodeldirj-ne'^in
[Captain John]

ya'xoi '^-na'^ninyay
he came across with them

yax'^-'a'

Mnde'c'eh

for

them

interpreting

na'^U>ii&'e--mirj
for the purpose of

hay
the

U^ina^ Yurok

kyidd^-c'iita'^c'^

xo-l-diniPay
the

chin-marked-work

one who understands

making again
xolye-ne'^in
he used to be called.

xocitj'
to him.

(3)

'^isdiya-nc''ir)-xowilc'''e-n

"Widow
xa'
'Now!

he has been made"

(4)

'^aya-xoic'ide-ne'^

3eh
pitch

He

said to the (girls),

'^o-nohc'nd 8 you (pi.) go to get!"

(5)

h[ayaha^id]
'[Then]

me'^site'de-K^
they went up the
hill

xonte'lhohme'^-c'iij'^
(up on bench back of

hi^id
[and]

^eh
pitch

c'e-ya'^te-wen each packed it out

Oscar Brown's place).

hay-y&w
that

Mnna'^ Yurok

c'isda--diij

ta'^UyimH-dirj
Hostler Ranch

yima'n-c'irp
opposite to

where he was staying

na'q'i-q'id

(6) h[ayaha^id] ce-mii

[Then]

namis-xo^^ UHtehime'^n
in a circle

^^

nahxoh
in

^^

on the
gravel.

with rocks

he built along with

2 places,

(7)

hlayaha^id]
[Then]

hay ah
there

me^
in
it

na'^ditehiwa'X
he poured out,

^^

hay
the

^eh
pitch.

dumped
(9)

(8)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

ie-na^U^inihne'^n all around he built

with rocks

miq'id-x''

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

on top of the

(hole).

xo(ijp-mii
with
fire

c'iscod
he poked
lit)

hay
the

^eh
pitch,
in

nahxe-

i^

xa'^a'c'ilaw
he did so to them.

both places

(= he

Hup a
(10) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

Texts: 15

171
tahna-'^aslay
he took the (rocks)
off the fire

de-q'atj-hid
after a while

na-wilidi-mii

hay
[the]

ce[rocks,]

when

it

burned

up

hi^id
[and]

mig'td-x"^

'^aht'in
all

c'iwirjwol
he scraped off

hay
the

dahc'isde'^
fine black particles

(11)

^aht'irj

from on

it

(from the

fire).

All (rocks)

xa'^a-c'ilaw-mi-t

hay
the

t'ehxic'e'
girls

no'^te-de-K
they
all sat

when he had done

so (to them)

down.

(12)

mii-xoiijPa'^dii'^e-m-mU With [black body paint]

xodo?

ya-ltd^c'^^

hay dax^'edi-q'
in

they were (already) marked down their chins

whatever way

meya'^de'dini-q' they wanted it.

(13) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

Uwan
one of them

na'cefirst

xoda"^
her chin

c'ista'^c'

he tattooed,

ceMcay-mii
with quartz
sliver
(in

c'e'^ifdsi

c'o^'^ot'as ^^

(14)

k>'i(ij)-mii

na^tiwiwol^'^
he scraped off

he cuts it slow strokes)

he cuts

at

it

Stick

with

(in short dabs).

hay
the

ceiitj

(15) h[ayaha^id] hay-yo-w dahc'isde'^

[Then]
[that]

blood.

pitch-soot

ma'^a'^Uyiwile'l ^^ he keeps putting it in

(to

make

bluish tattoo design).

(16)

yiwidinde'^
Finally

nahnin-tah
sometimes 2

i^

mida"^
their chins

c'e'^i-ita'^c'i-mii

^e'^ilwil
it

(girls)

when he marked them

donot

comes
night.

(17)

hayah-mii
[Then]

^aht'i(ij)
all

mida'^
their chins

c'e'^i-ita'^c'-mii

ya'^l<>'a-n

when he has marked,

they eat,

diyWo"^
anything

iicdy
white

do-

c'ita-n

(18)

lah
Seaweed

Wa-neonly,

hay
[or]

iicoh-tah
anything blue,

they do not eat.

kHna'^diday-tah^^
salal berries (they eat),

hay-aij'^
that
is

hay

xoda"^

wilta'^c'

'^idcoh-^-mitj
so they get blue.

their chins

marked

(19)

ye-wi
But
in

%-'^

diyWo"^
anything

iicay
white, light colored

c'iwinyarP-de'^
if

do--xolirj
it

case

she eats

it,

can't

'^idcow
turn blue

xoda"^
her chin.

(20)

hayi-q
(Just that

Wa-nemuch]

"^oWc'id
[I

haydethis

xoda"^
their chins

know]
mida"^
her chin

wilta'^c'

(21)

'^a-ya'^de'^ine'^-ne'in

t'ehxi^i
girl

donot

wilta'^c'-de'^
if
it

tattooing.

They used
'^atj

to say

was

tattooed:

nifj

xo'^osday-elike a

ne-sindiwan
are

22-re"

"You

[question]

man

you going

to look?

172
(22)
^ime'l
Lizards

XIV Northwest
nisaxo-'^aW-^
run into your mouth,

California Linguistics
donida'^ - your chin
wilta'^c'
is

(23)

ni^iw"^

not

marked!

Your

ears

donot

wa-UHwidcod'^^
are

(24)

xo'^osday

xolc>a-rj'^ay-me-q'i
inside their

Wa-neonly

punched through."

Men
me-lah some
xot'ahdiy'^-me-q' on their chest;

arms

ya-lta'^c'i-ne'^in

me-lah
[some]

hay

nahdiydw

they used to be marked,

inside,

where dentalia
ya'^aic'^'e'^-ne'^in

me-Uyiwilteh
are

'^^-ditj

me-Ryinolyethey used to

measured

(at wrist

of right hand)

make

signs (of measuring).

(25)

qad hay
When

no-ya'^alc'^'in'^-^-diri

ya'^aita'^c'

hay

xa'^ant'e--waij

they

quit

growing

they tattoo

it

for that kind (for measuring).

Tattooing
(1)

[a]

Long

ago,

when

the

Jump Dance was

held at ta'^kyimR-dii),
in the

how

in the fall girls raised their little

fir pitch.

burden baskets

1 saw it, morning and went

They all went across the river. [b] now deceased, came across with them in order the Yurok man who understood chin tattooing. "Shaved Head." [c]
off after

(2)

And

then to-xode-ldiij,

to interpret for

them with
be called

(3)

He used

to

(4) He said to the girls, "Now! go get pitch!" (5) And then when they had gone up the hill to xonteht-k>oh-nie'^ [d] each of them carried out pitch in her burden basket to where that Yurok was staying across from ta'^kyimit-dig on the gravel. (6) And then he built two roofed structures circle-wise with rocks, and (7) in them he dumped the pitch. (8) And then he buih in the rocks all around until they met on top of the structure, [e] (9) Then he lit the pitch, doing this in both places. (10) And then, after a while, when it burned up, after he had taken the rocks off from the fire, he scraped from them all the fine particles of black which had been thrown on by the fire, [f] (11) When he had done this to all the rocks, every one of the girls sat down.

(12) They were already marked down their chins with body paint (milxog'^aMilVn) in whatever way they wanted it. (13) And then of one of them first he tattooed the chin, with a quartz sliver (ceWcay) [g] he keeps cutting it, he keeps cutting at it in short jabs. (14) With a stick he scraped off
the blood.

(15)

And

then he keeps putting in that pitch soot.

(16) Finally,

when he has
(17)
eat,

tattooed the chins of one or

two

girls,

night
all

falls, [h]

And

then,

when he

has tattooed the chins of

of them, they do not

(19) But

anything white they do not eat

(18) only seaweed and anything blue,

such as
if

salal berries, so that their chin tattoo

marks may turn blue.

she eats anything white, her chin cannot turn blue.

(20) Just that

much do

know

of this tattooing of their chins.

Hupa
(21)

Texts: 15

173
tattooed,

They used
[i]

to say, if a girl's chin

was not

"You, are you

is

going to look
not tattooed!
(24)

like a

man? (23) Your

(22) Lizards run into your mouth, your chin

ears are not

punched through!"

[j]

Men

used to be tattooed only inside their arms,

to

some used

measured (on

some on their chest; make measuring marks (mckyinolye*) where dentalia are the arm). (25) As soon as they stop growing, they tattoo for

that purpose, [k]

[a]

Sapir published the translation and notes to this text

which we reproduce here

in this

with only minor alterations

(Sapir 1936e).

in a

paper he contributed to A. L. Kroeber's festschrift paper has been

The

list

of chin-tattoo designs that Sapir included

incorporated into the General Glossary.

[b]

prominent

man from

me'^dil-dirj, called "Captain

John" by the whites and

regarded as a

Hupa

tribal leader in the late 19th

century (Nelson 1978: 74-76).

Sam

him here by his Hupa name, w-xodei-diij ('water-flows past himplace'), which was properly the name of his house at me'^dil-diij. The wealthy men or "chiefs" of the Hupa and Yurok were generally called after the houses they occupied
refers to

Brown

rather then
[c]

by

their personal

names.

Hupa

'^isdiya-nc'^ifj

xowilc'^e-n ('a
their

widow-made

into'),

probably a translation of

his

Yurok name.

Widows shaved

heads in mourning, hence the meaning of the

the

This man was from the village of Wahtek (nin'^i-dah-sa'^an-dii]), on Klamath River above Requa, and was visiting among the Hupa for the dance.

name.

[dl Literally 'in the big flat',

[e]

up on a bench back of where Oscar Brown used

circles of boulders

to live.

In other words, he built

two

and then put other rocks on top of

each

in ever-lessening circles until they

and a half from the ground.

scooped out
[f]

to

hold the pitch.

met in the center, which stood a foot or a foot The ground within the circle of boulders was somewhat The inner faces of the rocks were to catch the soot.

He removed

the rocks very carefully, so as not to shake off the

fme

particles of
it.

black (dah-c'isde'^).
[gl

He

collects this for the tattooing"ink," as

is

Sam Brown
is

put

boulder of quartz

broken up and the sharpest bit which

quite small

is

taken for the knife.

[h] In other
girls at

words, the work goes slowly; he cannot expect to tattoo more than two
girls'

most during the day. Tears drop down the

cheeks as he cuts, and he has to

pause frequently.

When

finished great care had to be taken with the tattoo marks.

They

generally kept them covered until they healed, which took about five or six days.
[i]

An
An

insult of obscure

meaning.

According

to

Sam Brown,

it

means

that

an

untattooed
[j]

mouth and

a hole in a rock look the

same

to a lizard.

incidental reference to another required bodily mutilation.

quill.
It

punctured with a porcupine

morning it had worked SeeKroeber 1925:77.)

[k] Tattoos

its

The ears were was pricked in lightly in the evening, and by way through. (The Yurok did not, it seems, perforate the ear.

on the forearm and wrist provided a standard measure for the length (and
For these

consequently the value) of a string of dentalia ("Indian money", nahdiyaw).

174

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

"Measuring marks where dentalia measuring tattoo marks, see Goddard (1903: 48-49). the left hand." Sam Brown's marks "creases on are measured" corresponds to Goddard's measuring. Goddard states: "He also had a set "inside their arms" are doubtless also for forearm. These lines indicated the length of of lines tattooed on the inside of the left
five shells of the several standards."

Hupa
16.
Narrated by
c'isda--te-

Texts: 16

175

Rules of Etiquette
Frank.

Emma
haya-i
and then

Notebook VI,
daijWo'^

pp. 30-34.

( 1

'^aij-gya^
it

One

will be

is

seen

somebody

coming

yehc'iwinya--teinto the house

staying one place.

hayai
[then]

hay
the

camehsKon
woman

'^aPde-rf-tewill say.

xd^
'All right

xontah
house!"
in!)

(2)

miqic'isday
Stool

(=

Come

x'^a
for

no'^nitj'^an-te'

yo'^n-yidac
opposite the door,

xo'^osday-de^
if it's

(3)

one puts down,

place

a man.

camehsXon-hii (Man and) woman

(together)

him

c'ininde'^K-de'^
if

Ryiwilte'l

they (2) arrive,

mat

one will bring

nana^wintan-teit down

hay
the

camehsKo-n woman

jc'^'fl'

no'^niiwa'^K-tethey will throw

it

(4)

hay
The one

nikyah-'^a'^do-ne- 2
has (big) respect for (him/her-self)

camehsKon
woman

hay
who

for her

down.

who

c'iday
stays there

stick

kyirj-heh - even

do-

mitis
it

no'^dital^
she steps.

(5)

hay-y&w
Those

not over

c'ininde-X that have

come

there

xoyeh
under them,
their feet
at

noya'^nirjxan-teshe'll put

Uyiwyal
food.

(6)

noya'^lcyininya'^n i-m ii

down

When

they've quit eating.

severally vessels of

haya'i
[then]

xowa-nac'intan
they'll

^-te-

qay'^te'l-me^
in the platter

hand them

back to her

no-na^nintan-de'^ when they've put the (basket) back empty

xosic'mil
mussel-shell

spoon

q'tna"^
also.

(7)

do-xolirj

yiwidimid^
palm-down

c'o-nanicHd^ yidaGi-dimi(d)i Wane'

reach for it again (anything),

One should
not

palm-up

only,

(8)

yiwidimid
If

c'o-na-nic'''i(d)-de'^

c'ixo'iyoM
he'll

^-te-

(9)

hayi-q
[In this

"^aif
[it

palm-down

one should reach,

be swearing.

way]

is]

Ry\iwinya'^nyd-n\ nadii-ne'^in
[Indians]
[they used
to live.]

(10)

hayah-de'^-^

na'^tehsdiya'-tehe'll

xa"^

And

then

go back,:

"All right!

de'soMc'e- 9 you (2) stay

at

cide-n'^-te'
[she (hostess)
will say.

your place!"

176
(11)

XIV Northwest
hay
The

California Linguistics

camehsXo-n woman

'^e-'^rj
it

ya'^wirj'^a' ^^

do-

na'xednaw^^

is

remains seated there

without moving,

hay
that (reason)

nikyah-'^a'^do-ne'-mii
[she respects herself,]

"^aWxic'e"^

^'^

'^arp
it

"^a'Wt'eI

"Rich

woman

is

am!"

c'one-mH
since she thinks.

(12)

c'iwil&'H-darp When she was growing up, was young,

Uyehica-n-daij'^

"^a'xoic'ine-

when

she was

one says

to her,

a girl,

do- xo-'^-ya'-'^ami] "Don't do wrong!

^^

(13)

do-

Ryitilkyoh ^^
not steal.

(14)

dayWo'^
Something
c'isiiwe- ^^

You must
(15)
diyWo"^ Something

donot

daxo-'^-ye--'^a-'^aPiij
-

donot

kye-w ^^-xo
secretly, in hiding

in

wrong way do with it.

ever

one should
kill,

beat.

(16)

do- Uyiniq'eh-x"^ ^'^ Not in a good way

c'e^ic'id

(17)

he dies (who does so).

doNot

mil
with it (courses)

Ryaij

she eats

mini-Uyiwehs'^ir)'^ ^^-hid

when

she's

become menstruating

dayWo'^-dirj somewhere

c'ininya--de'^
if

she arrives at

RyUixani
in

order that she

c'o-ya'^ni^^-ma-n may eat deer meat

darjWo"^

xoi yohica'^ni'^^-md'n
because one

hay
the

somebody
na'^wa--ditj

may

find her out

mini-UyiPen
girl in

(18)

ia-ni

diyWo'^
where

wana'^xolyeh^^-dirj
where they are gathering things,

courses.

Where many people go about,

do-

'^a'^ne-

mini-lcyiwehsVij'^

(19)

hay
The

people do not say:

"She has begun menstruating."

lcy[iwinya'^nya-n] person who

nikyah-'^aydo-ne- 22
has respect for himself

hayi-q'i thus

Waneonly

'^a-xoic'ine-

tim

na^wime'^
she's

he talks about her,

"(At) tim

bathed."

(20)

waij-'^a-dixa-niwidyaif'^'^ For one - it's a shame

hay

'^a'^de-n'^-tehi-dirj
to say,

mini-kyiwehs'^irj'^

"She's become menstruating."

(21)

darjWo'^

xoi
with her

ye'^iicis'^'^-hid
if

kya"^

xoUya'^amil
one throws it away from her,

mii
in that

Somebody

one notices

it

dress

(her condition),

(condition)

kyiwinyan'^-de'^
if

ky[iwinya'^nya-n\
people

mila-n
together with them.

she eats

Hupa
(22)

Texts: 16

177
(23)
hayi-q'

haP-'^e-din 25 no'^x'^e'^Hwdl Without a dress "one throws her down" (= strips her and leaves her clothesless).

xocW
to her

Thus

c'ixine'W one talks,

iriH lc>oya'^ni'^^-ma'n because she might eat in that

(24)

niWotj-xo '^aniVe'^'^i-miri So she may be in a good way,

condition (but

is

not wanted).

hay-yo'w
[that]

lc>ehica-n [young woman]

hay
what

xoc'iif
to her

c'ixine'W
they
tell.

(25)

no'^xone-yo-d'^^

They warn her of

it.

(26)

hayi-q'
In that

xowan-c'idne-

29

(27)

way

to her they preach.

q'ad hayi-q'i Thus it is

Waneonly.

30

Rules of Etiquette

woman is at home and she sees someone coming into the house, she will say, "Come in!" [a] (2) She will place a stool opposite the door (yo'^n yidac) [b] for him, if it's a man. (3) If a woman comes with
(l)When
a

him, (the hostess) will take

down

[c] a

mat (Ryiwiltei) and

lay

it

out for the

woman.
sits,

(4)

self-respecting

woman
baskets

does not step over a stick when she

[d]

(5)
(6)

(The hostess)

will

place

of food

in

front

of the

visitors.

When

they have finished eating, they will hand the (empty baskets) back

to her, after placing

(7)

them on

the basket tray along with the spoons.

One should
(8) If

not reach for anything with the palm

down the palm up

will

only.

one reaches for something with the palm down, he

is

be

"swearing at" (insulting) someone. (9) This behave.

(10)
to

the

way

the Indians used to

your

And then when someone leaves for home, (the hostess) will say, "Off own place!"[e] (11) The woman, for her part, remains seated
is

without moving, since she

class

self-respecting and thinks of herself as a high-

woman C^aWxicV).
When
she
is
still

(12)

growing

girl

they
is

tell

her not to do

anything

wrong.
way.
die in

(13) She

is

not to steal.

(14) She

not to treat things in the

wrong

she

is

(15) She is not to kill anything secretly. [f] (16) Such a person doesn't a good way. (17) If she goes somewhere when she is menstruating, not to eat with people, because she might eat deer meat, and someone
is

might discover that she

(18)

menstruating. [g]

When

there

are

lots

of people about,
is

or where things are

being
self-

gathered for food, people don't say, "She

respecting person only talks about place (tim)." [h] (20)
It is
it

menstruating."

(19)
at a

this

way: "She has bathed

training

a shameful thing to say,

"She

is

menstruating."

178
(21)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

When someone
down

"sees
if

it

with her,"
is

(i.e.,

sees that she

is

menstruating),
(22)

he pulls her dress off

she

eating together with other people.

(i.e.,

He
[i]

"throws her
(23)

without a dress"

strips her

and leaves her naked),

condition. (24)

They speak like this to her, They say this to the warn her about it. (26) They preach
(27) This
is all

lest girl

she eat with others

so she will be

while in that
(25)

all right.

They

to her like this.

there

is.

[a] xa'^

xontah],

literally, 'all night,

(be in) the house!'

[b]
[c]

On

the far side of the fire, at the back of the housepit.

the storage platform (dah3H).
is, it is

From
That

[d]

not proper for a

woman

to sit

on a

stool,

presumably because of the

sexual symbolism.
te]
[f]

xa^ de-soktc'e\,

literally, 'all night,

(go and) stay

(at

your

own

place)!'
it

Sapir does not offer an explanation for this phrase, but in context

seems

to

refer to abortion.
[g]

When

woman

is

menstruating (migkyil'^e'n), she

is

supposed to eat by herself

in a seclusion

hut (min''3).

The baskets and other

objects that she uses are not to be

used

at

other times.

Some women wear

a special cap during their periods.

[h] Menstruating

women must

take ritual baths at special

swimming

places which

are also luck-training spots (tim).

[i]

People don't mind a menstruating

woman

being around, but she mustn't try to

eat with the others.

She must go

to the menstrual hut (min''3) to

cook for

herself.

Hup a
17.
Narrated by
(1)
c'iWxiy young person

Texts: 17

179

How

to

Ensure a Long Life

VII, pp. 47-49.
iah-x''a

Sam Brown. Notebook

'^ax'int'e1

A
(2)

who

is

doUyitiiyo-l 2 he does not swear

hay ah

just for nothing.

tini-q'eh

c'lcahi-difj

do-

c'ilij

tini-q'eh

way'^inahW^
he passes off

On

the

when he goes along

he doesn't
urinate,

road

along the road

hi^id
then (he
urinates).

(3)

do-

c'iWil
not

(4)

do-

na'^Uya'^aw^
not sing

One should
shout.

One should

xorf-na^we--'Wirf' Brush Dance song.

(5)

c'idilye--Wirj'^

'^e-'^ij

Jump Dance

or White

however

Deerskin Dance song

xosa-nya-^-de"^ if it comes into his mouth

na'^lc>iwirj'^ah-te-

he can sing

it.

clitali-Wirj"^

q'ina'^

(6)

hayi
That

niV/o-n
is

RHxindy
lc>ixinay

"^olyeit is

Kick Dance song

too.

good,

called.

(7)

do- qi-twe-q'i^i'^ Not foolishly, with trifling words

cHxine-W
one should
speak.

(8)

xoh
In vain

xonist'e'^
his

xoniW-heh

body has feelings - even if (= no matter how happy he is)

me-na'^nUxe'^ ^-de"^
if

do- c'iWil one should not shout

iah-xo hayah
without reason.

(9)

Ryisdiyan

An
(10)

old person

he overtakes.

'^a'^de'^ine'^

nina-ce-

c'e-ne-yaI

nirj

"^atj

xolis^i-tewill be fast."

one says,

"Ahead of you

pass.

You

[question]

(11)

hayi
That one

minist'e'^ x'^'e'^iniW
his

"^isdiya-n^^ '^a-de'^ine^ '^isdo'^^^

old man,

body
is

(=he

always is aware always happy)

he says,

"I

wish

sindiyarj you are old

in a

niWoij-x'^ good way."

(12)

doIf

xa'^ahic'idcrP-de'^
he doesn't speak so to him,
^~

yixo-'^oiyo-l-id

do--sa'^anot long

when he swears at him

^^

na'^way
one
lives

ma-n
for that

(13)

do--niWo-n
Not
-

mehsla'-xowidse'^n
to be

do-

c'idya'^n
get old.

^'^

it

is

good

mean;

he does not

reason.

(14)

do-

Uyitilkyo-d
not steal;

c'ixo-ne'^iiyo-l

nic'''irj'^-x''

c'e'^ic'id

One should
(15)

they wish him bad luck;

in a

bad way

he dies.

me-niwilgyid
It

^^

Uyite-lkyod^^
to steal.

(16)

c'e-y-ditj

do-

na-nd^U'iliW

is

dangerous

At a grave

he never handles, removes anything;

doit

niWo-n
not good.

(17)

qad
[Now]

hayi-q
[thus]

Wa-ne[only]

is

'^oWc'id [I know.]

80

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

How to Ensure a Long Life

(1)

young person doesn't swear without

trail,

good reason.
trail

(2)

When he

goes along a
[a]

he doesn't urinate;

he steps off the

before doing so.

(3)

He

doesn't shout.
(5)
If,

(4)

He

doesn't sing Brush Dance songs (xon*^-

na'^we'-Wig'^).

however. Jump Dance or White Deerskin Dance songs

to

(cidilye'-Wig'^)
Wig'^) also.
(7)
(6)

come

him, he will sing them

(8)

Kick Dance songs

(c'Rtal-

Those

are

good

they're called k^ixinay (songs).

He

doesn't speak foolishly (q'Wwe*qi3).

Even

if

he feels good, he

doesn't shout without a good reason, [b]

(9) If he overtakes

an old person he says,

"I

am

going ahead of you.

(10)

You

aren't in a hurry, are

"I

good, and he says,

doesn't speak to
live long

you?" [c] (II) The old person usually feels hope you are old in a good way." [d] (12) If he him like this and the old person swears at him, he doesn't
that.

because of

(13)

It is

not good for

him

to

be mean;
at

he won't get to be old. him, and he dies in a bad way.

things
at

(14) (15)
It

He
is

doesn't

steal;

people swear
(16)

dangerous

to steal.

Nor does he handle

a grave

(ce*y-dig);
(17) That

that is not good.

is all

that

know.

[a] Trails are like

people.
it.

When

they get tired of you, they hurt you

you

fall

when you
[b]

least

expect

This rule of keeping quiet and acting calm was also observed by the Yurok and
people. According to

Redwood Creek
more
warlike.

Sam Brown, however, some

of the other Indians

nearby, such as the Karuk and the Chimariko, were fond of shouting.

They were

also

[c]

This rule

is

also mentioned in text 18, lines 9-13.

will

[dj

That

is,

"I

hope you

have an old age free of

illness

and infirmity."

Hupa
18. Insults
Narrated by

Texts: 18

181

and Bad Behavior

IV, pp. 1-5.

Sam Brown. Notebook

lc>ila'^-c'e'^a'^aW ^
its

(1)

do-

tirj'^xine-W
swears,

wan
for
it

(2)

do-

kyo'^niwa-n^
not
adultery,

One never

he puts it in (= he pays (money))

-

hand

One should
commit

waij
for
it

MlaP-c'e'^aPaW
one pays.

(3)

do-

kyila'^-c'iwirj'^an-de'^
If

Uye'^iite'^'^

he does not pay,

he gets killed

ma'n
for that.

(4)

doUyinirj'^-qeh Not along someone's

face

na-na^c'^'id

warj
[for
it]

UyilaP-c'e'^a^aW
[he pays]

one slides his hand down

ma-n
[for that.]

(5)

do-

Uyinirj'^-q'eh

kyiW
insulting gesture with fingers

no'^aW^
one puts down.

[Not along someone's face]

(6)

do-

Uyitilkyo-d
not steal,

xadyarj-xosin^
shameful
-

(7)
If

'^a-xo-tc'ide-nP-de'^

One should

it

is

considered.

someone

tells

people,

yo-w-a-ij'^
that

Uyite-lkyo-d^-wdrf
is

ya-xowilwa'K^
he gets beaten up
with a club.

one

it

for stealing

(8)

do-

ky'ilkyanP'^

c'i-ic'^e-

kyehica-n
a girl,

One should
(a girl) to

not cause

warj kye'^iite'^-md-n one gets killed for it

become pregnant

do-

ky'iW-c'iwirj'^an-de'^
if

(9)

ky'isdiyd-n

donot

mina-ceahead of him

xe'^e'^ia-d lO

one does not pay.

Old person

one should run by.

(10)

'^ahic'ide'^ine'^

One always tells him

We"Me

nina-ceahead
of you,

nirj

'^arj
it

xd^
quickly

you

is?

winyahi-teyou'll go
along."

(11) hayi
That

niWo-n
is

ye'^ilyo'^^^

kyisdiyd-n
old person
it

xa^ahidiwine'^ (12)
(when) he spoken
is

'^a-de'^ine'^

good,

(old person)

thus

He always
says,

always

likes

to.

sindiyan-te"You'U grow old."

(13)

doNot

in a

niWoij-x'^ good way

if

'^ahidiwe-rP-de'^ you have spoken to him,

nina-ce-

"Ahead
of you

I'll

c'e-ne-ya--tehi walk out ahead,"

no-iyoM
if

^^-de"^
at

do--xoliij

'^inidya^n 13
live to

he blows (swears)

you

you can't

be old.

182
(14)

XIV Northwest
camehsK&n
Woman
mitjk>'il'^e-n ^^

California Linguistics

xo'^osday

do-

mildn

U>a'n
she eats,

who

menstruates

man

not helping him, with him

warj
[for
it]

k>ila'^-c'a'^aW-man
she pays
-

(15)

Uni&'e-

'^^

lc>'iwinya'^nyd-n

for that reason.

One who

gives birth

people

do-

mila-n

lc>an

(16)

Hupa
(24)
x'^a-

Texts: 18

83
warj
[for
it]

^e-nayUye'^iliW-hid
she parts her hair again, (= comes out of widowhood)
if

kyilaP-c'a?a W-ma-n
[he pays for that reason.]

For him

(25)

do-

kHnaPsilay

warj
for
it

Icyila'^-c'e'^a'^aW

One

doesn't maice fun of people,

he always pays.

(26)

q'ad

hayi-q'
thus

Waneonly

Now

"^oWc'id 1 know.

Insults

and Bad Behavior

swear; [a] he pays for
(3) If
it.

(1)A person doesn't

adultery; he pays for
(4)
that.
it.

(2)

He

doesn't
it.

commit

he doesn't pay, he gets killed for

He
(5)

doesn't "slide his hand

down"

to

He

doesn't

make k^iW

gestures [c]

someone's face; [b] he pays for to someone's face.

(6)

He

doesn't steal; that's shameful.

(7) If

someone

says,

"He's the one,"

he

is

beaten with a club for stealing.

(8)

He

doesn't

make

a girl pregnant;

he gets killed for that

if

he doesn't

pay.

He doesn't run ahead of an old person. "(Let) me go ahead of you. You won't be going
(9)

(10)

He

always

says,

you?" [d] (11) That is a good thing; an old person always likes it when he addressed this way. (12) He will always say, "You will live to be old!" (13) But if you tell him rudely, "I'm going ahead of you!" and he swears at you, you won't
very
fast, will

live to be old.

(14) (15)

menstruating

woman

doesn't eat with a man;

she pays for that.

A woman who A woman who

has recently given birth doesn't eat with people.

if to

(16) If

she gives birth to a boy, she eats alone for forty days;
(17)

a girl, fifty.

miscarries eats alone for sixty days.

(18) These are

all

bad ways of behaving;

if

a person

doesn't behave

properly he won't live long.

(19)

When

man

is

eating, a

woman

doesn't pass in front of him.

that.

(20)

He
lot

gets upset

and quits eating; somebody always pays for

person doesn't
lot for
tell

(21)

someone,
(22)

"I will kill

you!"

That's worth a

he pays a

that.

He

doesn't break wind

when people

are

eating;

he pays for

that.

(23)

He

doesn't tease a widow.

that.

(24) If she

him, he pays for

for
it.

(25)

He

doesn't

comes out of mourning [e] for make fun of anyone; he always pays

(26) That's

all

know.

184
[a]

XIV Northwest
"Swearing" (tigxiniwidycW

California Linguistics

would include They used to say iirj'^ xoW ''afj'^ niic'^e-ne'^en, do- ne'da^ay ye'^inaW ('a dog must have made you; nothing goes into your head', i.e., 'you understand nothing') when angry with someone for being stubborn. If someone heard you say that to a child, you would have to pay its parents; if it was an orphan, then you would have to pay its closest relatives. Another insult was to tell someone to lick excrement, or to lick a dog, or to lick a woman's privates.
'what
is

spoken

improperly')

mentioning someone's parents and relatives after they have died.

[bl

gesture

made by spreading

out the five fingers of the right hand in front of

someone, then pulling the hand down and back.

didn't "swallow the insult."
[c] k-^iW

This was equivalent to swearing.

Children would sometimes do this to each other, but would spit to show that they

gestures include: (1) middle and index fingers raised, back of hand side out
in crotch; (2) fist folded

and thumb resting

up with thumb protruding between fingers

above, the back of the hand up; (3) two fingers free like claws and thumb withdrawn,

back of hand up. (1) means "lick up between a woman's legs"; (2) means "lick her
privates";

and

(3)

means

"lick

my

anus."
in a hurry.

[d] That

is,

excusing himself for being

See also

text 17, lines 9-12.

3e*i)''k>'ilay)

[el The Hupa idiom is ^cnayUyiliW 'she parts her hair again' (see Widows used to cut off their hair. When it grew back long enough

to

part,

the

mourning period was over. While in mourning women would not look at men in speaking to them, but would keep their heads averted. One should talk simply, not in a
joking fashion, to a

woman

in these

circumstances.

Hiipa Texts: 19

85

19.
Narrated by
(1)
kyile-xi^i-ne's

A Jump Dance Sermon

Sam Brown. Notebook
xo'^ad
his wife

IV, pp. 6-10.

c'idilye-ditj
at the

c'ixe-ne-W^
she talks

Tall-boy

Jump Dance.

(2)

ya'xocirj'

'^aPde-ne'^

(3)

ninis'^a-n

To them
t'ehxic'eh
girls!
3

she said.

"The world
iah-x""

c'^'irPdawohite-n 2 you (pi.) have spoiled it,

"^a-ditohicit'^

hay-dethis

hayah

for nothing, without reason

you cut off your

hair!

(4)

daharjWo'^-darj'^ A long time ago

"^e'na'jf
it

do-niWot]-x'''
in a

used to be

not-good way

^a'U>it'in ^-dirj

hi^id
do
[and]

xa'^a-'^adiPin ^-ne'^in
so with themselves they

(5)

dedi

'^e-na-rj'^

where they used

to

But now

things (= at a death)

used to do.
^

ninis'^d-n

c^Hn^danyay

man
because of

hay-de'd
this;

nehe'da^ay
your hair

world

has gone bad, has been spoiled

iah-xo hayah
without reason

to hie it'

(6)

you cut off your hair.

xa'^a'^dii'^e-n
to

k.yiwinya'^nyd-n Indians

miynilgyi(d) ^-ne'^in
used to be afraid of
it

iah-xo hayah
[without reason!

(7)

ninis'^a-n

do so

to themselves.

World

c'^irPda-ya-widilte-n we have ruined

hay-de d
this

'^aya'nohwilaw^ way in which we are

all

(8)

hayi
That

yiman^dil lo white man

miq'eh
following
it

fixed, clothed.

'^aya-nohwilaw
[way we are
all

q'a(d)

donot
-

niWon
is

"^a-ya'dit'e-n
that

hay-ded
this

fixed]

now

it

good way
^e-nis
day.

we

are doing,

taq'i-din
3 times

na-yaUyidiyan we eat (several times)

donot

iah
in

(9)

'^aht'ifj

hay-d(e-)
this

one

All

'^a'winiw

miq'ah
following
it

"^aWdiyah-hid
inasmuch as
I

siWdiya-n

way of doing
(10)

did

I've lived to be old.

Uyiwirjya'^nyd-n

miynilgyi(d)-ne'^in
used to be afraid of
it.

digyan
here

Indians

in

daxo--qa-^a'^dilah^'^-de^ some way - if he did with himself

do-sa'^anot long

na'^way
he
lives.

(11)

xine-W^"^ What he is told

donot

miq'eh

na-'^as'^a'^ ^'^-de'^
-

"^a-dii-tirjxe-niW ^^-te-

he minds

if

with himself

he'll talk

wrong

(=he'll ruin his

life).

186
(12)

XIV Northwest
dahc'iiiwidle'l i^ doNever should one stand arm

California Linguistics

(13)
in

dig>an
Here (at this danceground)

arm, holding each other's arms.

dona'^niidlos 17 one should not lead each other by the hand.

(14)

c'a'^al

Chewing gum

dokya'^al-ne'^in one (should) not chew it used to be.

(15)
-

dedi-di/j

Nowadays

V^/; however

Vsdiyd-n
an old person

noh-c'ir}'^
to

yixe-niW-de"^
if

wan-io'^-sohc'^'in'^ ^^-teyou'll laugh about him.

you

(pi.)

he

(it) talks,

(16)

hay-'^arj'^

hay
the

ninis'^d-n

That

is, it is

world

c''in'^da-nydy having gone bad

ma-n
why,
that

"^adohne'
ye speak so.

(17)

dahafjWo'^-daij'^ A long time ago

do-

io'^-c'iic'^e--ne'^in

they never laughed

c'idilye--dirj
at

Ic^isdiyd-n
an old person

the dance

yixe-nehW-de'^ when he spoke.

mixa- MyiniW

'^ade'^iic'^e'^ ^^

they always paid attention to him.

(18)

de-di '^e-'^tj But now

ninis'^d-n
[the world]

c'^in'^da-nyay
[having gone bad]

wan-io'^-soh-tc'^in'^-te-

you'd laugh

at

one
20

noh-c'ifj'^
to

yixe-niW-de"^
if

(19)

'^isdo'^
I

xoW

niWorj-x''
in a

nahdii

you

he talked.

wish

good way

ye were living.

kyic'ind-'^e-dirj-x'^'

(20)
Boys,

Uyixinay-mii
"with Uyixinay" = being happy

being without sickness.

nahdii-teyou shall live,

sohdiyan-teyou'll live to be old

de--q'a
in this

'^aht'irj-x''

(21)

way

ye doing.

Uyictndi-ne'^in Sickness used-to-be

ninis^a-n world

no-tj'^a'-diij

mii
with it (sickness)

as far as

it

reaches

no-na-Jcyinohita'^X 22-/^you (pi.) shall kick back up to

in a

niWorj-x"^ good way

nahdii-teye shall live."

A Jump Dance Sermon

"You have

[a]

(1) Tall-Boy's wife [b]

spoke

at the

Jump Dance.

(2)

She said

to

them:
[c] girls,

(3)

spoiled the world {ninis'^a-n c'"in'^-da-wohHe-n),

(4) In the old

with you cutting off your hair here for no reason!

days only

when someone

did an unfortunate thing

(5)

they use to do this to themselves

ruin (c**in'^-da*nyay)

when someone died) [d] did But now that the world has gone to
(i.e.,

you cut off your hair for no reason. be afraid of doing this to themselves for no reason.

(6) Indians

used to

Hupa
(7)
(8)

Texts: 19

187

"We have

all

spoiled the world with these

ways of getting dressed up.

in the

It is

not good for us to follow the White

man

way we
I

get dressed

up, or for us to eat three times a day like this.

(9) Insofar as

did not follow

any of these customs,

am

old.
if

here

someone did something out of place [e] (11) If he didn't pay attention to what they said, he cursed himself. (12) They don't stand arm in arm. (13) They don't lead each other by the hand. (14) They didn't use to chew gum. (15) But nowadays, if an old person talks to you, you'll laugh at him. (16) It is because the world has gone to ruin that you say such
(10) "Indians used to be afraid that
(at the

Jump Dance) he wouldn't

live long,

things.

(17) "In the old days they never laughed

when an

old person spoke at a

said.

World Renewal Dance; they always paid now that the world has gone to ruin, you
Prayer
(19) "I wish you to live in a

attention to

what he

(18) But

will laugh at

him

if

he talks to you.

good way, without

live
this

sickness.

(20)

Boys

old.

you
(21)
in a

will

live

with the k>ixinay, you'll

way

until

you're

You

will kick sickness

[f]

back

to the

edge of the world, and you

will live

good way.

[a] During the Jump Dance and White Deerskin Dance it used to be some of the more respected men and women to deliver "sermons" of this

the practice for

sort,

exhorting

spectators to live correctly.

of the

Woodruff (1892: 54) writes: "The most interesting feaUire [White Deerskinl dance is the sermon which is preached each day during one of

the dances.

One

of the head
is

men

of the valley seats himself

in front

of the dancers, and

all

while the singing

spectators
[bl

going on he delivers a lecture on morality, talking so that

the

men, women, and children

can hear

..."

Identified
in

by Sapir only
list

as the wife of k>ile-xiji-ne-s ('boy-tall'), a

name

also

found
Curtin

Curtin's

of

Hupa

personal

names

(no. 23,

Kilequtc-ines

'Long Boy';

1888-89b). It is not clear whether this sermon is something Sam Brown remembered from his childhood, or whether it had been spoken at a recent ceremony. The reference to women cutting off their hair seems to point to the latter.
[c]

The formulaic way of referring

is

to the

consequences of "breaking the rules" either

Repairing this "spoiling of the

the rules of the dance or those of society generally.

world"
[d]

one of the goals of the World Renewal dances.

Tall-Boy's wife, speaking formally and publicly, cannot refer directly to death,

but must use an euphemism.

[e]
[f]

That

is,

dress improperly, talk in a joking way, or do other unapproved things.

it

She means, "May you kick off sickness and keep

away."

188

XIV Northwest
20.
Narrated by

California Linguistics

When There

Is

a Death
VII, pp. 38-44.

Sam Brown. Notebook

Hsc'i board

(1)

iarjxo

^a\y]Uye'^iniw-id^
people die
a

yehc'e'^itiW
they would take
it

(2)
in.

dorjq'a'^

When

Not yet

na'^q'ac'-

hay-y&w
[that]

daxo-'^-'^a'c'idydw
the

hayi
that

miq'i(d)

dahlcye'^iitei
they spread a (buckskin) cover on

he is cold, cooled off

one who has died

on

(board)

hi^id
[and]

hayah
there

dahnaZx^'e'^iitiW on they lay him out.

(3)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

xo'^^i-koh'^
carefully

x'^e-na'^Ji>e'^iixat'^

hi^id
[and]

me'^x'^e'^iloy'^
to
it

kyiwidi^i-mii
with Indian twine.

they cover him up,

they

tie

him

(4)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

ia'^a-xiKe'^
for

Hwan
[one]

camehsKo'n
[woman]

q'ay'^timil

one night

burden basket

kyite'^iXoW she weaves

hayi
(in)

which

yisxande'^ next day

iic'iW sand

me"^
in
it

xa'^aswin-tethey are to pack

it

up.

(5)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

q'a(d) [now]

ye'^Hxa'^-mii

Uwaij
one
person

xa'^Rye^iWe'^

c'ey-dirj

when

night

digs

grave
(= brush place).

has passed

(6)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

nii&Hn-dilma-y-mii
with

ie-na'^aliW
he [the gravedigger]
builds a fire

c'ey-diij
at the

wormwood

grave.

(7)

xonc'iWi-q'eh
Along
his nose

no'^Uye'^i-tcow

nH&'in-dilmdy
in

mit'a(ijp-mi-i
its

he stuffs

(wormwood)

[wormwood]

leaves with.

(8)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

me'^iixiw-mii

iisc'i

yide'^iiq'a'^n^

niima'^n
(one) at each (end,) side,

when

he's

a board

finished,

he puts up edgeways in the hole

minin^-dirj
at its

q'ina"^
also.

(9)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

yehna'^add'W
he goes into the house.

c'iWoW
elderberry

face

wood

(= each end)

yehc'emw

Hiipa Texts: 20

189
niic'^in-dilma-y

(11)

h{ayaha^id]
[Then]

doPa-na^x'^e'^iliw^ he unties him

c'e'ilc'^'e^

[wormwood]

he gathers

xaydd^-me^
a mush-basket in

tehc'e'^iliW

hi^id
[and]

cehicay

lo

sisei
hot

tehc'e'^a'^aW
he puts it into the water (in basket).

he puts

it

(wormwood)

rock-white
[= quartz]

into the water,

(12)

hayi mii
With
that

hay
the

niic'^in-dilma-y-mii

wormwood

with,

warPde'^ic'^id he wipes him up

hay-y&w
[that]

c'indin dead person.

(13)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

^^

t'ehW-mH
charcoal with

minc'iW-q'eh
along his nose

yidahc'in^'^ running down

c'ite'^Hiw

xon]iya-rpay
[his

miq'eh
[following
it]

yidahc'in
[running down]

q'inoP
[also]

nilma?n
on each
side,

he draws a

line,

arms]

xoc'ine'^-q'eh along his legs (from

yidahc'in
[running down]

q'ina'^
[also.]

(14)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

hin
stick

kneecap straight down)

dimin
sharp

c'e'^iic'^e'^

de'^de'^itoedi

xon'^-dirj

(15)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

hay-y&wi
that

he makes

it;

he sticks

it

into the fire.

one

na'sa'^an
still

xonc'^iW
his nose

lying

wa'^lcye'^icod he punches a hole through (septum)

hayi-mil
therewith.

(16)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hayah-me"^
in that place

mida'^-j
small dentalia (too small for money),

ia'^-diij

nahdiyaw
Indian money,

wa'^aici'd
he shoves
it

xo^iw"^
his ears

sometimes

(nose-hole)

through

q'in^
[also]

xa'^a'^aliw

(17)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

'^aht'in

na'^xone-'^iPe'^n ^^
looks
at

hi^id
[and]

he handles
in that fashion.

everybody

him

again,

q'ad
finally

c'ix'^e^ic'^a'^

(18)

he buries him.

nona'^asowi-mii When he has swept, scraped

the dirt back into place,

hay-y&w
those

camehsXon
women

hay
who

xomalyaw'^

^'^-ne'^in

"^ahfirj
all

x'^cda'^ay
their hair

q'eya'^fi>e'^it'ds

had been his relatives

they cut off;

q'ostam-me'^
basket-caps in

no-naya'^aliW
they put the (hair) down,

hijid
[and]

taya'^imil
they throw
it

into the river.

90

XIV Northwest
h[ayaha^id]
[Then]
q'ay'^timii

California Linguistics

(19)

difjlc>i

c'e^itiW
they bring out

hi^id
[and]

pack baskets

four

its

miXa'^ bottom

wa'^lc'e'^iicil 15

hi^id
[and]

yiwana'^tiimid
they turn
it

i^

k>i(rj)-mii
stick,

yineh
into the

they rip a hole

peg

through by pounding

upside down;

witli

ground

U>e'^iiqa-s

(20)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

Icyiwidi^i-mii
Indian twine with

me'^tiloy'^

hay
it

they drive with a rock.

one

ties

them

to

[the]

k>'ir)

(21)

h[ayaha^id}
[Then]

hay
[the]

kyimd-w-c'iic'''e'

[sticks, pegs.]

medicine maker

c'ine'^ixd-W she brings

hay
the

Myimd'w
herbal medicine;

xoq'i(d) on the people

na'^de'^iiwdl
she pours
it

hay-yo-w
those

xa'^lc>'iWe-

down

who dug
mil
with
it

a grave.

(22)

hayah-mii
[Then]

"^aht'iij

hay
those

ya'^dehic'e-

na'^me'^
they

all

who were
(in that

living

swim

house)

and wash

hay
that

U>ima-w
medicine.

(23)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

ta-kyiW-me^
[sweat house
-

yehc'e'^indil
they go into
it,

hayah
there

in]

kyima-w
medicine

c'e'^iic'^e-

hijid
it

xoi
with her,
it

ya-te^ilid^i
(herbal

(24)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

she makes

[and]

wood)

them
q'a(d)

burns.

now

no'^olidi-mH when it quits

burning,

to'-clrp

naya'^e'^il

down

at

they

all

ma'-xoda-'^and'W 18 she leads them down

(to the river)

hay
[the]

the river

swim,

kyima-w-c'H&'e[medicine maker,]

xoq'eh
following her
to--dirj
[at

xoda'^and'W he goes down

"^aht'irj

hay
the one

xa'^kyiWe-

who

digs the grave.

(25)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

kyima-w-mii

naya'^x'^e'^Ume'^
[she bathes

the river]

[everyone] [medicine with]

them

all,]

hi^id and

ya'^kye'^iya'^n

(26)

c'^oW-diiri)
Five [times]

ye'^Hxa'^

xa'^a-ya'^tirj-x^

they

all eat.

days elapse
c'ey-dirj
at the

they so doing.

(27)

hay
The one

who

c'ixowinc'^ay has buried him

"^/V

in the

wilwiiditj evening
xoq'i(d)
with
it

iena'^aliW
builds a fire

grave

hay
[the]

xa'^kyiWe[gravedigger.]

(28)

wiloy"^

dah-sa'^a-n

na'^aya'^

boughs - tied together, bundled

Fir
na'^kye'^iitic'

lying on his head

he goes about,

c'ey-iicow
myrtle

tic'

xontah-me"^
[house
in]

cane

he goes about with a cane,

x'^a-

na-sdotj-x"^ separately

iena'^aliW
[they] build a fire

for him.

Hupa
(29)
na'sdoij-xo
Separately

Texts:

20
yita-n dodo not eat

191

Rye'^iya^n

(30) Dogs

he

eats.

xonoyyaWe'^
his leavings, his leftovers

19

c'ey-dirj
at the

xa'Uyo'We'^ni '^^-md-n
lest
it

grave

dig at

for that reason.

from eating,

(31)

hayah-mii
[Then]

q'ad
[as

hay
as]

c'^olay-di(ij)

ye'^UxaP

xiXe'^-darj'^
[in the

soon

the 5th day has

come

morning]

"^aht'irj

hay
at

ie-na-wila--dir}

hay
the

xorP-dirj
fire-place

ie'^isow
he (digger) scrapes
it

hi^id
[and]

everything

where the fire had been built (at grave)

together.

ya'^axa-W
he takes them

hi^id
[and]

tehna'^de'^iiwal he dumps them

into the river.

(32)

h[ayahapd]
[Then]

iic'iW sand

up

in a basket.

xa'^se'^iwiW he packs up the bank (to grave),

hi^id
[and]

hay
at

xon'^-ne'^in-dirj
fire

where the

had been

he

na'^de'^Uwal dumps it down.

(33)

hayi-q
[Thus]

Wa-ne[only]

q'ad

[I

'^oWc'id know.]

When There

Is

a Death
dies, [a] they bring a

board into the house. (2) Before the dead person is cold, they spread a blanket on the board and they lay him out there. (3) Then they carefully cover him up and tie him to the board

(l)When someone

with Indian twine.

(4)

Then one woman spends

the night

weaving a burden basket,

in

which

they will carry sand up from the river the next day.
(5)

Then, as soon as the night has passed, one person [b] begins digging
(6)

the grave, [c]

stuffs

He

builds a fire with

wormwood

at the grave.

(7)

He

wormwood

leaves in his nose.

(8)

Then, when he's finished, he stands a board on each side of the hole,

as well as at the ends.

(9)

Then he goes back

is tied.

inside the

measures the body

(the

lying there.

(10)

house with some elder wood, and Then he brings out the board to which
leaves and puts

dead person)

(1 1)

He

unties him.
in a

in

some water

He gathers up some wormwood mush basket and puts a hot piece of

them

quartz into the water.

(13) Then he both his arms,
it

(12) With the (heated)

draws
fire.

a line with charcoal

his legs, [d]
it

wormwood he wipes off the corpse. down the nose of the corpse, along
(14)

and along

Then he sharpens

a stick

and

sticks

into the

(15) With

he punches a hole through the nose of the body lying

192
there.

XIV Northwest
(16)

California Linguistics

Then he shoves

in

through

this
[f]

hole a small dentalium shell, [e]

or sometimes a piece of Indian money,

ears.

and he does the same thing to the

(17)

Then everybody looks

at the

(dead person), and he buries him.

all

(18) After he has swept the dirt back into the grave,

the

women who
it

had been relatives of the dead person cut off their

caps and throw
(19)
it

hair; they put

in

basket

into the river.

Then they bring out four pack-baskets, punch bottom of each, turn them upside down, and nail them stakes. (20) Then they tie them to the stakes with Indian
(21)

a hole through
to the

the

ground with

twine, [g]

Then

the

medicine, and pours

medicine-maker [h] brings a basket of the (worm- wood) it on the ones who have dug the grave, [i] (22) All the
with the medicine.

people

who

live there bathe

(23) Then they go to the sweathouse, where the medicine-maker makes more medicine, and they all sweat themselves. (24) Then, as soon as the sweathouse wood has burnt up, they all go swim in the river, the medicinemaker leading them down, the gravediggers following. (25) Then, at the river, she bathes them all with the medicine, and they all eat.
(26) Five days pass while they are doing
this.

(27)

The one who has

buried the body

gravedigger.
(28)

builds

a fire

at

the grave

in

the evening
fir

the

chief

He goes around

with a bundle of

boughs on

his head.

He walks
the house,

with a cane of myrtle wood. They build a separate

[j]

(29)

He

to eat his left-overs,

fire for him in from the others. (30) Dogs are not allowed for fear they might dig at the grave.

eats apart

(31) Then,

as soon as the evening

of the
built,

fifth

day comes, he scrapes

together everything where the fire

dumps them in the dumps it where the

(33) That
is all
I

river.
fire

(32)

was Then he

picks them up in a basket,

and

carries sand

back up to the grave and

was.

know.

[a]
it is

The

direct

Hupa

equivalent of English "die"

In this text
-

(c'ic'id

'he died')

is

usually avoided;

a very strong word.

Sam Brown
it')

generally uses such

iatj-x'' '^a-ylc>iniw ('in

many ways

they do

or daxo-'^-'^a-c'idyaw ('in
literally,

euphemisms as some way - they

did

it').

Rather than translate these circumlocutions

or substitute English

euphemisms ("passed on", "left us", etc.), we have rendered them all as "die". It should be borne in mind that Sam Brown, in the original Hupa, is much more circumspect.
[bl

The gravedigger, who

If

is

also the corpse-handler,

is

nearly always

someone

in the

family of the deceased.

only

women

are left in the family,

and can't dig the grave

themselves, they have to hire someone from another family, and have to pay

him

well.

There are no people

who

specialize in digging graves and handling corpses.

Hupa
[c]

Texts:

20

193

Graves are called cVy-dii] ('brush place') because brush was always allowed to
there, except early in the

grow

summer when

they cleared

it.

Graves were always near

houses, and a person was usually buried near a house that he had a family connection with. The village of ta'^kniniJ-dii] had five burying places.

One line is [d] The lines must be on the inside of the arms, towards the body. drawn on each arm, and on the legs from the knee to the foot. This is the only time Hupas ever use charcoal for decoration. Living people must not draw charcoal lines on
their bodies,
[e]
[f]

because

it

is

symbolic of death.

Too
That

small to be used for Indian

is,

money

(called mida'^s).
to

a larger dentalium shell, large

sides of each basket are
it.

enough

have an exchange value.

tied with a

[g]

The two

drawn together and

is

loop close around

the stake that goes through

[h]

One

basket

nailed

down

at

each comer of the grave.

is

Apparently
[i]

Someone who knows the corpse-handling medicine and this could be a woman.
chief gravedigger and anyone

hired for this purpose.

The

who

has helped him.

All need to be purified.

For formulas of corpse-handling medicines, see Goddard (1903: 351-368) and text 41
below.
[j]

They build

a fire for

him

apart

from the main

fire,

which he must look

after

himself.

194
21.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

How

to

Gather and Prepare Acorns

I,

Narrated by
hayi-qa-'^aij'^
That's the

Sam Brown. Notebook

^

pp. 1-27.

(1).

wan-na-dya"^
for
-

sa'^xa-W
[cooked]
acorns.

(2)

tatjq'

way

one goes

Fall

te'^ina'W^-hid whenever it goes, as

soon as
it

around

starts in

xiXe'^-darj'^
in the

'^ina''^aWdiGe'^^
I

q'ay'^timii

morning
to

always get up,

burden
basket

'^a'diwan to myself

no-'^oWtiW-hid
whenever I bring it [down from shelf].

(=dawn

noon)

c'e-'^iWwa-W^ I always go out

of the house

lc>a-da-neto pick

(3)

ia'^a-^e'nis
All day, one day

km-da-'^aWne'^
I

up (acorns).

always pick

yice'^n-'^e'^e'^a'^^-mi-t

towards sunset,

na'te'^iWda-'Wi always walk back,

na-ne'^iWda-W-ey come back to the house

'^e'^ilwil-mH

every evening.

(4)

hayah-mii
Then

hay
that

U>e'yan'^-te-

wan-na'na''^aWWa'^
I'll

I'm going

to eat

always go about

for.

(5)

hayah-mii
Then

'^a'diwarj
to (my)self

no-'^iWxa'W
I

hay
the
it

ne'we'n
which
I

always

set

it

hi^id and then

(basket), bring

brought,

q'ay'^te-l-mii

ya'^aWxa'W
I

shallow basket

with

scoop up the
(acorns),

hijid and then

^iwa-l<:>e'^iWliW^
crack them open (with teeth and take meat out),
I

nesetin-teI'm about
lie

to

down
^^

mma/z

10

(6)

hayah-mii
[Then]

no'^iWxaW
I

hay
the

c'iwahslay

before.

set

it

down

(acorns) which

(on floor)

have been shelled.

(7)

hayaha^id
Then

ie-na-'^a'Wsow I scrape them

together

hay
the

sik^e'c'
the shells.

(8)

hayaha^id
And
then

Jcye'^iWtei-id always spread out a mat - when

ne-'^iWtiW
I

(9)

lie

down

yisxande'^ Next day

xiKe'^-daij'^
in the

'^ina'^aWdice'^
I

morning

always

(on mat)

get up.

to--c'ir}^

te'^iWWa-V/^^
I

'^a'dinin'^

na-Rye^iWdiw
I

hi^id
then

ta'^na'n
water

to the river

go

my

face

wash, clean.

xase'^iWxaW
I

hay-mii
it

U>e-ina'^-te-

(10)

hayahajid
And
then

bring

it

up

(to the

house)

with

I'm to cook.

wan-no'kye'^iWiiW
I

^^

hay-yd-[w]
that

c'iwahsilay
acorn-meat.

reach for

it

Hupa
(11)

Texts: 21

195
q'ay'^^eiwa'K
old burden baskets split in two,

hayaha^id
[Then]

na-na-'^aWliW
I

hi^id
[and]

always bring

them down

me'^
in
it I

na-de'^iWwal-hid
spill the

te'^iWsow
I

nite-l-e-x^
widely.

(12)

hayaha^id
[Then]

(acorns)

when,

spread them out

xojf-c{id
on, over the
fire

Uyinirj'^ay-q'id

dd^e'^iWxaW
I

^'^

(13)

hayah-mii
[Then]

on the poles running over the fire the length of the dugout

always

sit

the (acorn-

filled baskets)

on

top.

wan-na'^aWWa?
I

hay

lc>'e-yan'^-te- 15

hi^id
then

Ryiye-

q'ay'^timii-me'^

go about

for

(it)

what I'm

to eat,

again

burden basket

in

no-'^iWwal

196

XIV Northwest
hayaha^id
[Then]

California Linguistics

(22)

km'aifjP
[maple] leaves

mixaafter

te'^iWWaW
I

go off

ce-mit'ah-q'eh mouth of Hostler Creek

-

along

in direction

yidac
up country.

(23)

hay ah
[There]
I

'^e^iWc'^em always make, pick

hay
the

Mt'arj'^
leaves.

(24)
I

ya-'^aWwiW
pack on
it,

la'^a-xe-l

carry

it

up

one load

ne'^iWwiW-e-y pack up to, come

with the burden

xontah-dirj
at the house.

my

back,

(25)

hayahajid
[Then]

for (leaves)

wan-na-ne'^iWca'd - I always sit down

hay
[the]

IcHt'atj'^

hijid
then

[leaves,]

(beside load of leaves)

ie-kye'^iWxat'
I

^'^

(26)

"^ahfiij

sew them together

(for matting).

All

xa'^a-'^aWliw-mii when I always do them so

me-Rye^iWxat'
I

^^

hay
the

cover

(with leaves)

Ryiwinya'^n
acorns

Uyilcay'^

(27)

hay-arj"^

ma-'^a'^^^
its

do-

yita(r})-mirj

seasoned, dried.

That

is

lice,

bugs

so that they don't eat

'^a'^aWliw I do that,

[all]

ia'^a-xay one winter

'^e'^ixa'^^^
it

do-

c'^in-yo-wile-l'^^

(acorns in basket)
lies there

never bother

it

fcyiwinya'^ni
acorn
-

ma-'^a'^
lice.

(28)

q'ad

hayi-q'
that

Wanethat's all, only

to

niix'^e-ligy

Now

way

you

have told

hayi
that

WeI

kyiwinya'^n
acorns
I

wan-na-'^aWWa'^
go about with them.

(29)

hayah-mii
Then

'^e-'^n

moreover

no-'^iWxa-W
I

hay
the

dicigy
unshelled acorns

q'ay'^^ind-me'^

hay-arj"^
that
is,

sa^afor a long

set

them down.

open-work basket of
hazel twigs
-

in

in

it,

order that

time

'^e^ixa^

they (may)
lie,

nah-dirj two

ta-q'i-din-tah
(or) three

me-na[-\^ada-W'^'^-e-y it always goes to it = years go by

sixarj-x"^

while they
lie there.

(30)

hayah-mii
Then

"^aif
it

hay-yo-\yj\
those

kyiwinya'^n
(shelled) acorns

do--xo'^iliw'^^-mH
after they are gone,

is

have been used up

c'e-'^iWxaW
I

take the (acorns) out of (storage basket).

Hupa
(31)

Texts: 21

197
hi^id
[and]

hay
[The]

dicigy
[acorns]
I

Rye'^iWdiUy
pick at them (with long rock for mashing acorns)

mitah
amongst them

nana-kye'^iWme'^ I sort them out, pick them over

hayi
the

mic'iWe'^-ta-W'^^ moldy ones

hay
the

IcyiiiWin
black ones, black acorn meat

q'ina'^

na'sdo-rj-x'"

xayc'a'^-me^

also

by

itself

mush

basket

in

no'^iVJxaW set them down

wa'^nto'd
rotten-acorn stew

(rotten ones in basket),

so that

nWc^e-miij I may make.

(32)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay-yo-[w]
[that]

c'iwahsilay
shelled acorns,

iicay
white

acorn meat

Uyiwa'd-me^
flat

na'de^iWwal
-

hi^id
then

RyenWye-W
I

'^aht'itj

pan for winnowing

in

pour them

in.

rub.

all

dahlcyide'^iWc''o-gy
I

hay
the

misic
skins of it (inner skins, brushes);

yo'wd
there

no-na-'^aWxa-W
I

blow, sweep off

again put

the (acorns)

down.

(33)

hayahajid
[Then]

c'e-'^iWtiW
I

q'ay'^k.yisd

me^isd
pestle,

me-cHlc'''o-gy

bring out

basket, hopper.

brush

mU-Uyitiwa'd
basket with which they winnow, fan;

ia'^a-dirj

mU-dahkyidiidil
basket into which coarse flour pours while
flat

(34)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
the

sometimes

winnowing

(also).

q'ay'^Uyisd

hopper

da'^e'^iWtiW set it up on top

cexaf-q'id
flat-lying rock
-

(35)
on.

hayaha^id
[Then]

ne'^iWca'd
I

always

sit

down,

mina-de'^iWWa-W'^^
I

hay
[the]

q'ayWisd
hopper,

Wic'ine'^

go around

it,

straddle
it

my

legs

my

legs around

da'^e'^iWliW always put them on (hopper)

niima'^n on each
side

hay
[the]

q'ay'^kyisd
[hopper]

ma-c'e^'^^-q'id

(36)

me'^
In
it

na-de'^iWwal
always pour down, over at it
I

c'iwahslay
shelled acorns

edge

on.

little

da'^n while

no-ne'xa-n
which I had put down.

hi^id
and then

ya'^^aWtiW
1

me'^isd
pestle

hi^id
[and]

pick up

q'ad now, finally

ago

Icye'^iWcid
I

pound,

the

miq'is-mii one side, hand - with

na-'^aWsow
I

hay
the

Icyiwinya'^n
acorns.

scratch, stir around

198

Hupa
(47)

Texts: 21

199
mU-Uyitiwa'd
little

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay-y&w
[that]

q'ay'^lc>isd

ya-na-'^aWtiW
I

[hopper]

take

it

up again;

sifting basket

q'inaP
also.

me'^isd
pestle,

me'cHlc''o-gy
brush,

'^aht'iij

xo'^ji-koh 28
very carefully, neatly

all

na-'^a'Wc"''o'gy

again

brush

miq'id on it

hay-yo-w
that

Rye'sde'^

course remains

mitah-difj amongst.

(48)

cexat'
Mortar stone

qinaP
also

miq'id-x'''

ie-na-'^aWc'^'o-gy

'^aht'irj
[all]

hay
[the]

on

it

sweep them together (acorn dust on rock with other remains);

I

Uye'sde^
[coarse

"^aht'itj

niiq'i(d)

na'de'^Wwal
I

hay
the

all

remains]

on top of each other, mixed

pour

in

ie-na-nehic'''o-gy what I have swept

together.

(49)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay-yo-w
that

widwa-d
fine acorn

ya'^aWxaW
I

mUtoy-me'^
water-bucket, mushcooking basket - in

pick

it

up

flour

na-denWwal
I

(50)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xanis-c'iPe'n
dipper of basketry shaped like deep saucer

c'e^iWtiW
I

always pour

take

it

out

miito-y bucket

down.

(of storage),

q'ina'^
also.

hay
the
in
it

tos
hot water

seMc'''irP-te-

(51)

q'ay'^timR-me'^

I'm to make.

Burden basket

in

put

no-'^iWliW them there,

hi^id
[and]

xon^
fire
I
it

ya'^aWwiW
pack it up, take up in my hand,

c'e-nWWaW
I

tO'-c'lYp
to the river

go

out.

xo-da-'^aWWa-W
I

''aht'ir)

tenVPaW
I

hay
the

widwa-d
sifted flour.

go down,

^"

carry off

qay'^timii burden basket.

c"'(5

miitoy
cooking
basket,

xanisc'iPen
dipper.

XOIJ^
fire

(52)

hayaha^id
[Then]

firewood

(=burning

stick).

ie'kye'^iWlaw I gather them

together.

(53)

hayaha^id
[Then]
I

'^enWyo-l blow it, at it

hay-yo-w
that

xof
fire,

ie-na'^aWliW
I

(54)

hayaha^id
[Then]

ce-

na-Rye'^iWrne'^
I

(55)

hayaha^id
[Then]

build a

fire.

rocks

pick up.

de-deVWliW
I

hay
the

ce-

'^aht'iij
all.

(56)

hayah-mii
[Then]

wan-na-'^aWWa"^
I'm going about it, I'm occupied with
xe'^e-kye'^iWWe'^^^

put in the

fire

rocks

Ryitalcid
[leaching
pit];

iic'iW sand

ie-'^iWsow
I

me"^
in
it I

.scratch together.

dig

down

(to the center).

mound up

200
(57)

XIV Northwest
hayahajid
[Then] me-q'i
in
it

California Linguistics

no-na-'^aWmat'^^
I

(58)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay-yo'w
[that]

always pat

it

down.

widwa'd
fine flour
in

me"^
it

na'de'^iWwal
I

(59)

hayah-mii
[Then]

ta'^na'n

(sand)

pour the (flour) down.

water

xase'^iWxaW
I

bring

it

up (from the

river),

miq'i(d) on it (flour)

na-de'^iWwal
I

taq'i-din-tah
three times

pour the (water) down,

ie-na-lc>e'^ilcay'^
it

^^-mii
-

tos

'^e^iWc'^e'^
I

(60)

hayaha^id mineci^
[Then]
a
little,

32

dries together again (sand dries

after shrinking of water)

warm
water

prepare.

when

slightly

'^e^isel-mii

hay
the

ta'^na'n

U>iye-

me"^
in
it

na'de'^iWwal
I

hay-yow
that

when it is warm, warms up

Unta-lcid
sand depression.

water

again

pour

(61)

yiwidinde"^
Finally

Ic^e'^ilxa'^n^^-e-y
it

xa'^aW^irj-x*^
I

gets sweet

so doing.

(62)

c'idan'^-daij'^ ^^

mine-gi^i
a
little

sisei
water

At

first

warm

miq'i (d) on it

na'de'^iWwal
I

pour

it.

(= lukewarm water)

(63)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay
the

kyiyc
again

tos

'^e%Wc'^e>
I

iah-xo
just

warm

water

prepare,

mine-gij
a
little

nikah-xo-^i 35 bigger, more

c'iy'^a'^aW ^(>
it

sise'l

warm

miq'i(d) on it

na'de^iWwal
I

(64)

hay-^arj'^

pour down.

Thus
hay-'^a(ri)''

xolis-^i

hay
the

mic'ilxane"^
its

^"^

(65)

quickly

always takes out

bitterness.

Thus

man
for
it,

hay
the

siq'ac'-mii
cold (water) with

lc>ita-'^aWcid
I

c'idarj'^

yo-wi-'^e'if
in case, if

why,

always soak

to

begin with;

the other

on hand

c'idarp
at first

sise'l

hot (water)

miq'i(d) na'deyiwa'^K-de'^ on it if I had poured,

widwa'di
the flour
I

na-yii(d)-te-

would have burned (< will bum),

not

do-xolirj it would be

Uyilxa'^n
get sweet.

(66)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^arp
it

qad
now

hay
the

is

do-'^o-'^oWla'^ni'i^-mii
1

hay
the

me"^
in
it

nadiWwal^^
which
I

hay
the

sisel

quit, stop

when

pour

warm
Wila"^

water,

kyin-te'^iWc'^id'^^
I

hay-yo'w
that

kyitaicid
acorn set-up.

(67)

sa'^aWna-d
I

make

a circular furrow

lick in

my

my

finger,

with

my

finger

mouth

Hupa
(68)

Texts: 21

201
Uyiwilxd^rj-xola-n
it

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^o'^oWc'id
I

hay
the

know

is

sweet

sweet, has become - it evidently is.

(69)

hayaha^id
[Then]

mina'-ya-na-'^aW^a^'^^ for it - 1 sit up

waiting again

hay
the

jco'^j

na-nKic' '^'^-teit

well

should get hard again

hay
the

Uyitasd
leached acorn-dough.

(70)

hayaha^id-aij'^
[Then]

mUwy-mii
water-bucket
-

ta'^na-n
it

with

water

no-'^iWxa-W
I

(71)
pit).

hayaha^id
[Then]

set

down

(beside

miq'i(d) onto it

no-lc>'e'^iWliW
I

hay
the

always reach

my

hand down

kyitaicid
acorn set-up

miq'is

(72)

hayah-mH
[Then]

WiW
[my hand]

mc'^ifa'^n'^^
it

hay
the

on one

side.

sticks to

Ryitasd
leached acorn

(73)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay-yo-w
[that]

miitoy-me'^
[water bucket
in
it]
-

melcye'^iWmil
I

throw (water)
against
it

dough.

hay
the

Uyitasd

Wila'^-me'^

siiiq'

"^aht'irj

tehnanaUye'^iWdiw
I

dough

my

hand

in

which

sits

all

wash

in the

water

dough-like,

hay
the

Hc'iW-ne'^in sand which

used to be.

(74)

hayah-mii
[Then]

yo'-c'in^
to that (bucket)

naia"^
another, different

miitoy-me'^
bucket
-

no-'^oWiiw
I

hay
the

in

set

down

Ryitasd dough.

(75)

yiwidinde"^
Finally

'^aht'itj
all

xa'^a''^aWliw I do thus (get sand off).

(76)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay
the

Icyi^a-rj'^

nona-'^aWxaW
I

water muddied with (acorns)

set

down

na'la'^

another

xayc'a'^-me^ mush-basket - in.

(77)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay-yo'w
[that]

miitoy
[bucket]

na-kyiWlahW ^^-ne'^in me"^ which I was cleaning (dough) in

na'de'^i'Wwal
I

me"^
in
it

no'^odce-d ^^
settles

iic'iW sand

hayi
that

hi^id
[and]

me-q'i
the inside

tehna-naUye'^iWdiw
I

hay
the

miitoy
bucket,

spill out,

wash out with water

(of bucket)

202
(78)

XIV Northwest
hayaha^id
[Then]

California Linguistics

nate'^iWdaW
I

'^aht'iij

na'te'^iW^aW
I

hay-yo'w
the, that

go back,

all

carry back

m/V
with
it

U>ita'Wci(d)-ne'^in I had been soaking,

hay
the

Uyi^a-rj'^

q'ina"^

na'te'^iWxaW
I

acorn-water

also

carry back;

xontah-dirj
to the

xanase'^iWdaW-ey
I

(79)

hay-arj"^

'^alye-

house

return

up

hill.

That

is

what

is

called

xana'^U>isxa)j
she carried the (acorn water) back up the hill.

(80)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^aij'^
[it

yehna'^iWdaW
I

xontah
house.

is]

always go

in

hi^id
[and]

ie-na-'^aWliW
I

hi^id
then

ce-

da'^e'^iW^aW
1

(81)

hayaha^id
[Then]

build a

fire,

rocks

put on top.

melah
some (of the mush)
ta'^na'n
water

de'^iWUHl
I

hay-yo'w
that

k>'itasd

me"^

no-'^iWliw
- I

miitoy
bucket

break off

acorn dough,

in (bucket)

put

it

(mush) down

miq'i(d) on it

nade'^iWwal
I

hi^id
[and]
I

ta'na-'^aWJcyil

hay
[the]

Uyitasd
[dough].

pour

it,

break up the (dough) (several times)

(82)

hayahajid
[Then]

hay-yo-w
those

ce-

rocks

Uyininde-n which shine

red-hot

ta'^e'^iWcod^^ poke them out

of the
fire

kyi(tj)-mH
with a stick;

xanis-cWe-n
dipper
1

ye'^e'^iWq'as throw (hot rocks)

into (the dipper)

kyi(rj)-mH
with a
stick.

(83)

hayaha^id
[Then]

te'^e'^iWq'a's
I

throw them
(rocks)

miitoy-me'^
into the bucket.

dirjkyi-tah
four times

te'^e'^iWq'a'si-mii
I

into the water

throw the rocks - when.

really

kye'^idmadi-mH
it

boils

when.

te-w what is
in the

na-Rye'^iWcod
I

mi-t-te'w-na'^lcyiGodi-mi-i
with a

poke around

mush

paddle.

water

(with

wooden paddle)
te'^e'^iWmil

(84)

hayaha^id
[Then]

Uyiye'

hay
[the]

ce-

"^aht'irj
all.

again

throw into the water

rocks

(85)

hayaha^id
[Then]
really,

jco'^J

na-'^aWt'ow
I

(86)

hayah-mii
[Then]

thoroughly

stir

it.

'^ayne'^iWse'^n
1

q'ad

wint'e"^
it

(87)

hayah-mii
[Then]

always think:

"Now

is

done, cooked."

ta'^na-n water

siq'ac'

which

is

cold

miq'i(d) on it

nade'^iWwal
1

Uyiye-

nana-'^aWt'ow
I

pour,

again

stir

it

around

Hupa
(88)

Texts: 21

203
(89)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xayca^
mush
baskets
I

c'e-'fiWliW
take

hayah-mii
[Then]

them

out.

xanis-c'iPe'ni-m ii
dipper
-

ya'^aWxaW
I

me'^
I

na'ditiWwal^'^
pour
it

hay-yo'w
those

with

pick up the (mush),

into the

(mush baskets)
xayc'a^

hay
the

sa?xaW
acorn-mush.

(90)

'^aht'irj

de''^iWme'ni ^^-mii

mush

baskets

All (baskets)

when

I fill

them,

ya-na-^a'Wxa-'W
pick up the (filled baskets)
I

dah^ii-qid
on the platform of

dahna-'^aWxa-W
I

(91)

hayaha^id
[Then]

set

them

up.

house

'^aht'hj
all

ia^ay-dirj in one
place

twna-'^aWxa-W-mH
when
I

set

them down

me'na-kye'^iWxad'^^ I cover them over,

qay'^te-

open work
hazel twig plates

miq'id on it (mush baskets)

dahna-tiWliW^o
I

(92)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^e'^iq'ac'i-mH

put on top of them.

when

it

(mush)

gets cold.

saya'lc>e'^idixa-W 5

ia'^a-dirj

io-q'i

miq'eh
after,

ia'^a-dirj

RyiUxan
deer (meat).

we

all

put

it

sometimes

fish

sometimes

into our mouths.

(93)

hayi-q'i That

Wane'
is all.

How to Gather and Prepare Acorns

(1) This is the

way acorn soup

I

(sa'^xa'W)

is

prepared.

(2)

When autumn comes,

is

get

up

in the

morning, take
I

down my burden
all

basket (qay'^-timit), and go out to gather acorns. (3)

gather

day and

head back when the sun

(4)

going down, arriving back

to eat.

home
I

in the evening.

Then
(full

make myself something

I

(5)

Then

bring

down
(6)
I

the

basket

of acorns) which

brought, scoop up (the acorns) with a basket

to

tray (qay'^-te*I),

and just before going

bed

crack them open.

(7)
I

put

the shelled acorns (siwahslay) [a] aside in a basket.

shells.

sweep up the

(8)

Then, spreading out a mat,

I lie

down

to sleep.

(9) face,

The next day, I get up in the morning, go off and carry up the water I'm going to cook with.
Then
1

to the river,

wash

my

(10)

reach for the shelled acorns.

I

baskets (q'ay''-3e*lwa*X), [b] into which

(11)1 take down some split pour the acorns, spreading them
fire.

out widely.
(13)

(12)

put these up on the drying poles (kyinig'^ay) over the

I

Then

prepare a meal for myself, and again

throw a basket tray into

my
the

hill

burden basket, as well as some food to eat later on. (14) Then I go up and gather acorns again the whole day. (15) I start back home when

204
it

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

gets dark, bringing a full load of unshelled acorns.

is

(16)1 do

this until

there

plenty of them.
1

(17)
I

Then
set

build a fire under the (split baskets full of shelled acorns) that
in the

had

on top (of the drying poles)

(19)

morning.

(18)

keep

this
I

up
rub

until they get dry.

Then

take the dried acorns

down. (20) Then

them, and sweep away their inner skins. (21)1 carry them up to the storage platform (dahsii) and pour them into a
storage basket
(22)
(se'lo*^).

Then

go off
I
it

in search of

mit'ah-q'eh). (23)
load,

always collect

maple leaves up along Hostler Creek (ce*the leaves there. (24) I pack up one whole
(25)
I

and bring

back

to the house.

sit

down

to

work with

the leaves,

and sew them together for matting. (26) When I have sewn them all together, I cover the dried acorns (with the leaf matting). (27) I do this so the bugs won't eat them; the basket stays there the whole winter without the
acorn bugs bothering
things with acorns.
(29) Meanwhile,
I
it.

(28) That

is all I

have

to tell

you about how

do

put the unshelled acorns in an open-work basket

sitting there for
I

(q'ay*^-

3ind)
years.

[c]

where they can stay for a long time,

two or three
storage.

(30)

When

the shelled acorns are gone,

take

them out of
in

(31)1 crack the unshelled acorns with a rock and sort through them, putting
the

(xayca*^) for

mouldy ones (mic iWe'^-ta*W) and the black ones aside making rotten-acorn stew (wa'^nto'd). [d]

an eating basket

(32)

Then

pour the white acorn meats into a basket pan (k^iwa'd), rub
all their

them, dust off

side.

inner skins (misic'), and set the basket

down

to

one

(33)

Then

bring out a hopper (q'ay'^-kyisd), a pestle (me'^isd), a brush

(me'c^ilc^o'gy), a sifting basket (mit-k>^itiwa*d) and

catch the leavings (mit-dahk^'idildil).

(34)

set

sometimes also a basket to the hopper on top of a

putting

mortar rock

(ce*-xat'). (35)

Then

sit

down

straddling the hopper,

my

on both sides over the rim of the hopper. (36) I pour in the shelled acorns that I had set aside earlier, and I pick up the pestle and start
legs

pounding, stirring the acorns with one hand.

(37)

Then
(40)

pass the pestle over to

in the acorns.

my

other hand.

(38) Again,
I

move

one hand around

fine.

(39)
all

keep doing

this until
it

pound them up

When

the

meal

is

finely

pounded, and

has pretty nearly

turned into flour (widwa'd),

[e] I

get off the hopper.

(41)1

sit
I

down hunched up
sift

and, picking up the small sifting basket (mit-

k^itiwa'd),

sometimes using a basket to catch the leavings (kyc'sde*^). (42) When I finish sifting, I pour the leavings back into the hopper. (43) Then I settle back down on the hopper, and re-pound the
the flour,

leavings.

Hupa
(44) Then, (45) Again
I

Texts: 21

205
I

when Fve pounded

sift

it

fine,

again

get

off

the

hopper.

the meal.
[f]

(46)

And

again

make

a pile of the remaining

"fish eggs" (k>iq'oi]'^).

(47) Then,
pestle,

pick up the hopper,

I

together with the sifting basket, the

and the brush, and

(48)
I

carefully brush off any leavings that are

on

them.
that
I

also brush off the mortar rock, and add the leavings to the pile

have swept together.

(49)

Then

pick up the acorn flour and pour

it

into a

cooking basket
(51)1 put

(mittcy).

(50)

Then

take out a dipper

I

(xanis-c'ilVn), as well as the

cooking basket

in

which

am

going

to

make

hot water (tos).

stick,
I

these in a burden basket and, picking up a burning

go out of the
the acorns, the

house and down

to the river,

taking everything with me:

fire.

burden basket, the cooking basket, the dipper, and the

(52)
fire.

Then
I

gather firewood.

(53)
(55)

I I

blow on
put
all

the buring stick

and build a

(54)

collect
I

some

rocks.

the rocks into the

fire.

(56)

Then

prepare a leaching

pit (kntE'lcid),

heaping up a
(57)
I

sand and digging out a hole in the center, [g] (58) Then I pour the acorn flour in. (59) Then
river

pat

it

mound of down inside.

some

bring water up from the

I

and pour
water.

it

on the

flour;

after

it

dries out three times,

prepare

warm
(60)

When

the water gets slightly

warm

pour

it

into the leaching

pit.

(61)1

keep doing
first I

this until the flour finally gets sweet, [h]

I

(62) At
is

just a little
it

pour lukewarm water on it. (63) Then warmer and pour that on it. [i] (64) This
(65) This
is

prepare water that

takes the bitterness

out of

quickly.
I

why
it

instead,

poured hot water on

do the leaching with cold water first; if, first, I would burn the flour and it wouldn't
I

get sweet.

(66) After

stop pouring in the

pit.

warm
I

water,

make

a circle

with
I

my

finger in the leaching

[j]

(67)

lick

my

finger. (68)

From

that

know

whether
(69)
stiff.

it

has gotten sweet.

I

Then

sit

waiting again until the leached dough (k^itasd) gets really

I

(70) At that point

get a cooking basket with

pit.

reach

down on one
(73)

side of the leaching

rinse off the

(72)

some water. The dough

in

(7

Then

sticks to

my

hand.

Then
all

dough
I

in

my hand
dough

the cooking

basket,

washing off
basket.

the sand.
1

(74)
get
it

put the

aside in another

cooking

(75) Eventually

all

done
in

like this.

water
that
I

(k>'i3a*ij'^)

into another eating basket, [k]

in the

(77)
I

had settled

cooking basket

which

Then I put the acorn Then I spill out the sand had cleaned the dough, and
(76)

wash out

the inside of the cooking basket.

206
(78)

XIV Northwest
Then
is
I

California Linguistics

return, carrying all the things with

as well as carrying the basket of acorn water;

and

which I had been leaching, I go back up to the house.

[I]

(79) This

called "carrying the baskets back up."

Then I go back into the house, build a fire, and put rocks on it. (81) Then I break off some of the acorn dough, put it in a cooking basket, pour some water on it, and then break the dough into small pieces.
(80)

poke the red-hot rocks out of the fire with a stick, and throw Then I throw them into the cooking throwing in four rocks, and it is boiling well, I poke it around basket. After
(82)
I

Then

them

into a dipper with a stick. (83)

with the acorn-cooking paddle (mit-te*w-na''k>'iGod). [m]

all (the rest)

(84)

Then

throw

of the rocks into the water.

I

(85)

Then

stir it
I

around well.
it

(86) After a while

think that (88)

it's

cooked.
I

(87)

pour cold water on

and
(89)

stir

it

around again.
I

Then

take out the eating baskets (xayc'a*^).

it

Then

take up the acorn soup (sa'^xa'W) with a dipper, and pour

into

the various

mush
I

baskets.
filled

(90)

When

have

them

all, I

pick them up and put them up on the

all

storage platform (dahsil).

(91) Then, after putting them

plates
eat
(q'ay'^-te*)

there together,

cover them over, putting open-work

them.
(92) Then,

when

it

cools,

we

on top of each of the mush, sometimes after fish,

sometimes

after deermeat. [n]

is all

(93) That

there

is.

[a]

Unshelled acorns are called

dicigy.

[b]
[c]

Old burden baskets

split in

two, bottom-out, used for drying acorns on.

Made

of hazel sticks.

[d]
[e]
[f]

Considered a delicacy.

The end They

product, finely pounded acorn flour.

that are too fine for

These 'Tish eggs" are small lumps

are stored
pits

repounding but too coarse

for flour.
[g]

and added

to the leavings

of the next batch of acorns.

edge.

Leaching

were dug on the gravel bar

its

at the river's

They were

nearly

always made on the Trinity River because of

enough.
[h]

clean sand;

the creeks were not clean

The process of leaching removes

it

the bitter tannic acid

from the acorn

flour,

and

leaves
li]

bland and palatable.

It is

not actually sweet.

One

begins soaking with cold water, then lukewarm, then really warm.
a circular furrow with one finger in the

[j]

He makes
pit,

the leaching

and

tastes

it

to see if the bitterness

is

out.
is

doughy mass in the The finer flour on

is

center of
the sides
finished.
is

of the
[k]

pit

leaches faster, so
is

when

the flour in the center

sweet the leaching

The water

cleaned by sand settling to the bottom. Then the remaining fluid

to the cleaned

poured into another basket and added

dough

for cooking.

Hupa
[1]

Texts: 21

207
back up'. That
is,

xa-na-'k'isxaij 'she carries (a filled container)

she

is

bringing

food home.
[m]
[n]

A long

wooden

paddle, usually with a carved handle.

Acorn mush (sa'^xa-W) is rather tasteless when eaten by itself, but it is usually eaten with salmon or venison, somewhat as bread is eaten with meat in Euro-American
meals.

208
22.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

How

Basketry Roots Are Gathered and Baskets Woven

Narrated by

Sam Brown. Notebook

^

I,

pp. 28-43.

(1).

xay
Roots
(of pine)

wan-na'dya'^
going about
for.

(2)

xonsil-id
In

tenWa-W
I

xay
pine roots

summer

always go

mic'itf toward.

(3)

q'ay'^timH-me'^

Burden basket
q'ina'^
as well,

in

no'^iWliW
I

KiwiWxdn
eels,

sa'^xa'W
acorn mush,

tic'

ce-

dime-n

lay

them

in

digging stick

sharp rocks

q'ina"^
as well,

c'^i^

yehwilxit'
knife for roots or salmon.

(4)

hayaha^id
[Then]
fire,

xon^
torch for
starting fire

[firewood,]

te^iV^wiVJ pack along

q'ay'^timii

q'ina'^

"^aht'in
all
I

te'^iWwiW
pack along,
off (start),

hijid

yima-n
on the other
side (of river)

burden
basket

also;

when
(I've

done so)

na-ne'^iWa'W
I

me'^dil

dahde'^iWcP^
I it

hijid
[then]

mese'^iWdW
I

cross over,

canoe

shove

it

up, bring

go up

hill.

walk over,

to shore

by pulling.

(5)

yiwidinde'^
Finally

ye'w
there

c'i-itir)'^-yahsli(d)-dirj

xase'^iWa-W
I

(place)

get up to top of

hill.

(6)

hay a ha^ id
[Then]

xa-li>e'^iWe'^
I

ia'^-je-nis

(7)

hay a ha^ id
[Then]

always dig

one day,

all

day.

Uye-kyitiWcil
I

hay
the

xay
roots

(8)

hayahajid
[Then]

yice^ni
west,

'^e'^a'^a'^
it

^-mil

cut off with sharp rock

down

(customarily)
lies
-

(from tree butt)

country

when.

ie-na-'^aWliW
I

hay
the

xa-l<i>iWe--diij

(9)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xorj'^-q'id
fire
-

build a fire

where

dig.

on

da'^e'^iWmil throw on top

hay
the

misge^gi^i
small (ones)

xay
roots.

'^i'^t'e'^^-miij

(10)

hayah-mii
[Then]

so that

it

may

get cooked.

q'a(d) now,
finally

wint'e"^
it's

ne'^iWse'^ni ^-mii

tahna-'^aWliW
I

(11)

hayaha^id
[Then]

cooked

when

think

(it's

take

them out
fire.

cooked)

of the

3e-tiWm
I

split

it

apart

hi^id when,

c'it'a'^nyeh;^ i

very thin

ya-'^aWkyfl split them up

hay
the

yehwilxi[t']-mii
flint

knife

with

(into four lengths)

niit'ah

'^enWt'as
I

^e-tiWUnl
I

hayah-mii
then.

apart from

cut them.

split

them

(each other)

by pulling apart

Hupa
(12)

Texts: 22

209
hayahajid
[Then]
I

hayaha^id
[Then]

'^e'^iWwol
I

hay
the

xay
roots.

(13)

ya-'^aWI(>tl
split

scrape

it

them

up.

hi^id

miq'i(d)-lcyidldy
peeled and seasoned hazel twigs

te-w

when

210
(21)

XIV Northwest
hayahajid
[Then]
na-'^aWc'^a'^ cover the (roots) again (which were
I

California Linguistics

hay
the (roots)

t'ehW

(hot) charcoal

mitah-ditj mixed
-

id-n
lots

iic'iW sand

with earth

place,

of

recently

dug up)
hi^id
[and]

miq'i(d) on top
of
pit

nona'^aWsow
1

scratch

down

miq'id on the
(earth)

fe-na-'^aWliW I make a fire

nistd-n logs

nikyd'w
big

back again

de'de'^iWliW
I

nihah-x"^
in a big

put in

fire,

way,

miq'i(d) on it

ie-na-^aWliW
I

(22)

hayah-mii
[Then]

q'ad

build a

fire.

now

greatly

'^e'^ilwil-mH

when

night comes,

ne'^iWtiW I lie down.

ta'^na-n-c'in'^

Wikye'^iwa'^n 17 I always sleep.

(23)

yisxande"^

xiXe'^-darj'^

Tomorrow
'^a'dinin'^

morning
na'Uye'^iWdiw I wash

'^ina-'^aWdice'^
I

get up,

water to

te'^iWa'W I go off,

hi^id
[and]

my own

face

hi^id
[and]

ya-'^aWxaW
I

ta'^nd-n

hay mil
with which

k^eyina'^ ^^-tc
I'm going
to cook.

(24)

hayaha^id
[Then]

pick up water

water

xanase'^i'Wda-'W
I

hi^id
[and]

wan-na-'^iWWa'^
I

hay
the

walk back up

am

busied with

k>eya'^n-te' which I'm to eat;

q'a'de"^
after a while

no-kyeVWyahW
when
I

i9-m/V
I

wa'nande'^iWsow'^^
scrape the (dirt) off again

hay-yo'w
that

wic'^ay'^^
dirt piled on.

get through eating.

(25) hayaha^id xa'na-'^aWliW hay

[Then]
again
I

xay
roots.

(26) hayaha^id
[Then]
I

take out

the

^e'tiWt'iW wedge them apart

(into four parts).

(of pit)

(27)

hay-yo'w
Those

xay
roots

'^aht'irj

all

^e-'^iWfiWi-mH when I split,

jco'^ji

split

ya-'^aWUyil them up fine;

22

'^aht'irj
[all]

ya-'^aWRyil-mH
[when I them up
split
I

fine,]

'^e^Wloy'^ always tie them up in a bundle

meyah-ikyow
they are one of the size[s].

medium

(28)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ay'^timii-me'^
[in a

ne-'^iWno'^
I

hi^id
[and]

'^ahfirj
[all]

burden basket]

stand them

up

(roots).

yehna'^aW^aW
1

hay
the

m/7
with
it

wan-na'WWay
which I go around with,

hay
the

me^
- 1

UyiWWa'n
it

q'ina"^

put

it

back

in

eat out of

too.

(29)

hayahajid
'[Then]

na-te'^iWda-W
I

xontah-c'irj'^
to the house.

na-ne'^iWdaW-ey
I

go back

arrive

back

xontah-dirj
at the

house.

Hupa
(30)

Texts: 22

211
q'ay'^timii

hayah-mii
[Then]
I

ye'^e'^iWxa-W
take
it

hay
[the]

xontah-me'^
into the house.

into (the house)

[burden basket]

(31)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xofj'^-q'i(d)
fire
-

UHniri'^ay-qid
long stick which crosses - on

'^aht'in
all

da'^eVWliW
I

on

lay

on top

hay
the

xay
roots.

(32)

dirjMyi-din-tah Four times,

ye'^Uxa'^a-mii when morning comes,

na-na-'^aWliW take them down

again.

hi^id
[and]

mine-^id
in the

'^e'^iWloy'^
I

(33)

hayaha^id
[Then]

dahjH-q'id
platform on

da'^e'^iW^aW
I

middle

tie

them

lay

it

on

into a bundle.

top.

(34)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

now

na-'^aWda'^ '^^ I stay home.

(35)

hayah-mii
[Then]

q'ad

hayi
the

now

me-'^ina-W-mH ^'^ when the time comes

c'e-'^iWliW
I

hay
the

yisxande"^ tomorrow morning

Ryite-seKon-teI'm going to weave,

xola'^-dehsmirj
a handful

'^^

(36)

'^e'^iWloy'^
I

hi^id
[and]

take out.

tie

them

at the

to-dirj water

te'^e'^iWliW
I

put them

in a

bundle,

into the water

ce-

miq'id
I

rock on top of the bundle

put

te'^e'^iW^aW it under the

water

in the

wilwii-dirj evening
time.

(37)

yisxande^
Next

xiXe'^-darj'^

morning

'^o-nane'^i'WcHd'^^ I go back to get

the (roots),

hi^id
[and]

xa'nase'^iWda-W
I

xontah-diij
[at the

(38) hayaha^id
[Then]

return up

house.]

c'e-'^iWtiW
I

c'in-dime'n
awl

hayi-mii
[with which]
I

^e-tiWcod
poke the (roots) apart
(into smaller strands),

hi^id
[and]
I

take

it

out

ya-'^aWRyil split them up

'^aht'ifj
[all.]

(39) hayaha^id
[Then]
I

'^e'^iWwol
scrape them

"^aht'i/j
[all];

'^e'^iWwol-mi-t

Uyiye-

[when

scrape them,]

again

ya-na-'^aWUyil split them into

strips.

(40)

hayaha^id
[Then]

c'e-na-'^aWtiW
I

hay
the

nasda'^andeh

27

take

it

out

some time ago

again

^'^iA'aP] 28
its

sehic'^'e'^n

(41)

hayaha^id
[Then]

ta'^nan
[water]

no'^iWxdW
I

bottom

which

had made.

.set it

down

xayc'a'^-me'^

hijid
[and]
I

c'e'^^iWliW
take

miqiUyiXoy
hazel twigs prepared
for

Kohtehi
wild grass

q'ina"^
also.

[mush basket

in,]

them out

weaving

2
2
1

XIV Northwest
hayaha^id
[Then]
niitaij

California Linguistics

(42)

V/Wc'^e^
I

hay-yow
that

A:WA'a[^]

damp

make

basket-bottom

wilc'^e-n^^ which had been made

nasda'^andeh
some time ago

na-Wdita-n^^
which I had brought back.

(43)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

"^aht'irj

now

all

'^emta'^ni^^-mii when it gets damp,

lc>ite'^iWKo-W I start weaving,

its

miXa'^ bottom

me-mte-n^
wide enough for
it

mil
with

Ji>'ite'^i'Wdi^

hi^id
[and]
it

twining, twisting 3-strand

I

start

(the

nana-'^adGot'^'^-e'y weaving) turns, bends up

angles to bottom).

(44)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

now

(at right

minya-^'^
the time
I

ne'^iWse'^ni-mii always think - when

'^a-Icye'^iWliw^^
I

(45)

hayaha^id
[Then]

'^aht'irj
[all]

comes

always mark it with designs.

'^a-Rye'^iWliw-mi-l

danianWo'^-dirj
several times

ienakye'^iWdiKo-W
I

xay
roots

[when

mark

it

with designs,]

make

several rounds

of weaving

Waneonly
(no grass).

(46)

hayaha^id
[Then]

do'-'^o-'^oWla'^n 36
I

me-'^iWxiw
I

37

hi^id
[then]

"^aht'in
all

quit,

finish;

na-na'Icye'^iWme'^

Hupa

Texts: 22

213

(52)

Sirjkyoh-dirj
In the

Waneonly

daytime

IcyiXoy weaving.

(53)

do-

One
na'^way
she walks about = lives,

starts

kyitiXo-W weaving
nic'^e'^n ^3

xoda-nya- '^^-diij when it has gone down (= at sunset).

do--niWo-n
not
it

(54)

is

good.

do--sa7aNot long

to-

bad luck;

Kohtehi
wild grass

do-

na-'^aixit'
it

she never handles

wilwH-dirj when evening

(55)

xona-'^-'^e-'^idirj'^'^

Eyes

- she's always without (= she always gets blind)

(56)
(when) young.
wilwi-t-diij
in the evening.

hay-'^a(rjP That is

md-n
why

dona-'^aixit' one never handles

Xohtehi
wild grass

(57)

xon^-c'in^-dinaij
Fire -to -facing

do-

ya^witj'^ay 46
sit

they never

kyjKoy when weaving,

yo'^ni-dinaij
wall
-

^'^

Wa-neonly

yd^d^d^'^'^
they always
sit.

(58)

hayi
That

^e-na-rp
is

facing

why

'^oMcay^ni 49
it

ma-n
for the

hay
the

kyiKoy
weaving.

(59)

wilwii-din
In the

donot

IcyiXoy

might dry

evening

one weaves.

reason

hay
the

'^e-na-rj'^

hayi
that

iarj-xo-'^a-Jcye'^ineh ^^-dirj

hijid

xiXe"^
at

reason

is

death takes place

time.

when

night

Ryite'^iXo-

q'ay'^tim ii

(60)

do-lcyi wile-

Wa-neonly

xa'^a'^aniw
she always does so,

they always weave

burden basket.
'^e-rP

Old woman

c'iWxiy young person

dono;

but

nehewe

Icyiwinya'^nyd-n Indians

me-yandilgyid we are afraid of

^^
it

hay-dethis

'^a-winiw ways of doing,

acting.

(61)

q'ad

hay-q'i
that

Waneonly

nii-x'^e-ligy 52
I've told you.

Now

way

How Basketry Roots Are Gathered and Baskets Woven

(1)

Regarding basketry

roots.
[a]

(2) In

summer,

go

to get pine roots (xay).

eels,

(3)

put into a pack

basket (q'ay'^-timit)

some

some acorn soup,

flint

a digging stick (tic),

(4)

some

sharp rocks, firewood, and a

knife (yehwilxit'). [b]

Then

take (a

torch from) a fire along with the pack basket and cross the river, land the

canoe, and climb the

yahslid-dirj. [c]
(6) (8)
1

hill.

(5) After a while

arrive

up there

ar

c'iitirj'^-

spend the whole day digging.

the sun goes

(7)

hack roots off (with a rock).

When

down

the small roots on the fire

digging place. (9) in order to cook (season) them, [d] (10)

I

build a fire at

my

throw
I

When

4
2
1

XIV Northwest
I

California Linguistics

think they're done

splitting
split

take

them up very

thin;

them out of the fire. I cut them apart with

(11)

Then

split
first,

them,
then

the flint knife

them.

(12)

Then
1

scrape the roots.

[e] into

(13) After splitting them,

dip

some hazel
(kyiXa*^).
I

twigs (miqid-kiKoy)
(14)
it

water and

make

a basket

bottom

[f]

Then

begin weaving.

(15) Then, after weaving several rounds,

put

aside.
to

(16)

And

then

stick the roots into

my

pack basket, pick

it

up,

and

go

where I'm going

I

to

camp
as

for the night.

(17) There
(18)
I

dig

a hole,

deep as the roots I've brought with me.

build a fire in the hole. (19) This
[g]
is

gather

some firewood and

when

eat the eels

and the acorn soup,

(20) Then,
fire

when

fire

has burned

once,

pull the

burning sticks out of the

and throw the roots

lots

down down

inside, [h]

(21)1 cover up the roots and charcoal, scraping

I

of sand into
I

the hole,
fire

and

build another fire on top, putting on big logs;

I

build a big

on

top.

(22) Then, as night comes,

I

lie

down and
(24)

sleep.

(23)

The next morning

something
apart.
to eat,

get up and go off to get water to

wash

my

face

and
and
that
I

to fetch the
fix
is

water I'm going to cook with.

Then
I

go back uphill
(26)
I

and

after

I'm finished eating,

I

clear off the dirt

piled

up over the

roots.

(25)
I

take out the roots back out.

all

wedge them

(27)

When

have wedged

of them apart,

split

Then them

into small strands, and when I've finished doing that I tie them up in medium-sized bundles. (28) Then I stick these into my pack basket, and I put in all my tools and eating utensils. (29) Then I start off back to the house and arrive back there at the house.

up

(30)

take the pack basket into the house.

fire.
tie

(31)1 lay

all

the roots

on the
this),
I

drying pole over the

take

(32)

On

the fourth

morning

(after
I

doing

them down and

them

into a bundle. (33)

Then

lay this bundle

up

on the storage platform (dahsit).

(34) After this,
I

stay

home
tie

for a while.

(35) Then,

the day before I'm going to

weave
and

a basket,

take out a
I

handful of roots.
in the

(36)

them

in a bundle,

in the

evening

put

them

water

down by

the river, placing a stone in the water

on top of them.

(37)
(38)

The next morning I go back to fetch them, and Then I take out a bone awl (c'in-dime*n) and poke
it,

return to the house.

the root strands apart

them all into finer strands. (39) I scrape them all, and when I have scraped them all again I split them into finer strands. (40) Then I get out the basket bottom that I made earlier. (41) I set an eating basket water down, and I get out some seasoned hazel twigs and (xayc'a'^) full of
with

and then

split

some bear
(42)
I

grass (Koh-teht).

[i]
I

moisten the basket bottom which had been made earlier and that
(43) Then,

brought back.

once

it's

fully

moistened,

start

weaving

Hupa
twining the
(44)

Texts: 22

215

to where the basket bends upward. weave in the designs, [j] (45) After I've put the designs in, I weave several more rounds with roots only (and no grass). (46) Then I stop; I have finished, and I pick up all the broken-off pieces of roots and grass and tie them up in a bundle, not throwing them into the fire

width

of the

bottom,
I

When

think

it's

time,

that's

an unlucky thing to do.

the sticks off the basket, and
as
it
I

(47)
dry.

Then I break (48) As soon

tip

it

toward the

fire to

has dried
I

scrape the inside with a mussel-shell

again, and
I

spoon (xosic'mil). (49) Then

platform to dry.
(50) That's the
is to
it.

wash

it

put

it

back on the storage

way one goes about weaving

baskets.

(51) That's

all

there

(52)

You weave
sun has

baskets only during the daytime.

(53)

You

don't

after the

set

that's unlucky.

(54)

luck.

You
if

don't touch bear grass in the evening.

(56) That's
sit

You won't live long; (55) You go blind

sit

weave it's bad in your

youth
(57)

you do.
don't

why you
(58)

don't touch bear grass in the evening.

facing the

You

facing the fire while weaving, you only

fire (yo*^!!).

rear wall

beyond the
out.

The reason

for this

is

that the

weaving

might dry

(59) You don't weave baskets in the evening. The reason for this is that, when someone dies, they always weave a pack basket at night. (60) Only an old woman does this, not a young person; we Indians are afraid of doing

something
(61)

like this.

Now

I've told

you

all

about

it.

lal

This term (xay) can refer to the roots of any conifer

Pine roots are the ones used in basketry.

redwood, spruce, and

all

varieties of pine.

[b]

knife

made by

inserting a flint blade into a split stick, used for cutting the

roots into strips as well as for cutting strips of salmon.

[c]

"Bow-burned

to pieces-place", a

good place

for getting pine roots

on the west

side of the river near ta''k>iinU-dig.

Id]
le]
If]

Considered also to be a lucky spot.

That

is,

to scorch

them, so they won't break easily.

Peeled and seasoned hazel twigs, used for basket foundations.

That

is,

he dampens some of the hazel twigs and

starts

weaving the smaller

is

split
after

roots around them, to

make

a basket

bottom

(kyiXa*^).

This

done immediately

scorching so that they won't break.

Ig] They used to start early in the morning and dig the roots without eating, because was believed that this made the roots get hard and not break easily. The hole had to be dug and the fire built before eating. The food eaten included eels, because they are not easily broken when hardened. Acorn soup (or acorn bread) was generally avoided,
it

because

it

breaks easily, although

Sam

mentions

it

here.

216
[h]

XIV Northwest
The
larger roots are

California Linguistics

steamed

this

way,

to

make them more

pliable.

This process

gives takes the moisture out of the roots and

them

the tan color seen in baskets.

designs. tenax) is used for the light parts of basket [i] Bear grass {Xerophyllum (miGe-k>ir)'>-xi*-nehwa-n, 'its leg, Sam omits to mention the maidenhair fern stems dark parts of designs. stalk is dark colored'), used for the
[j]

There are numerous designs (''a-kyire-n, 'marks'),

all

made up of

regular

geometric patterns.

Hupa
23.

Texts: 23

111

How to

Handle Firewood

in the

Old Fashioned Way

pp. 15-21.

Narrated by
xonsil-id
In

Emma

Frank.

Notebook VI,
c'idehic'ethey

(1)

xo'^^i

xontah-me"^
(= Indian,

yaPUyiKoy
are

Waneonly,

summer

in the real

(women)
staying,

they are weaving

smoke) house

baskets

(2)

doIt is

ie-xot'irj'^

hay
the

de'di-dirj

'^a-niwehsfe'^^

hay
the

not the

same way

nowadays

way

it

looks;

daharjWo'^-dari'^
long time ago (ways)

'^e-'^n

iah-xo
just

ya'^dehic'e'-ne'^in
they used to stay (home)

however,

dayWo"^

do-

wan-na'^way

hay
that

Wa-neonly

yaxoyiic'^e-'^^

they never did anything,

was

their

work

hay
the

(3)
firewood.

wan-na^dil

xo'^osday

'^e-'^rj

Wood
c'iste-c'^

they go around for,

but

ta-kyiW-me'^ sweathouse - in

(4)

camehsKo-n

Wa-neonly

they

lie

around,

Women

wan-na'^dil go around
for
it

sleep.

(wood)

dayWo'^
things

Uyiwiyal
having to do with food (wood and grub).

(5)

qa-de'^-^id
After a while
the

'^a-ya'xoi-c'ide'^ine'^

(women) say

to the

(men),

na-kyohyarj "Ye eat again!"

(6)

hay-yo-w
Those

camehsKo-n women

'^e-'^rj

for their

cH^ wood

na-ya'^wethey pack always.

it

part

(7)

nahdin-tah
In 2 layers (tiers,

the

silay (wood)
is

each to ceiling)

which

lying

nondiyan'^'^-tewill be left (yet unused)

hay
[the]

cH^
[wood]

hay
which

na-celast

xonseM-darj"^

wilc'^e-n

hayah-mii
then

hayi-ne'^in
those that were
(2 tiers)

summer

was made,
gathered

minPday'^-c'iij'^

c'e-na'^nime'^K-tethey will throw (not used in winter, but later in fall).

(8)

tirj'^xe-niW^-te-

outside

He

swears, breaks the law

right

xa-fi-miq'id on top of it

na'^kyisweM-de'^ if he stores away (wood)

hay-dethis

xonsil

wiic'^'e-n

c'^'i^

summer

which has been made, collected

firewood,

XIV Northwest
hayah-de'^^

California Linguistics

(9)

hayi
that

And

then

na'^Unswehi-tehe'll pile up

after

yehc'iwime'^X-de'^ throwing the (new

(new wood)

firewood) into the house.

(10)

to'-nic^e'^n

xa-t'i-miq'i(d)
right

Bad luck

on top

na'^k.yisweM-de'^ if he piles wood.

(11)

hayah-de"^^
[Then]

of the (old wood)

xontah-me^
in the

house

he

c'ideimin^-te' fills up (with wood)

min'^t'ah-yidac in the woodshed.

(12)

"^istani^^

q'in"^

log

also

c'inirjin^^-te-

they pack to (the house),

nahxi-tah maybe two,

me'^-c'i^-c'iic'^e' big burden basket for firewood

me"^
in
it

na'^diwiPa'^

^'^-de'^
it

minYah-yidac
[in the

lc>e'^niwiPa'^ ^^-te'

(13)

haya'i
[Then]

when she

stands

up,

woodshed]

she leans

it

against

the (wall).

xay
winter

yehna'dyay ^^-mii
when
it

hayi
(at) the

xo'^ji
real
it

xowiijq'ac'-mH
has turned cold
-

haya'i
[then]

has set

in

again

when,

iiwarj one (of

the

'^a'^de-n'^-te-

"^isiyah
"It's cold!

'^istami

me-dii'^a- 15
[light it]!"

will say,

The

log

women)
haya-i
[Then]

(shivering)

(14)

'^ista'n

yehc'iwintan-teone will bring

it

the log

in

meWwii'^a'^-te' one will [light it].

(15)

haya-i
[Then]

'^a'^de-n'^-te-

t'ehW
charcoal

ya'^wirj'^an-te-

[one will say],

one will pick

it

up,

na'^de'ieh ^^-teone will draw a line

across (log with coal),

'^a'^de-n'^-te-

digyan
"Here

[one will say],

when

no-nilidi-mii it's burned up

tohnay
to

mii
with

Rye-yan'^-te'
I'll

fish

eat."

(16)

Uyiye-

na'^de-ieh-teshe'll

(17)

UyiUxan
"[Deer]

mii
[with]

kyeyan'^-te'
I'll eat.

Again

draw

a line.

(18)

'^a>jiatj-x''e--x''a

"^ant'eit

kyiya-W-mii
birds (animals living

Icye-yan'^-teI'll eat.

Of

all

kinds

is

on dry land)

(19)

digyan
Here

no-nilid-e-teyou'll burn

dayWo'^
to

doI

mil Uyeyaij-x"^

down

(and)

something

not eating (= if you bum to here I don't get food),

&

hayah-mii
[then]

to--c'irj'^

c'inina-'^an
I'll

^"^-te-

haya-i
[then]

to the river

down, out of the house to

carry you

I'll

ta-nane-iq'ahs throw you back

^^-teinto the

river (small chunk, object).

Hupa
(20)

Texts: 23

219
(21)

de-di-miqeh

yide'^

c'e-nila-d^^-e--te-

dayWo'^
Something

donot

Wong

this

downstream

you

will float out

(length of river)

arriving at (ocean).

mil
with
it

Uye'yanP-de'^
if
I

miwan

20

dinan-c'iij'^

yinac
upstream,

eat,

(log)

towards the ocean (< to the ocean direction)

south

nona-ndila'd-e'-te'
you'll float back there."

(22)

hayi-q'arj'^
In that

ma'
is

k>ima-\\>

way

- it

for

it

medicine

(= the log)

c'emc^e'f
they

hay
that

Hstam
log.

(23)

haya'i
[Then]
it

'^istam
is

make

the log

me'^ne'^ilgyid ^^
gets scared of

hay
him

ta'^xoiq'ahs-te-

(24)

'^isdo'^

that they are

going to throw

"Would
that

diyWe'^eh something

mil
with it (charcoal)

that

into the river.

ya'^winya'^n
they

c'o-'^one'^

(25)

haya-i
[Then]

xoh
in vain

x^'edi-q'

may

eat!"

he always thinks
(like person).

however

do'-xole'ni-heh 22
be not plentiful (= no matter how scarce game is)
it

hayi-heh
in spite

wehscan
it

23-r^it

'^aij-gya'^

tohnay
fish

of

will

be seen,

will be noticed

that

UyUixan
(and) deer.

(26)

hayi-q'-a-rP
In that

nadU-ne'^in
they used to live,

da'^n-e- 24

nadii-xo-ne'^in
as they used to live.

way

it

is

long ago

(27)

de-di-'^e-'^rj

q'ad
it

donot

hayi-xo
thus
it

"^anant'elooks (again).

In these days

is

now
25

(28)

'^inis^an

c'HrPda'nyay

ded
at this time,

(29)
now.

'^inis'^a-n

World

has become ruined

World

&'irPda-nya--hid when it has become ruined,

donot

hayi-q'a
in that

"^a-nant'eit

(30)

We-

'^e-'^rj

way

again acts

myself

qad

miq'id on it
(=1

Wikyaij-xohsle'^ 26

xo'^^i

xontah-me'^

wida'^ 27
living.

my mind
remember
it

became
well)

lots

Indian house in

(31)

q'ad

hayi-qi
thus

Wa-neonly

Now
da'^n-eold-fashioned
type.

'^a-diwarj about myself

x"'e-ligy
I

Wa'-'^a/i'^ 28

have spoken,

lam

220

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

How to Handle Firewood in the

(1) In

Old Fashioned Way

in the Indian

summer, women stayed

(2)
at
It is

house, doing

nothing

but

weaving baskets.
used to just stay

not the

same way nowadays;

a long time ago they

home, doing nothing, and their collecting of firewood was the only (work that they did), [a] (3) They tended to firewood while the men lay around the sweathouse. (4) Only women tended to things having to do with food. (5) Once and a while they said to (the men), "You
can eat again!"
(6) The women packed the firewood. (7) There would be two stacks of what remained of the wood gathered the previous summer, that they threw outside, [b] (8) It would be improper if they stored the wood that had been

gathered this

away
the

the

summer right on top of (the new wood only after throwing it

right

old wood).
inside.

(9)
It is
fill

They would

store

(10)

wood

on

(the old pile).

(11)

Then they would

bad luck to stack up the woodshed

(min'^-t'ah). [c]

(12)

They

also

would bring

in a log or two,

and

after standing
it

it

up

in the

wood

basket (me'^-c*i3-citc*e*) [d] would lean

against the wall in the

woodshed. (13) When winter set in and it really got cold, one of the women would say, "It's cold! Light the log!" (14) Then they would bring the log in and light it.

Then someone would say, picking up some charcoal and drawing a line across the log, "When it's burned down to here, then I'll eat fish (tohna*y)." (16) She would draw another line. (17) "I'll eat deer meat by
(15)
then.

(18) All kinds of birds

I'll

eat

and
I'll

haven't had anything to

in!

eat,

then

by then. (19) If you bum down to here I'll carry you down to the river, and

throw you

(20)

You

will float

down

the river to the sea.

all

(21) If

haven't had anything to eat by then, you will float

the

way back

to the

ocean upstream!"
(22)

They always make medicine

that

way with

the log. [e]

(23)
river.

Then
(24)

the log gets afraid that they are going to throw

"I

him
he

into the

hope

they

get

something
is,

to

eat

by

then!"

thinks.

(25) Then, no matter

how

scarce (game)

fish

and deer will appear.

they were living the oldisn't

(26) That

is

the

way

they used to

live,

when
it

fashioned
(28)

way. (27) Nowadays, however, The world has become spoiled now.
it

like

this

anymore.

(29)
I

spoiled, and

isn't like this

anymore.

(30)

The world has become myself still remember well

all

living in an Indian house.

(30)

Now

have told

about myself;

I'm an

old-fashioned type.

Hupa
[a]

Texts: 23

111
when women were
generally

Emma

Frank was relating

this

at a

time (1927)

expected to do the garden work in the summer.

In the old days they only gathered

firewood (and that only for the xontah;

[b]
[c]

men

gathered sweathouse wood).

To be used

later in the fall.

The space immediately

inside the entrance to the

xontah, before going down the

ladder into the housepit.

[d]
[e]

A big burden basket for firewood.

This
is

not a regular medicine formula (Kyima'w), nor

is

there

one

for a log,

according to

Sam Brown.

III.

DOCTORING AND THE

24.

SPIRIT WORLD

How I Became
Emma

a Doctor

Narrated by
(1)

Frank. Notebook V, pp. 31-38.

(2) yisxaij-hid Next day

Jcyinaseiai
I

wilwH-diij
in the

dreamt

evening.

in the

x\Ke>-darp morning

Id^ay-X^
at

te'se-c'id'^
I

(3)

maW-c'eh^ knwiyal
Bad smell was smelled - food, (=food stank for me)

dahdi-nikah-xo-;^^
more and more, by degrees

once

got weak.

"^aWnehi
I

^-x"^

we-te^^
I

(4)

na-na-^aWxoy'^
I

Wa-neonly.

(5)

minejixomii
[Then,
later,]

doing so, right along

lay in

kept vomiting

bed.

wilwii-dirj
[

ia^ay-x"^
[at

in the

evening]

once,]

"It feels

q'ad-c'eh now, finally

'^iWc'i(d)-tehi'^
I

ne'se'^n
I

shall die,"

thought.

(6)

haya'i
[Then]

^aya-xo-l-de-ne^ I told them

(7)

hay
the

WiRyisdiya-rf-ne'^in

my

old folks, parents

that were,

HWc'i(d)-teM-c'eh
"It

hayai
[Then]

seems

that

I'll

die."

c'itehsya'-yey he went off

yide'^

hay
the

downriver

WiUyisdiya-rP-ne'^in my old man - used to be

hay
the

xoPosday man

xoitisc'e'^
his sister

224
(15)
haya-i
[Then]

XIV Northwest
'^aya'xoic'ide-ne'^
they said to her,

California Linguistics

q'ad

do'^orj
let
it

"Now

be so

xa'^axolah ^^-tein that way you

will

do

to her."

(16)

haya'i
[Then]

miq'i(d}-dahc'iwitje-n
she smoked

xiKe'^-darj'^
in the

morning

ia'^-na-rj'^a'^
in the

^^-mii

(17)

ia'^-^e-[ni]s
All day long

wilwe'K
(till)

na'^lcya'^ah-x''

month of January.

evening, evening came

she singing.

(18)

h[ayaha^id]
Then

q'a(d)

na'^asto'^n
she danced.

(19)

hay-arj'^

mixafor

That

it

is

which

na-'^asto'^n

hay
the

Wisa'^wir/'^an-tething which she is to put into my mouth,

hay
the

Wisaywiij'^an-neHn
(pain)

she danced

given to

which had been me (by knxinay)

V^/;
for
its

Wiwan
from

part

me

dahna'^diwirj'^an 17 she had taken it away.

(20)

haya'l
[Then]

V^/; however

hay
the

mixafor

na-'^asto'^n

q'a(d)

xosaywirj'^a-n
it

(21)

haya-i
[Then]

hay
the (pain)

which

she danced

now

(kyixinay) put

into her mouth.

c'e-na'^nirj'^dn

'^ina'^Wiste-n 18

hi^id
[and]

which she took out

(of herselO

she raised me up to standing position,

Wisa'^wirj'^an she put into my mouth.

(22)

na-ia'^ay one (from what I dreamt)

Ryita-'^aw
she sang

hay
the

Wirj

Wiwa'c'irj'^a-n '^

different

song

which she gave

to

me.

(23)

to'

miso'se^
its

hay
was
the (pain)

Wiwa-c'irj'^a'n

"Water

sprout'

which she gave

to

me.

(24)

ya-yUyiwida-ye^H ^^-wint'e(Song:) "They (flowers) keep

(25)

haya'i
[Then]

hayi
the

wilwH-dirj evening

blooming always

it

always

is."

naWtori'^i-t-te'-mH that I'm going to dance - whenever,

hayi
that

kyitiwiWa-l^\
I

hay
the

Wirj

Wiwa-c'iij'^a-n

begin singing

song

(song)

always

which she gave to me.

(26)

yice'^n-'^e'^a'^a'^'^'^-mH

UyenWWa'^n
I

When

the sun

is

on toward setting

always eat

(in training).

Hupa
(27)

Texts:

24
seyiij'^^-x'^
I

225
naWtorj'^-x''
I

hayi
That
with

mixiij'^^
(after that time)
it

till

yisxa-n-e-tenext morning

standing up,

dancing.

as sustenance

(28)

nahnini

Two
(29)

people

under

Wiyeh me
Wa'neonly

siye-fi

nahnini
two

Wa-ne'
only

me'niWon
it

25
it.

standing,

is

good

for

c'^ola^-dirj

ye'^iixd^
nights and mornings pass

naWtorj'^-x''
I

hayah-mii
[then]

Five

dancing.

no^KyirjXG'n
feast

na'witarj'^il 26
right along
it

Wii
with me.

(30)

me'cah-xosin
It is

27

lies,

difficult,

diyWo'^ something

takes place.

donot

Kyiwidya?n
eating.

sa^xa'W
acorn

Wane'
only

ioq'

niica-y-tah

Wa'ne'
only

mush

or dried salmon

UyenWa^n
I

(31)

We-dinan^^-din
Alongside

always

eat.

me

c'isyen was standing

hay
the

Wadic'^in-neVn
aunt of mine
-

used to be.

(32)

mine'^ixomii [Then, some

time
later]

ta-kyiW-me'^ [sweathouse - in]

ta-q'i-xoW
perhaps three

no'nila'd 29
floated there (= 3 months passed)

(months)
do'-'^odla'^n quitting
sile'^n 30
it

naWtorj'^-x'^
I

hayah-mii
[then]

(33)

hayi-heh
But yet

dancing,

became.
^^

^ahda'-dirj
really, thoroughly,

donot

Wi-i-diniwiPa'^ I got to know,

I

sile'^n
(it

happened).

too

much

learned

(34)

hay mine'^ixomii

short while after then

naWton'^-ne-^i-x'^ while I was dancing

I

na-la'^
a different

Wiij

song

Wiwarj to me

(=

Some

time after

was dancing)
ta-n

yiniwa'^aWil'^'^
they keep on bringing (one song at a time).

(35)

mina-se-lal
I

(36)

hayi
That

micW-dirj
because of

ran-spirit

dreamt of

it.

hayi
that

na-kyiW^aw
1

sile'^n
it

(37)

haya-i
[Then]

hayi-q'a
in that

singing
night)

became.

way

'^a-'^aWniw always do so

(all

(ravi-dancing)

(not sucking)

datjWo'^-tah somebody

c'ide'^ic'ad-id

(38)

hayi
That

'^atf
is

'^alye-

min^day'^-q
"outside fashion."

when one

gets sick.

called

(39)

hayi
Those

qin'
also

ian
many

yaxoWine"^
(are) their songs.

226
(40)

XIV Northwest
^ahda'-din Too much
donot

California Linguistics

nikyah-x"^
so greatly

na-lte"^^^
there
is

hay
it

to

work do

is

for

that

its

part

(dance)

nalton'^ ^^-dirj where it is danced.

(41)

wint'ed
Therefore,

nahxi-qa
in

"^ant'e'
it

kyima-w-

c'iic'^e'

two ways

is

hence

medicine maker (=doctor)

'^aWt'e-ne'^in I used to be

ded-e'^rj
but

wan
for
it

siWdiyan
I've

(42)

q'ad

now

become

Now

hayi-q'i thus

(too) old.

Wa-ne'
(it is)

only,

all.

How I Became
to get weak.
I

a Doctor

[a]

(1)1 had a dream in the evening. (2) The next morning,

(3) Food smelled bad, and
I I

suddenly started

slowly kept (getting weaker), until

had
(5)

to

go

to bed. (4) All

I

did was vomit.

I

That evening,

thought that

was going

to die right then.

(6)

told

my

parents

(now deceased):

"I feel like

I'm going to die."

to get his sister.

(7)

Then my

late father [b]

went off downstream

[c]

(8)

He

brought her back, and then she smoked tobacco,

(9)

Then she doctored

looks like (the

me by

sucking, [d]
(11)
[e]
It

(10) She said, "It looks like she has had a dream.

knxinay) have put something

doctoring me.
(13)
[f]

into

her

mouth."

(12)

So

she

quit

The next morning she

said to
[g]

can make a doctor out of her."

her that way."
(16)

(15)

(my parents), "What do you say? (14) I They told her, "Go ahead and treat
morning
for a

Then she smoked tobacco

in the

whole month,

[h]

(17) She (19)

sang all day, until evening came. (18) Then she danced. What she danced for was to get (a "pain") to put into my mouth, since she had removed the one which (the Ryixinay) had put into my mouth
before,
[i]

(20)

Then
it

(the kyixinay) finally put into her

mouth

(the

pain) she

was

dancing to
up, and put

get.

(21) She took this (pain) back out (of her mouth), raised

me
(to--

into

my
new

mouth,

[j]
it

(22) She sang a

miso-se'^)
[I]

song, and gave

to

to

me.

[k]

(23) "Water-sprout"

was what she gave

me.

(24) (Song:)

"The flowers always

keep blooming." [m]

Hupa
(25) Then, each evening as
I

Texts:

24
to start dancing,

111

[n] I would sing was about to set, I would eat. (27) Sustaining myself on that, I stood and danced until morning. (28) Two people stood holding me up just two people were needed, [ol (29) After each five nights of dancing, a feast was held for me. [p] (30) It was difficult

was about

the song she gave to me.

(26)

When

the sun

for

me

with nothing to
late

eat;

could eat only acorn

mush

or dried salmon.

(31)

My

aunt stood alongside of me.

I

(32) In the end,

quitting, [q]

danced
so,
I I

in the
I

sweathouse for about three months before

(33)

Even
(35)
I

didn't get to understand things thoroughly.

(34) For a while after

had

my

dance, (the k^ixinay) kept bringing

the
forest
spirits

me
[s]
I

new

songs,

[r]

(36) Because of that usually treat people

(min'^day'^-q').
isn't as
[t]

also

dreamed about became a singing

(ta*n).

(doctor). (37) That's the

It

way

when
to

they get sick. (38)

is

called "outside-fashion"
too.

(39) (Such doctors) have

many songs
[v]

(40) There

much work
I
it.

do when you

dance, [u] but

(41) So,

used to be two kinds of doctor;

now

I've

gotten

(too) old for

(42) That's

all

there

is.

[a]

An

Indian doctor or shaman (Ryite't'aw) removes "pains" (sinsir)) by sucking

the patient's

them from

summary

The best shamanism is Keeling (1992: 69-73). For an extended discussion of Yurok shamanism see Erikson (1943), which is based on interviews with Fanny Flounder, a Yurok doctor. Other accounts,
body
(Goddard 1903: 65-66;
Curtis 1924: 27-28).
description of the practice of northwest California
also based on information from Mrs. Flounder, can be found in Spott and Kroeber

(1942: 158-164) and Valory (1970: 32-72).

Although in theory both men and women could be doctors, in northwest California most were women. A doctor usually received her shamanic powers suddenly and unexpectedly by dreaming of a "pain" being placed in her mouth by the Ryixinay. However, it was only through an arduous period of training with an experienced shaman

often an older relative

that she could learn

how

to control these

powers.
status.

When

her

training

was complete a Kick Dance (cUtal) was held

to

confirm her

Charging

high fees for their services, fully trained doctors were

exceptionally powerful ones were

"people of consequence and

known

far

and wide" (Wallace 1978: 174).

still

By

the

time of Sapir's
California, of

visit

in

1927

visit

only a few were

practicing in

northwest

whom Emma
to

Frank and Fanny Flounder were among the best known. Frank was living
at

According

Sam Brown, Emma

supposed

Redwood Creek when

if

the

events she describes in this narrative took place.

[b]
living.

You

are not

to refer directly to

your parents

they are no longer

Emma

Frank

substitutes

the

phrase

Wilc>isdiya-n'^-ne'^in

'my old person

(deceased)' for 'parents' and Wiliyisdiya-rf-ne'^in

xo^osday 'my old person (deceased)-

man'

for 'father'.

228
[c]

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Doctors prepared themselves for curing by ritually smoking tobacco in a pipe.

Literally, 'she stuck into me';
that
is,

[d]

she put her head

down

to

suck the pain

out of

Emma's
the
to

body.
special "pain" (sinsig), signifying that she had

[e] In

dream they had given her a

be a doctor.

been chosen
[f] If

the doctor

had gone ahead and taken the pain out,

If

Emma

would not have been

be a doctor.
another

able to start training.

she had not wanted to be a doctor, she would have asked her
it

aunt to go ahead and remove the pain;

(In fact,

was

all

right to reject the offer to

Emma's

first

pain was removed for health reasons see line 20

but

one was obtained so

[g] Literally,
'I

that the training

could continue.)
facing the world (ninis''a*n)'.

will lay her

down

The metaphor

is

unclear.
[h]
'in the
[i]

Literally, 'until the first

month had passed'

(ia'^-na-rj'^a'^-mH).

Sapir glosses this

month of January'.

The doctor had removed Emma's

eat.
it

original "doctor pain", because

it

had been lying

in

her stomach and she couldn't

to her.

Now

the doctor had to capture another pain from

the air and give

[j]

To
to

obtain the pain the doctor danced herself into a frenzy and sucked

it

in

from

the surrounding air through her mouth.

She passed
it

it

on by motioning

it

from her

mouth

Emma's, and when

Emma

got

she sank back stunned.

There are many

different kinds of pains,

which doctors show in the Kick Dance. (They do not carry these pains in their body but get one or more from the air during the dance.) When they have a doctoring pain in their mouths, doctors have the power to see other pains in their
patients, or (by clairvoyance) things that [k]

have happened

in the past.
in

That

is,

a different song from the one

Emma

had heard

her dream

when

she

received her

first

pain (the one that had been removed). Each pain that a doctor controls

has

its
[1]

special song.

Although

Sam Brown

never saw

it,

he thinks

this

was

the

name of Emma's

pain.

[m] These words, and the associated song, came from the k^'ixinay along with the
pain.

Such doctoring songs

That
is,

(Ryite't'aw-Wiij) are

slow and are sung while stamping.

[n]

the Kick

Dance

(c'iUal; text 29).

novice doctor must confirm her

control over the pains she receives from the k^ixinay by going through a

Kick Dance.

The dance "cooks"

[o]

her.

The novice doctor dances

in

condor feathers
her.
[p]

her right

the heated sweathouse until

jumping up and down, holding a bunch of hand and extending her left hand palm up. She dances in she nearly faints, at which point a man grabs her and seats
all

night,

She

is

then lifted up by two helpers and resumes dancing.

in the

The Kick Dance continues

day the novice
is

sweathouse for five nights.

On

the

morning of the
feasts. In the

sixth

lead back to the living house, where she eats and, dressed in a

beaded dress

(sitk>o'si-kJ'a''),

dances the "feasting dance".

Everyone then

evening she returns to the sweathouse (which has meanwhile been heated up again for
her dancing). She dances the Kick Dance for another five nights, and again feasts on the
sixth day.

This cycle

is

repeated a

number of times

as long as the novice doctor's

stamina holds up.

Hupa
[q] Ideally, the
[r]

Texts:

24
months.

229

Kick Dance should go on

at least five

The first was the one that came Then her trainer gave her one of her own songs. Finally the k^ixinay gave her three more songs during the dance. After training she continued to receive new songs. She was still receiving new songs when she dictated this text in
received five songs during her training.

Emma

with her

initial

dream.

1927, at age 65.

[s]

These

spirits

were supposed

to protect forest

animals and were the source of a

special doctoring

power

(ta'n-x^'a'-'^a'ne'

or xona't'aw''-na''ay) that could cure madness,

strange behavior, and other complaints.

[t]

That That

is,

in the

manner of

the forest spirits.

[u]
[v]

is, it is

not as hard

work

as sucking doctoring.
ironically, with the

Emma refers to herself here,

The general term

somewhat
is

term kyima'w-c Hc*e'

('medicine-maker'), which generally

drugs.

used for white man's doctors, because they give

is

for an Indian (sucking) doctor

K^ite't'aw.

230
25.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Emma Frank's Method of Doctoring

Emma
Frank. Notebook VI, pp. 3-13.

Narrated by

(1)

Unse-g>e'^-difj

ne'^iWaW-id
when
I

}cyirj'^ag>a-n

me-na'^aWwal
I

At the patient

arrive there

pipe

it against the (tobacco bag).

hit, shaice

(2)

he+
"He!"

Wikyirj'^agyan-misic'

my

pipe

skin, sacic

IcyiwindiH when it (sack)

jingles, rings

minian-di(r})
ten times

wint'e''^
right along,

ie-nandiyait

^-te-

hay
that (place

(sound) will go around (world) and come back

where)

k>'ixinay na-tehidic'^e-n 4 have grown, li>ixinay have come to be,

hayi
those
{lc>ixinay)

meda'^ay
their

heads

yehwinya-teit

(3)

hayi-q
In that

'^aihoh^-x''
greatly

'^e-wa-g'^

yondehsne'^-teit,

will

go

into.

way

feeling pity

Icnxinay, will think

of (= will take pity on)

hay-ded

Hupa
(11)
WiU>a-rj'^ay

Texts:

25
c'e-'^iWaW

231
nic'''irP-c'iri'^^^

miq'eh
along them
I

My

arms

take

down

out (= I rub the pipe on it)

it

(on) the left

WiUya-ij'^ay

id^ay-x''
right

my

arm,

Wi-tnehs '^ along me, the

length of

"^iima^n-e-

miinehs
their full

'5

c'e-'^iVPaW
I

on both sides

take
it

it

out,

me

length

rub

down.

(12)

hlayahajid]
[Then]

Wixe'^

me-q'
inside of,

c'e-^WaW
[I

(13)

hlayaha^id]
[Then]

my

feet

take
it

it

out,

under (=soles)

rub

down.]

We-daPay my head.

(14)

h\ayaha^id]
[Then]

Uyise-gye'^
[the patient]

miq'id on him, all over him

te'^iWaW
it along (rubbing blankets)

carry

Wikyiij'^a-gya-rP

(15)

'^aniatj-x'''e--dirj

te'^iVPaW
[I

'^inisan-meq'
world
(= pointing
it

my

pipe.
in

Everywhere, every direction

move
along]

it

in

it

everywhere),

h[ayaha^i(d)]
[then]

no-na-'^aW^aW
I

(16)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

xoi-na'^aWdiye'^n
I

put

it

down.

doctor-dance.

(17)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

niWon-c'irP-c'irj'^ ^^

xoW
his

na'cefirst

on the

right side

hand

Wida? my mouth

(= right hand)

no-'^o'VPa'W
I

xoW-me'^
in his

(18)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay
the

Wixonse-P

put

it

there,

hand.

my

sweat,

power

xoq'id on him

dcPe^iWaV^
I

xonadehis limbs,

miq'eh
along them

mii
with (song and hands)

Icyite'^iWliW ^^
I

put

it

on

feel along,

arms

&

legs

(19)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay
[the]

daydi-diij
wherever
it

Wida'^

no-'^oW^aW
lips
I

is

(sore)

my

mouth,

put down.

(20)

hay

mixeq'e"^
its spit,
I

minte'^iVPi;^
I

(21)

la'^a -dirj

do-

ya'^aWaW-id
1

[The] (=

foam

pull at

it

Sometimes

when

can't take

it

up,

suck out the

sinsirj).

pull out the (sinsitj),

me'cah-xosin^^ Uyidiiwehard the "pain" (= hard to suck out the pain)

it

is

ya-'^aW^aW-id do[when I can't take it up,

pull out the {sinsirj),]

iah-x''
just

Uyicitf^'^
against. (tipped) over

hay
that
(like sliver

me"^

nada'^ay
it
I

k.yic'irj'^

no-'^oWwi^-^
it

which

up in projecting from
sticks

tip

it

over, turn

to

one

side,

flesh)

232
(22)
hayi
It is

XIV Northwest
mic'in'^-dir)

California Linguistics

niWorf-x"^
[well, in a

'^a-na'ne'^it'e'^

because of

that,

again

it

(patient)
(as before).

resulting

from

that

healthy state]

always gets

(23)

minian-di(n)

miwah

na'-dinUH-dirj'^^

Waneonly

Wida"^

no-'^oVPaW
I

14 times

my mouth

put

it

down.

(24)

ia'^a-di(n)

minian-dirj
ten times

Waneonly

hay
and, then

te'^iWc'i(d)-diij
I

Sometimes

get tired.

(25)

de'de-'^e-na-fj'^

donot

me-ne'Wo^n'^'^
I

Now
(26)

it

is

am

fit

for

it,

Wisiwoi my throat

diwinc'a-d
gets sore.

hayai
[Then]

qa(d)
now,
finally

do'-'^o-'^oWla'^n
I

Wihirj'^a-gya-n'^

ya-na'^aW^aW
I

always

quit,

my

pipe

pick up,

yehna-'^aWce'd
I

poke

it

into the

(sack),

na-'^dWloy'^ it up (in a bag around neck of pipe).

I

(27)

tie

dig>ar) Here

ta'^na-n
water

sehixa-n'^^ I have it
sitting there,

hay-mil
with that

'^a'disaWcHd'^^
I

(28)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

mixac'e'^-xole-n
[incense root]

put

into

my finger my throat.

'^e'^iW^al
I

hay-mii
with which

nanaxone'iyohi
I'll

'^^-te-

(29)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

q'ad
[now, finally]

chew

it,

blow

at the (patient)

(again).

xowa(n)
to

no'lcye'^iWliW
I

xoW
his

ya-'^aWtiW
I

xo'^^i-c'irj'^

xola'^-me'^

him

(patient)

reach with my hand,

hand

take

it

up,

in his right

hand

'^a'de'^iWne'^
I

(30)

he+
'"He+!

"^e'wa-g
pity

niwinsin'^-te'

ninis'^an

hay-ded
this

talk,

you will think, have in your mind

O earth!

t'e'wirj

'^a-niWt'ethat
I

na'xone'iyohi-te'

(31)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

uncooked one

am

who am going
to

xola'^-me^ in his hand

blow

at

him."

na-neyiyohi-teI

'^ade-n'^-te-

(32)

shall

blow

(and)

shall say,

WinasilaM-te"You will, may

you dream of me!

(33)

In

dayWo'^-dirj some place, to some country

nanwiWditei
I

26

arrived going, went back traveling with you

you

mina-silaM-tewill dream of.

Hupa
(34)

Texts:

25

233
no'lc'^in'^-^-te'

iah-xo-gya^

camehsKon
woman
(35)

nolcHn'^'^-din
grown-to-old-age-place

May
do-

it

be that

you

will

grow

there

with not

mis'^a-n'^^^-xole-n much tallc of it.

Ryido-niW-ne'^in Unconfessed wrongdoing that was and festers in (your) family

niwarj
from

Vsdah

^^-te'

will melt

away,

you

disappear.

(36)

hay-de-d
This
(is)

nanine'lyo'l which I've blown at you."

(37)
[she blows]

hayah-mii
And
then

to'-c'irj'^

to the river

te^iWxa'W
I

hay
the

always
it

xayc'aP acorn-mush
basket

Wime'^-xe'^q'-c'iic'^e-'^'^^

hay
(and) the

my

basket in which
spit,

carry

off

one collects

vessel (dipper)

me'^-saic'oc' which one sips from (to wet throat);

hayi
those

te'^iWxaW
I

xo^^i
(to) really

nikya'w
big

nilini-q'eh 32
stream.

take along

(38)

h[ayahap(d)]
Then,
in that

WiniiWo'^n
it

33

hay
the (way)

Wixeqe"^
spit

does

case

me good, suits me

tehna'deyiwa'^K-te' which I am to dump

in the water.

(39)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

'^a-de^iWne'^
I

(40)

he+
"He+
!

"^inis^a'n

mina-i-tein its
-

say.

World

presence

will be.

hay-de'd
this

Wixe-q'e^
spit

of mine

which

tehna-de-yiwa-K I have dumped

into the water,

hayi

daydi-di(n)-mii
from
it

cahi-ne'^in

wherever

came

(past)

(= whence the pain came)

hay

234
(46)

XIV Northwest
c''a-xaiweX. Darkness

California Linguistics

tehsyay-q'eh
went along
-

to-dinan-di(n)

yinac

that

direction

along the coast upstream = south along the ocean

V/ime'^-xe'^q-c'ii&'e''^

na'dla-l-e-te'
will be floating along back,

my
niis^e-

spit-basket

yina'-x"^ yidac upriver to the east

mii
with
it

yana[y]wHkyid^'^-e-tewill [rise] up.

(47)

fog

dig>aij Here

yinac-yidac
to the east

mii
with it (sickness)

dah-naywHdikH{d)-tefog will reach up there

hay
the

Uyic'ind sickness

do'-'^oWa'^n
not
it

'^^-dirj
-

will take place

place.

(48)

xaticay
Whiteness,

tehsyay came along

mil
therewith

me-q'
inside of it (day)
it

na-kyite'day'^^^-te(incense-root she blew him with) will start to bloom again.

dawn (49)

hayi-qa
In that

'^ai&'orj^'^-x'''

good way

it

"^a-nahdiyah-tewill happen again."

(50)

haya-i

q'ad
finally

And

then

w+

Hupa
(16)

Texts: 25

235
(17) Beginning with his right
I

Then
put

doctor-dance over him again.

in his

hand,

my mouth down

hand. (18)

lay

my
I

"heat" (xonse*!) [h]

on him, and with it I feel along his limbs. (19) in whatever place (that it is sore). (20) I pull at
(21)

Then

put

my mouth down

its spit, [i]

Sometimes when

can't pull
I

it

up,

when

it's

hard to pull up the

(22) (The

malevolent entity (kyiditwe*),

patient) gets well again

just tip the protruding part over.

by

that

means,

[j]

mouth down (to suck) only fourteen times, [k] put my I Sometimes I get tired after only ten times. (25) I'm not fit for it nowadays; my throat gets sore.
(23) (24)
(26) Finally,
sack, and
[1]

when
up.
I

I've finished,
I

pick up

my

pipe, stick

it

back into the

tie

it

(27)

have some water

sitting there to put in

my

mouth.
I

(28)

Then

chew the incense-root (mixa*c'e'^-xole-n) with which

pray over him)
reach

will

blow

at (the patient, to
I

(29) At this point,

into his right hand,

(30)

down to (the patient), take up his hand, and "/ze / You are going to have pity, o world (of
I

say
the

k-ixinay), on this novice doctor (t'e-wig) that

am, as

start to

pray over

him." (31) Then

blow into his hand and say, (32) "You'll dream about me! (33) You'll dream of me carrying you back somewhere, [m] (34) May it happen that when you grow up to be a full-grown woman [n]
I

will

there won't be
[p] will melt

much

talk

about

it.

[o]

(35)
is

Your

inherited sins (kyido-niW)

at

away from you.

(36) This

what I've blown

you." (She

blows.)
(37)

And

then

carry to the stream the eating basket (xayc'a*^) that

I

use as

a spit-basket (me'^-xe'^q-cUc^e-), [q] as well as the basket

(me'^-sa-lcoc'); [r]
I

dip water

take these to a really large stream.

(38)

My

spit is

from good

for

me when I dump it into the water, [s] (40) ''He! the (39) And then I say, I dump this spit of mine into watching as
have pity again. (42) You

world

(of

the

the water, and

it

kyixinay) will be from wherever the

(41)

juice of this sickness (k-icind) came, there

will float back!

You

will

will think differently

I

about giving us sickness.

am, not having anything good for the the one talking to you, o world (of the purpose (of doctoring), I am kyixinay)! (44) You'll have pity for him! (45) You have gone down again,
(43) This novice doctor (t'cwig) that

o sun!

(46) Following the darkness as

it

moves

along,

my

spit-basket will

float south in the

ocean (to'-dinan-dir) yinac), and

fog. [t]

will float

back upstream,
to the east

where

it

rises

up with the
(48)

(47) In the kyixinay country

carry
it

(digyag

yinaci-yidac) the

fog
the

will

up

to

the the

"place

of

no
will

sickness". [u]

When

white
again,

of
[v]

dawn comes,
(49) In

(incense-root
it

medicine) will

start to

bloom

such a good way

happen again."

236

XIV Northwest
I

California Linguistics

(50) Then, finally,

say, (she blows).

This

is

the

way

always speak to

the world (of the Ryixinay)

when

doctor people, [w]

[a]

Emma
The

Frank intended

this

to

be added to her account of

how

she became a

doctor (text 24).

[b]

technical term for

someone under treatment by an Indian

stiff

doctor.

[c] Literally, 'its skin'.

The
it

buckskin bag or pouch that holds the doctor's pipe

and tobacco.

When

struck

gives off a hollow sound.

[d] Literally, 'uncooked,

raw person', the technical term for an Indian doctor who

has not fully learned

how

to control the doctoring

power she has received

(as "pains"

and songs) from the k-^ixinay.

Emma
I

called herself this because she felt her training

had not been thorough enough. (See

[e]

text 24, lines 32-33). to

Or

'novice doctor that

am, who has trained

be a doctor

in the presence of

(the Ryixinay)'.
[{]

See

linguistic note 25.8.

That

is, if

the k^ixinay will help her, support her doctoring.

is

[g] If the

doctoring

going to be successful, she feels a sudden choking sensation

and involuntarily sucks

q'x+ drawn
[h]
in.
is,

in air,

making a sound

in the

back of the throat something like

That

her sweat, symbolizing the power of the "pain" given her by the

k>'ixinay.

As

she does this she sings the doctoring song that belongs to the pain.

This

lays her
[i]

power on him.
extracts the pain entity (sinsir) or kyiditwe*)
tip projecting

She

which

is

supposed to be a

slimy object with a sliver-like

from the

patient's skin

by sucking

at

it

and catching hold of

Ij] If

its

slime in her mouth.

necessary, this will suffice (tipping over the protruding end of the pain instead
it

of sucking
[k]

all

the

way

out). to

She means she can't manage

suck more than fourteen times, because her throat

gets sore.
[1]

Literally, 'to stick in

my mouth

with

my

finger'.

training or

when

treating patients, but only

wet

their

Doctors do not drink when mouths with a finger dipped in a

water bowl (see line 37 below). The k^ixinay do not like water.
If he dreams that the good luck. It means that the doctor is pulling the patient out of his illness. It is also good to dream of jumping up, or traveling, or that the doctor is with him and doing him good. A bad-luck dream, on the other hand, would be to dream that there is no hope. Doctors always wish their patients to dream of them. Some say: niWoij-x'' kyinasilahi-te- ('you will dream

[m] The patient should have a good dream about the doctor.
is

doctor

helping him along a ridge or up a

hill,

that is

well').

[n]

The

patient

Emma

has

in

mind

is

apparently a small

girl.

[o] I.e.,

without there being

much

said about

you being

ill.

Hupa
[p]

Texts:

25
is

231
a K>ido'niW.
It

Anything wrong done by someone and not confessed

can

harm

a person's children, and travel

down through
in this

a family for generations.

Confessed

misdeeds do not become RyidcniW

[q]

way.
of the pains
(sinsiij) that

The basket
out.

into

which a doctor
is

spits the "juice"

she has

sucked

When

a pain

extracted, a sticky
it

foam

(called xe'^q' 'saliva') gathers in its

place and the doctor sucks that out and spits

pulls out the sinsii) she

into an eating basket.

When
it

the doctor

may show

it,

but

it

doesn't stay intact very long;

disappears

and the sticky

[r]

stuff

remains

in its stead.

dipper or small water basket in which the doctor dips her finger to wet her

throat.
[s]

(See line 27 above).

Doctors believe that when they

dump

their spit into the river

it.

it

floats all

over the

world and carries the patient's sickness away with

If

dumped on dry

land, the sinsig

comes back, and

[t]

the doctor has no luck with her patient.

is

That

is,

the spit-basket

to travel

down

the Trinity and

Klamath

to the ocean,
it

then south ("up-stream") along the coast until the ocean circles back to the east, where
will rise with the fog to the k^'ixinay world.

This does not refer to actual floating on

water, but an immaterial floating.

The

spirit

of the basket, and the spiritual essence of

the "pains," float back to the k^ixinay as an offering from the doctor.

The

real spit-

basket

is

kept by the doctor.

The

sinsir)'s spit (its "blanket") is believed to

come

to

shore
me'')

at

some unlucky place on open

lots

water, such as the peninsula at Trinidad (ta*i]''ay-

where there are

of devil-fish.

The sinsig's body

returns to k^ixinay country

following the circuit described above.

[u] This
is

Heaven.

The

trail

comes

there for good-living people,

life

and there

is

no

sickness or death. Death thus brings earthly

[v]

back.

The

spirit
it

of the incense-root (mixa-c'e''-xoIe*n) has gone back to kyixinay

at

country. If

blooms there

dawn
(e.g.,

the patient will recover.

If

it

does not bloom, the

patient will not get well.

In the land of the k^ixinay all kinds of sweet-smelling

flowers are always blooming

several kinds of tar-weeds,

greasewood, sweet grass, incense root, strawberries,

bunch

grass).

When

a patient

is

cured, his spirit

is

rescued
(to the

from Hell
east).

(to the west)

and the doctor brings him around

to the

knxinay Heaven

[w] Literally, 'when

pour water on people'.

'

238

XIV Northwest
26.

California Linguistics

How

Silis

Became

a Doctor
VII, pp. 15-31
Uyina-^asla'l she dreamed,

Narrated by
(1)
ta'^Uyimiidirj

Sam Brown. Notebook

Hostler

Ranch

she stayed

c'isda'-ne-^id at - while

dig>a(n)
here
-

nohoi

yide'^-yidac-c'irj'^
-

ky'ina-'^aslai

(2)

Uyiwiyal

with us - downstream - up (= north in heaven)

toward

she dreamed

Food

do'
not

c'iwinya'^n
she
ate.

(3)

teima-si-wilc''e-n Buckskin headband

'^a-diq'i(d)-no-ninta-n

she laid it (= dressed herself with it),

-

on herself

hay
the

k>ite't'aw

donot

"^a'wilaw
-

'^a'^dilaw 3
she fixed herself.

(4)

ia"^

xiKe"^

doctors

are fixed

up

One

(way)

night (long)

na'^k'e'^a^dw
she [always] sang,

na-^iijkydw-tah^
and
still

(5)

''aht'in-di(n)-mit

l<.y[ i

w inya'^nyan]
people

through

From everywhere

the day.

ne'^ina'W came

yixonehPiij^-min
in

(6)

yinehtaw
Potatoes

c'itd'n

order to look

at her.

one who eats

donot

xoq'i(d) on her

yehc'iwinyay came in
in).

(7)

KiwiWxa-n
Eels

c'itd-n

who

eat

mirjUyiPe-n menstruating

(= she didn't allow them

women
(8)

do[not

xoq'i(d) on her

yehc'iwinyay came in].

(>

xoqid
To
her

yehc'e^ina-W-id when they had come in

de--xo

'^a'^de'^ine'^

she always said:

c'e-na-ndahW "Go out back again!"

Icye-nohit'iJciy i-ne"^

(9)

mine-^ixomii
[After a while]

'^a'^de-ne'^

she said,

"This direction

yide'^-yidac downriver up

Kohsc'iPe-n
hazel switches

tedcic' 8
twisted."

(10)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

you

(pi.)

must

tie

against the (wall)

yixsarj-hid next day

xa'^a-ya'c'ilaw
they did that way,

hayi
that (rope)

miq'eh
along

yidac
up (from the ground)

ce-l-nehwa-n
red flint

to--nehwa-n
(and) black
flint

dahc'ine-ino'^ ^
they stood them up.

(11)

'^an{afj-x'''e--xo '^ant'e- ^^
All

'^ahic'ide-ne'^

kinds of things (to be put in house)

she mentioned

xa'^ant'e-

nahicis
you
(pi.)

xontah-me-q
inside the house (on walls)."

"That kind

hang them

Hupa
(12)
haya-i
[Then]

Texts:

26
(13) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

239
q'a(d)
[now, finally]

hayi
those

"^aht'irj

naya-'^ascis
they hung them up.

all

na'na'^fcyiwirj'^a

(14)

she started singing again.

diyWo'^ Nothing

do-

cita'n

minde'^iic'^e'^

Wa-neonly
only).

she eats.

tobacco
(=

smokes

(15)

xiKe'^-daij'^
[In the

do--ia-n-^
just a

'2

sa^xaW
acorn

sa'^lc^e'^ixaW
she puts in her mouth (= eats),

hayi
the

Wane'
only

morning]

little

mush
q'a(d)

mix in
living

c'e'^ida?

(16)

mine-^ixomH
[After a while]

JC0/2I3

now

on

it

she always stays

without her

(= she lives on that only).

paying attention

c'idiwilye'^
for her

(17)

hayah-mii
[Then]

xo^^i-xo

"^a-c'idyaw
she acted.

they danced
the

Jump Dance.
'^a'^de-ne'^

&
(19)

worse, more more excitedly

(18)

hayah-mii
[Then]

We"I

'^e-'^n

do-rj'^
it

she said.

however

is

digya(n)

nohoi yide'^-yidac
heaven north

te-se-ya--te-

(20)

hayah
It is

in [Kyixinay]

I'm going away.

do-^rj) mil from yonder

c'in-ya'^Wo-wile-l '4 that they always bother

me.

(21)

yisxan-de'^

dic^'il

Tomorrow

a tanned

yo'^ohih'ohs ^^-ne"^ ye must bring it in.

deer hide

(22)

xiXe'^-darp
In the

digyarj
here

Wixehsta-ndirj
right alongside of

'6

morning

me

Uyohitehi-ne'^ you must spread

It

out.

(23)

qad
Now

ia-n

many
people

c'ininyay-mii when they have

come.

"^ohican-te-

min'^cida'^-q'eh

you

will

through the

discover, see

smokehole

yehwinde-X i^ they have come

in (flying)

Icyiya-W-minah-xole'n
condor(s)
its

mic'isgye-'^
fine white feathers

hayi
that

miq'i(d) on it

under the wing, down,

(hide)

no-ninde'^K-tethey will
to rest

hay-yo-w
that

dic'^il

(24)

come
on
it

tanned hide.

IcyiyaW-me-da'^ay Woodpecker scalps

q'ina"^

also

(come
te-se-ya--teV\\

later).

(25)

q'a(d)

donot

'^aht'itj

hayi
that

Now

go off

all

"^ayWiine- '^ which it tells me

(to k>ixinay)

miq'eh
along
in that
it,

"^aWohlah
if

^^-de'^

you

(pi.)

do."

way

240
(26)

XIV Northwest
h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

California Linguistics

yisxatj-hid next day

Uy[iwinya'^nyd-n] people

ian
lots

q'a(d)

c'ininyay
came,

now

xontah
house

xoc'in"^
to her

da'^a'c'ilaw^^ they undid it.

(27)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

q'ad

na'^lc>'ita-'^aw

'^^

now

she sang her songs.

(28)

Icyiwidwol^i
Doctor's buckskin bandolier

na'^winc'iW
she put it on for wear,

te'lmas-wilc'^e-ni buckskin roll

xoq'i(d) on her

dahnasitdn
it lay on top around her head.

U>Hc'os-nehwd-n
three pronged headdress

yehnai'^e-X 22 it was stuck

in

(29)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

q'ay'^nehs
stripes

her hair.

na-xowilc'^e-n 23 were made (again) on her (body)

'^aik>'ow-e--diri 24
all

(30)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

q'a(d)

xo'^ji
really,

over.

heartily

na'^lc>ita-'^aw

(31)

'^a'^de-ne'^

q'a(d)

she started
in

She

said,

"Now

te+seya'-teI'll go away,

q'a(d)

te+seya-teI'll

now

go away."

singing.

(32)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

min'^cida'^-qeh
[through smokehole]

yehwinde-K
[came flying
in]

Uyiya-W-me'da'^ay
[woodpecker
scalps].

'faht'irj

hay
the

na'^wdy
people that

hayah
there

c'iica-n
they saw
it.

(33)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

all

were there

hay-y&w
that

dic'^il

UyiwiltH
spread out on
the ground

buckskin

miq'id on it

noninde'K
they

came
to
it.

down
xo^^i
closely

(34)

ce'^eh-^i-dit]'^^

xe'^e'wehsle'^ni^^-mii

ya'^ne-Pe'^n
they looked
at

^'^

After a

little

while

when

they lay there

it.

in a

bunch
ya'^de-ne'^

(35)

q'ad

"Now

Ryiya-W-me-da'^ay woodpecker heads,"

(36)

hayah-mii
[Then]

they said.

do'-na-xohsdile^'^^-e-y
they just disappeared.

(37)

do'-winsa'^dy'^'^-mi-t

Ryiye'

Not long

after

again

kyiya-W-minah-xole-n
condor

mic'isgye''^
its

yehwinde'K
came
floating in,

hi^id
[and]

Ryiye'
[again]

hayah
[there]

soft feathers

noninde'K
[they settled

Ryiye-

hayi
(it)

ya'^ne'i'^e'^n

xo^3
[closely.

(38)

q'ad
["Now]

again

those

[they (people)

down,]

(feathers)

looked

at]

Uyiya-W-minah-xole-n
[condor]

mic'isgye-'^

ya'^dene'^
[they said.]

[down

feathers,'

Hupa
(39)

Texts:

26

241
na'na7kyi\\>irj'^aw-mH when she had sung.

hayi
That

na'-mikya'c'irp'^^ from that time on

c'e'^eh-^i-difj
for a
little

while

niWoij-xo
well

'^ana?niwehst'e'^ she again became.

(40)

hayah-mU
[Then]

'^a-dixa^n iwidya?n

she became ashamed

hay
that

donot

Ryite-faw
doctor

c'isle'^n

(41)

xoiirj

'^ahic'ide-ne'^

she became.

Her brother

she told.

(42)

dayWo'^-xo
"Some
place

te-se-ya--teI'll

(43)

go.

'^a-dixa-niWdiya?n-c'eh 1 feel ashamed of

sele'^n
that
I

hay
that

which

'^a--do--niWor} ^^-xo
in

"^aWdiyaw
I

donot

Ryite-faw
doctor

(44)

an evil

way

have done,

do--xolin Not it would be

became.

digyan
here

siWday
that
I

(45)

ta'^na-n

do-

ta'^wina'^n

stay."

Water

not she had drunk,

'^a-c'ondehsne'^ she had thought.

Ryite-t'aw

se-lirf-teI

(46)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

Uyisdiyan-ne'^in
her old people that used to be (=parents now dead)

"Doctor

will

become."

'^aya'xoic'ide-fie'^

yidaoa-nilin

she told them,

"New

River

na-ya-tese-X^^-telet us go back."

(47)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

q'ad
[now, finally]

na-ya'^tehsde-X
[they returned there.]

(48)

yidac

Up

country

nah-dirj two

xonsH
summers, years
'^axoic'ide-ne'^
her told her.

na-ya'^de-lc'e'^

'^^-mU

xoma-lya w'^-ne'^in
her friend/relation - used to be

Uyite-t'aw
Indian doctor

when

they had stayed.

(49)

daydi-na-'^-watj
"For what reason

'^adixa-ndiya-n
that

(50)

your are

Uyite-faw Doctor

do'^otj
in fact

ashamed?
silirP-te-

(51)

yisxan-de'^

minisehhin^^-teI'll
it

Xohq'a'^kyow-q'i(d)-c'ir]'^
to

you will become.

Tomorrow

take you up against (= up the mountain)

Pony Butte."

(52)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

xiXe'^-darj'^
[in the

c'itehsde-X
they (2) went off.

(53)

yidaGa-ie-na-ldi(n)-mU
(Chimariko village)
at

morning]

^iijkyow-mU
about midday

c'inindeX
they arrived at

Xohq'a'^kyow
[Pony Butte]
xorP-no'^nirje-n ^^ fire along up to
lit it,

mikyirP-ditj
at its foot.

(54)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hayah
[there]

me'^kyisUd
it

3?

he packed
[=

set

it

ablaze]

he burned up along the mountain.

242
(55)
hayi-me'^
That (burnt country) in

XIV Northwest
yidac
up

California Linguistics

me'^xosten
he took her up the mountain.

(56)
It

wilwe'K.
got evening, late in the day

(as) they

c'iwidii were

traveling.

(57)

miq'i(d)

dahwirj'^a'^-mH

xa'^asdeX-ey
they reached

milay'^
its

they sun lay (= late in the afternoon)

it

On

when

top.

up to

dirjk>i-dini-mii four times - with (= on all fours, crawling on hands & knees)

xa''^asyay she went up there

silis-ne'^in
Silis that

(58)

was.

xa'^asya- Wane- hayah She arrived only there (= No sooner did she reach there than)

xohiwirja'^n 38
she dropped off to sleep, she slept

hay
the

ce--lc>iteima'^c'-ditj
place where rocks
are circled

(59)

xoxe'^-me-q'i-ne'^in
Inside of her feet,
at
it

wint'e"^

was cooked

her soles

(= blistered).

(60)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

hay-yo-w
that

x'^amin
for her for that

na'^way
purpose-who

hay
the

(man)

kyite't'dw doctor

goes about (= leads her along)

hin-iicay
bull pines (4)

c'ine'^iino'^ ^^

hi^id
[and]

mixa-c'e^-xole-n-mii
with incense root

he stood them up

ie'na'^nilay he built a fire.

(61)

h[ayaha^id]
'[Then]

c'exonihid-id he woke her up

(that

"^arj-gya"^

xoda-nya-xolaij
sun had gone down,

hayah
there

she saw

same evening).

x''a--lc>ita-'^aw

xorj xoWine'^
his

hi^id
[and]

nina'^xosten
he raised her up, told her to get up.

hi^id
[and]

he sang for her

own

song.

'^a'xoic'ide-ne'^

de-q'a
"In this

'^a-de-n "^O-hid

naitoij'^

(62)

xono-ij'^aydir} ^^

he said to her.

way

when you

sing.

dance."

Alongside of her

ciwinye'n
he stood.

na-'^ast'o'^n

(63)

(and) he danced.

na-'^asto'^ni-mi-t do-sa'^dWhen he had danced for

a short time (in rock circle)

xosaywirj'^an^'^
(H'i.xinay) put {sinsitj)

(64) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay
that
(sinsirj)

c'ena'^nirj'^a-ni-mH when he took it out

into [his]

mouth.

hayi-ne'^in which he had (taken out)

that

xosa'^wiij'^a'n-e'y

(65)

hayah-mii
[Then]

xorj
[he himself]

Ryiye'

'^a'disa'^winc^^'id

he put into her

again

ran [his] finger into

[his]

mouth

then.

own

throat.

q'ad

'^aht'iij

xoi-c'ixowiligy
he told her

hay
the

dax''e-di-q'
in

"^awiniw

now

all

what way
to act to

(=

how

doing be a doctor).

Hupa
(66)

Texts: 26

243
yisxa-n
na-'^altorj'^-x''' ^^

h{ayaha^id]
[Then]

q'ad

"^a'da-

na-'^asto^n

now
xoiicay

she danced by herself

dancing up to daybreak.

(67)

tehsyay-mii

xodana'^winde-K
they 2 went back down.

When dawn came,

(68)
de'di-xo
This

yinaca- wirj'^a^ "^-m ii

at

yidaca-ie-nai-dirj
(rancheria at New River and Virginia Creek)

iah-xo
just

upstream when the sun lay (= about noon, a little before),

way

na-'^aldito'^n ^^

(69)

hayah
There

Uyidiwan-na-nahsiya^

"^^

(70)

c'ixosc'^e'^

she danced

back

to

it.

again she danced her training dance before the people.

He had
trained her

hay-y&w
that

xomaiyaw'^
her relation,

nikya-w
a great

Icyite-t'dw

'^a-c'int'e-

^i

(71)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

doctor

he

is.

qad
[finally]

Uyite-faw
doctor

c'isle'^n

(72)

she became.

na-ya^tehsde-K They (she and her people)

went back.

taPKyimiidiij
(to)

Hostler Ranch

they

naya-'^ande-K came back.

(73)
All one

xay
winter

xat-na-'^astaK
they kick-danced with her

ta-kyiW-nikya'w-me'^
sweat house
-

hay
the ones
that (dance)

ia'n

big

in

many

kyite't'dw doctors

dome'^ nahito'^n do not kick-dance in it

hay
the

ta-kyiW
sweat house.

(74)

c'idilye-

mixonseP
its

ye'^indW
always goes into
it

hay
[the]

Jump Dance
xowarj'^ wildi "Half - it floats"

heat

ta-kyiW-me'^
[sweat house
-

mixonse'P
[its

q'ina"^
[also]

ye'^ina'W
[goes
in]

in,]

heat]

hayi-md'n
[for that reason]

Ryite-fdw
[doctors]

miynilgyid
are afraid of
it

hay
[the]

td-kyiW
[sweat house].

(75)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

yimdn-sile'^m-mii when spring has come

kyiye-

yidaca-nilin

naya'^tehsdeK
they went back
to.

again

New
xiKe'^-darj'^

River

(76)

hayah-dit]
That time

ia'^a

'^ina'^asdice'^

mirPday'^
outside

one

morning

she got up,

c'inehsday
she sat

nUq'eh-no'^o-na'^dininta'n ^8
along-each-other she-again-laid-herself-down (=she combed herselO

(77)

hayah-mii
[Then]

down

kyiwitjGoc'^'^

was a popping sound

there

x'^eda'^ay her head

yehwinyay
it

went

into

(= she heard).

244
(78)

XIV Northwest
na'^te-fif-hid

California Linguistics

'^arj-gm'^

xoq'i(d)-c'ifj'^

When

she looked back

she saw

onto her

it

wixisii^^ was falling

hayi
that

'^isdewi-ne'^in
madrofia
-

(79)

xoh
To no (80)

which was.

effect she

'^ina'^asia-de-heh jumped up - even so

q'ad

yixoik>id^^
it

now

caught her.

xoq'i(d) on her

U>intehicid^~
it

ia'^ay-x'"

widcid
it

xoce'c'e'^-ne'^in^^
her hip region (bones

(tree) fell.

At once

got crushed

&
xoq'aye'^

flesh)

that

was

Hupa
(89)

Texts:

26
yoPasc'^'e'^n

245
Ryimd-w
herbal medicine

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

xonsili-q'id on the heat

x"afor her

they

made

(it)

wa(n)-na-'^asde-X
they went about for it, busied themselves with it.

(90)

niWotj-xo
Well

'^a-na^niwehst'e'^ 58
she became again.

(91)

nikya'w

Ryite-t'aw

c'isle'^n

(92)

hayi-q'a

'^a-me'cah-xosin^'^
difficult in life

great

doctor
silis
Silis.

she became.

That hard,

waPninya'-ne'^in she went through,

had suffered

(93)

Ryixinay
Uyixinay

yixorfWe^^^
it

called her,

gave her the name of

Wxo-yinaca-lcyehica-n
"Along
the river South maiden,"
6

digya(n)

nohoi yide'^-yidaca-mii
in

Ryo-V^e^
its

heaven north

names

xo wa-dlay
to her

94

were given.

Icyo'^te- We"^ 62 She gave names to different people

yo'-c'in-tah
there
- they say - among (= here and there).

(95)

hayi-q'

Wa'ne'
only

Thus

"^oWc'id I know.

How Silis Became

a Doctor

[a]

(1) She had a dream during the time she was living at ta'^kimit-dir), a dream about the kyixinay heaven to the north (digyan-nohoi-yide'^i-yidaG). (2) She ate no food. (3) She put on a buckskin headband (tclma's-

wilc^e'n), [b] dressing up in a

(4)

way

that Indian doctors (kyite't'aw) don't.

She would sing

the

whole

night,

and through
her.

the

day

as

well.

Anyone who ate potatoes could not come in to her house. (7) Neither could anyone who ate eels, or who was menstruating, come into her house. (8) Whenever they came in, she would say, "Go back out!" [c]
(5)

People would come from everywhere to see

(6)

(9) After a while she said,

"Here on the north (of the house) you people

switches

must

fasten

twisted

hazel

(Xohs-cilVn)

(to

the

wall)."
flints

[d]
(ce*l-

(10) Then,

the next day,

they did that, and they

placed red

nehwa*n) and black flints (to*-nehwa*n) on top of them, [e] (11) She mentioned all kinds of things, saying, "Hang these things inside the house." (12) Then they hung all of these things up.
(13)

Then she

started

singing again.

(14) She

ate

nothing,

but
a

only
little

(smoked) tobacco
acorn

(minde'^ilc'^e'^).

(15) In the morning she

would put
to

mush

into her

mouth, sustaining herself on

held a

that alone.

(16) After

a while they

Jump Dance
(excitedly).
in the north.

for

her,

no

avail,

[f]

(17) She behaved

more and more

(18)

Then she
It

said,

(19) "I
that

am

going off to the kyixinay heaven

(20)

is

from there

246

XIV Northwest
(21)

California Linguistics

they are bothering me.

(dic^il).

Tomorrow you must

you

bring in a tanned deerhide

it

(22) In
a

the

morning

must spread

here

alongside

me.

(23)

When

crowd has gathered, you

house and
settled

will see through the

smokehole

(min'^-

cida*^) that the

down-feathers of condors (k>iya*W-minah-xole*n) have

come
(to

flying into

my

on the deerhide.
(25)
in the
I

[g]

(24) There will also be surely

tell

woodpecker scalps (kyiya*W-me*da'^ay). Heaven), if you don't do everything to me

(26) Then, the next day, a
[h]

will

way

they

go off me."

crowd gathered, and they took apart her house,

(27)

Then she began

singing.

(28) She wore a doctor's bandolier (k>'iwidwol3) and had on a buckskin (te*lma*s-wilc*e*n) with headband three-pronged headdresses (kyitc'osnehwa'n) stuck into it. [i] (29) Stripes (q'ay'^-ne*s) were marked all over her. (30) Then she began singing in earnest, [k] [j]

She said (i.e., sang the words): (Song) "Now I'll go away, now I'll go away." (32) Then woodpecker scalps came flying in through the smokehole and all those who were there saw them. (33) They (the woodpecker scalps) settled down on the spread-out hide. (34) After a while, when they had formed a pile, the (people) looked closely at them. (35) "They are actually woodpecker scalps!" they said. (36) Then they just
(31)

disappeared.

[I]

(37) Not long after, the down-feathers of condors also came flying in. They also settled down, and the people looked closely at these also. (38) "They are actually the down-feathers of condors!" they said.
(39) After she had sung again for a
little

while, she recovered.

doctor.

(40)

Then she became ashamed of not having become a

[m]

(41) She

(42) "I'm going to go off somewhere. (43) I feel ashamed of the bad thing that I have done, in not having become a doctor,
told her relative, [n]

(44)

should not stay here." (45) (She had stopped drinking water, and
[o]

had thought she was going to be a doctor.)

(46) She told her late parents,
nilin)." [p]

"Let's go back
there.

to

New

River (yidaci-

(47)

Then they returned

(48) After they had stayed up-

country for two summers, a (male) relative of hers

to her,

(49)

doctor. (51)

"Why are you ashamed? (50) Tomorrow I am going to take you up

[r]

who was a doctor [q] said You will certainly become a

to

Pony Butte

(Xohq'a*^-

k>ow-q'id)." (52)

They went
(54)
[t]

off in the morning. (53) Starting from the forks of

[s]

New

River (yidaci-te'na'l-dir)),
Butte.

Then
(55)

he

set

by midday they reached the foot of Pony fire to (the brush), burning (a strip) up the
in that (burnt trail), [u]

mountain,

He

took her up the mountain

fall

(56) Evening began to

as they

horizon)

when

they got up to

went along. (57) The sun lay on (the the summit, and Silis reached the top on all

Hupa
fours, [v]

Texts:

26
fell

247
asleep in

(58)

No

sooner did she reach the summit than she

(59)

the rock-circle (ce*-kyite'lma''c-dig) there, [w]

The

soles of her feet

were

blistered.

(60)

Then

the doctor

who was

guiding her stood some (boughs

[x]

oO

bull-

pines (k>in-tiGay) up, and built a fire with incense-root,

(61) Then,

waking
song
this,

her, seeing that the

sun had gone down, he started singing his

to her,

own

to her,

and got her up and said

"When you speak

time
(the
it

(i.e.,

sing) like

you dance!" (62) He stood beside her and danced.

he

(63) After

had

danced
(64)

for

short
it

k>ixinay) put

(a

"pain") into his mouth.

Then he took

out,

and put

right there in her

mouth. (65) Then he thrust his finger (with the pain) into his mouth again, [y] and told her all about how to do things (as a doctor).
(66)

Then she danced by

they went back

herself,

dancing

until

daybreak.

(67)

When
River

dawn came,

down

the mountain.
to the forks of

(68) In the late morning she

(yidaci-te-na-l-dii}).

came dancing back

New

(69) She danced her doctor-training dance again there.

(70)

He had

finished training her, that relative of hers

who was

a big doctor.

(71) At that point she

became a

doctor.

(72) She (and her family)

left

and returned

to

ta'^k)imit-dii).

(73) All

winter they held a Kick Dance for her in the sacred sweathouse (ta'kyiWniRya'w), where

few doctors have their Kick Dance. (74) The power (xonse*!) of the World Renewal dances (c'idilye*) goes into this sweathouse, also (the power of) the Floating Sweathouse, and for this reason doctors are
afraid of the sacred sweathouse. [z]

(75)

When

spring

came they went back

she got up,
sat

to

New

River (yidaci-nilin).

(76)

One morning

down

outside the house, and

(78)

combed

her hair.

(77) She heard a cracking noise.

When

she looked around

she saw that a madrone tree was falling on her. then something caught her and (the tree)
hip
fell

(79) She

jumped

up, but just

down on
all

top of her.

(80) Her

was immediately crushed,

(81)
It

all

down

her thighs,

down

her legs to her

feet.

turned out that they had been deviling her ("chasing her

down

to Hell")

from Redwood

Creek country (x^iytqid), dancing against her for a

whole
(82)

year, [aa]

They found her

that

morning, lying under the fallen

it.

tree,

apparently

dead, and they took her out from underneath

(83)

Then

they laid her

body on a board, tying her down with Indian rope (k^iwidis). [bbj (84) She
lay there until evening.

Then they wove a stretcher out of sticks (Ryig-xe-qay'^). [cc] They said, "We will dispose of her at Quinby Creek (Xo'^-nehs-dirj)" (86) [dd] (87) But when dawn came, the rope suddenly burst, and she jumped
(85)

248

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

up, singing her song as she rose. (88)

[ee]

They threw away

the corpse-stretcher,

Then they made a "heat bed" (xonsil-q'id) for her [ff] and prepared medicine. (90) She became well again. (91) She became a big doctor, [gg]
(89)
(92)

Such were the

difficulties that Silis

went through.

other

The k^'ixinay named her "Upstream Along the River Maiden," and names were given to her from the k^ixinay heaven to the north (dig>an-nohat-yide'^i-yidaG). (94) She used to give these names to various
(93)

people hereabouts, [hhj

(95) This
is all I

know.

[a] Silis (Sally

Lewis) was

Sam Brown's
who
got
it

great-aunt (his mother's father's sister).

She died shortly

after

1900, and the events related here happened around 1850.

directly

Sam

learned the story from his mother,

from

Silis.

woman

and spoke both Chimariko and the

it

Hupa name;

means 'ground

squirrel' in the

New River dialect New River dialect

She was a New River of Hupa. Silis is not a

(equivalent to

Hupa

ce--q'i-ya-i)'ay).

[b]

buckskin headband decorated with big woodpecker scalps sewed on.

the

It

is

usually
[c]

worn by

men

dancers

at a

Kick Dance, not by the novice doctor

the door.

herself.
in

She

sat facing the north,

away from

When someone came

that

who had who had

been eating potatoes (ymehtaw), she would cover her face, laugh, and point back to
him, saying that he had eaten potatoes.
appeared
in

She claimed
(Not
all

the k^ixinay

her dream did not like potatoes.

k^ixinay, just the ones she had

dreamed
Id]

of.)

Two

switches tied together in a two-ply rope.

She wanted them

to reach

from

the top of the wall

[e]

down
1).

to the fireplace, to her right as she

flints

was

seated.

These were some of the large ceremonial

that are carried in

the White

Deerskin Dance (text

They were owned by

different people

from

ta'^kJ'imit-dii)

and

from other villages and were loaned

flints

to Silis for her doctor dance.

The owners of

these

cannot refuse to lend them for dances or doctoring;

this is a religious duty.

[f] They were afraid that she would go the way of the legendary founder of the Jump Dance (xay-cidilye*) and waft away (see text 3). In the old days, when a person got ecstatic and did nothing but sing dream songs, and wouldn't eat, they would try to

relieve

him by doing

Jump Dance. This was supposed

that they

to please the

k^ixinay

who

had possessed the person, so

Ig]

would go away

satisfied.

The down-feathers would be

take her away.

a message from the k>ixinay that they were about to Condors (k>iya*W-minah-xole*n) are k^'ixinay birds, as are red-headed

woodpeckers (kyildik^i-kJoh).
Heaven.
Ih]

The k^ixinay had

told her that if she did everything

they wanted her to do, she would recover; otherwise they would carry her

away

to

That

is,

they took off the roof boards so they could

all

see her.

They wanted
She sang
all

to

see what she did and hear her sing, since she

was

clearly in direct contact with the

k>ixinay.

Her ways were new, "given"

to her, not

an old ceremony.

day

Hupa
and
night.

Texts:

26
(kyidorjx^e*).

249 Sam Brown's mother

(a child at the time)

[i]

She saw everything, even Indian Devils was in the crowd.

She wore one on each side of her head.

Lj]

Drawn
That

with soot, about one and a half inches long.

not practice-singing.

[k]

is,

As soon

as she put

on the regalia she began

to

sing "for real".

[I]

People are not supposed

to

handle Ryixinay things, hence they couldn't touch

these woodpecker scalps, but they looked closely at

their reality.

them

blew

at

them

to test

After lying on the deerhide long enough for people to recognize them, the

scalps disappeared.

[m] Sam's maternal grandfather, her brother.

[n]
It

seemed

to her too

much

like fooling people.

People

who have
failed,

doctor's

dreams often
didn't abstain
[o]

fail to

become

doctors.

Emma Frank's

sister tried

and

because she

from drinking water.

This appears to be a parenthetical remark.

[p]
[q]
[r]
[s]

Her family had been

living in the

Upper Salmon River country.

to train her.

He was
The
That

a Chimariko

doctor, and

was offering

A high peak in New River country where doctors trained.

village near here (ce*-na-niij''a'-dii))

was probably where

Silis

and her parents

were staying. This was as far upstream on

[t]
is,

New

River as Hupa-speaking people lived.

he blazed a

trail

through the woods.

[u]

He was

training her to "stand punishment".

She had

to

walk barefoot on

the

burnt ground
[v]

all

the

way

to the

summit.

Drinking no water, she was soon exhausted and had to crawl on her hands and

knees.

Her companion drank and was

all right.

[w] Circles of this sort, built by Indians long ago (nobody remembers when), are

found on the tops of mountains where doctors go to train for power. Pony Butte is one such "training mountain"; Ironside Peak (ce*nii]-qid) near Burnt Ranch, is another. There are also several training mountains
[x]

to the

west of Hoopa Valley.

He broke
The

off the tops of four bull pines and stood

them up

in

a circle, as a signal

to the k^ixinay.
[y]

trainer took out the pain given

it

him by
it.

the kyixinay, briefly laid

it.

it

in Silis'

mouth, then took

back again and swallowed

She couldn't keep

it

because she

hadn't yet learned the proper

[z]

way

to

handle
to

Not many doctors know how

dance

in the in
it,

sacred sweathouse (ta-knW-nikya'w)

its

at ta'^kyimit-diij.

Emma

Frank never danced

being afraid of

power. They say

it

that has several

powers (or "heats", xonse'l), the most important of which are the World Renewal Dance Power (c'idiIye*-mixonse*P) and the Floating Sweathouse Power (ta-kyiW-wila-l 'sweathouse that floats'). These reside in ta''k>imit-dir) because it used
to

be a k^ixinay village and the connection remains unbroken.

[aa]

That

is,

some Redwood Creek people had danced

a doctor-dance to "chase her

at

downhill

(to Hell)" {xodaPxone-yo-d), see text

27. These were people

citqan-dii]

('roasting-place'), the chief

Redwood Creek

village,

whom

Silis

claimed she could hear

250
in

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

her dreams, making noise and "deviling" her.

Sometimes
spirit

a doctor tries to dance a

rival

down
The

to Hell,
air.

poking him or her with the

of a doctor's condor feather

traveling through

[bb]
[cc]

usual

way of handling

a corpse. (See text 20).

stretcher used for carrying a corpse, a bier.

[dd]

A New

River village, on the west side about 17 miles up from the Trinity,
in.

where Quinby Creek comes

lived.

This

is

downstream from

the forks, where Silis' family

They destroyed it because she was not dead. do away with something symbolizing her death.
[ee]
[ff]

It

would have been bad luck not

to

That

is,

they dug a hole in the ground and

warmed

it

up with hot rocks thrown

in.

This was the Indian way of treating cuts and bruises.

rocks,

which then were covered with

proper formula.

earth,

They would put down the and more herbs on top. The patient was

placed on the bed of herbs, while steam rose from beneath.

used, each having
its

Many

different herbs were

[gg] According to
ta'n-x**a*-''a'ne',

a singing doctor

Sam Brown, Silis was both a sucking doctor (kitctaw) and a who cured madness by means of sinsig from ta*n
in her dealings

spirits.

[hh] Silis heard

sesayc'e'^, held in

new names

with the k^ixinay.

One of

these was

1927 by Mrs. George Socktish.

This

is

a k>ixinay

formerly held by

of anyone else

Hupa Indians. No one else has this name. Sam Brown who received names from the k-ixinay in this way.

did not

name not know

Hupa

Texts:

27

251

27. Silis' Vision of Hell

Narrated by

Sam Brown. Notebook

'^a'de'nehixe'^
I
'

VII, pp. 31-37.

(1)

q'ad

hayi As soon as

Ryite't'aw

seie'^ni-mii
a doctor

finished with myself,

when

became

xoda'^Wine-nyo'd^ they chased me down

hay
the (time)

c'ldatj"^
(first)

'^a-de-n? ^-darj'^

(2)

when

first

said

xoninsoh^ "Mink

(= began to sing doctor's songs).

nikyirj'^a-gyan^

your pipe

its

misic' skin, bag

'^iic'^'e-

WU-c'ide-ne'^
they had told

Unxinay
the li>ixinay

make of

it

(mink),"

me

hay
he

who

for

Wame

'^a'^de-ne^
said
it,

hayi
that

Wic'oywene'^^
helped

hayi
the (time)

told

which

me

xoda'^Winenyoh-difj
they drove

(3)

hay

Wiq'i(d)

me down.

The time

that the tree fell

Icnntehic'id ^ on me

wilwH-dirj
in the

evening

Wimile^

tehsyay
traveled.

ninis'^a-ni-me-q'
the world
-

W-c'in^-c'irj'^^

yide'^

my dream

in

on the water side

north

c'iWintehsyo'd'^
they gave chase to me.

(4)

lc>'iya-W-minah-xole-n [Condor]

mic'ile^
its

mii
with
it

feathers

nUma'^n

kyiteicod

252
(8)

XIV Northwest
h[ayahajid]
[Then]

California Linguistics

"^iWcdn
I

lcy[iwinya'^nydn]
people's

mitine'^
trails

found

'^ant'e-xolarj they evidently

were

lots

nona'^alia-d
(human
tracks) ran

Uy[iwinya'^nyd-n]
(of)

hay
that

people

iic'iW dust

cei-nehwan
red

dc
here

along to that place

xoGot'-xo

yidac

xehstatj

13

ni'^ni dirt

ce'l-nehwa-n
red;

hay-arj"^
that
is

hay
the

one's knees - up to (reaching) up - it reached (= there was dust up to one's knees),

c'indini dead people

mitine^
their road
it

"^ant'e-

(9)

h[ayaha^id\
[Then]

q'ad
as soon as

looks

like.

hay
I

midaq'id

xaysidd

"^arj-gya"^
I

dah-lcyisxarj 14
standing on top

c'iWoW
elderberry

miq'is

reached the bank running,

saw

on the
other side

bush,

me'Kta-n^^
a live oak.

(10) ia'^ay-xo
Just

niixid
(tree is)

hay
(because of)
that

smooth,

lcy[iwinya'^nyd'n] [of] people

shining, slick

miq'id on it

xodalmoW^^
swing down
it

mH
because of

"^ant'eit

(11)

looks

ia'^ay-xo At once

"^iWcd'n
I

saw

that

way.

c'indin-tah-dirj dead people's place

fcyiic'ixaya'naW

^"^

they were fighting,

kyic'ine'^-mH bones with

(instead of rocks)

c'Holwal^^
they were throwing at each other,

kyi(n)-na-ya-way
-

'9

xon'^-na'^wethey were having

nilin
the river
(I

sticks (Indian 'cards')

me'^dil-miq'ismeya-de'^e'X^o were sitting to half-canoes

the shore.

they were about, gambling.

Brush Dance,

saw),

(12)

q'a(d)

xodaWmoW^^-te-mi-i
I

Just as

was

sliding

down

(the trail to the valley of Hell),

mixa'-ya-kyeidy'^'^ I reached up for it with my hand

hay-yow meK-ta'n
that
live oak.

(13)

hayah-mii
[Then]

naWiikyid
he (Mink) caught

Weneq'i-mii

(14)

'^a-Wiic'idene'^

me

from behind.

He

told

me,

niWon-c'irjl'^]

"^arp
it

niWNdl
I'm going,'

ninsitj

'^ana'^
is it

na-ydii'^^
Let us go back!"

'"A good place

is

you
think

so?

do you suppose?
xo'^^i-c'in'^-dinarj

(15)

ia'^ay-x'^

"^a'diq'ehjiwa"^

nona'^Win[i]-lten
he put

At once

under his arm

me

there,

facing the right

nona-'^anidd
he ran back,

de-xo
this direction

yinac-yidac
upriver
-

mend^Wisten
that direction uphill

Uyita-'^aw'^^

upward

he sang.

he took

me

back.

Hup a
(16)

Texts:

27
diq'an
ridges

253
na'na'rj'^eX^^ were running

naWiwiMitei25
He was
taking

"^aht'irj-xo

'^ant'e'-mii

me

being of
all

provided with

along back

sorts

down.

(17)

t'an'^niiwe'^

Kohdit'ini-mii
sweet grass
-

diq'an
it

sita-n
lying.

Greasewood,

with

there

was a ridge

(= mountain)

(18)

Kohday'^kyoh
Tarweed
-

mii
[with]

big

[there

d[iq'an] was a
ridge]

s[ita-n]
[lying.]

(19) Xohday'^-^i
Tarweed
-

mil
[with]

little

diq'a-n
[there

sita-fi

(20)

t'an'^

nahsmac'i-mii
-

diq'an
[there

sitan
[lying].

was a

[lying].

"Leaves circular"

[with]

was a

ridge]

ridge]

(21)

Uyiwahday'^-^-mii (Weed variety) - with

[there

d[iq'an] s[itan] was a ridge lying].

(22)

Kohdan'^-te-mii
(Weed
variety)
-

[with]

d[iq'a-n]
[there

s[ita-n]
[lying].

(23)

'^aniarj-x'^-e'-xo

"^ant'e-

hay
which

Uyixinay
Uyixinay

was a

Of

all

kinds

[there were]

ridge]

yita'n
eat,

hayi-mii
with that

diq'd'u ridges

nana-fj'^e'X running down.

(24)

hayi Them
(plants)

mitah-x"^

amongst

xana'^Wisten-ey he took me up
to the

(25)

dilc'^e-gyi

mitah-x"^

Bull-pines

amongst
(ridge),

nade'^Kce'^-^ dwarf sugar

pine
(var.),

summit.

Kohq'a'^-mii bunch grass - with

diq'an
a ridge

sitan
lay.

(26)

Kohman'^-^i-mii
(Finer) bunch grass - [with]

[there

d[iq'dn] was a ridge]

s[itan]
[lying.]

(27)

hayah
There

xana'^Wiste'n
he took

(28)
it.

hayah-mH
[Then]

me up

to

c'enesid I woke up.

hay-yed
there

hayi

'^iWc'i(d)-dirj
I

(29)

where

had died.

hayi-q'i-mii Thus - because of

Wii-diniwi-t'^a'^ 27
I

have learned of

it

in

do'-xo^osday-tah-c'itj'^ where there are no (real) men

it

wa(n)-na-dya'^'^^ is gone around for,

things are done.

(30)

WeI

q'ad
[now]

iah
once

hayah
there

neyay'^^ came to it.

(31)

Iah
One

^en(i)s
(whole) day
I

"^iWc'id

-Iah

xiKe"^

qina"^
too.

was dead,

one

night

(32)

hayah-mii
Then

xoninsoh^ Mink

na'^Wiiditen
brought

(33)

hayi-q'
That
is

Waneall.

me

back.

254
Silis'

XIV Northwest
Vision of Hell
[a]

California Linguistics

(l)When I finished training and became a doctor, down (to Hell) as soon as I began singing (doctoring
what came
(3)
to

they began chasing

songs), [b]
said,

me

(2)

"Make
that is

your pipe-sack out of mink (xonin-soh-3)," the k^ixinay had

and

my

aid

when

they chased

me down,

[c]

that evening, my dreaming mind began chasing me along the ocean shoreline downstream, [d] (4) They drove me in between two rows of bent condor feathers, [e] (5) I ran in all directions, to no avail, as they speared at

When

the tree fell

on top of

me

traveled through

the world, and they

me

with the quills.

the dark of the night
[f]

I was running back toward the northeast As dawn was thinking about breaking, (I was (7) running) back down toward the southwest {yina--x''' na--yidah-c'irj), [g] and when dawn broke they had driven me downstream to the bank where the

(6) In

iyida-x'' yidac).

sun goes, [h]

(8)

Then

saw what appeared

to

be

human

trails

running to a place that

was

filled

with

human
fi]

dust, colored

red,

reaching up to one's knee

(a

place called)
trails

"Red Earth" (nin'^-ce*I-nehwa*n)

(9)

which seemed

to
I

be the

of the dead,

Then, as

ran to the top of a bank,

there, opposite a live
like this

saw an

elderberry bush
(10) (The oak)

(ciWoW) standing up was smooth, and was

oak (me*Pta*n).

because of people swinging

down on
(11)

it.

[j]
I

Then

saw them

fighting in Hell, hitting at each other with bones,

river there

all

gambling and Brush Dancing; along the

onto shore, [k]

were half-canoes pulled

was about to swing myself down (into Hell), I reached up for that live oak. (13) Then someone caught me from behind. (14) He told me, "Do you think you are going to a good place? Let's go back!"
(12) Just as
I

(15) All at once he put

me under
east,

his arm,

and turning

to the right
[1]

he ran

back, taking
(16)

me

back up to the

and he started

to sing.

[Song.]

where there were mountain ridges (17) There was a ridge with geasewood (t'an'^-niJwe'^) and sweetgrass (Xoh-dit'in). [m] (18) There was a ridge with big tar- weed (Xoh-day'^-k>'oh). (19) There was a ridge with little tar-weed (Xoh-day''-3). (fan*^(20) There was a ridge with redbud nahsma-c'). (21) There was a ridge with k>iwahday'^-3 (a medicinal plant), [n] (22) And there was a ridge with Xoh-dan'^te* (a medicinal plant), [o]
along,

running

He kept carrying me down with all sorts of

things on them.

(23) There were ridges running

down

with

all

the kinds of plants that the

k>ixinay
(24)

eat.

He

took

me up

to

where these were.

(25)

Up among

the

ponderosa

pines (dilc^e'gy) and the dwarf sugar pines (na'de'^X-ce'^-3), and up to a ridge

Hupa
with bunch grass (Xoh-qa*^).

Texts:

27
was

255
a ridge with another kind of
there.

(26) There
(27)

bunch grass (Xoh-man'^-3).

(28)

He

took

me up
I

And

then

woke
I

up, back there

where

had died.

(29) In this
are

way

learned what things happen in the place "where there

(31)1 was no men" (do'-xo'^osday-tah). [p] (30)1 was there once! dead one whole day, and one whole night also. (32) Then Mink brought me
back.
(33) That's
all.

[a]

Told by

Sam Brown

in the voice

of his great-aunt, Sally Lewis

after a tree fell

(Silis).

She

relates the vision she

had as she lay unconscious

on her

(text 26, lines

76-88).
[b]
[cl

That

is,

her enemies (rival doctors) deviled her. (See text 26, note laal.)
tell

The k-ixinay always

a doctor

how

to dress herself

what kind of feathers

to

hold, what to wear on her head, what kind of skin to use for a pipe-sack, etc.
feathers are always

The

the kixinay, along with

(Ryila-gJah,

from a condor (kyiya'W-minah-xole'n), because condors belong to yellowhammers (minc^iW-mil), and two kinds of woodpeckers

the Acorn Woodpecker, and kyiidikyi-kyoh, the Pileated Woodpecker). Most doctors had pipe-sacks made from buckskin; very few dreamed, like Silis, that the k^ixinay gave them mink (xonin-soh-3). Silis believed that it was this special pipe-

sack that saved her from being killed by her rivals' "deviling", and that

Mink

(the spirit

of the animal) was her guardian.

Id]

That
to

is,

along the shore north of the mouth of the Klamath.

The ocean was

presumed
[e]
[f]

"flow" from south to north.

The two rows of feathers formed a chute or drive.

Literally, 'in

downstream country
being chased
located, and

(i.e.,

following the ocean to the north) and

uphill'.

Silis' spirit is

in a circle

around the edge of the world, starting

clockwise direction.

in

the west,

where Hell

is

moving

in a

She

is

said to be

going "uphill" (yidac) as she moves from the northwest around to the northeast.
[g]

Literally,

'coming back from uphill

in

upstream country'.

She was running

in a

from the northeast

circle

('uphill') to the southeast, still following the

ocean that flows

around the world.

[h]

She had been chased back

it

to

where the

trail

leads

down

to Hell

where

the sun

goes when

sets arriving there from the south (upstream on the Trinity) by running
that circles the world.
to Hell, the land

"downstream" along the ocean

[i]

The

trails

leading

down

of the dead (cindin-tah 'dead people('dirt-red').

among'), go by a place called nin''-ce*l-nehwa*n

This

is

as far as a spirit

may wander
text 36.)

in a

dream or trance and hope

to

come back

again. If a person's spirit

continues past this place towards Hell, the person dies.

(For a description of Hell, see

256
[j]

XIV Northwest
To
protect themselves

California Linguistics
This live oak
Silis.
is

from the steep

trail.

is

known

to

be on the

road to Hell, and was not something

[k]

made up by

The

trail to

Hell leads

down

to a river

which

crossed in

split

canoes.

pipe-sack, who saved Silis. was Mink (xonin-soh-3), the spirit of her mink-fur not time for her to go there yet, Mink told her when she went down to Hell that it was
[1] It

and he grabbed her and took her back. were the medicines [m] These and the other plants mentioned here
doctoring.
[n] English
[o]

Silis

used in her

name name

not known.
not known.
for Hell.

English

[p]

euphemism

Hupa
28. Silis Loses
Narrated by
(1)

Texts:

28

257

and Finds Her Pipe

VII, pp. 58-60.

Sam Brown. Notebook

^ahda-din
very [excessively]

daharj^Wo'^^-datj^

long time ago

do--sa7a--dari'^ not long ago

yow-xo
over there

yide^

down
(the valley)

na?wdy
she had

silis

xoxarj'^-hii

(2)

hayah-mii
[Then]

no'^kyirjxa-n-diij
at the

Silis

with her husband.

Acorn Feast ground

been there

na-naPnindeX,
they crossed over
there.

(3)

hayah
There

hay
[the]

kyirj^a-gya-n-ne'^in'^-

xowan
from her

her pipe

tehwitjxic'

(4)

hayah-mii
[Then]

xoh
in vain

tehc'iwiliw
he (her husband) dived
into the water,

do-

na-ica-n

3
it.

dropped into
the water.

[they] didn't find

(5)

hayah-mii
Then

na'^tehsde-X
they 2 went back,

c'iwinc'^iw
she cried

silis
[Silis]

do-

Mwidya'^n^

without eating

x'^e-na-lwe-X^
she stayed over night.

(6)

hayah-mii
[Then]

c'e'^ic'iw^

Wa-ne-

(7)

she did nothing

but cry.

yiwidirj-hid At last

c'ite-c'id'^

c'iste-n

Wa-neonly

sile^n
she became.

(8)

ia"^

xay

xa'^a'^niwehst'e'^^
she was that way.

she got weak,

lying

down

All one

winter

(9)

mine-^ixomii
[After a time]

xoiicay-Ga-li-me'^^

xojiw'^-me'^
it

no-'^ondiceh^^-ciw

^^

dawn

goes along - in (= toward sun-up)

-

in

her ears one stooped down, she (= one whispered to her)

felt

(10)

'^a-xoic'ide-ne'^

Wa"I

'^arp
it

xoninsoh^
Mink.

(11)

xiXe'^-darj^
[In the

[He said to

her,]

is

morning]

ce-mit'ah
cemit'ah

c'e-ninya'^-ne'^ ^^

(12)

hayah
There

you must come out

at.

me-na-Wdimirj ^^ swim /I've swum

I

to the shore

back again."

(13)

hayai
[Then]

xiXe'^-datj'^
in the

citehsyay
she went off,
[to

sa-fcyiditj

'^aij-gya'^

morning
^^

her surprise]

[she saw]

hayah
[there]

dah-na'^widmehi
[he]

xoninsoh^
the mink (skin).

(14)

ya-na'^wifj'^a-n

hay
[the]

was floating up on top

silis
[Silis]

She picked

it

up

kyirj'^a-gya-n

misic'

'^a'^de-ne'^
[said,]

"^6+

Wikyitj'^a-gya-n?

[pipe sack]

"Oh,

my

pipe!"

258
(15)

XIV Northwest
xe'^e-wiiwa-K She dropped it

California Linguistics

hay
her

q'ay^timi-i-ne'^in

(16)

burden

basket.

na'^tehsdiyay She went back,

^^

xontah-dit]
to the

xa'na'^asdiyay
she went back up to (on the bank).
it

(17)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

na^Uyiscay"^
she dried
it

hay
[the]

house

xoninshoh^
[Mink],

hay
[the]

kyirj'^a- gya-n-ne'^in

c'e'kyindida'^ 16
it

[pipe

used

to be]

(rock part)

came

out.

(18)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

qad hay
as soon as

na-lcyiwiicay ^'^-mii it had become dry,

Icyo-na'^wiic'^tw
she hired one

jc"'a-

for her

yehna-ya'^Uyi-tda'^ ^^
they put it in back again

hay
[the]

kyirj'^a-gya-n
[pipe].

(19) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

na'-xoxinay"^
she recovered

^^

5/7/5'

(20)

hayi-q'i-mii
In that

We'
I

xowa(n)-noWt'ah-ne'^in
I

silis
[Silis.]

[Silis.]

way

because of

used to believe in her

(21)

q'ad [Now]

hayi-q
[that, thus]

Wane[only]

'^oWc'id
[I

We[I.]

know]

Silis
(1)

Loses and Finds Her Pipe

long time ago, but not too long ago,

(2)

Silis [a]

and her husband were

staying at a place downstream.

the

One day

they crossed over the river near

Acorn Feast ground (no'^kyigxa*n-diij). (3) Her pipe fell into the water there. (4) Her husband dived into the water without success; they didn't find
it.

(5) (6)

They returned home and

(8)

Silis cried,

spending the night without eating.

From

then on she did nothing but cry. (7) Finally she grew

weak and

became bedridden.
(9)

She stayed

like that all winter.

rise,

Then one day,

just as the
in)

sun was about to

(10)

she heard
is
I,

someone
Mink,
[b]
(ce*-

stooping to (whisper
(11) This

her ear.

He

said to her, "It

mit'ah). [c]

morning you must go down to the mouth of Hostler Creek (12) That's where I have swum back to shore."

(13) She went there that morning,

(sack) floating on the water.

and right away she saw her Mink

(16) She went back

(14) Silis picked up her pipe sack and said,

"Oh,

my

pipe!" (15) She threw off her burden-basket.

to her house.

up the bank

(17) She dried the

out.

mink (sack) (and found

as
it

that) the pipe-stone

had fallen

(18)

As soon
Silis

had dried, she hired someone

to replace the pipe-

stone, [d]

(19)

Then

recovered.
of) Silis.

(20) Because of these things,

believed in (the

doctoring powers

Hupa
(21) That's
[a] Sally
all I

Texts:

28

259

know about

this.

Lewis. See text 26

spirit associated

[b]

xonin-soh-3 ('mink') was the animal

with

Silis'

mink-fur pipe

sack (see Goddard 1903: plate 17, figure

1).

She

attributed

doctor to this bag, which the k'ixinay had directed her to

texts

26 and

27).

She always spoke about her pipe sack

much of her power as a make out of mink hide (see as though it were a human

being, a live Mink.

[cl

The
up

site

of one of the dancegrounds for the White Deerskin Dance.

[d] Pipes (k>'ir)''a*g>a*n) that are used in doctoring are

much

longer than ordinary

pipes,

to a foot, while ordinary pipes are usually

usually straight and

plate 17, figure 6).

made of highly
They
flare at

polished manzanita or

one end and a stone

The stems are yew (Goddard 1903: 36-37; bowl, made from serpentine or
to 5 inches.

sandstone (Goddard 1903: plate 17, figure

5), is fitted in.

This

is

the part that

fell

out

and

that Silis

had

to

have replaced.

260

XIV Northwest
29.
Narrated by

California Linguistics

The Kick Dance

VIII, pp. 13-22.

Sam Brown. Notebook

c'e'^i-ttal'^

(1)

yima-n

'^e'^iliw

^-mii

(2) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay

ya'^deMc'e'-ditj

When

spring comes.

one kicks, has Kick Dance.

the place where they (doctor's family) stay

me'^de'^ilwaW ^
they talk about
it.

(3)

'^aya'^de'^inP

"^isdo"^

[They say],

"I

wish

nayaUyida'^ah'^ we sing."

(4)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^aya'^de'^ine'^

yisxande"^

nayalcyiwida'^ah-te'

[they all say,]

"Tomorrow

we

all shall

sing."

(5)

haya-i
[Then]

ta-hiW-me"^
[sweathouse
-

de'^de'^iliW

in]

he puts

it

taysc'ej'^ sweat-house

yice'^n-wa'^ahi^-dirj
late in the afternoon,

into the fire

wood

toward evening.

(6)

hayah-miiiah
[Then]

no'^olid
it

(1) hayah-mii
[Then]

q'ad
as soon as

^e'Hlwil-mii
[it

ta'kyiW
[sweathouse]

once

burns.

gets dark]

yehc'eVndil
they go into
it.

(8)

hlayaha^id]
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

yehc'e'^ind-W she comes in

hay
the

Uyite't'dw
doctor.

(9)

haya-i
[Then]

tniq'i(d)-dah-c'e'^iwiW^ she smokes.

(10)

haya-i
[Then]

me'^kyeVitiw
he sings.

iiwarj one person

(not doctor)

mii-no-'^ondil
"they
with it" (= men's heavy song).
sit

(11)

haya-i
[Then]

^aht'itj
all

down

after

xoq'eh him

Ryita'^a'^aw
they sing,

(12)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

ta-q'i-di(n)

me'^Rye'^iitiw-mii

xowah-na'^Uyita'^aw
"alongside him - he sings" (= one sings a light song).

when

they have sung 3 times

(same song)

(13)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

'^ina^adce^ gets up

hay
[the]

Uyite'faw
[doctor.]

(14) h[ayaha^id] q'ad From then on

na'^aito'^n
[she] jump-dances.

(15) h[ayaha^id] Then

daniaijWo'^-dirj
.several

times

when

me'^Rye'^iitiw-mii they have sung,

yina'^a'^dW'^
it

hay
[the]

sinsiij

hayi
that (pain)

xosay'^a'^aW
it

{kHxinay)

"pain";

puts

it

into

brings to [her]

[her]

mouth.

Hupa

Texts:

29

261

(16)

hay xoc'irf nay^a7a? ^-mii When it carries the (pain) to her

(before swallowing),

'^ina^adce'^
gets up

hay
the

na'^xoite'^^

one

who

takes care

of her.

x"'ene'q'i-mH from behind her

c'ixo-'^ota'^n

mii-xowiloy'^
belt

c'o'^ota'^n

(17)

hlayaha^id]
[Then]

he holds her.

he holds

it.

xosay'^a'^a Wi-m U

na'^xode'^ic'^id lo

(18)

c'e-na'^a'^aWi-mii

kyiye[again]

[when

it

puts

it

(pain)

he

lets

her go.

When

she takes

into her mouth].

out the (pain)

hay
[the]

Ryite-faw
[doctor]

'^inana'^adGe'^-mii gets up - when.

nana'^aito'^n
again she dances.

hay
[the]

sinsirj

["pain"]

na'te'^ida-W it goes back home.

(19)

hayaha^id
[Then]

no'^o'^aW
she stops singing.

(20)

Uyiye-

na'iiwarj
another person

Again

miykye'^iitiw
it

^^

(21)

ye'^Uxa'^

xa'^ayaYirj-x''
they doing so.

(22)

yisxande"^
[The next day]

Uyiye[again]

(person) sings.

Day comes
Uyiye[again]

"^aht'in
all

c'ine'^ina-W

yeVixa'^
[day comes]

ya-'^aitai-x''

(23)

yiwidinde"^
[Finally]

(people)

they kicking.

c''ola'^-difj
[five times]

ye'^iixa'^-ey
[days pass]

xa-'^a-ya^t'irj-x''

(24)

c'''ola'^-di(tj)

[they doing so].

[Five times]

ye'^Hxa'^-mH [when day comes]

xiKe'^-darj'^
[in the

Uye'^icid

iiwan
[one]

camehsKon
[woman].

morning]

she pounds (acorns)

(25)

xoiicayi-Ga-li-me'^

hay
that

Uye'^icid
[she

hay
that

'^arf
it

hay-mH
with which

When

the first

dawn

pounds

is

comes,

(time)

(acorns)].

nd^Uyirjxa'Yi
feast
[it

nantan?

^^-te'

(26)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

will lie there again]

Uye'^Hxiw-mH when she's finished.

(= they'll have a feast).

Uyita'^aicid
she soaks
(the acorns).

(27)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]
[

q'ad now]

'^aht'in-dirj

'^o'lc'id ^^
it

everywhere

has

is known, become known

hay

daydi-diij
on which

^enis
day

no'^Uyiijxd-n
[feast]

na-ntan'^-te[they'll

(28)

hay dandi
Whoever

have

it].

me'^dedin
wants
(to

'4

"^aht'in
all

c'ine^inaW
they come.

come)

262
(29)

XIV Northwest
h[ayaha3id]
[Then]
[

California Linguistics

q'ad now]

^eVkyow-mii
when
it's full

q'ad
just then,

hay-yo-w
those

camehsKon
women

'5

daylight

Uye-ya-'^alndy cook.

(30)

x''eya-lc>'e'^it'e'^

When

they have

it

^^-mii cooked,

h[ayahajid]
[then]

hay-yo-w
[that]

U>ite't'dw
[doctor]

xo'^a-na'^de'^iliw ^^

(31)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

she fixes herself up, puts on her doctor's outfit.

Uyiciwan"^ -Kohi buckskin headband

'^a-diq'i(d)-no-na'^aliW on herself she lays it again.

(32)

hiayahajid]
[Then]

'^a-dinirj'^

[her face]

q'ay'^nehs with longish lines

na^ai&'e'^
she makes
it

(33)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

on.

xokya-fj'^ay-tah on her arms

q'ay'^nehs
[with longish
lines]

na'^aic'^e'^

[she

makes
it.]

on

(34)

yehna-lce-d
Feathers stuck
into

yehna'^tiPe'X ^^ she puts them in

straight up,

hi^id
[and]

da'^ni-q'ad
a while before

hay-yow
those

headband

(she does that)

camehsKon
women

ce-

dahya'^a'^aW
they put on top (of fire) (=get ready to cook acorns).

(35) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay-yo'w
[that]

rocks

Uyite-t'aw
[doctor]

na'^Uy'ita^a'^aw

(36)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

again starts singing.

q'a(d) [ now]

hay-yo-w
[those]

camehsKon
[women]

ta-ya'^kye'^imiH^ they cook acorns (near dancing doctor).

(37) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

na'^aito'^n

hay-yo-w
[that]

dances

Ryite-faw
[doctor].

(38) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

'^a-ya'^de'^ine'^

xinay'^^

yehya-J<.yidiltai'2-\
let us go in stamp-dancing."

the

(women)

say,

"Chums,

(39)

hayah-mii
Then

q'ad

ni'^nse'^indil'^^

hay
[the]

camehsKon
[women].

they dance up and

down

(40)

hayai
[Then]

hay-yo-w
[that]

Uy'ite-t'dw

xosay'^a'^aW
[they put (pain)
into her mouth].

(41)

hayah-mii
[Then]

[doctor]

hayah
[there]

mexandirj
close to
it

xo'^osday
the

xo'^a'^de'^iliw

men

they fix themselves up,

mida'^-mii-ne-lno'^ bandoliers

(the dance)

xowa'^tiliW
he distributes them to them.

xoq'i(d)-dahlcyis'^a-n
caps,

Uyiqeh-nadiwal
wolf-tail headbands,

Hup a
(42)

Texts:

29
me-lah some

263
te-lma-si-wilc'^e-n

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

hayi-me'^
that dressed in

yehUye'^iital
they enter

buckskin headbands

stamping;

xoq'id on them

ya-'^aPa?'^^
it

(43)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

Hwa(fj)
[one man]

severally

lies.

me'^R>e'^iitiw-mii [when he has sung]

yehc'e'^ina-W'^'^
[they

come

in]

[three

ta-qin me-wnasitd-n xoq'id '^e'^iPa^'^^ men] with rolls lying on their heads.

(44) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

yehc'e'^ina-W
[they

yehJi^e'^Htdl
(and) they dance.

me'^

na^aito'^n

(45)

xona-d
Around her

come

in]

inside the (circle of

men) she jumps up and down.

nPnse'^indil they dance

hay-yo'w
[those]

xo^osday
[men].

(46)

nd^\^a'aWili'^^-mi\

When

they are ending

the (song),

nd^RyitiwoParl
she sings along (after they've stopped)

hay
[the]

Icyite-t'aw

xorj^'^

xoWine'^
song.

(47)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

[doctor]

her

own

Uyiye[again]

qad
[now]

c'o-na'niwic'^il'^^

hay-yo-w
those (men)

nPnsindil
that dance.

they sing in howling fashion

(48)

hayah-mH
[Then]

qad
[now]

sa^afor a

nPnse^indil-mH
when
they have

h[ayaha^id]
then

xoiijP
fire

long time

danced,
x'^a'-na'^aye^n 29
stands for her
(in front)

mina-d
around
it

na'^xote'^iwiW
they pack her along, around back to starting point

hay
[the]

Uyite't'aw
[doctor],

xo^osday a man

hayi

xocantac

dah-Uye'^iliW'^^
she puts her hands up

hay
[the]

fcyite't'aw
[doctor].

(49)

on whose shoulders

Uwatj One person

^'^

hay
the

na'^xo-tte' ^^

x''e-ne'q'i-mii

mii xowiloy'^-mii
with the belt

c'ixo-'^ota'^n

one

who

looks after her

from behind her

holds on to her.

(50)

c'^oW-diij
Five times

ie-na'^x'^e'^iitiW

xo(tjp
the fire

minad
around
it.

(51)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

they take her

around
tahc'e'^ina-Wi ^^-mii
na'^ne'^itiW
she
lies

hay-yo'w
[that]

Uyite't'aw
[doctor],

naxokye'^iwa'^n^'^
she sleeps again.

when

they quit

down

dancing.

again

(52)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

na'^de'^ilc'^a^n^^
they eat
in

hay-yo-w
those

nPnsindil
dancers.

company

264
(53)

XIV Northwest
h[ayaha^id]
[Then]
'^aht'irj

California Linguistics

U>'e'^iya7n
eat

hay
the ones

na'way
going around
there

minia-n-e'
all

all

of them.

(54.)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

'^ina'^adce'^
gets

hay
[the]

Uyite-t'aw
[doctor]

na'^ame'^
she bathes,

hi^id
[and]

up

namiqeh
last

kye'^iya'^n

(55)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

ia'^a-diij

k>i(ij)

na-na-'^aya'^^^

of

all

she eats.

sometimes
"^aht'iirj)
[all]

they play "stick.

(56)

h[ayaha^id]
Then
[as

q'ad
as]

'^eWwil-mii
[it

na'^te'^ida-W

soon

gets dark],

go back home

q'a(d) [now]

do-c'o'^ola'^n 37
they quit.

(57)

mitis

Wiwin^eye'^ 38
it -

hay
that

c'''ola'^-di(ij}
fifth

Over

my mind
I

reached

day

(=

forgot),

yeVixa"^ day

xiXe'^-daij'^
in the

nahxi
two

knn-iiGay
"white sticks"

morning

dah-lcye'^icod one sticks them up

(on wall).

dilc'"e-gy

bull-pine

miwinaaround
it

xoda'UHwisow
its

hay

xontah-me'^
house

hay
the

noUyirfxam
feasting

been scratched down

in that

(circles scraped off around).

na-ta'^n^^-diij

(58)

hay
The

lc>ixinay
kyixinay

where

it

lay,

'^ayxoide^ine^ ^o always tell her

hay
the

Uyite-t'aw
doctor,

took place.

hayi-q'
"In that

Meh^^
you do!"

(59)

hayi
They
to

mi^in
it

hay-dethis

'^awiniw
doing, dance.

belong

way

The Kick Dance

(1)

When
it

spring comes, they have the Kick

at the

Dance

(cittal). [a]

(2)

talk about

place where (the novice doctor's family) lives.

all

(3)

They They

say, "I

wish we would

sing again!"

(4)

And

then they say,

"We
fire

will all

sing again tomorrow."

(5)

Then someone
it

puts sweathouse
is

wood
fire

(ta*ysc'e*y'^)

on the

in the

sweathouse as the sun soon as

(8)

setting.

(6)

The
in.

bums down

once.

(7)

Then, as

gets dark, they

go

into the sweathouse.

(9)

At

this point the

doctor comes
sings
a

She smokes tobacco.

song
(mit-no*'^ondiI).
[b]

(10)

Then

one

person

"heavy"

(11) Everyone picks up the song after him.

(12)

When

they have sung the

song three times, someone else sings a "light" song (xowah-na'^kyita'^aw).

[c]

(13)

Then

the doctor gets up.

(14)

From

then on she jump-dances, [d]

a

(15) After (the dancers) have sung several times, (the kyixinay) bring

"pain"

(sinsir)),

which they put

into (the doctor's)

mouth. (16)

When

(the

Hupa

Texts:

29

265

Ryixinay) carry (the "pain") to her, the person

who

looks after her [e] gets

up and holds on
(17)

When

(the

from behind, holding onto her belt (mR-xowiloy'^). k^ixinay) put the "pain" into her mouth, he lets go of her. [f]
to her

(18) After the doctor has taken the "pain" back out, and has again gotten

up

to dance, the "pain"

goes back to

its

home,

[g]

(19)

Then they end

the

song.
(21)

(20) Another person begins to sing.

dawn. (22) The next day everyone reassembles and again they kick-dance until dawn. (23) In the end, five days pass with them doing this.

They do

this until

(24) (25)

On

the

morning

of the
is

fifth

day,

one

woman pounds

acorns.
that

The time

for doing this

the first light of

dawn; these are acorns

they will have a feast (no'^kyigxa'n) with.

(26)

When
has

she has finished (pounding),

she leaches the flour.

(27)

By

now

it

become known everywhere on what day

the feast will be held.

(28) Everyone

who wants
the

to,

comes, [h]
full daylight, the
all

(29) Then, just as soon as

it is

women

all

begin preparing
herself

food.

(30)

When

food

is

ready,

the

doctor

dresses

up.

on her doctor's headband (kJ'iciwan'^-Xoht). [i] (32) She on her face. (33) She makes long lines on her arms as well. (34) She sticks feathers in her headband (yehna*lGe*d) [j] and by this time the women have put rocks on the fire (to heat for cooking).
(31) She
puts

makes long

lines (q'ay'^-nehs)

(35)

Then

the doctor starts singing again.

[k]

(36) Then,

at that point,

the

the

women all stir the mush, women say, "O.K., girls! (39) Then the women dance
"pain" in the doctor's mouth.
(41) Then, close by, the

(37) Then the doctor dances. Let's go in and dance!"

in place.
[1]

(38) At

this point

(40)

Then

(the k^ixinay)

put a

men

dress themselves up;

someone hands out

sashes (mida'^-mit-ne'lno'^), [m] caps (xoq'id-dahkyis'^a*n), [n] and wolf-tail

headdresses (kyiqeh-na*diwal). (42) Dressed in these things, they

dancing,

come

in

some of them
after

in

buckskin headbands (te'lma*s-wilc*^e*n).

one person has sung, three men come in with "rolls" come in and dance, and (the (me*wi-na*sita*n) on. [o] (44) They
(43) Then,

doctor)

jumps up and down

around her.

inside (the circle of dancers).

(45)

The men

dance
(46)

in place

song.

Whenever they come to the end of a song, the doctor (47) Then the dancers sing in a howling fashion, [p]
the fire, a

sings her

own
the

(48) Then, after dancing for a long time, they "carry" the doctor

all

way around

man

standing ahead of her on

after

lays her hands, [q]

(49)

The one who looks

whose shoulders doctor her holds on to her from

behind by her

belt.

266
(50)

XIV Northwest
They take her around
lies

California Linguistics

the fire five times.

to sleep.

(51) Then, after they quit

dancing, the doctor

(52)

down and goes

Then the dancers eat together. (53) All eat, everybody (54) Then the doctor gets up, bathes, and is the last one to eat
.

that

is

there.

(55)

Sometimes they gamble.

forgot something!

(56)

As soon

as

it

gets dark,

everybody

leaves and they are finished, [r]

(57)
I

On

the fifth day, in the

morning they put up two

(58)

"white sticks" (kyin-licay)

ponderosa
how
to

pine (boughs) that have been peeled

feast takes place, [s]

down

in a spiral

tell

inside the house the doctor

where the

The

k^ixinay always

do

things.

(59) These are the ways of

doing things that are appropriate for (the Kick Dance).

[a]

The Kick Dance

(c'iUal)

was held

for a

new

Indian doctor (Kyitct'aw) at the

conclusion of a long, strenuous period of training, serving to publicly confirm ("cook")

her control over the "pains" (sinsir)) that cause sickness.
It

was

also danced for an

established doctor, to renew and expand her shamanistic powers.

literature

The ethnographic
is brief,

on the Kick Dance

is

is thin,

although

it

was performed

regularly as late as the

1920s (see text 30, line 50). Goddard's information of the dance (1903: 65-66)

and the Yurok data

not

much

greater (Kroeber 1925: 64-65; Spott and Kroeber 1942:

160-162; Keeling 1992: 72-73). Keeling's discussion of Kick Dance songs (1992: 1141

16)

is

typically insightful, but also not extensive.

The

description of the Kick Dance

reflects his

that

Sam Brown
The
first

provides here

is

by

far the

most complete on record and

deep

interest in this

ceremony

(see text 30).

lb]
[c]

("heavy") type of Kick Dance song, sung slowly.

("light") type of

The second

Kick Dance song, sung

to a faster beat than

"heavy" song but otherwise the same.

tdl

The doctor

rests during the initial

"heavy" songs, but gets up and dances when

they begin singing the "light" songs.

[e] Literally, 'the

one who

carries her around'.

Throughout the dance the doctor

behaves as
[{]

if

she

is

weak and can hardly stand

hand and extending her
(xonse'l) of the
to

up.

When

the doctor dances, she

feathers in her right

jumps up and down, holding a bunch of condor left hand, palm upward, until she becomes
her.

so

weak

that her "holder" grabs her

and seats

He

lifts

her up again and she resumes

into her she

dancing.

When
in a

the

power

knxinay comes

becomes

frenzied,

and three or four people are needed and once

of the k^'ixinay.

hold her.

She sees the power

as a bright light,

while catches sight of the yellowhammer feathers worn on the headdresses

As she dances

herself into a frenzy, she sees the k^ixinay passing a

"pain" (sinsig) from one to another.

flops

When

they finally throw this "pain" to her, she

on the
That

floor.
is,

[gl

she sends

it

back

to the k^ixinay.
final,

[h]

This feast takes place on the sixth, and

repeated several times, especially

day of the Kick Dance cycle (which

is

may be

when

a novice doctor

being "cooked").

It

is

held in the family's living house, not in a sweathouse as on the previous five nights.

Hupa
The
doctor,
is

Texts:

29
is

267
now
permitted to
eat.

who

has been fasting during the ceremony,

in the

The

feast itself
[i]

preceded by a "feast dance"

morning and early afternoon.

A buckskin
Two
cooks

headband with yellowhammer feathers attached.

in their

[j]

Doctors wear two feathers

stir

headbands, one on each side.

[k]

the acorn mush, close to the dancing doctor.

The steam from

the
are

mush goes up
[I]

as an offering to the kyixinay. (If

is

no acorns

are

cooked the k^ixinay

not satisfied, but there

no penalty for the doctor.)

That

is,

they dance up and

down on one

spot, rather than

move

about.

A ceremonial sash, with woodpecker scalps and beaks sewn on. [n] A cap of bunched-up tail feathers. [o] A ceremonial headdress usually worn in the Jump Dance.
[m]
[p] Literally,

'they reach back for

fashion, at the top of their voices.

They sing particular words in a howling it'. The doctor stops her song as soon as they start. The

words

are:

w-c'ifj"^

Winitj'^ tehwirj'^ay ('at the river

my

face sticks

into

the

water').

Women
way
as

also sing in these circle dances, circling around the doctor and singing the

same
(a

do the men. Another song is: ce-wandirj yide-"^ ('downstream from cewan-dirj mountain up from diys-ta-ij''a*-dii])'). The burden is yo+ - e - yo+.
[q]

They do
in

not actually carry her.

She has her hands resting over the shoulders of

the

man

front of her, holding a condor feather in the right hand.

The man or woman

behind her holds her by

fire.

the feet.

She hops

to the right, counterclockwise around the

[r]

If the

dance

is

to

continue for another cycle, the doctor goes back to the

sweathouse, and dances through the night. After five such nights, another feast ensues.
[s]

Two

"white sticks" are needed when the dance

in

is

for an

already established
sticks,

doctor.

For a novice

training, however, they have to have five such

one

at

each of the five comers of the house.

268
30.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

How I Became Fond

of Kick Dancing
II,

Narrated by

Sam Brown. Notebook

c'i-ttai '^-dirj

pp. 40-50.

(1 )

simiWciy"^ -darj'^ When I was small

'

where kick-dancing
takes place

na'^a WWa'^-ne'^in I used to go about

dobefore

'^oWcid-daf
I

(2)

mine-^ixomH
From
in the

understood

it.

we'syo"^ I began
to like

hay
the

Wirj

song (type)

middle, finally

it

'^0-ylc'idi'^-mH

(3)

hayah-mii
Then

na-RyiVPaw
that
I

siWn^
it

(4)

hayaha^id
[Then]

when I got to know it.

'^aynese'^n^
I

sang

began
to be.

thought,

["Let

me'UnWteh'^ me sing it!"]

(5)

hayaha^id
[Then]

me-kyeyitiw
I

c'idarj'^

sang

it

for the first time.

(6)

c'idarj'^

me-Uyeyitiw
time
I

c'e-Vndicot'-difj
at c'e'^indicot'-dir)

mit'ah
above
it,

hayahajid
[then]

For the

first

sang

jco'^j

we'syo'^-ey
I

(7)
-

hayaha^id
[Then]
I

naWa
go around

really

got to like

it

wehst'e"^^ always
it

c'iitai-diij

then, in fact.

was

where they kick dance.

(8)

ia'^a-ditj

me-Jcye'^iWtiw
I

Sometimes

sing

it

ia'^a-tah one or

ia'^a-din

nahx
two (songs).
WH-diniwii'^a'^^
it,

sometimes
doI

mii-no'^ondil
"heavy" song

"^e-tp

xoh
in

me-Ryeitiw
I

on the other hand

sang it (tried but did not succeed)

vain

did not understand

know how

to

do

it.

(9)

hayah-mii
[Then]

donot
-

Ryiyeagain,
I

me-na'lcye'itiw sang the ("heavy"

kick songs)

hay
the

xowah

na'^Ryita'^aw

"light" kick songs

anymore

Waneonly

me-UyiWtiw
I

sile'^n
it

(10)

na-kye'^iW^aw
I

diq'a-n

sang

became.

always sing

mountain
ridge

them

mese'^iWWa-W-id
when
I

(11)
I

'^e'^iWyo'^

hay
the

ninis'^d-n

nanc'itj

start

up

it.

always

like

mountain

peaks

ne-'^ino'^ ^^-e-y

(12)

'^ayne'^iWse'^n
I

"^isdo"^

hayah
there

xaseyaI

hay
the ones

which stand up
in

always think,

"I

wish

my

view.

might go up

"^e^iWcis

yidaGe--q'i-c'iij'^

yinac
[east]

'

nanc'irj

ne-'^ino'^-ey
(that) stand there."

which I always see

towards the

peaks

Hupa
(13) haya'i Then

Texts:

30
te'se-ydy I went off

269
yidaGi-nilin

nacefirst,

xonsehi-darj'^
last

before

(= the

summer before summer before last).

New

River,

yima'rfdil
white

^'^

mafor

kyiWna-miij
that
I

hay
the ones

man

him so

might cook

diq'an tint ya-'^aime'^n ^^ mountain road who were building.

(14)

hayah
There

we'da"^
I

^'^

stayed

daniar)Wo'^-di(rj) yisxa-ni-mi-i ^^ several times when it got day

(= several days)

(15)

Wiwarj To me

c'ininydy
he came

yima-nPdil
a white man,

hayah
there

iolc'i(d) ^^
get to

yanohc'isc'^'e'^n J7
other

know each

they

made

us.

(16)

hayahajid
[Then]

xo'de'ixid ^^ I asked him

tini-warj^^
road
-

hay
the

Kohq'a'^kyd-wq'i(d)-c'itj'^

for

Pony Butte

toward

nirj'^ay

(17)

hayahajid
Then

Wii-c'ixowiligy 20
to

(18)

hayah-mii
[Then]

which extends.
'^a'xoide-ne^ I said to him,

me

he told

it.

"I

me'diWdin-a-rj'^ want (to go there),

I

hayah
there

xasiWa'W
that
I

go up
form)

sandeh-de"^ coming Sunday."

crave

it

(rel.

(19)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^a'WUc'ide-ne'^

he said to me,

nii te'se'ya-te' "With you I'll go;

WoI

"^oWc'id

know

hay
the

tin
road."

(20)

sa'^a

For a long
time

me'soyse'^n'^^ had been wanting it (to do), to go there;

hayah
there

'^aWsc^e'^n 22
she trained herself (for doctor)

Wimaiyo'^'^^-ne'^in

hayi
that

man
is

hay
that

my

friend (= relative)
-

why

me'de-yde'^n'^^ I wanted it

hayah
there

xasiWaW
that
I

should

used to be

go up.

(21)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

minyay'^^-mU te'sedeX'^^ nandil-wint'e--qi(d)-mi-f when the time we (2) from Mary Blaine Mountain
came
went off

^iijkyo'w-mU
in the

xa'se'de'X-ey
it

(22)

ci(d)
First

kyiwidiya'^n

ta'^na-n-dirj
at the

forenoon (between 10-1)

is

when we
up
there.

got

we

ate lunch

water, spring.

de'-c'in'^-c'irj'^

hay
the

ce-Kyitelmac'-dirf
rocks
-

(23)

on

this side

of

piled in a circle

place.

"^ayd^de^ine^ They always say

Icyiwinya'^n-ydn
Indians,

do-

c'^in-c'o-wilehi 27
bothers,

ce'-kyiteimac'
the rocks piled
in a circle

"One never

should not bother

ta'^dind'n one who has been drinking water.

the

na'^e'^iya'^ 28
it

man
lest."

always rains

270
(24)

XIV Northwest
hayah-mii
[Then]

California Linguistics

qad

hayi
I

"^oWc'id

doI

me'deyde'^n
did not want

me^
into
it

now
ce--lc>ite-lma'c'

know

(that)

ye'^iWWa'W hay
that
I

(25)

hayi-heh
Nevertheless, yet

hay
the

yima-ndW^^
white

go

in

the

rock circle.

man
me"^
in
it

'^aWiRc'ide-ne'^ he said to me:

'^aniRyiWleh 30 "Let me mark

(= take a picture of) you

hayah
there."

(26)

hayah-mii
[Then]

yehwe-ydy
I

hijid

went inside

when

'^axoide-ne'^ I told him,

nanya-te"It will rain

doijq'a"^

n//w//3i
night
falls.

before
^'^

(27)

U>iwinya'^niyd-n
Indians

ma'^a-w[/]/7/w'^32 their ways of doing

wan-noWt'aw
I

hay-di'
in spite

believe

it.

of

this

'^ahWdiyaw
which
I

(28)

hayah-mii
[Then]

Wiwan-io"^

-c'isc'^e'^n 34
at

did."

he laughed

me.

(29)

ninis'^a-ni-me-q'

do-xolen
there

35

"^ah

(30)

xat'a
While
still

hayah
(we were)
there

The world - inside it (= As far as one can see)

dehsdilc'e- 36
"^idilca-n 37

was none

cloud.

"^ah

de-xo
this

we were

staying,

we

perceived

cloud;

way

yinaoi-yidah-c'itj 38 from the east (towards us)

tehsxen 39-^7
(it)

(31)
clouds.

hayaha^id
[Then]

Wisa'nyay 40
it

M//
a song.

they started floating

came into my mouth

(32)

mede-yde'^n
I

na-Wda-W^^
quickly, in a hurry
to

hayi
(to) the

se-da--dirj

wanted

go back

where

stay

home
(34)
dorjq'a"^

(camping).

(33)

na-tesedeX^^

We

(2) started back,

na-ne'de-K-ey we (2) got back then.

"^ilwil

Before

night came.

ce'^eh-ji-din
for a
little

na'de' widilc'e'^-mii
after

na-nyay
it

(35)

hayaha^id
[Just]

q'ad

while

stayed there again.

we

started

then

to rain.

na-na-Rya-'^aw ^-e-y
I

hay
the

Wirj

Wisanyay
which had come into my mouth.

(36)

hayah-mii
[Then]

started to sing (again).

song

hayi

m ikya -c'irf 45

ce'eh-'^i-dif]
shortly, for a
little

yade'widilc'e'^-mii

yinaci
up country

from

that time,

when we

after that trip

while

had stayed there (camping)

(all)

ya'tese-deX we went off

(37)

na-lcye'^iW^aw I always sing

hay

na'^aWWa'^
I

whenever

travel.

Hupa
(38)

Texts:

30

271
(39) Wikyiwitja^ni'^'^-mii

wilwe'K do'-wehide^n'^^

ne'se'te-n
I

One
IcyinaWlai
I

evening

got lonesome,

lay

down.

When
(40)

went

to sleep

Wimaiyo'^-ne'^in

xonayaseidi 48
dreamed about them (2 sisters).
I

hayah-mii
[Then]

dreamed.

my
to

relation(s)

be (=

who used who are now dead)

'^ina'sdice'^
I

in the

xiKe^-darp morning
doNot

donot

niWorj-x"*
well
I

7a-MV-49
was
feeling.

got up.

(41)

Jcyeya'^ni^o
I

xiKe'^-datj^
in the

(42)

^irjkyo-w-mii
Nearly noon
-

hi^id
that time

ate

morning.

when

Uye-yaPn-e-y
late.

(43) hayaha^id Wina-lte'^e^^^ me-neh-lxe'^^^-mii when I finished it [Then] my work (44)

me-se-yay^^
I

went up the

(hill)

diq'a-n
ridge.

hay
That

nancin
peak
c'iital-'Wirp

dime-n
sharp

nada^ay-q'id
standing up

on

xa-se-yay went upon it.

hijid
that time

na-Rya-'^aw
I

(45)

'^adinist'e'^

xoniW^^
conscious, aware of things

sang

kick-song.

My own

body

sehic'^e'^n
I

(46)

hayaha^id
[Then]

niWdrj-x'^
well

'^a'na-niwe-se-t'e'^ 55_^-y
I

made

it.

became

[so] again then.

(47)

hay ah
There

Uyiye-

again

na--ia'^a another

Wirj

Wisa-nyay
came into my mind
c'iitat-dirj
at

hayi
that

na-kya-'^aw
I

song

sang,

which

(48)

'^aynese'^n
I

de["]This

xay
winter

me'Uyeyiteh
I

^^-te-

thought,

Kick Dance

will sing.["]

(49)

hayah-mii
[Then]

na-ce-

xay-darj'^
last

do--heh
not at
all

me-Uye-yltiw
I

hay-de-d
this

winter before

sang,

yima'n-silin? 57
spring

-diij

hi^id

tahse-nc'e'^

when

Emma Frank

xoi c'tsta'^X-dirj ^^ when they had a

Kick Dance for
her.

hi^id
[and]

me-Uye-yhiw-e-y
then
I

hay
the

Wirj

yed
yonder

Wisa-nyay
which had come
into

sang

song

my

mouth.

(50)

do1

minahWld-l
it

never dreamt of

c'ihal Wiij'^ Kick song.

UyinaMdarj

Wirj"^

Wa-neonly
xa'^ant'e-

Flower-dance song
ia-ni

mina-'^aWlal
I

(51)

dahde'^iWyo'^ ^^
1

hayi
that
(sort)

minase-lal
I

always dream
of
it.

like

it

better,

many

have dreamt
of them

of that
sort.

topmost,
hayi-q'i That is

(52)

Wa-neall,

ni-f-x'^'e-ligy^^

(53)

q'ad
Finished.

only

I've told you.

272

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

How I Became Fond of Kick Dancing

(1)1 used to go to Kick Dances

when

was
(4)

small, before

I
I

dance was about).

them.

(2) Later,
I

began

to like the
I

songs when thought

time.
I

knew (what the came to know

try

(3) Eventually

became
(5)
I

a singer.

would
(6)
I

singing

(Kick Dance songs).

the first time
really
(7)

sang one for the

first

sang one for

I

on the

flat

above cV^indacot'-dig

[a]

and

that's

when

became

fond of them.
I

started to

go

to

Kick Dances regularly.

I

(8)

Sometimes

would sing
I

one song, sometimes two; but

(mR-no*'^ondil), [b] because
I

failed in

my

attempts to sing "heavy" songs

(9) After a while

didn't have the knack.

didn't try to sing "heavy" songs anymore,

"light" songs (xowah-na'^kyita'^aw). [c]

and

became

a singer only of

(10)

always sing Kick Dance songs when

climb a ridge. (11)1 like the

mountain peaks standing up there.

(12) I've always

wanted

to

climb to the

top of the peaks that one sees standing up there in the east.
(13) Then, the
the

summer

before

last, I

went off

to

New

River to cook for

White men who were building the ridge road.

(15)

(14)1 stayed there for

several days.

One

of the White

men

visited with

me, and we got

to

know each
q'id). [d]

other there.
trail that
it.

(16)1 asked him about the

(17)

leads to

Pony Butte

(>!ohq'a''-kyow-

He

told

me
I

about

(18)

Then

said to him, "I'd really like

"I'll

to

climb up there next Sunday!" (19)

And

he said to me,

go up there

next Sunday with you;

(20) I'd wanted to

know

the trail."

do

this for a

long time;
is

my

relative,
I

now
to

deceased, had

trained to be a doctor there, and that

[e]

the reason

wanted

climb up

there,

(21) Then,

when Sunday came, we

[f]

set off

(nandil-wint'e*-qid),
(22)

and got

to the top of

from Mary Blaine Mountain Pony Butte by midday.

of where the rock-circle

We

ate lunch first, at the spring

on

this side

(ce*-kyite*lma*c') [g] was. (23) The Indians always say, "Someone who has been drinking water shouldn't mess around with a rock-circle, because it

always rains
(24)

if

you do."
this,
I

Knowing White man said

inside
it.

didn't want to go inside the rock-circle.

(25) But the

to

me, "Let
did."

me

take your picture there." (26)

1

So

went

But

told him, "It will rain before dark. (27)

I

believe in Indian

ways, despite what

(28)

He laughed

at

me.

(29) There were no clouds as far as one could see.

first)

(30)

We

floating in

were still there when we saw (the a mass towards us from the east.

clouds; the clouds

came

Hupa
(31)

Texts:

30
to

273
get

Then

a song
I

quickly to where

came to my mouth, [h] (32)1 wanted was camped. (33) We set off and went back

back

there.
it

(34) Before dark, after

rain.

we had been back

I

only a short while,

started to

(35) Then, once again,

started to sing the

song
little

mouth. (36) After we stayed at that place only a country. (37) I always sing when I am going to
(38)

had come to my while, we all went upthat

travel.

One evening
1

(39)

When

went

to

was feeling lonesome as I lay down to sleep. sleep, I dreamed about some of my relatives, now
I

deceased.
(40)

When

got up in the morning,

(42)
It

didn't feel well.

I

(41)

didn't eat

anything that morning.

(43) Then,

was midday before

work,
I

ate.

when

finished

my

to the top of the sharp

peak that

went up the ridge. (44) I climbed stands there, and sang my Kick Dance song.
I

(45)

made myself

feel good.

(47) After that

into

got well again.

my mouth, which I sang. (49) I Kick Dance." (50) The year before I hadn't sung at all, but the following spring, at Emma Frank's [i] Kick Dance, I sang the song that had come to my mouth up there (in the
(48)

Then another song came

I

thought, "This year

will sing at the

mountains).

songs.

(51)1 never dream Kick Dance songs; [j] (51)1 like them best, and I've dreamed
(52) I've told you
all

only dream Flower Dance

of that
sort.

many

there

is.

(53)

It's

done.

[a]

An

old village site on the west bank of the Trinity near

Sam Brown's

house.

[b]
[c]

Sung to a slow beat. Sung to a faster beat than "heavy" songs.

[d]

An On

isolated peak near the head of

New

River.

[e] Silis (Sally

[f]

Lewis),

Sam Brown's
Pony

great-aunt.
Butte.

See

text 26.

the ridge to the north of

[g]

A circular pile of rocks, 4 or 5

feet in diameter,

on

summit where doctors

train.

See

text 26.

by the Ryixinay. Sam took this as a warning. [i] Sam Brown refers to Emma Frank by her Indian name (tahse-nc'e'^). All women's names end in -c'e''. Pony Butte. [j] Instead, they come to him only while he is awake, as they did on
[h] Put there

274

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

31. k>Hwe' Sickness

Narrated by
(0).
Ic>i-twe-

is

Taken Out
VII, pp. 3-10.

Sam Brown. Notebook

c'e'lten
is
'

kniwe-

sickness

taken out.

(1)

mi^e-'^e'din

do-niWo-n
bad

ta'^nam
water

tehna-'^anei'^-id

de'^ic'a'd^
it

Child

when

it

plays in

always

gets sick;

yidik^e'^iwa'^n^
it

Waneonly;

mina'^
its

do-

yay^iliW^

'^e'^ic'^iw
it

Wane'
only;

sleeps

eyes - it does not raise (= can't open eyes);

cries

yilc>a-n doit does not eat,

ta'^nd-n

Waneonly

ta-'^ana'^n
it

(2)

me'da'^ay
Its

de'^ic'a-d
is

water

drinks.

head

always sick

(= headache)

iicow
green matter

it

na'nay'^iixoy'^ always vomits.

(3)

haya-l
[Then]

lc>'ite-t'dw

miyda'^a'^a'^ ^

sucking doctor

always doctors

it.

(4)

haya-i
[Then]

hay
[the]

Ryite-fdw
[doctor]

'^a'^de'^ine'^

says,

Ryido'^wUc'id'^-xolarj do"Not - he was known by it - evidently.

(5)

We-

Hupa
(11)

Texts: 31

275
hay
[the]

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

c'^ola?
five

c'e^iloy^

KoheM
[wild grass,]

hi^id
[and]

bundles she (doctor)

ties

them

qay'^teplatter

me'^-no'^oliW
she puts
it
it.

(12) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

mixac'e'^-xolen
[incense root]

she

na'^aUd bums it.

down

into

(13)

'^a-dinirP

c'e'^i-tiw

hay
[the]

mit'e-We"^
charcoal.

(14) hlayahajid]
[Then]

c'e'^iloy'^

Her own
face

she rubs
it

on

she ties up (for headdress)

hay
[the]

Kohce^
[swamp
grass]

'^ade-da'^ay ^^ her own head

mina'^Uye'^iit'iUy

hi^id
[then]

"^a-dide"^

she puts

it

straight

her

own

'horns'

around,

na'^aic'^e'^

hi^id
[and]

she

makes it (again), does them up,

niima'^n on each side

(of her braids)

she

na-na'^aloy'^ ties up twice

Kohce'^-mii
with the wild
grass.

(15)

hlayahajid] [Then]

so-kyiij'^
fir

tic'

c'e^U&'e"^

(16) h[ayaha^id]
of.

limb

cane

she makes out

[Then]

hay
the

Uyise-gye"^
patient

michirP-dinarj
toward
it -

c'ine^ica-d
she
sits

hijid
[and]

me'^Uye'^iitiw

facing

down,

she sings a song.

(17)

ce'^eh-^i-din For a short while

na'^Uya'^a'^aw-mU

nina'^adGe'^ ^^
she rises up.

(18)

when

she's been

hiayaha^id] [Then]

singing

na'^aito^n she dances

xonad
around him

hay
the

c'idinc'ad one who is sick.

(19)

hay diydi
Whatever

c'e'^iicis

she finds

silq'as
lying

hay
that

min'^day'^-c'iij'^

c'e'^ici^^^

hi^id
[and]

'^a'^de'^ine'^

'^agye+

down

outside

to

(dropped on floor)

she tosses it (out) with cane,

she says,

"Ouch!
(groaning)

do-

'^a-Wiwilawe-heh
not
-

i^

qad
now

do so

to

me,

natesdiya--teI'll go home."

(20) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay-yo-w
that

ta'^ndn
water

ya'^axdW
she picks
it

hi^id

ta'^ana'^[n] 15

fcyiye-

nana'^aito'^n
she dances.

up,

when

she drinks

it,

again

(21)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay-yo-w
[that]

Kohtehi
[wild grass]

de'^de'^U'^e-K ^^
into the fire she shoves the (bunch).

276
(22)

XIV Northwest
teWdi-mii When it burns.
Ryite'^idnod
it

California Linguistics

hi^id
[and]

sa'^awiW
she packs the (fire) into her mouth,

c'ite'^iWiW
she sucks
it

blazes up,

in

"^aht'iij

hay
the

xon'^-ne'^in
blazing
that
fire

c'ine'^iiye'^

^"^

"^aht'irj

(23)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

all

she drinks

it

all
it

up,

all.

was

consumes

miq'eh
after
it

ta-na'^ana'^n
she drinks the water again,

hijid
[and]

U>iye-

nana'^aito'^n
she dances.

(24)

q'a-de'^

again

After a while

kyiye-

'^a'^de'^ine'^

diwa-nohc"'e'^n

18

Icyito-"^

again

she says,

"You

are selfish,

broth,

its

juice,

Wa--lc>ohikyid 19 ye feed to me!"

spirit,

water

(25) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

Uyiye[again]

hay
[the]

KohteM
[wild grass]

de'^de'^iPe-K
[she shoves into the fire]

hi^id
[and]

sa'^awiW
she puts it into her mouth.

(26)

"^aht'in
[All]

c'ine'^iiye'^-mii

miq'eh
it,

ta'^(a)na'^n
it]

when she consumes

[following

[she drinks water],

(27)

yiwidinde"^
Finally

"^aht'in
all

c'ine'^iiye'^-ey

hay
[the]

ta'^nd'n
[water]

hay
the

she consumes

it

Xohtehi-ne'^in
wild grass that was,

'^aht'in
all

c'e'^ici^

diyWo'^-ne'^in
everything there

(28)

she tosses out

darjWo'^-tah'^^ Some one

was
iiwatj one person

(lying about).

hay
that

ya'^wirj'^ay
is

c'ixote'^iGi^

(29)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hayi
that

sitting there

she tosses him out with her stick.

one

'^a'^de'^ine'^

'^agye+

do'Uyiwileold

xo'^^i-nehwa-ne-heh
go easy!

2i

q'ad

says,

"Ouch!

woman,

Now
nondiya'^n 22
what
of
is left
it

na-teysdiya-te'
I'll

(30)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay-yo'w
that

Kohce"^

go out again."

swamp

grass

de'^de'^iPe'K
into the fire she

te'^ilidi-mii

ya'^awiW
[she picks
it

hi^id
[and]

xoq'eh
along his body,

mii
with
it

[when

it

burns]

up]

shoves

it,

whole length

c'e'^Uye'^Uc'^o-gy'^^

(31)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

xoKa'^-din
at his

no-na'^amil
she throws it dowi again (on the floor)

she brushes him

(patient).

buttocks,
feet

'^aht'iij
[all,]

hi^id
[and]

xowaij'^Uyide'^iixaf'^'^
she uncovers him

hay
the

Uyise-gye'^
patient.

Hupa
(32)
'^aht'irj

Texts: 31

277
c'e^imil

hay
the

t'e'^-ne'^in

mirfday'^-c'irj'^

hi^id
[and]

All

blankets
that

outside

she throws

were
'^aht'in
all

them
c'e^imil

out,

hay
the

c'e-'^iitiW
that takes out

hay
the

one
to'-c'irf
into the

she throws out

diyWo'^-^i-ne'^in remains (of grass),

hi^id
[and]

ta'^amil-ey
she throws them out
into the water,

hijid
[and]

na'na'^ame'^
she bathes
again.

(33) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

river

xa'tia'^se'^iddW hi^id when she comes back up,

mixa'c'e'^-xole'n incense root

yehna-'^ada-W
again she enters

xontah
the house,

hi^id
[and]

hay
[the]

Uyisegye'^
patient

na'^x'^e^iiiw

(34)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

q'ad

ya'^ne'^ite-c''^^

she rubs it on [him] again.

now

they

all lie

down
nVNor]-xo good way

to sleep.

(35)

xiKe^-darp
[In the

'^a-na'^ne^it'e' '^^-e-xola-n
[he]
is

morning]

in a

seen to have become in that way.

(36)

na'^Uye'^iya'^n

hay
the one

c'idinc'ah-ne'^in
that

(37)

Again
do'

[he] eats

was

sick.

x^'eda'^ay [His] head

na'dinc'a'd

Ryiye'

'^e'^ida'^27
it

hay
(oO the one

iico-wi
green matter
c'eite'ti 28

not again pains,

again

stops (pain).

na-na'^aixoy'^-ne'^in

(38)

haya
That
is is

'^alye'

Uyiiweis

who had been

vomiting out.

what
called

[k>Hwe-]

has been taken out.

(39)

In that

hayi-qi way

Wane'
only

'^oWc'id I know.

RyUwe' -Sickness

is

Taken Out
it

(l)When
sleep;
it

a ciiild plays in bad water [a]

its

gets sick
it

and does nothing but

can't open

eyes;
It

it

cries all the time;

doesn't eat, but just drinks

water
(3)

all

the time.

(2)

has a headache, and vomits green matter.

doctor [b]

(tries) to

doctor (the child) by sucking.

is

(4)

The doctor
(5)
I

says, "It doesn't look like he

known
that

to

(my curing power),

(sickness).
(6)

[c]

am
hire

not appropriate

(as

doctor) for

You

should

someone
(7)
this

(else)

and have her take out the kyitwe*."

get

Then they go

someone who knows how

to (doctor

someone)

in

(8) Another person goes to fetch swamp-grass (JCoh-ce*^), the big variety of swamp-grass. (9) In the evening when the doctor arrives, they

way.

take

some bear

grass (Xoh-tehl) [d] out (of storage) for her.

it

(10)

Then they

bring in a basket of water and set

down.

278
(11)

XIV Northwest
Then
the doctor ties

California Linguistics

up five bundles of bear grass and puts them

in a

Then she burns some incense-root (mixa'c'e'^-xole'n). (14) Then she ties up a bundle of the swamp-grass, circles it around her head, and makes "horns" for herself, tying her hair up on each side with swamp grass, [e] (15) Then she makes a
basket-platter.

(12)

(13) She rubs

its

charcoal on her face.

cane out of a
(16)

fir

limb,
sits

[f]

Then she

down

facing the patient (kyiscgye*^) and sings a song.

(18)

(17) After singing for a short while, she gets back up.
in a circle

Then she dances

me! I'll go and resumes

around the sick

[h]

(child).

(19) She tosses out anything she sees

lying dropped on the floor [g], saying, "Ouch! Don't

do

this to
it,

home now!"
dancing.
(21)
it

(20)

Then she

picks up the water, drinks

Then she

sticks (a

bundle of) the bear grass into the

it

fire.

(22)

When

catches fire and blazes up, she puts

in

her

consuming all of it. [i] (23) Following again resumes dancing.

this,

mouth and sucks in the fire, she drinks some more water and

(24) After a while she again speaks, saying:

"You people
(a

are selfish!

Feed
she

me

the broth!"

[j]
it

(25)
in

Then again she shoves

(26)

bundle of) bear grass into

the fire and puts

her mouth.
it.

When

she has

consumed

it

all,

drinks

some water

after

(27) Finally she uses up

all

the water and bear grass, [k] and has tossed out

everything that was lying about.

sitting there

(28)

Then she

takes one of the people

woman, go
(30)

easy!

and tosses him out as well. (29) That one says: "Ouch! I'll leave now!" [I]
sticks

Old
and

Then she

what remains of the swamp grass into the

it

fire,

when

it

catches fire she picks

length of his body.

up and brushes the patient with it along the (31) Then she throws it all down in back of him, and

takes the covers off the patient.

(32)
the

They throw

all

the blankets outside, and the doctor

all

who

is

extracting

kyRwe* throws out

the grass remnants and throws

up, goes

them

into the river,

and then bathes.

(33)

Then she comes back

back into the house,

(34)

and rubs some incense root (mixa*ce''-xoIe*n) on the

all lie

patient.

Then they
eats again.

down

to sleep.

(35) In the morning the sick child looks

good

again. (36)

He

(37) His head no longer aches, and his vomiting of green matter also stops.

(38) That's what

is

called "taking out a kyiiwc."

(39) That's

all I

know.
malign

[a]

Out-of-the-way lakes and streams are the dwelling places of k^Hwe*

in children.

water spirits that cause sickness, particularly

typical illness brought
[b]

According to Goddard, the

64).

on by k^itwe*

is

pneumonia (1903:

Specifically, a sucking doctor (knte't'aw).

Hupa
[c]

Texts: 31

279
is

That

is,

her power does not recognize the entity that

afflicting the child.

to
it',

Sam
is

Brown
is

uses the formulaic term do- Undo'^wiic'id 'he was not

known

which
(i.e.,

also

used to describe the uneasiness of a person

"not
[d]

who

is

unfamiliar with a place

where he

known"

to the

country and

its

local spirits).
in basketry,

Xerophyllum, the wide-bladed grass used

and usually called "bear

grass".
[e]

The "swamp
She attaches
in the rear.
is

grass" referred to

is

a variety of cattail or tule.

three spikes of grass to the ring of

swamp

grass,

one on each side

and one
[f]

This firlimb

called so'kiij''.

[g]

She does
is

this

with the cane she has

made

out of the

fir

limb.
repjeats his

[h] This

the k>^Uwe' spirit talking

the doctor hears

By
him

tossing things out, and

afraid.

making motions

as though to toss

him and him

words.

out, has has

made

[i]

She puts the

lit

end of the grass bundle into her mouth.

but she sucks them into her mouth.

The flames

blaze up

about two or three

[j]

feet,

Again,

this is the

k>Hwe' speaking, as reported by the doctor. By "broth"

(kyito-"^)

the spirit simply

means

the water that the doctor has been drinking (the kyilwe*

is

water

spirit).

[k]

Five bunches of bear grass are burned and the flames swallowed.

doctor doing

this will
[1]

sometimes drink two gallons of water.

spirit.

Impersonating the kyHwe*

This person

is

instructed

what

to say.

280
32.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Hunting Magic and Prayers for Deer

Sam Brown. Notebook
III,

Narrated by

pp. 21-24.
doI

( 1

).

Unwan-nayda(Go) hunting

"^

te'^iWWa'W-id mixa'c'e'^-xole-n when go, [incense root]

I

'^e-din

tiWWaW
never go,

without

ninis'^dn country

yiWo-'^oMc'ini doit might not know me

ma-n
because.

(2)

hayah-mii hay
[Then]

daydi-dirj whenever

We-mwii-dirj I camp - place

ie-na-'^aWliW^ I make a fire,

hi^id
that time

misGiy'^-^^
a
little

de-de'^iWq'as
I

piece

throw

it

in the fire.

(of root)

(3)

'^a-de'^iWne'^
I

Woic'id-te-

ninis'^a-n

hayi-q'a
that

always say.

"You

will

know me,

O
(4)

country,"

way

"^a-ya- WUc'ide'^ine'^-ne'^n

Ji>'isdiyan
old people.

hayaha^id
[Then]

kyenWna"^
I

they used to

tell

me

it

was

cook

hay-de-di
whatever
I

lcye-ya[n'^]-te-

(5)

no-kye'^iWyaWi ^-mii

ne'^iWtiW
I lie

am

going

to eat.

When

get through eating

down.

(6)

ce'^eh-^i-ditj

'^e'^iWte'^(>-mU

'^ina-'^aWdice'^
I

For a

little

while

when

I've been lying,

get up.

(7)

Fire

xon'^-c'in'^-dinan - toward - facing

ne'^iWca-d I sit down.

hi^id
that time

ya-'^aW^aW
I

pick up

mixa-c'e'^-xole-n
[incense root,]
I

de-de'^iWq'as
throw
it

hi^id
[and]

'^a-de'^iWne'^
I

into the fire,

say,

Wa'-kyiikyid'^ "Feed me,

give

me

to eat.

tan
Ta-n

(8)

'^anlarj-x'"-e--dirj

^a-xowUc'^'iln^
root) will go,

^-te-

hayde'di
this

mii
with

ninirj'^-qid

Everywhere

the scent (of incense

on your
f^ce

kyiyohi
scent
I

sehic'^'e'^n

tah-xo
the.

mayou
shall

na'tesince-'^-te-

niUyiiixan'^
it

caused to go

just

open the door for

your deer."

9)

hayaha^id
[Then]

Uyiye-

na-ne'^iWtiW
I

hi^id
then

na-Uye'^iWaw
I

ta'ni-Wirj'^

again

lie

down,

sing

ta:n song

(10)

hayahahid
[Then]

nv'^oWaWi
when
I

^^-mii end (my song),

xe'^e-RyenWyo-l I blow away

Winin'^-dirj ahead of me,
at

"^a-de^Wne"^ I always say,

no'itin ^'^-te' you will lay it
there."

he+
"Would
that.

ninis'^a-n

dilxiji^^-heh
even
if

O Earth,

only

Pray,

a fawn

my

face

Hupa
(11)

Texts: 32

281
(12)
'^o-'^oWWe^
I

hayaha^id
[Then]

lc>iye-

na-na-Uve'^iWaw
I

hay
the

again

sing again.

name

dax'^e-di-q'a '^ant'ewhatever kind it looks (= any kind of)

Uyiiixan
deer

me-diWdin
I

(13)

hayi-q'a
That's the

want.

way

it

is

"^a-wildw always done

kyiwan-naywidaP
hunting

donot

xokyiwan
his sleeping,

nikyah-x"^ much, greatly.

he sleeps

(14)

ce'^eh-^i-dirj

xokyiwiwarj'^in^
he sleeps
a time,
at

For a

little

while

daxo--q' somewhere

kyina-c'o-lahii ^'^ he might dream

ma-n
for that

reason.

(15)

'^a^denne'^

he+
"Pray,

ninis'^a-n

Wohic'id-teyou'll

(16)

ia'^a

kyitiyaW^^
they eat along, band of deer,

He always
says:

land!

know

One

me.

Wiq'id on me

dah-na-kyindiyan^ ^^-te' they shall come back from

above eating along

xiXe'^-daij'^
in the

(17)

hay-de-d
This

nic'in?

toward you

morning.

de-da-'^d-n^'^

nina-'^-x'"

which I've put

in the fire

around
your eyes

noyniikyi(d) ^^-tesmoke will reach

(18)

iah-xo
Just
it

do-xolitj
shall not

be

&

settle there.

"^a'diwan-nikyarj-xoliw ^^ about yourself - your mind

-

(19)

mana'tc since -te' You will open the door for

nikyUixan^
it

your deer.

that

it

become

plentiful.

(20)

q'ad hay Ever since

ninis'^a-n

na-rj'^a'^'^O-darj'^

"^a-diwe-ne"^

country

has been lying there,

you

said,

xa'^a-Wiic'ide-n-te-

kyUixan
deer

'He

will say so to

me

me'^diwinc'^irf-de'^ when he wants it'."

(21)

q'ad

hayi-q'i
that
is

Now

Waneall.

Hunting Magic and Prayers for Deer

(l)When
xole*n),
(2)
it.

go hunting,
the
I

never go without some incense root (mixa'c'e''-

because
I

country

might

not

recognize

me

otherwise.

Wherever
(3)
I

camp,

build a fire and throw a small piece (of the root) into

say,

to tell
(5)

me.

"You will know me, O country!", the way the (4) Then I cook whatever it is I'm going to eat.
I

old people used

When
I

finish eating,

lie

down.

(6) After lying for a little while,

it

get

up.

(7)

sit

down

facing the

fire,

pick up the incense root, throw

into the

282
fire,
I

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

and say, "Feed me, o ta*n! (8) Everywhere that you smell this scent that have caused to go to your face, may you open the door for your deer."[a]
(9)

Then
I

lie

down

again and sing a ta*n song.

(10)

When

finish the

song,

blow

(the

o country, that

smoke of the burning incense root) away and say, "I wish, you would lay a deer in front of me, even if it's only a
(12)
I

fawn!"
(11)

Then

sing again.

name
done

the kind of deer that

want.
(14)

(13) That's the

way hunting

is

without

much

sleep.

One

one might dream about sleeps off and on something (unlucky). (15) One says, "I wish, o country, that you would know me. (16) I wish that a herd of grazing deer would descend on me in the morning. (17) May the smoke of (the incense root) which I've put in the fire for you, settle down around your face. (18) May you not have your
in short stretches, for fear that
full

wits about

you.

(19)

May you open

the door

for

your deer,
is

[b]

(20) Ever since the world has been in existence, you have said, 'This

what

someone

will say to

me when
it is.

he wants to get deer'."

(21) That's the

way

[a]

This prayer

is

not a medicine, but a request directed to the ta'n of a particular

ta*n are forest spirits

part of the forest.

The

who, among

their other

powers, have
it

control of

game
to

animals.
first

To

gain the favor of the ta'n resident in that area,

is is

customary

spend the

night of a hunting trip praying and singing to him. If he

displeased, the ta*n will not only

withhold deer but cause the hunter to get lost

for these prayers
is

(Goddard 1903: 78).

The formula
for the

not absolutely set

one uses

what words one wishes, according

[b]

to desire. to

The hunter prays

in the

smoke

make

the ta*n drowsy, so that he will leave

open the door

mountain where he keeps the deer penned up.

Hupa
33.
Narrated by
( 1 )

Texts: 33

283

A Vision of Sam Brown's

Sam Brown. Notebook
JlnwinyaPn
acorns
III,

pp. 26-40.

daharj'^Wo'^-dar/'^

Some
(2)

time ago

winyay dohad not come

de'di-me-q

in this (valley).

darjWe'^eh

do(not)

c'o-ic'id

hay
the

Nobody

knew
hi^id
that time

da-ydi-ditj where

k>'iwinya^n
acorns

xohsW^
become
lots,

miq'i(d)-silirP-diri^
until late (in the fall)

'^o-ya-w[i]dilc'id ^

(3)

hayah-mii
[Then]

we found

out.

mise'nayc'e'^
(Lily Hostler)

'^aPde-ne'^

ya-te-se-K^-te-

nohoi
with us

te-sinya--teyou'll go,

she said,

"We

will all go,

you can go."

(4)

^d^de-ne^ She said

'^aht'irj

ya?tehsde'^X-te'
they will go,

hayi
that,

yide'^-yimam
downriver across

all

those

yaPdehic'ethey stay (people).

"^

(5)

hayaha^id
[Then]

^a-ya-xoide-ne'^
I

hay
the

told

them

siWda--dirj where I was

staying,

people

xoi-ya'te'se-ya- ^-te"I shall go with them."

(6)

mise-na-yc'e^
(Lily Hostler)

'^d^n

nohoi
'With us

tesinya'-te'
you'll go.'"

says,

(7)

xa"^

ya'^dene'^
they said.

(8)

hayaha^id
[Then]

"All right!"

q'a(d) next

yisxa-ni-mU morning

yide"^

down below

xowan
to

ya-ne-yay'^
1

(9)

hayaha^id
[Then]

them

went.

'^a-ya-xoide-ne^ 1 told them,

dax^'eda
"What
q'ad

"^ahdiyaw-mii
it,

^^

ya-tese-X-teshall

(10)

hayah-mii
[Then]

^a-ya'^de-ne'^

time has done with it (= what time)

we go?"

they said,

"Now

ye-d yonder

misq'id yinah-c'irj [coming downriver from misq'id]

xa-'^asyay-e--teshe'll

mise-nayc'e'^
(Lily Hostler),

come up

the bank in view

(11)

q'ad

dehere

na-tindahW
you go back

"^o-na-n&'id

^'^

hay
the

nixe-P
your load."

Now
(12)

now
q'ad

go get

hayahajid
[Then]

[now]

na-te-sdiyay I went back,

hi^id
[and]

yide"^

UHyeriver

down

again

(to join

them)

back again

na-Jcyite-se-we-n I packed

(13)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

ya-tese-de-K

my

load.

we went (from there).

284
(14)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

yiman
To
the

yatewide'^irp

^'^-hid

'^arj-gya'f

q'ad

misq'i(d)
(to)

other side

we looked over - when

we saw

her

now

Misq'id

(unexpectedly,

suddenly)

yinah-c'irj

c'ica-l-ethere she

(15)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayah
[there]

coming from
upriver

was

na'^wilye'W-e'y there she had

stopped to
rest.

walking along.

(16)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

yima-n
to the

naya-ne'deX
we had gone
across

hi^id
that time,

when

yatese'de'K we went off

other side

yidac
uphill.

(17)

yice'^ni

wiij'^a^

^^-mii

Late

in the

afternoon

we

xa-ya'se'de-K-e-y at last came up to

me'^isdi-sitan-dirj
it

"Pestle-lying-place"

hay
the

xontah-ditj
(camping)-house(of bark)-place.

(18)

daniaijWo'^-diij
Several

neheyaiwe'X
nights

^^-mii
-

we camped

when

'^aWiic'ide-ne'f
said to

mise-nayc'e'^
(Lily Hostler),

dax'^e'di-md-n
"For what reason

donot

Uy'a-dayne- 16

me
q'a-de'^

you pick acorns.

(19)

After a while

Rya-dayne'-ne'^ go ahead and

pick acorns.

for

nayou

sehicay'^-teI'll

(20)

hayaha^id
[Then]

dry them."

xiKe'^-darp
in the

Icnye[again]

te'se'de'K

Howard-/i/V
with

yewi
way

yidac
up
hill.

morning
17

we went

off

Howard

xa-na-niwidite"^ we looked for again

fiay
the

ce'-xayc'a^
rock-bowl,

hi^id
[and]

yice'^ni- wirj'^a'^-mH

when

the sun
late

went westward, afternoon na'ditin we had it,

carried
it

na'tese'de'X

^enayde'X
we

18

nahnin-eboth of us

c'iitin'^

we (Howard
started

& I)
WeI

separated.

gun (< bow)

back

about.

(21)

dic'^il-tehmil
leather sack
I

naW^ay
was carrying about
da'^ni
it

me'^-Uya-daWne--miri
for [my] picking acorns in
it.

(22)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
that

Uyinehsfd-n
tan-oak

which
a while ago

"^iWcd-n had seen

wan-na-Wdiyay
to
it I

went back,

hi^id
[and]

hayah
there

kya'dayne^
I

Wiq'osta-(nP-me'^
in

(23)

de-'^ime'^ni-mii

picked up acorns

my

hat.

When

it

fills

up

dic^'il-tehmil-me'^-c'irj'^
leather sack
-

na-de'^iWwdl
I

hay
[the]

dicigy
[acorns.]

into

it

always

dump them

Hupa
(24)

Texts: 33

285
winiarj'^'^^

hayaha^id
[Then]

'^ayne'se'^n ^^
I

q'ad

thought,

"Now

become lots, enough

it's

natesdiya--teI'll go back."

(25)

haye-heh Anyhow

kyiye'
[again]
[I

Uyada-na-yne"^
gathered (more) acorns]

hay
[the]

q'osta-ni-me"^
[hat
-

in]

yehwe-me'K-mii
when
threw a handful
I

de--x''

f^7V2i
I

(26)

in

way, to one side

this

looked.

Right

ia'^ay-x^ at once

VWcd-n
I

saw

q'ay'^te-

me"^
in

sixdn

do-ian-s
a
little,

22

dicigy
acorns.

(27)

hayah-mH
[Then]

little

plate

which was
sitting

not

much
(28)
mixa- yehkyeiay'^^-mii when I reached, For it
do'-xohsle'^^'^-ey it disappeared
(surprise).

'^ayne'se'^n
I

yaWxahW
"I'll

thought,

pick

it

up!"

(29)

c'idarj'^

'^ayne'se'^n
I

hay

"^iWcaij-hid
I

hay-aij'^

hay

yed

At

first

thought

when

saw

it,

"That is the one

there (where

they were)

na-ya'^atin which they (women) were carrying around

q'ay'^te-

[(the) basket
platter]

xowatj-ya'nixohsle'^'^^-xolan which they have lost," I thought

(30)

Ryiye-

Again

Uya'da-na-yne'^
I

ce'^eh-^i-diij
for a short while.

(31)

picked acorns

This

de'-xo-dinan way - turning

when

nayye'^ni'^^-mi-i I rose up (from stooping over).

hayah

286
(36)

XIV Northwest
hayaha^id
[Then]
in

California Linguistics

me'^
it

na-deyiwaK
I

hay
the

kyadaWnewhich
I

(sack)

dumped

picked up (acorns)

J/c"// -tehmil-me^
[in the leather sack].

(37)

Hupa
(48)

Texts: 33

287
kyiye-

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

nehe'ya'lweX we stayed
over night,

again

when

yisxarj-hid next day

kyiye[again]

came

we

tese'de-K 2 went off

Howard-/i/V
he [H.] and
(I).

(49)

do--heh
Not
at all
I

Uya'dayne'^
picked acorns

kyiye'
again.

(50)
I

ne-Wgyid^^
became
afraid,

'^ayne'se'^n
I

do'-We^xolya^n^^
I

xa?a-ya?aniw
they always do so (= get crazy)

man
because

thought

might get crazy,

Uyiwinya7nya'n
Indians

ninis'^a-n

do-

yayxo-'^oic'id^^-hid
it

(5\) hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

country

when

does not

know them.

'^aht'irj

Ryiwinya'^n
acorns

all

ya'^winia^ni-mH when they become lots,

plentiful

naya-tese'de-K

do--heh
not

we

all

went back home,

na'dilcan we found

hay
that

xa-nandite'-ne^in
which we had been
looking
for.

(52)

hay
The

se'da'^-dirj where I stay, live,

daniarjWo'^-diij
several times

We-naiwe'X-mii
when
nights passed with

c ininyay

camehsK&n
a

me
(53)

there

came

woman.

xoi-r'e-ligy
to her
I

hay

told

diydi what

^iWca-n
I

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^a-Wiic'ide-ne'^

had found.

she said to me,

We"I

q'ina'^

ninaWla-l
was dreaming of you

hayi-q'
in that

(54)

camehsKon
[A]

x'^cda'^ay
her hair

too

way.

woman

xoGe-^iwoP-diij

'^aya-kyint'e- ^i
that long

down

to her ankle

each (braid)

niima'^n on both
sides

cehna'wiKo-n
braided,

42

milay'^
its

(hair's)

was

end

Xohtehi-tnii
wild-grass with
it

ya-wiloy"^

(55)

Uyiwinya?n
Acorns

xoh
trying

niwa^xaW
she gives to you

was

tied up.

minaWlal
I

(56)

hayah-mii
Then

'^ayne'se'^n
I

dax''edi-man
'For what reason

dreamed

it.

thought.

do- c'o-ni&Hd he does not reach

for
it?'

(57)

hayi-q'i That is

Wa-neall;

hayah-mii
[then]

c'e-ne-sid
I

woke

up.

(58)

hay-deThis

xowiligy-mU
since you mentioned,

mina-nayliW'^^
1

(59)

hay
Your

nad

thought of

it.

older sister

xoi-x'^e-ligy
I

xo-dUxi(d)

'^ -ne'^

told her,

you must ask her

if

no-nt'ah 45-^^? doyou don't believe it."

288

Hupa

Texts: 33

289

"Why
and
(20)

don't you gather acorns? (19) After a while go gather

some acorns,

I'll

dry them for you."

I

The next morning, my cousin Howard and

to

went off way up the

in the late

mountain

look for a luck-basin (ce'-xayc'a"^),

[f]

and

afternoon

we

started

back separately, both of us carrying a gun.

(21)1 was carrying a

leather sack (dic^il-tehmil) for gathering acorns.

(22)

went back

to a tan

oak (kyinehst'a*n)
(23)
I

that

I
I

had noticed

earlier,

and

gathered up acorns in

my

cap.

As

it

filled up,

would dump
I'll

the acorns

go back." (25) Nevertheless, I gathered up one more bunch, and as I threw them into my cap, I happened to glance to one side. (26) Suddenly I saw a basketinto the leather sack. (24)
plate
(q'ay'^te*)
I

Then

thought, "That's enough,

with a few acorns on

it.

(27)

thought I'd pick

it

up.

(28) But when (29)

I

reached

my
saw

hand for
it

it, it

just vanished!
it

thought

when

at first that

was one of the basket-plates the

lost.

others had

been carrying, and which had apparently been

little

(30)

continued to gather acorns for a

as
I

while.

(31) Then, turning to one side

it

stood up, there

it

it

tried to pick

up.

was sitting again! I saw (32) Again it vanished.

quite distinctly, and again

(33) Anyway, I picked up a few more (acorns) here and there, then started back toward the camp, picking up acorns as I went along. (34) On the way,
I

again saw a basket-plate with acorns in

it,

it.

(35)

Once

again,

tried

hard to

catch hold of

but

it

just vanished.
I

(36) At that point,

sack.

dumped
the

the acorns
little

had gathered into the leather

I

(37)

I I

remembered
rubbed
this in

bit

of incense root that

had

in

my

pocket. (38)

my hand
this

and

said, "It isn't that this is the first

time I've been places! Nothing like

(39)
I

has ever happened to

me

before! [g]

guess you don't

know me, o

country!"
root,
I

(40)

Then

blew away some of the incense

and picking up the

and returned to where

leather sack with the acorns, along with

my

gun,

left

we were
(41)
I

staying. told mise-sna-yc'e'^, "I wasn't

that

known
like

(by that place), [h]

(42)

saw

something or another

looked

a basket-plate

with a few acorns

tell

dropped
that
this

in
is

it

quite big ones!"

(43)

"Hmm!,"
fire,

she said, "I didn't

[i]

you

the

'unlucky

month'

(do'-mide'^xine-W-minii]).
[j]

(44)
is

You
the

shouldn't gather acorns

at this

time without a

(45) This

when

kyitwe* start gathering acorns."

(46)

Then she brought out some incense

(47) She spoke, but
I

root and threw (pieces of)

it

into

the fire.

don't

know what

she said.

(48)

Then we spent

the night there, and the next day

I

Howard and

again
I

went off together.

(49)

didn't gather any acorns this time.

(50)

got

290
afraid;
I

XIV Northwest
thought
I

California Linguistics

might go crazy, since

this

can happen to people when the

country doesn't
(51) Then,

know them.

when everyone had got enough acorns, we all went back home; Howard and I never found what we had been looking for. [k]
(52) After

and

told her

in this

had been back home several nights, a woman came to visit what I had seen. (53) She said to me, "I too dreamt about you regard. (54) There was a woman whose hair reached down to her
I

ankles, braided on both sides, the ends tied up with bear grass (Xoh-tehl).

[1]

(55)

dreamt

that she

was

trying to give
for
I

you acorns.
(57) That's
it.

(56)
all;

Then
I
it

thought,
up.

'Why doesn't he reach

sister;

them?'

then

woke

(58) After what you related,

remembered
it."

(59)

told

to

your older

[m] ask her

night

if

you don't believe

I dreamt about what 1 had seen. (61)1 dreamt that me, "Why didn't you reach out for what she gave? (62) It was only because she was sorry for you that she gave them." (63) Then I woke up, and I didn't sleep again until daybreak.

(60) That

someone

told

(64) Early in the morning

built a fire.
I

(65)

Then

mise-nayc'e'^
it

(came by
obviously

and) asked, "What did you dream?" (66)

(67) "It's
all

told her about

and she laughed.

has

right

now,"

she

said.

(68)

"The

country

provided for you."

(69) That's
all

she said, [n]

[a]

The Indian name of Lily

That
is,

Hostler.
river {yide^i-yima-n)

[b]

downstream and across the

from

ta'^RyimiJ-dii].

Sam Brown
[c]

lived in this area.

is

Acorn gathering

usually the responsibility of

women.
on the back.

[d]

Acorns are gathered

probably what

in a conical burden-basket (qay'^-timiJ) carried

This

is

Sam was

asked to bring.

[e]

An acom -gathering

claim belonging to Mrs. George Socktish's family, back of

xonsah-dir) on Mill Creek slope. There was a bark house there as temporary shelter, as
at

most such acorn gathering

[f]

sites.

small depression or hollowed-out place on a large rock, used for private

rituals,

medicine

frequently involving "training" for luck. See text 48.

[g] I.e., "I've

been

in lots

of strange places, but nothing like this has ever happened

to

me."
[h]
I.e.,

"The place was strange

place for the
first

to
is

me."

who
way
[i]

visits a

time

"not

From the Hupa point of view, someone known by the country" rather than the other
to talk about.

around.

Approximately November.

bad (unlucky) month

Ordinarily,

acorns are not gathered this month, and people leave their acorn-picking camps and go

Hupa
back
to the valley.

Texts: 33

291
If

The remaining acoms belong

go back
to gather their

to the kyiJwe* (water spirits).

any

are left in January, people can

[j]

them.
fire repels

To

drive the k>ilwe* off. Water

in the

is

element and

them.

[k]
[I]

The "luck-basin"
This
is

mountains.
is

the

costume of the kyRwe*, the same as worn by a doctor who

extracting k>itwe*-sickness from a patient. (See text 31.)

[m] Mrs. Jackson, the mother of Ned Jackson and grandmother of James Jackson. Her Indian name was xowanahsdiyanc'e'^.
[n]

Sam Brown

gained the reputation of being lucky

at

gathering

acoms

after this

incident.

Even when he gathered only a few, they seemed

larger than usual.

292

XIV Northwest
34.

California Linguistics

Power over

the Grizzly Bear

IV, pp. 11-22.

Narrated by

Sam Brown. Notebook

(1)

My

Wic'^o-ne'^in grandmother used-to-be

nohoi
to us

c'ix'^e^iligy-ne'^in

sa'we'^liW
sa-we'^liW

she used to

tell

[this story],

xolye-ne'^in
she used to be called.

(2)

dahatjWo'^-darj'^ Long ago

Unwinya'^n

donot

ninyay came

dedo-x""
around here.

(3)

hay-'^arj'^
It is

yide'^xoma'^
(at)

yide'^xoma? (house name)

ya'dehsdilc'e'-hid when we were

staying there

nohc'irj'^
to us

yehc'iwinyay
came
in

ta'^lc>imiidin-ne'^in

(4)

'^a'^de-ne'^

yisxan'^^

td?KnmHdin

it

was.

He

said,

"Tomorrow
kva-da-nepick up acorns

ya'teseK 2-/ewe'll go off.

(5)

Ryohci{d)-ne'^

WiV

tesoMde'^K-te-

Ye must pound
(2

acorns

ye 2 will go with

me

women).

c'e'xoliWme^-c'iif
d'exoliWme'' to

(6)

hay ah
There

c'in^
they say

ninya-

Uyiwinya'^n
acorns.

come
(7)

mikyow"^
grizzly bear

cm
they say

taq'i
three

na'wawere going around.

Ryima'w
Medicine

donot

wan-tohdil-heh-ne'^'^
[you must] go without
it.

(8)

hayahajid
[Then]

qad
just

c'cna-'^andiy ay-mil as he went out back.

we

kyiwidicid 2 pounded

(9)

diyWo"^ Things

ia'^ay-di(n)
together, in one

nondildy we laid them

together.

(10)

yisxarj-hid Next day

place

ya-tesede-K we all went off,

c'e-xoliWme'^
[to

minian^
10 people

tehsyay^
went along

"^aht'irj-hid

(11)

hayah-mil
[Then]

altogether.

c'exoliWme'^]

xa-yase-de-K-id when we came up

to
it

'^a'^de-ne'^

doijq'a"^

cid
first
let

niVPiff

he said,

"Hold on!

me

look

at

hay
the

ce-yeh
cave
in

me'
which

nehe-lwe'^K'^-te-

(12)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayah
there

we
to

are going

camp."

xona--ya-de-w(i)dilc'e'^
waiting for him
-

we

stayed,

we were

left there.

Hupa
(13)
na-'^andiya-hid

Texts:

34

293
sida^
are

'^d^de-ne^

taq'a
"Three

me'^
in
it

mik>'ow'^
grizzlies

When he came back

(14)
xa"^

he said,

na'ce(go) ahead.

Wa'dic'irj

(15)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayah
there

All right!

my

aunt

(father's sister)!"

nondixdn
we
set
it

nohxe-P
our burden,

hi^id
[and]

down

na'ce' ahead

tese-deX we 2 (she and

her sister) went

Wide--ne'^in-hii I and my sister

-

used to be.

(16)

hayah
There

ne'de-K ^^-id

'^arj-gya'^

q'ad

me"^
in
it

dehic'e-

'i

when we

got,

sure

enough

now

they stayed

hay
[the]

mihow'^
[grizzlies].

(17)

hayaha^id
[Then]

wan-neyay-mii
when
it

^a'diwe-ne'^
it

came

to

said.

Wo->r "Wo+.'"

(animals),

yiWo-rja-n^'^ it growled at me.

(18)

ia'^ay-x'"'

mininP
their faces

noynW^e'X

^^

Suddenly

they stuck them

to the

ninc'itf ground,

down, forwards

down.
Wirjq'ay"^

(19)

hayi-heh Anyhow

q'ad

'^a-xoidene'^
I

tiloy'^ 14

now

told [her],

"Give room, make way.

my

mother's
sister!

(20)

We-

me'^
in
it

Wo-'^olwii^^
let

hay-de'
the this

ceyeh
cave.

(21)

yow-xo
Off yonder

Me
nanya'-ne'^ you must go
round!"

me camp

(22)

Xohi

294
(26)
ia'^ay-x''

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

At once

na-na'^wilc'idi '^^-mii [she] fell back down

-

da'^aya'c'idyaw-ey
they (bears) ran for
their lives

24

ninc'i(nP

down

with

it,

when

yice'^n
the
hill.

(27)

hayahajid
[Then]
I

'^a-ya-xoide-ne'^
told

xa'^

nohdii
ye

q'ad
now."

them (people),

"All right!

come on

(28)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

'^aht'itj
all

c'ininyd''^^
they
all

hi^id

nehetehiwe-K
we camped
ya-Uyiwidiyarj"^ we had eaten,

now
(29)

came,

when

hay

ceyeh-ditj
cave.

hayahajid
[Then]

xiXe'^-darj'^
[in the

in the

morning]

hi^id
after,

lc>ada-nel]
to pick

sahwinde'^n

26

(30)

hayaha^id
[Then]

up

acorns

they all went together.

nehewe two

tesedeX
went off

ia'^ay-ditj

Wide'-ne'^in-hii

(31)

ye'w
There

yidac
way up

together

my

sister used-to-be

miyeh-hin-na-'^aya'^-dirj "under it - sticks - go round

-place"

and

I.

xa'sede'K-id when we got

up
to,

'^arj-gya'^

hayah
there

na'dii
they go

hay
the

mikyow'^
bears.

suddenly

around

(32)

hayah-mii
[Then]

"^a'xoide-ne"^
I

We'xandirj
"Close to

winyahl
walk along.'

told her
sister).

me

(my

(33)
I

ya-'WliWil'^'^

q'ad
already

Kohi-xo
up
to the

xehstarj^^
the (acorns)

ya'wida'^a'n

nahnin-e'
both of
us.

picking up the (acorns) as I went along.

still

was

we

2 had

strap

reached

picked up

(34)

hayaha^id
[Then]

'^adiwina-'^^ around myself

(=
I

c'e-nexan^^
I

hay
the

q'ay'^timH

hi^id
[and]

carried

it

out

burden
basket.

swung

the basket around

to in front of

me)

KoM
strap

Wa-neonly

'^a-dila'^-me'^
in

naseie'^^^
I

(35)

mic'in"^

tese'de'K

my own

hand

handled

it.

Toward

the

we walked up

(bear)

Uyima-w
medicine

seMc'^e'^n
1

mic'irp
to
it

xineyeW
I

hay
[the]

Kohi
[strap],

hi^id
[and]

xe^q'
spit

made
mind).

(strap)

talked

(in

my

meyito'^n^^
I

(36)

hayaha^id
[Then]

mihow'^
[grizzly bear]
I

xowan
walked up

neyay
to [her],

'^axoide'ne'^
[I

blew on

it.

said to her],

We"1

U>ada-yne'^-te'
I'll

dig>arj
here.

yow-xo
off,

nanya--ne'
you must go around."

pick acorns here

away

Hupa
(37)

Texts:

34
c'idaci^'^
straight

295
winye'^n^^
it

ia^ay-xo
At once

Wic'irjP)
to

me

'^inahsiad'^^ it ran up and

stood,

up

stood up

(like a

human).

(38)

Wic'in'^

te-tehito'^n^^
it

hay
its

mixeq'e'^
spit

iah-xo
just

na^ditehiwa-K'^i
one spilt it out [time after time]

Toward me

danced along
stepwise,

it

siW^n became
like.

(39) hayaha^id
[Then]
I

Icyisehiq'ic'^^

hay Kohi
[the]
[strap].

(40) hayaha^id
[Then]

cracked

by doubling (the strap on itself)

it

Wiclif
to

yayUHlay
when
it

'^'^-mii

xona-'^-xo

yimd-n

na-ne-yide-K
[I

me

reached up,

across [her] face

hit

it].

(41)

hayaha^id
[Then]

when

na-na'^wilc'idi-mii [she] dropped down again,

xowan
when
I

noWiad-id
ran up to [her],

[her

xoKa'^-qid-x'^ rump - on it]

yima-n
[across]

na-neyide-K-mi-i
[I

hit

it -

when],

then [she] ran

xoda^wiUa'd-e-y down the

hill

yice'^n

hay
the (other)

nahxi
two

q'ina'^

mi'Wxe'^x'^^
its

(42) do'-sa'^ah-ji'^^-mH
Not long
after

down below,

also,

cubs.

hayi-xo
there

yice'^n

c'iwirjWii-c'iw^'^
I

(43)
I

'^a'^de'n'^-c'iw

cintohidU^^
"Run ye
your
for
lives!

downhill

heard someone shouting.

heard him say,

mih'ow'^
bears (are)

nohc'irj'^

(44)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayah
there

Rya-da-widine'^

on, toward us."

we
(46)

stayed picking

^irjkyow-mU
up
to early

(45)

la"^

xei

One

basketful

yawida'^a-n we picked up

niiwah-x'"
each one of us.

nidiwe-n^'^ We packed it
back to

afternoon.

hay
the

ceyeh-dirj
cave.

(47)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

me-yawidUa'^m'^^-mii
when we
got to have

enough

enough

of the (acorns)

na-ya-te-sede-X

(48)

ia'^ay-x'"

we

all

started off

back home.

doRyiye' Ever not again (= Never again)

naya-xodilcan
we saw them (humans) again
niikyow'^
the grizzlies.

mikyow'^-ne'^in
[grizzlies used-to-be].

(49)

iah-xo
Just

xoi
with them

na'^aWnehi-ne'^in
I

used to play

(50)

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'a(d)

naya-ne'deX
we
got back

ta'^kyimi-tditj
at ta'^l<'itniidiri.

(51)

'^aht'itj

now

home

All

yanda'^an 46 we all brought it

hay
the

kyiwinya'^n
acorns.

296
(52)

XIV Northwest
U>iwinya'^nyd-n
People

California Linguistics
do-

diyWo"^ something

noy'^aW "^i -ne'^in

they never used to leave there

c'e'xoliWime-q' c'e-xoliWmeq (where episode occurred),

ia'^ay-x"'
at

mihow'^
grizzly bear

yine'^Hye'^ ^^
they always
eat
it

hayi-mdn
that is
-

(53)

fcHwiydl

once

for
of.

Food

up,

reason

do-

noya-da'^aW-ne'^in
to leave
it

(54)

qad
Now

we never used

hayi-q'i thus

Waneonly

hay-dethis

mihow'^
grizzly bear

there.

warj about

xowdiligy^^
telling.

(55)

iah-xo
Just
to

mic'irp
it

Uyima-w
medicine

'^e'^iWc'^e'^n-ne'^in
I

(grizzly)

always used
to

make
q'ina"^

hay
the

miynilgyid^^
which they
fear.

(56)

XoM
[Strap]
[I

'^e'^iWc'^'e'^

ceMcay
rock-white

made

(with)]

also

(medicine)

in

my

Wiq'ay'^timiP burden-basket

me'^-'^e^a'^a'^ ^^

(57)

hay
The

always was

in

it.

cehicay'^^'^ quartz

hay-aij"^
it

is

mihow'^
[grizzly bear]

me'^nilgnd
he fears
it.

(58)

c'ixolc'^e--daij'^
In the

cehicay
quartz

de'^diwitj'^arj

myth days

one put

it

in the fire,

hi^id
[and]

mii
with
it

xosa'^Uyilce-K
they bethrew into his

hayi-q'i thus

c'oxosehiwe-n
he killed him

mikyow'^-ne'^in
the grizzly bear
that

mouth

the (rock),

once was,

hayi-mdn
that is
-

me'^nilgyid
he fears
it.

(59)

hayi
That

WeI

"^oWc'id

hayi
that

mdn
is

the

know,

why

reason

mikyow'^
grizzly bears

Wiynilgyid
fear me.

(60)

q'ad [Now]

hayi-q'i
[thus]

Wa-neonly." 53

Power over
(l)My
her
(2) (3)
It

the Grizzly

Bear

maternal grandmother,
sa-we'^liW. [a]

now

deceased, used to

tell

us this story;

name was

One

season, a long time ago, acorns failed to appear around

living at the

here.

was while we were

man, the late ta'^kyimiidin, [c] came to tomorrow. (5) You two [d] should pound up some acorns,
with

house called yide'^xoma'^, [b] and a visit us. (4) He said, "We're going off
[e]

and come

me

to gather acorns at the place called c'e-xoliW-me"^. [f]

(6)

They say

there are acorns there, but they also say that three grizzlies (mikyow*^) are

around, [g]

(7)

You must

not go without the (bear) medicine!" [h]

Hupa
(8)

Texts:

34

297

As soon
(10)

together.

as he left, we pounded up some acorns. (9) The next day we went off, a group of

We

got our things

in
all.

ten people

(11) When we

got up to c'exoliWrne'^, he said, "Hold on! Let

me

look

first in

the cave where we're going to camp." (12)

We
[i]
I.

stayed there waiting for him.

(13)

When
it!

he returned,

he said, "There's (a family of) three grizzlies

(15)

living in

(14) O.K., go ahead, aunts!"

We

laid

down our pack

baskets and went on ahead,

(16)
it.

my

late sister

and

(17)

When we got to When I went up

their

the cave, sure enough, there

to

were

grizzlies living in

them, they said "whoa," growling

to the ground.

at

once they stuck

muzzles down

at me. (18) All But despite this I (19)

told (the

mother

grizzly),

"Get out of the way, aunt!

stay far off."

[j]

(20) Let

me camp

in this cave. (21)

You must
thing
I

(22)

The only
I

was carrying was

my
at

pack

strap,

my

spit [k] as

thought about (the medicine formula).

which I hit with (23) Then, all at

dirt at

once, (the grizzly) rose up and

(24) Suddenly
(25)
its spit

jumped out
me)
hit

me.

(flew at
I

like

someone throwing loose

fell

At

that

moment, however,
[I]

it

across the eyes with the strap that

me. had

been made into medicine.

(26) (The grizzly) immediately

back, after

which they all ran for their lives down the hill. (27) Then I told everybody, "O.K. you can come on now!" (28) Then they all came, and we spent the
,

night in the cave.

(29)

Then

in the

morning,

after

we had

eaten, a

group

went off

to gather acorns.

went off by ourselves, my late sister and L (31) We climbed way up to miyeh-kyin-na-'^ayaP-dirj, [m] and what should we find there but the grizzlies! (32) I said to (my sister), "Walk close by me."
(33)
I

(30) We

had been picking up acorns as

to in front of
I

went along, and both of us had

(34)

gathered loads that reached to the pack straps, [n]

Then

swung

my

burden basket around

(35)

me, keeping only the strap

in

my

hand.

We

walked toward them, as

it

made

the medicine, talking to the strap

and

hitting

with
1

my

spit.

(36)

Then

walked up

to (the

mother) grizzly and said to her,

"1

am

going to pick acorns here; you must stay away." (37) All at once it leaped up toward me, standing up straight. (38) It jumped from place to place toward

me,

its spit

(spurting out) as
I

if

someone were
strap.

flinging
it

it

down

in bursts.
at

(39)

Then
I

cracked the pack

(40)

When

reached up

me

with

its

paws,

hit

it

across the eyes.

(41) Then, as she dropped back

the

down, I ran up to her and hit her across rump, whereupon she ran off downhill, the other two as well her

cubs.

Not long after this I heard someone shouting from downhill. heard him say, "Run for your lives! The grizzlies are upon us!"
(42)

(43)

298
(44)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

We

gathered

acorns

there

until

after

midday.
to the

(45) Each

of us
cave.

gathered a whole basketful.

(47) Then,
(48)

(46)

We

packed these

camp

at the

when we

all

had gotten enough (acorns), we

set off for

home.

We
I

never saw the grizzlies again.

(49) (50)

used to just play with the grizzlies.

all

We

returned to ta'^k>imit-dir).

(51)

We
it

brought
up.

all

the acorns (that

we had
[o]

gathered). (52) People never used to leave anything at c'exoliWmeq'

because the grizzlies would immediately eat

there.

(53)

We

never would

leave any food

(54) That's

all

there

is

to this story

about grizzlies.

(55)
(56)
I

really
it

used to make a medicine against them that they would fear.

with a pack strap, and a piece of quartz
in

made

(cehicay) that

always carried
fears.

my

burden basket.

(57)

It's

really the quartz that Grizzly

(58) In
it

myth times
[p]

(cixolc*e*-dag'')
it

someone put quartz

is

into the fire,

that's

then pulled

out and threw

it.

into Grizzly's
this,

mouth, killing him, and

why he

fears

(59)
is!

know

which

why

the grizzlies fear me.

(60) That's

all

there

[a]

This name, like

many

personal names,

is

unanalyzable.

Sam Brown

narrates the

remainder of the text

[b]

(line 2 to the

end) in his maternal grandmother's voice.

(at least

A house

in ta''k>'imit-dir).

Houses

those belonging to important people)

were usually named.

[c]

Literally, 'ta''k>'imR-diij-person' (<

taWimii-dirj-ni), the personal

name of

an

old

Hupa man,

the father of John Spencer.

[dl

Sam Brown's grandmother and

(See also
[i]

her

sister.

Actually, they were

15)

first

cousins;

their fathers

were brothers. The term Wide- 'my

below.)
trip.

sister' (see line

was often extended

to cousins.
[e]
[f]

To

take along as food for the

An
Hill.

acorn gathering claim

in

swampy

flat

near the head of Beaver Creek, toward

Bald
[g]

mother and her two cubs (see

that sa-we'^liW

line 41).
sister

[h]

He knows

and her

own

a medicine formula that will drive

off grizzlies.
[i]

taWimildin asks the two

sisters to

use their bear medicine.

actually their cousin.

He
it

calls

them

his

father's sisters {'Wa-dic'^iri); his father

[j]

was

She

calls the grizzly

it.

'my mother's

sister' {Wirjq'ay'^),

addressing

as a relative in

order to placate
(miRJow'').
[k]

Grizzlies are supposed to resent being called by their real

name

At the end of a medicine formula the reciter

spits slightly at the object

used as a

medicine.

Hupa
[1]

Texts: 34

299

By

silently reciting the

formula and spitting she had given the strap the power to

control the bear.

[m] Literally, 'the place where they gamble under

single tan oak

it',

an acorn-gathering

site

with a

renowned

for

its

good acorns.

It

is

a very large tree,

under which

mythological birds (identified as pigeons) used to play the stick-gambling game.

myth-birds had a dance there, which they gave to the Yuroks
at

The

Weitchpec.

The

sisters

knew of this
[n]

place and went off by themselves to gather there.

to reach to

They had picked enough acorns

where the pack strap

is

attached to the

burden basket, about one-third of the

[o]

way from

the bottom.
here, but c'e-xoliW-me'^ in

Sam Brown
and
1 1

calls the

camping place c'e-xoliW-me-q'

lines 5
[p]

Line 58

is

a synopsis of the grizzly bear medicine formula.

(Bears used to be
It

man-eaters. One man heated white quartz and put it in a bear's body and killed him.) was passed down in Sam Brown's mother's family and comes from the South Fork
the Trinity, or at least the

of

supposed
medicine.

to sing after killing a

myth events took place there. Grizzly has a song which it is man, but this is not the song going with this particular

300

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

35. Training for Striking

Narrated by

Fear into the Grizzly Bear

VII, pp. 11-14.

Sam Brown. Notebook

to-

(1)

xay-hid
In winter,

do-mide'^xine-'W-minirj

'^e'^ik^a-w ^-id

xoh q'ad
even
if
it

November

when

the river

is

high,

is

camehsKon-heh
a

woman

c'e'^ind'W one goes down

(to river)

misq'i(d)-nilin Mill Creek

c'ewilin-dirj where it flows out

(into Trinity).

(2)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay ah
there

tehc'e'^ind-W he, she goes

into the water,

hi^id
[and]

to--q'i(d)

dah-c'ine'^itiW
she
lies

on the surface
of the water

down
of.

on top

(3)

yidaci-dimid^
Belly-up

tilah'^
she,
it

'^aVe'^iic'^e'^

(4)

hiayaha^id]
[Then]

floats

she, he

always

makes himself.

c'ilandirj

hay
the

na-q'a-ta-rj'^a--diij 5

wan-de'^ilirj'^-

^hid

hayah
there

Norton Ranch bar (whole bar)

gravel bar

when

it

flows over

wan'^de'^ild-di he floats over it.

(5)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

yide"^

yew
yonder

xonsahdi(r})
xonsahdirj

yide"^

downstream,

down

(at)

yehwilin-diij^ hijid tahna'^admi'W ^ mouth of Hoopa [and] he swims out of the

Valley canyon,
water back to shore.

(6) h{ayaha^id]
[Then]

hayah
[there]

na-q'i-q'id

on the
gravel

no'^O'na'^de'^iiwal lo he throws himself down.

(7)

haya-i
[Then]

q'ad

hayi
that

ce'-ne'^in

naq'i-^
(and)

now

rocks that

were

pebbles

x'^e'tilc'^e'^n^^

nir}xosti(n)-mii
with the
ice.

(8)

hlayaha^id]
[Then]

nina-na'^adce'^
she gets up again,

grow, stick to her, each one

na'^te'^ida-W
she goes off

(9)

ia'^a-dirj

xontah
house

yehna'^ada-W
when she goes
into
it

hi^id
[when]

na-'^axad
it

12

Sometimes

drops off

home.

hay
the

naq'
gravel.

(10)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

na'^asel-mH when she gets warm

c'ine'^itiW

she

lies

down.

Hupa
(11)

Texts:

35
Ryina^ald-l dreams

301
darfWo"^

hayah-mU
[Then]

hay

dax'^e'di-q'

do[not!

however

he, she

nobody

mii
to
it

c'ixoligy
she
tells
it;

miq'eh
according to
(her dream)
it it

'^e'^iliw

hay
the

(person)

happens always

dax''edi-q' in what way

Icyina-'^aslai

she always

dreams

ma'n
because
of.

(12)

yo'w
That
in

'^c'^n

darjWo'^

mii
if

c'ixowiligy-de'^
she
tells

case of

somebody
(13)

of

it

to

do'-xolirj
it

hayi-q'a
in that

'^at'e-n
that
it

minian-di(n)
Ten

ye'^Uxa'^

is

not

does (= given her power).

way

days pass

ky[iwinya'^nyd-n] people
tilah
'^aWic'^'e-

do-

mila-n^'^
not with

Uye'^iyaij'^-x'^^^

(14)

he eating.

hay-arj'^ That is what

'^olyeis

(15)

mikyow'^
Grizzly bear

"downing oneself
one does"

called,

doxoiwedoes not fight

such a one,

xoh
even
if

yixoikyi(d)-te'
it

xonist'e^-me'^-c'iif
his

ye'
instead
(of fighting)

UyiniW-'^aydemc^e'^
it

15

will catch

body

in

it

to

always

listens.

one

haya-i
[then]

xe'^e-nayx'^e'^Hwal '6 it (bear) always throws him away.

(16)

mikyow'^
Grizzly bear

miynilgyid
is

'^

afraid

of one

tilah

'^a-diwilc'^'e-n^^

(17)

'^a-ya'^de'^ine'^

mikyow'^
grizzly bear

'^arp
it

meda'^ay
his

who

has "drowned himself."

They always say

is

head

yeVmd-Vyi^

302

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Training for Striking Fear into the Grizzly Bear

(l)In winter, during the "unlucky month" (do*-mide'^xine*W-minii]) [a]

when

the river

is

high, (the person training for this power)

even

if

she's a
(2) (3)

woman
makes

goes

down

to the

mouth of Mill Creek

lies

(mis-q'id-nilin).

goes into the river there and over the gravel bar

down on
(4)

the top of the

water.

She She

herself float belly-up. lb]

She

floats

over where the river flows

at cilan-dirj. [c]

(5) Further downstream, where the river flows into the canyon

xonsah-dii), she swims

gravel there.
(7)

back to shore.

(6)

below She throws herself down on the

Rocks and pebbles get attached to her with ice. (8) Then she gets up and starts for home. (9) The (pebbles) sometimes drop off again

when
sleep.

she goes into the house.

(10) After she

warms

up, she lies

down

to

(11)

Whatever she dreams then, she

will

tells

it

to

no one, so that whatever she

tell
it

dreams happen

happen,

[d]

(12) If she should

to

someone,

it

doesn't

like that.

(13) She spends ten days without eating in the

(14) This

is

what

is

called

"making yourself
if

float (like a

company of other people. drowned man)"

{tilah '^aWl&'e-). [e]

(15) Grizzlies don't attack her, and even

to

they catch her they only listen

(16) Grizzly bears are

what

is

in

her body, then they throw her away. has been "made
to float."

afraid of

someone who
is

(17)

because the grizzlies hear the scraping sound of gravel

They say that it's being washed along,

and

that

what they
all
I

fear, [f]

(18) That's (19)

know.
used to be a resident of xonsah-dig told

A woman who

me

about

it.

(20) She apparently did this to herself, and afterwards grizzly bears feared
her.
this

(21)

My

maternal grandmother,

now

dead, also used to

know about

procedure, [g]
all
I

(22) That's
[a]

know.

Approximately November, considered an unlucky time.

[b] Literally, 'she

the corpse of a
[c]

makes herself a belly-up drowned man.

for example, of

floating thing'.

That

is,

she floats like

The

old village at Norton Field,

Id]

She might dream,

downstream from Mill Creek. good luck coming to her.

since

She usually does

it

not

dream of
[e]

a grizzly bear

(coming

to bless her or whatever),

would be

afraid

of her.

This
river.

is

what the training procedure

(See note lb] above.)

is

called generally, not just the actual floating

on the
If]

This sound always stays inside a person

it.

who undergoes

this training.

Sam Brown

has heard
Ig]

See

text 34.

Hupa
36.
Narrated by

Texts:

36

303

The Afterworld
VII, pp. 45-46.

Sam Brown. Notebook

(1)

hay
[The]

do-niWon
not-good
c'ite'^ina'W

k>[iwinya'^nyd-n]
[person]

daxo'C^j-'^a^aniw ^-id

when he
te'^ina-'W

dies.

do-niWo-n-c'irP
to a

(2)

bad place

he goes.

xonist'e^ His body

(= soul)

haya'-c'itj'^ 2
to there.

goes off

(3)

haya'i
[Then]

xona't'aw'^
his spirit,

dig>a(rj)
here, in
this

na-na-'^aya^ 3 it goes about

again.

(4)

kyliwinya^nya-n]
Person

ghost

world

naPRya^aw
singing
na'dU-c'irj'^

c'ilyo'^-de'^
if

niWon-c'iij'^
to a

c'ite'^ind'W

hay
to

k>ixinay

he likes

good place

he goes

where the k>ixinay

c'ilyo'^-de'^
[if

(5)

hinahidan
[Flower Dance]

go about.
kyinahidaij-wint'e--c'in'^ where they always dance the Flower Dance]
xonsii-c'idilyeWhite Deerskin Dance,]
-c'idilye-

he

likes],

c'ite'^ina-W
[he goes],

(6)

c'idilye-

c'ilyo'^-de'^
[if

[to

[World Renewal dances]

he

likes].

digya(n)-yima-n-yide'^
here across to the north

hay
[the]

c'idilye'-wint'e--ditj
[they always dance place];

[the

xay

[Jump Dance]

304
Dance he

XIV Northwest
arrives at the

California Linguistics

heaven of the perpetual World Renewal dance

if

in the

north (digyan-yima*ni-yide'^); or
the perpetual
(7)

he likes the
in the

Jump Dance,

the heaven of

World Renewal dance

south (digyan-yima*ni-yinaG).
(k-ice*) are

Only

the

Brush Dance (xon'^-na'^we*) and the War Dance

bad, and for that reason

(8) That's all
I

we do

not like

them very much.

know.

[a]

See also That

is,

text 27.
hell

lb]

(cindin-tah-dig 'dead people-among-place', also called

to this place. in the

he'^ile'^n).

Only people who break the Indian rules go go to where the k-ixinay are above us
thunderclouds), or in
specific "heavens"

Doctors and other good people

i.e.,

clouds ('^ah-nik>'a*w-me'',

in the

associated with a particular

beyond the edge of the world, each one which the k^ixinay eternally perform there. Good ceremony
to the

people are taken to the place of the ceremony they have the most faith in (cidilye*.

Flower Dance,

etc.).

Those addicted

Brush Dance go

to Hell,

however,

at least in

Sam Brown's
[c]

opinion.

Suicides also go

to Hell.

One's person, personality.

What

leaves the

body when one dies or goes

to haunt the living.

into a

trance.

Id]

One's ghost. The part of a corpse which remains

the east

le] In

where the sun

rises.

IV.

MEDICINE FORMULAS
General Note

The

texts

contained
the

in

this

section are narrative

versions of

mythical
that

incidents

(usually

actions

of

one

or

more

mythical

beings)

established a particular medicine (kyima'w).

No

medicine can be effective

It
is,

without
very

this

mythical charter or "formula" being invoked.

discussion

however,

only one of a number of necessary elements of a kyima-w

his

ritual.

Keeling, in

thorough

of northwest

California

medicine

making

Burning of incense root (mixa'ce'^(1992: 129-144), lists eight others: xolcn); abstinence from food, sex, or water; a prescribed location for the medicine making; stylized verbalization of the formula; the use of an herb
or

some other substance with miraculous powers; performing

an action of the establisher of the medicine;

a ritual action

that duplicates

singing a song
to the estab-

(again, in imitation of the establisher);

lisher

and making an offering

medicine.

generally tobacco

in return for using the

"Medicines", in the broad sense of

this entire

complex of knowledge, are

owned, and can be passed from individual to individual by sale or inheritance. Someone who owns and uses a medicine formula is called knma'wOwning a c'Hc**'e* ('medicine maker'), a term also applied to White doctors.
kyima'w, however, does not make one an "Indian doctor" or sucking doctor powers for curing. shamanistic (kyite't'aw), who utilizes very different

On

the other hand,

medicine formulas are

to

be distinguished from the

First

formulas used
(text 7) or the

in certain public rituals,

such as the
9).

Salmon Ceremony
rituals

Bathing of the Rain Rock (text

Except for the medicine of

are

the Brush

Dance (Goddard 1904: 241-252), medicine

usually

conducted in private and are not linked to any ceremony.

The medicine formula texts collected by Sapir, like most of those in Goddard (1904: 275-368), are not transcriptions of the formulas as they would be spoken in a medicine ritual. With the sole exception of a version of the corpse purification medicine, dictated to Goddard by Mary Marshall (1904: 351-359), all of these texts are in the standard style of myth
narrations
(cf. texts

57-69).

Keeling suggests that dictations of

this sort

may
the

represent ad hoc "explanations" for the benefit of anthropologists

133),

(1992:

but

it

is

also possible that

in

it

was

a traditional practice to

relate

mythic content of formulas

to others.

narrative fashion when they were being taught

306

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

In actual medicine rituals, according to

recited as
if

a conversation

ing

the

medicine

and

Sam Brown, formulas should be were being carried on between the person makthe spirit power who originated the medicine
indicates a question
yarj
...

C^a'na'cidyaw).
the spirit power.
"^atj,

repetition of nasalized he-he-he-he

being asked by the medicine maker, and he-he-he-he

an answer from
This

(The former

may be

derived from the interrogative particle

he-yaij 'yes').

while the

latter is a
is

drawn-out version of the word

in a

conversation
breathy.

conducted

shaking voice, each syllable staccato and

a shaky, quavery voice, he intersperses

If the reciter can't

little

manage

the formula with

coughs. This shaky voice (described as c'e-na-xoMdil,

'clearing the throat') notifies the spirit

powers

that the

medicine

is

being

made.
Although they lack
this

conversational structure, the medicine formula

Goddard's) are characterized by two stylistic features. One is the use of the exclamation he! spoken in a low tone of voice and held for several seconds. This exclamation indicates a long period of deep, sad contemplation on the part of the originator of the
texts in Sapir's collection (and to a lesser extent

medicine, just before he discovers the herb,

song,

or

other

thing

with

medicinal properties that he then "leaves" for the use of

human

beings.

The other
eral variants)

stylistic characteristic

of these texts

is

the ritual phrase (in sev-

with which they nearly always conclude:

"Whoever knows

my

do it this way," "Not many will know my body," etc. In this body phrase "my body" (Winist'e'^) refers not to the physical body of the establisher of the medicine, but to his "person", i.e., his personality and deeds,
will

specifically the ones recounted in the formula (see xonis'te*^ in the Glossary).

Hupa
37.

Texts:

37

307

Medicine Formula to Cure Vomit and Passing of Blood

Narrated by

Emma

Frank.

Notebook V,

pp. 12-17.

(1)

xorj'^xahWdirj At Merip (Yurok village)

Icyixinay aky'ixinay

Icyehicanitj

xode--hU
her sister
-

maiden

with

c'idehic'e- 2
they stayed.

(2)

'^e'^ilwil-e-te- 3

UyiKo--x'''^

hay
the

c'inkya'w-e'
eldest.

All day long, till nightfall

she weaving baskets

donot

xoc'irp to them

naya'tidce- 6
door was ever open (they were all alone at bad place).

(3) mine-^ixomii
[After a while]

iah-xo
just

mine-Gi^i
easy, gently

na^te^ice'^

mit'ah^
through the half-open (door)

c'e'Uye'^ic'e^^

hay-yo'w
that

she opens

it,

wind always blows;

mit'ah c'e'kye'^ic'e'^ wind coming through it,

Uyic'indi

te^ina-

308
(8)

XIV Northwest
hay-yo-w
That one

California Linguistics

IcyiwiKohi-ne'^in

na'^xone-Pe'^n
back
at her.

i^

(9)

kyeh

18

who had been weaving

she (younger) looked

"Let's see

daxo-'^-g^a'^
what-[I wonder]

'^a-c'o-neh

c'ondehsne"^
she thought.

(10)

hay
The

she will do,"

IcyiwiXoM-ne'^in one who had been weaving

iah-x""
just

io'^-ya-W
trout

Rye'^wUca's
one threw it down on the ground

sile'^n 19

xona-'^
her eyes

Wan
just

she became
like,

na-mis-x'"'^^

na-xo'tehs'^a-n^^
they ran around, rolled.

(11)

iico[w]^^
Green matter

around and around

ia'^-miqis one side

(of her eye)

it

c'e'lcyininyo'W ran out, flowed

out liquid

ceiifj

(12)

haya-i
[Then]

'^a-c'ondehsne'^
[she thought].

blood.

me-cah-xosin
"Evidently
it's

"^^-tehi-xolarj

(13)

hayi-q'a
In that

'^a'^xolah-de'^
if

going to be hard

way

one

treats

him.

(for people).

dax'^e'di-q'i
in

kya'^aW-ne'^
I

what way

wonder
going

- is it

kyiwinya'^nya-n [human beings]

to

be

na-nde-K-de"^ [when they have come].

hayi-q'a
in that

way

if

"^a-c'idyah-de^ one acts, does?

(14)

qad Now

xoW-kyay'^ 2A
I

ky[iwinya'^nya'n]
Indians

guess

ma- "^a-naWdiyaw
for
it,
I

'^^(15)

daydi
I

kya'^-'^aW
its

miKo-we"^
grass, leaves,

'^o'leh'^^
will be, is to

mii
there-

did

it

(again).

wonder [where]

them

medicine

become?"

with

c'e'^ninyay
she went out.

(16)

clte'te-'^e^n'^'^

She looked around

ninis'^a-ni-me-q world - inside of (= as far as she could see).

(17)

do--heh
Not
at all

c'iican
she discovered
it.

(18)

ninc'irj['^]-x''

na'^te-rj'^e'^n

(19) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

Down

(to the

she looked back again.

ground)

c'iica-n
she found
it.

(20)

he->f

c'cndehsne"^ niWo-n-^'^^ ky[iwinya'^nya'n]n

!

mafor

He+

she thought,

"It is the

[Indians]

them

very best

nona'kyina-'^an '^^-teM
I'm going to leave some."

Hiipa Texts: 37
(21)

309
yehna-widyay
into the

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

xa'^winyo's
she pulled
it

out.

(22) h[ayaha3i(d)] Then

house

she went back.

(23)

hay

na-ya^tehidic''e-n^^
they (girls) grew up (again)
-

hay
the

xanis-c'iPe-n
Indian dipper-basket

Since the time

even

in time with them

naya'teMdic'^e-n
it

(24)

hayi-me'^
That
-

mito-'^
its

c'isc'^'e^n

hay-yo'w
that (older

(basket)

grew (again)

in

juice

she

made

it;

(with them).

sister)

q'a(d) now, just about

daxo-['^]-'^a''^adyah^'^-te-xoliW^^
-

hay
that

mito'^
its

c'isc'^e^n

.something - was about to do pretty nearly (= was about to die)

juice

she

made

it.

(25)

h[ayahajid]
Then

xosa'^wiigyid 34
her mouth she put in
a
little

(26)
In a comfortable

way

dab.

no-na^xoniite-n
she laid her

hayahajid
[then (after she

(27)

de-q'a
"In this

'^ac'ilah-te-

hayi
that

down

people will
do.

one

had done
Winist'e'^

that).]

way

who
^aht'i[rj]

c'o-na-ic'i(d)-tewill

(28)

iah-xo
Just

gya"^
[see!]

donot

my body
(= will learn

know

it

again

every-

about me).

minia'n-e'^^ body

'^ayWiidiwe'n'^^'^-Warf
it,

hayah
'There

c'in

hayi-q'a'^a'na''^adydw^^
that

they to

me

tell

[only],

they say

way

she did.'

(29)

do-

niWo-n

^a-ya-'^(a)nt'e-

(30)

hay-yo-w
That one

hana'^ 39
behold!["l

Not good

they are.

(who
me'^ sd^d-n 40 - in (him) - it [lies] [some]thing (= one who has something wrong with him)

is

sick)

daydi

'^a-na'^no-t'e'^^
let

(31) hayi-qi
[In this

]ly\iyjinya'^nya-n\

him have

his

Indians

former appearance.

way]

mafor

no-na-ya'^V.yiniffa-n
they (girls)
left

them

(medicine).

Medicine Formula
(1)

to

Cure Vomit and Passing of Blood

at

[a]

Merip (xog'^xahW-dir)). [b] (2) The older sister wove baskets all day long, and the door was never open to them. (3) Once in a while they would open it just slightly, and a wind would blow out through (the crack); and when this wind blew through, sickness (k>icind) would spread, which was why the door was not opened. (4) The (younger sister) [c] would think about this, "This is how it
will

kyixinay maiden was living with her sister

happen,

this is

how

sickness will spread.

(5)

Cough

(xos) [d] will

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

spread. Blood (ce'lig) [e] will spread,

forth.

(6) She,

however, did nothing about

Green (licow) [f] will spread," and so it, the younger (sister).
[g]

(7)

When

the world
it's

was
to
I

in the

middle of becoming,
[h]

she thought, "I

to exist?

wonder how

going

be

when human beings have come

(8)

What
[i]

will they say about us,

wonder?"

She looked

at

(her older sister),

who had been weaving.

(10)

(9) "Let's see

what she

will do," she thought,

fell to

The

(older sister)

who had been weaving

the ground, just like

in a

a trout that
circle. (11)

someone had thrown down, her eyes just running around Green matter and blood flowed out of one of her eyes.
sister) thought, "It

(12)

The (younger

looks like

it's
it

going to be

difficult.

(13) If (sickness) acts on her in that way, what will

be like when
I

human
I

beings have come to exist and

that

kind of thing happens? (14)

people.
(15)
1

suppose

have already established

out.

(this sickness) for

is

medicinal herb (miKowe"^)

to

come

into being?"

and with

wonder where its this she went

(18) She
[j]

(16) She looked

all

around the world.

(19)

(17) She found nothing.

it.

looked
pulled

down
it

at the

ground.

Then she found

(20) "Heh!"

she

thought, "I'm going to leave a very nice thing for people!" (21)

Then she

out of the ground.

(22) She went back into the house.

dipper basket (xanis-ciPcn) had

come into existence (in myth times), a come into being along with them. (24) In this (dipper basket) she made an infusion of the herb (mito-"^), she made an infusion for (her older sister) who was just about to die. (25) She put some in (her sister's) mouth. (26) She laid her down carefully, and then said, (27) "He will do it in this way, he who will learn about me. [k] (28) But not
(23)
the k^ixinay girls had

When

just

anybody
it

will
there.'

be able to say (about) me,

(29)
let

[I]

'She

is

said

to

have
has

established

(sickness) in

him

They are not good. him be (well) again!"

left
it

(30) Behold!

He who

(31) In this

way

they

for

human

beings.

[a]

medicine for cases of severe internal sickness, such as pneumonia or

is

flu.

The

medicine herb used

unidentified.

called

mit'an''-tiGiWi-3
is

('its

leaves-forked-little'),

otherwise

The whole

plant

put into a dipper basket (xanis-cilVn) and then

spoken
is

to,

with this formula being recited.

When

the medicine
it

maker (kyima*w-c'Rc*e')

finished talking, she pounds the plant up and mixes

patient drinks a
rest is put into a
little

with water in the same basket.

The The

of this broth,

warmed up

slightly with a single heated rock.

to

cooking basket (miltcy) and heated

steam the
(the

patient.
is

[b]
here).
[c]

Yurok

village,

below Martin's Ferry on the Klamath

Hupa name

used

The older

sister
flu.

weaves, while the younger one thinks about sickness.

[d]

Colds and

Hupa
[e]
[f]

Texts:

37

311

sickness of the blood, apparently typhoid.

is,

That

green matter that

is

vomited up. Pleurisy or pneumonia

is

meant.
in

[g]
its

A formulaic

phrase, referring to the

mythic time when the world was half-way

change from the pre-human k-ixinay

[h] Literally,

state of affairs to the

way

it is

now.

'What will they say about our persons {nohnist'e'^)l\ meaning the
is

actions for which one

[i]

personally responsible. (See xonist'e'' in the General Glossary.)

sister
this,

She wondered what her

at

would do

if

she were a

human

being.

As soon

as

she looked
[}]

her and thought

in

her sister

fell

down

in a faint.
is

This ihe+, spoken

a low tone of voice)

It

the exclamation in

medicine

formulas for recognizing a medicine.

[k] Literally, 'he

symbolizes long, deep, sad thinking.

who

will learn about

my

person (Winist'e'^y

i.e.,

someone who

will find out

how

she instituted this medicine. See note [h] above and xonist'e'' in the

General Glossary.
[I]

Literally, 'to me', or

more

specifically 'with reference to

me'

{Wii).

312

XIV Northwest
38.

California Linguistics

Medicine Formula for Sickness

Notebook X,
de--nohqidin the sky.

Narrated by Jake Hostler.

"^ah-niha-w
Cloud
-

pp. 41-45.

(1)

"^ana'cidyaw^
he (person) did it (what follows)

(2)

Big

hay-atj'^ That one - it

is,

xomi^e'^edin'^-xolen
he had children,

ian
lots

xomi^e-'^e-din^ were his children.

(3)

haya'i
[Then]

mine-^ixomii
[after a while]

xowan-dahya'^diwilay
from him
-

xoWxe'^xi ^-ne'^in
his children
-

they were taken

away

that

were

dig>a(n)-yima'n-yinaGi-c'ir)'^ to {knxinay place).

(4)

Hupa
(13)

Texts:

38
c'ite'te-'^e'^n 15

313
'^ac'ondehsne'^
[(and) he thought],

xaniscWen

c'e'^ninta-n

hijid
[and]

dipper

he brought out.

he looked around, here and there.

dax^e-di-gya'^aW "What, I wonder

"^aWneh^^

(14) daydi
What,
I

am

to

do?"

gya'^aW wonder

my

WiKow'^-ne'^ medicine - will be?"

(15)

sa-Uyidirj

Suddenly

it

xa-dwa7K^~'-xolarj (plant) had come up

xoc'ine'^-mH-yaPmil Oregon grapes

kyinehst'a-n tan-oak

out of the ground, he saw.

q'ina^
also.

(16) h[ayaha^i]d-aij'^
[Then]

hayi
that

xa^winta-n
he dug up,

^^

hi^id
[and]

hay
[the]

Uyinehst'a'n
[tan-oak]

(grapes)

q'ind?
[also]

c'idiwiice-K 19 he pounded the

(bark) off of
it

hay
them

niic'in'^

together

no'^nilay he laid,

(17)

de-xo
This way

yinah-c'i(n)-yidah-c'ifj'^^ from the east

ceii(rj)

c'e'wehsle'^n'^^

de-xo
this

blood

flowed out,

way

yida--c'i(n)-yidah-c'irj'^^

iicow
green stuff

c'e'wehsle'^n

(18)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

from the north

flowed out.

hayi
that

ya'^wiijx&n
he dipped up.

hi^id
[and]

yehc'iwitjxa-n
he brought it into the house

xontah-me'^
[house
-

hayi
that

in]

misa'^te'xan 23
he put into each one's mouth
misa'^te-xarj

hay
[the]

xomi^e'^edirf
[his children.]

(19)

h[ayaha^i]d
Then

hayi
that

(medicine)

hi^id
[and]

niWorj-x'^a
well

^a'na'ya'^niwehst'e'^ 24
they

he put

it

into their

mouths

became

again.

(20)

'^a-c'ondehsne'^

[He thought].

hayi-q'a "Thus

'^a'wineM'^^-te' it will be doing

c'ininya'-te'

hay
the one (who)

Winist'e'^

my body

c'o'naic'id

(21)

We-

Wiwan
to

hayi-q'a
thus

"^ahdiyah-de"^

who

has learned.

Me

me

he will

come

when

it

(sickness)

happens.

(22)

do-tarj-Warj Not many it

would be

hay
[the

Winist'e"^

yona-ic'i(d)-te- 26

one (who)]

[my body]

[who

will learn

it],

(23)

Icyitis-e'-xo^'^
If

'^a-'^ant'e'-de'^-^

he

is

really smart,

'^a-Wiic'ide-nP-tehe will tell about me."

(24)

hayi
That one

c'in

hayi-q'a
thus
he did

"^ana'c'idyaw
it

they say

for people to follow.

4
3

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Medicine Formula for Sickness

(l)Big Cloud C^ah-nikya'w) [a] established this medicine in the sky. He had children, many children. (3) Then it happened that his boys were all taken away from him to the kyixinay heaven in the south (digyan-

(2)

yimaTii-yinaG). [b]
(4)

Then he would
in the

get lonesome for his lost children.

[c]

(5)

He

lost control

of himself and spread a sickness (kyicind).

(6)

Soon the sickness reached

lived.

them
(7)

heaven

in the

south where

many people

When

only a few people were

(9)

left,

he took back his children. (8) Then

they stayed with him again.

until nearly
all

But people out there just kept dying off,

were gone.

(10) After a while, he (11)

saw

his

own

children

falling

over (with sickness).

The

sickness had

come back

into his

own

house.
(12)

Then he thought, "What

all

will

and looked

around and thought, "What

do?" (13) He got out a dipper basket, am I going to do? (14) What will

my

medicine herb be?"

he saw an Oregon grape plant (xocine'^-mii-ya'^mil) that

(15) Suddenly

also a tan-oak (kyinehst'a*n). (16) Then he dug up the Oregon grape, and he pounded (some bark) off (the tan oak), and he laid them down together. (17) Blood (ce*lig) started to flow here from the east, and Green Matter (ticow) started to flow here from the north, [d] (18) He

had sprouted up

dipped

this up,

took

it it

into the house,

to

and fed

it

to

each of his children.

(19) After he had fed

them, they became well again.

(20)

He

thought,
[e]

"It will
It is

always be
that

about me.
this.

(21)

me

he will

(22) But not

tell

many
way

will learn

when someone has learned when (sickness) happens like about me. [f] (23) If someone is really
like this

come

to

smart, he will
(24) This
is

(about) me."
that

the

he

is

said to

have established

this

medicine.

[a]

Apparently another name for Thunder. See text 40.

[b]
[c]

The k^ixinay heaven

Epidemic sickness
is

that lies across the mythical

ocean

to the south.

believed to be carried by clouds.

text 37).

[d]
It is

Blood sickness and green vomit, two of the basic types of sickness (see not clear what is meant by this sentence.

[e] Literally,

'when someone has learned about

my

person {Winist'e'^y,

i.e.,

has found

out about the personal actions of the one

in the
[fl

who
this

established the medicine.

(See xoniste'

General Glossary.)

That

is,

not

many people

will

know

medicine.

Hupa
39.

Texts:

39

315

Medicine Formula for a Menstruating to Shorten her Period

[Narrated by

Woman

Emma

Frank.

Notebook V,

pp. 23-28.]

(1)

dig>an
Here
to

to the

yide'^i-yidac North (a little the East of Bald Hill)

mini(rjP-mii-te-diliw
Panther

'^a-nac'ldyaw^
he did
it

xoitisc'e'^'^-hR
together with
his sister.

(2)

hayi
That

xoitisc'e'^
his sister

menstruating

mirjIcHPe-ni^-wint'e-'^ - she always

c'isle'^n^

she became,

was

(right along)

(3)

Just

iah-xo-wint'e- Uyiwanay'^day ^ mini(nP-mU-ie-diliw - always he was Panther; he was hunting

nahxi
two

Wanealways

Icyine'^iwiW he packs home

nHq'i(d) on top of
each other

dah-nasa^a-n

(4)

hay
Since the time that

(2) are (deer) piled [up].

ya'^te-wehsc'^e-n ^-e--darj'^ they grew up - (ever since)

hay
the

ta'^nd-n
water

xomiij'^kyine^-dirj 9

behind his house.

na-tehidic''e-n lo it (water) grew up (again), came to be

ya-x'^'e-n'^-darj'^ ^^

(5)

hay
That

dina'^

midac
on
its

even with them, contemporaneously with them.

milkweed

slope

dah-na-Uyisxan
stood (on top).

12

(6) mine-^ixomii
After a time

'^a-xoic'ide'^ine'^

namme-

'^

xoitisc'e'^
his sister

he used to say to
her.

"Bathe!"

'^ah-tc'ide'^ine'^

namme"Bathe!"

hayi-x'^e-mU

14

(7)

'^aniar}-x''e--di(ij)-mii

he

tells

it.

and so on, every now and then.

From everywhere

UnRyite'^iyaW

^^

hay
the

UyiUxan
deer,

hay
the

dina'^-warj

come

(cust.)

along

all

together,

milkweed
-

from here and there

in

bunches.

for, to get

'^aya-'^aniw they always do so.

hay
the

ta'^nd-n

"^a-diUyinaijqe^ '6
(for) their

yaywiidic^'e'ri

'^
it

(8)

dig^afj
[Here]

water

own

lick

they all have made for themselves.

yinaci-yidac
[to the east]

dah-siten
up (on the slope)
it

dilciW-kyoh
big forked-horn
(deer)

hayi
the (deer)

mina-'^t'arP-tah
its

eyelashes-[as well]

lay

Jiyiya-

W-nwda'^ay

(oO bird's-heads,
feathered scalps.

316
(9)

XIV Northwest
mine-^i(d)-yice'^n
^^

California Linguistics

Down
(< moving

at the

waist
its

down

to

iah-x"^ nothing middle) but

celin
blood,
red

no'^niic'^e-n^^-nehwa-n'^^
he was as though one had made (blood colored) that far.
it

(10)

hayi

xo'^^i

ye'^Hxa'^-diij

hi^id
then

te'^inaW
he (forked horn deer) goes to the water (last of all).

When

it's real

daylight, bright day,

(11)

yice'^ni

-'^a'^a'^a'^ 2i

hi^id
that

nate'^ildic'^e'^n 22
it

na'kyite'^ida-ye'^ 23
it

When

the sun lies

down,

W. (=

late afternoon)

time

(milkweed) always starts growing again

starts

blooming

again

hay
that

yayne'^iiye'^ 24
they always
eat up.

(12)

ia"^

xiKe'^
night

which

One

yiwana'x'^e'^ilyiw 25 they eat on it.

(= All night long)

(13)

mine'^ixomU
After a while

xo^e-'^-sil

tehsyay'^^
of (the noise)

mini(ijP-mii-te'diliw
Panther.

he got

tired

(14)

'^ac'ondehsne'^ [He thought].

miUya'c'in"^

teseK 27 -r^we'll [2] go."

(15)

ia'^a

"Away from

it

One

(board)

(deer) having

dahna'tita'^ni'^^-mH knocked them off

xaticay'^^'^

te'^ina'W

hay
the

xontah-ne'^in
house
-

dawn (comes),
its

comes along
(customarily)

used to be.

and leaving (one here and there)

whiteness

(16)

haya-i
[Then]

'^a-c'ondehsne'^
[he thought],

q'ade'^
"After a while

dig^an
here

do--xolin
it is

dehsdilc'e- ^^
that

not

we

stay

(=

we wouldn't

stay)."

(17)

me-na'^Uyisloy'^ ^^

xontah
[house]

h[ayaha^id]
[then],

(18)

up with hazel twine

tied
it

He

xiKe'^-ey-mii At midnight

digyaij
here

yimani-yinac
across - upstream (= far to the South where the angels are)

haya'-c'irj'^-ye-

wirj'^a'^^'^-ey
it

hay xontah-neVn
[the]

up

to there

lay there (after

(surprise)

being moved), it took up its position

to

house - used be so.

(19)

hay

c'idilye-

xo'^^i

mine-^id
in the

c'e'^insid^^-id

x'^'e'di-gya'^

The dancing (ground)

right

middle of

when they (2) woke up.

what

[surprise]

'^an-c'eh^'^
[people were heard speaking]

"^ile'xiji-hid^^

iah-xo
just

when

in their

imagination, as though

norjxodine- ^(^-xoliW-c'iw a roaring sound - quite like - was heard

hay
the (ones, deer)

milcya-c'in'^

c'itehsyay
he had gone away.

from

whom

Hupa
(20)
h[ayaha^i]d-ari'^

Texts:

39

317

Then

'^a'c'ondehsne'^ [he thought]

q'ad

xoW do-rj'^
I

Uy[iwinya?nya-n\
Indians

"Now

guess

it

is

ma'
for

them

"^a-naydiyaw we did it (again

as precedent).

(21)

hayi-watj
For that

^a't'e-n

hay
(in

ta^na-n
water,
the

they do so

order
)

to get

(22)

lah-xo-gya^
Just

do'
not

do'-na'^wehsle'^^'^-Warj he will get poor (again)

-

hay
the one

nohnist'e'^

our body

[only]

who
c'in

c'o'na'ic'i(d)-te'
will

(23)

hayi-q'i
In that

'^a'na-ya'^adydw
they did

know

(i.e.,

know

way

they say

this story)."

mini(tjP-mii-ie'diliw
Panther (& his
sister).

(24)

q'ad [Now]

hayi-q'i
[in this

Wane'
[only.]

way]

Medicine Formula for a Menstruating

(1) Panther

Woman

to

Shorten her Period

this

[a]

(minig'^-miWe'diliw)

[b]

established

medicine

in

the

kyixinay heaven to the north (dig^an-yide'^i-yidaG), together with his

(2)

sister.

That

sister

had become a perpetual menstruant.

[c]

(3) Panther

did

nothing but hunt;

the other.

he would always bring back two deer, one piled on top of

pond of) water had all the while been in existence behind their house. (5) Milkweed (dina*^) grew above its bank. (6) Once in a while (Panther) would tell his sister to bathe; he would every so often. tell her to bathe (7) From everywhere deer would congregate in order to (forage on) the milkweed, and they had the pond
(4)
(a

Ever since they had grown up,

made
(8)

into their deer-lick.

Up on

the slopes in the k^ixinay heaven to the east (digyan-yinaci-

yidac) there was a big forked-horn deer (dilciW)

who

also had red-headed

woodpecker scalps (k>'iya*W-me*da'^ay) for eyelashes.

(9)

Down

to its

middle
(10)

it

looked as

if

someone had caused

full

it

to

be

made
would

red (with blood), [d]

come
they

along, [e]

(11)

When it When it got

start
it.

got to be
to

daylight (this deer)

be

late

afternoon, the milkweed that

[f]

all

had eaten up would

growing and blooming again,

(12) All

night long they

would graze on

(13) After a while Panther grew

tired

of the noise.

(14)

He

thought,

"We're going

to

get

scattered around every time

away from this." (15) Boards from the house lay dawn broke, [g] (16) Then he thought, "We

can't stay here any longer." (17)

[h]

He

tied

up the house with twine

after that,

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

(18) In the middle of the night the house suddenly

moved
(19)

straight to the

k>ixinay heaven in the south (digyan-yima'ni-yinac).

When

Panther

and his
li]

sister

awoke they were

right in

the middle of a World Renewal dance,

it

and imagined that they heard voices, (but deer) that they had gotten away from.
(20)

was) the roar of (the

Then

Panther

thought,
(21)
It

"It

looks

like

we have
is

established

the
[j]

medicine for people.

(22)

is

the water that (the deer) are going after!

to

The only way

for

someone

avoid becoming poor

to learn

about

us." [k]

(23) That's the way, they say, that Panther and (his sister) established this

medicine.

(24) That's

all

there

is.

[a]

This medicine

is

called mii-na-na^me- ('with

it -

she bathes again').

It is

used to

enable a menstruating
days, and
is

woman

to shorten her ritual ten

days of exclusion by two or three

out hunting and she wants to get

especially useful
rest
is

when

the

men have been

The milkweed (dina''), which the woman rubs on herself as she bathes. This is one of two menstrual medicines that Emma Frank knew, and is to be used only (For another in the winter. She could not remember the summer medicine very well. formula see Goddard 1904: 310).
back with the
of the family.

The formula

also brings luck back to them.

medicinal herb

lb]
[c]

The mountain

lion {Felis hippolestes), locally called "panther."

Emma Frank
Women
it,

uses the straightforward term

migkyilVn

('she

was menstruating')

here.

usually avoid using this

word

in the presence

of men, substituting such

euphemisms
about

as tim na?me- ('she bathes at a lucky place'), xokyan-na-way ('she thinks

it'),

she has her mind on

to

or nasdo-rj-x'' U>a-n ('she eats alone').

Men

also use

roundabout phrases
[d]
its

avoid directly mentioning menstruation in front of

women.

That

is,

the deer

was colored red

all

the

way down

to its middle, half

way from

someone had painted it that way. Such a deer can only be seen by a very lucky man. (No Indian was ever known to see such a deer, however.) This half-red deer is apparently symbolic of menstruating women, and it also seems to be involved in restoring the milkweed. The passage is obscure.
antlers to
its tail,

as though

le]
[fj

Going

into the

pond

after the others

had

left.

They

all

came
It

before dawn.
in the

During the night the deer would eat up the milkweed.

would grow back

afternoon, and be full

[g]

grown again by

night.

The deer were making

free with the house,

night.

knocking boards off

in all directions

and leaving a few scattered around every

Ih]

He

put a board outside across the front of the house, above the door, to hold
it

it

tight, tying

to the other

boards

at several points

with hazel twine to keep them from

falling over.
[i]

The Jump Dance

is

constantly being danced in the heaven to the south (see text

36).

Hupa
He had

Texts: 39

319

thought the deer were after his house, to do damage to it. But hearing the roar continuing in the northern heaven after he had left, it became evident to him that it was actually the water with the milkweed growing above it that they were after. Thus,
Lj]

bathing in water and rubbing on milkweed are the medicine rituals that were established.
[k] Literally, to learn about our persons {nohnist'e"^),
recite
it

i.e.,

to

know

this

story and

as a

medicine formula. (See

xonist'e'' in the

General Glossary.)

320
40.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Medicine Formula pronounced over a Child to make him Wealthy and Brave

Narrated by
(1)

Emma
in the

Frank.

Notebook VI,
k>'ehniW Thunder
'

pp. 22-29.

dedi
This

ninis'^ani world
2

mine-jid
middle of

Ryiwinya'^nya-n
Indians

mafor

them

'^a-na'c'idyaw
he did
it.

(2)

c'isda- '^-ne-^i(d)-x''^

ia"^

yehna'^widyay
he went [back]
into the house.

While staying there

once,

one day

(3)

sa-Ryidirj

'^aij-g>'a'^

dayWo"^-^
something" (= household articles)
"little

na-ia'^a ^-xo
in a different

To

his surprise

he noticed

"^a-na-wilah 6 had become.

way
xo^^i-xo-diij
worse,
still

(4)

hayo-x'^e-mii
That kept on.

(5)

Uyiye-

yehna-widya--had^
when he
his

Again

entered

more

house

'^ana-wilah
they were done with again.

(6)

hayah-mii And then

'^a'c'ondehsne'^

dax'^e'd-a'ij'^

he thought.

"How

is it

dayWe'^eh'^
nothing

do[not]

wilca-n^o
is

(7)

dayd-a-f
What
is it

to be seen?

is

"^a-fen doing so?"

(8)

ia'^

One time
mine-^ixomii
[After a while]

yehna'^widyay
he came back
in,

mi^e-'^e'din
a child

no-diwintaK^^-e'-xolarj
evidently
it

^^

(9)

had

left its

tracks

in

view.

xo'^^i

na'^we'nehi ^^-xolarj
he left signs of where he had been playing.

(10)

really

"Where from

da-ydi-xo-kya'^aW-MriP-niil - 1 wonder - it is - from it?'

c'ondehsne'^
he thought.

(11)

xoh
In vain

c'ite-'^e'^e'^n 14

waij-xokya(rj)-na-'^aya'^
about
it

15

he always looked around.

he kept thinking,

(12)

mine-^ixomii
[After a while]

yehna'^widya'-had when he came back

into the

miq'e'^isday ^^-q'id the stool - on

"^atj-gya"^

he saw

house

kyiya-W-me'da'^ay
a bird's-head

kyehst'arj'^ '7

(13)

haya'i
[Then]

xo'^^i-xo-dirj

(= woodpecker scalp)

sticking flat (to the stool)

worse,

still

more

wafj-xokya(ij)-nahsya'^
he thought about
it.

(14)

q'ad

Now

Ky[iwinya'^nya-n] people

na'nde'^K
will be

^^-te-

coming

it

xa-nde'^n 19 had got close to

it.

Hupa
(15)
xo'^^i-xo

Texts:

40
na'^wenehi-xolan
[he]

321

xo^^i-xo

xo^yxo xandin

Closer and closer and closer

was playing

evidently.

(16)

mine-^ixomii
[After a while]

x'^e'daPay-yehwinyay
(Thunder's) head - it went into (= he heard)

hay
that

nd^tidye-W^^
he (child)
is

breathing.

(17)

q'ad
Just then

U>\iwinya^nya'n\
people

na^nde^K-tewere about to live there.

(18)

ia'^a

Once
yanaPwehs'^aP'^'^ he remained sitting,

yehna^widyay
he came back
in,

nirPi-me-na-'^alcil'^^

ce^eh-^i-din
a short time

nehwa-n
like

(Thunder)

sat

down

(to rest a little).

(19)

hay
That

xoxontaw'^
his

ce-Hcow
it

(20)

sa-k>idirj

house

was

(of) blue-rock.

Surprisedly

'^aij-gya'^

he saw

Uyiwindii 23 it was ringing

hay-yo-"^
that

Ryidiwilqa^n
house boards.

(21)

ia'^ay-xo At once

ninis'^d-n

minaaround

nahsdiyay-ey
it -

hay
the

world

went clear around

it

IcHwindil sound of
ringing.

(22)

dedi-deThis it is (as he found out)

mi^e-'^e'din
child

hay ah
there

xa'doof^^
he had crept and jumped up (from under the wall)

hayi-da
this
(it

'^a''^antw

hay
the

one was)

who had been

doing so

one

who

na-'^ane-l-e--xola-n evidently, as he saw, had been playing.

(23)

ya^wiite-n

hay
the

mije''^e-din
child;

He

picked

it

up

do'-winsa'^ay ^^-mii
not long after that

Uyiye-

Uyiwindii
it

(24)

de-di-de-

hay
the

again

(against wall)

Come
out

to find

rang.

(it

was)

Ryimaw
medicine

hay-mil
with which

he

me'^wiina'^ 26./^is to cook, steam it

(the child).

(25)

h[ayaha^i]d-arj'^
[Then]

hayi-mii
with that

me'^wiina'^
he steamed
(child).
it

(26)

c'imalkyoh (Name of weed)

hay
which

xa-dmil

27

hay
that

(medicine)

which rose up from the ground

was

the

ky'ima'w
medicine.

(27)

ia'^ay-x'''

donot

At once

na'lgyas'^^ broken in two

ie'^-nana'^asGOt''^^ he coiled it around,

bent
it

wint'e'^^ when,

into folds (again)

tehc'iwilay^^
he put
it

(coil)

in the water.

322

Hupa
(38)

Texts:

40

323

hayi-mii
That (medicine) with

x'^e'^wiina^-de'^
if

hay-yow
that

c'imalkyoh
c'imalhoh (weed).

they cook

him

do--heh

dahxo-'^-heh

"^ahdiyah

hayi-q'i-xolarj
I

"^ahdiyah-teM
it

never in any way it did (to him) (= nothing at all happened to him);

see that thus

will

do

that,

it

will

happen.

hay-yo'w
[that]

c'imalkyoh-mii
[c'imalkyoh
-

me'^wHna^-de'^
[if

kyaijhoh-xolarj
[hail-storm
it

with]

they steam him]

is]

"^iijxat'-tehi
[will

drop down]

IcyiwifjciW-tehi-xolaij [there will be lightning].

kye-winiW-tehi-xolarj
[there will be thunder]."

(39)

'^ania/j-x'^e--x'''
In every

xoh
in vain

way

^a-c'ilaw he did to
the (child),

do-heh
not,

mije-'^
his (child's)

me-'^icHd^
it ever [touched

however

mind

it]

hay-yo'w
[that]

mije''^e'din
[child.]

(40)

xa^a-J<.yitis-a'

'^^

"^ant'eit

tehicnrj
is

To

that extent

over people

he grew up.

(41)

niWo'n-^i^^ "Good [thing]

(42)

Uy[iwinya^nya-]ni
people

mafor

no-na-kyinda^an^'^-teh-t

them

we

are going to leave

(it),"

c'ondehsne'^
he thought.

c'"olaP-di{r})

yisxa'ni-mii

mafor
it

c'iic'^e-

When

five days passed

he,

one makes

(the medicine)

mine-'^edin
[the baby]

hay -de'
[this].

(43)

c'i

(d)

mikyine'^-dirj
at the foot

xa'^kye'^iWe'^

First

of

it

(plant)

he digs a hole (to pull it up)

(44)

hay

de'di c'ixiwine'Wil ^^ Every time that he talks

dorjq'a'^

xo^^i
a

na-na-tidye-W'^'^
breath he takes

before

good

ia'^ay-xo at once

wan-no^kye'^iliW ^^
he reaches for
it

xa'^ayos^^
he pulls it up from the ground,

do-xolirj '^ildas^'^
he never
lets
it

c'iic'^e'

(medicine),

break.

(45)
"Not

do-xolarj
-

mi^e-'^e'din
it

me'ikyoh^^-teM
it

c'o'^one'^

evidently

is

a child

will

grow

as big

one always
thinks,

as [plant],"

siida'^c'^'^-de'^
"if
[I

(46) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

tehc'e'^itiW^^
she puts
in

mUtoy-me"^
a

have broken

it]."

(medicine) the water

it

cooking basket
in.

min-tan-di(rj)
until the 10th

yisxan-e-teday
it

tehsitarj-x"^
lying in the water.

(47)

will

be

hayi-q Thus

Waneonly

q'ad
now.

324

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
to

Medicine Formula pronounced over a Child Brave [a]

make him Wealthy and

(l)It was in the Middle of ttie World (de'di-ninisVni-mine*3id) [b] that Thunder (kyehniW) [c] established this medicine for human beings. (2) One time, while he was living here, he entered his house. (3) He was surprised to see that his things had been disturbed. (4) This happened repeatedly. (5) When he went into his house, his things were more and more disturbed. (7) What is doing (6) He thought, "How is it that I don't see anything?
this?"
it looked like a baby had left its tracks seemed that someone was playing there. (11) He would look all (10) "I wonder where it is from?" he thought. around to no avail, and would keep thinking about it. (12) A while later, he went into his house and saw a woodpecker scalp (k>'iya*W-me'da'^ay) stuck to the stool. (13) Then he thought about it more and more.

(8)

One

time

when he went
it

in,

there.

(9) After a while

really

(14) (The time)

close. (15)

when human beings were

to

to

come

into existence

was now
beings

(The baby) seemed

be playing closer and closer to him. [d]

breathing.

(16)

were

Soon (Thunder) could hear (the baby) just about to come into existence.

(17)

Human

(18) (Thunder) went inside his house one (more) time, squatted
the ground, and sat there a short while.

down on

(19) His house was (made of) blue-

rock

(ce*-ficow).

[e]

(20) All
ring.

of

sudden

the

house-boards
in

(kyidiwilqVn) started

to

(21)

The ringing sound went

circle

around the world.

(22)
It

turned out to be a baby wriggling out there from under (the house-

wall), [f] the

one who had been doing these things and traces of whose
(23)

playing had been visible.

the ringing

He picked

the

baby up;

not long afterwards

sound

started again.

(24) This turned out to be the medicine [g]

with which he was to steam (the baby).

(25)

Then he steamed
that
it

(the baby) with

it.

(26) Lupine

(cimal-kyoh) was
(27)

the medicine herb

had thrust
it

itself

out of the ground.

it

Never

breaking

in

any way, he coiled

up and put

into water.
it

(28) After a

moment
to

(the baby)

grew
it

big,

and

after another

moment

started walking.
is

(29) "It seems that

is

going

to

be like

this

(a

baby)

going to grow
[h]
[i]

be handsome like

this

(if)

they will

know about me.

(30) (The

baby) will become someone

(31)

who

has something for himself."

it

Then he thought, "How

(33) (34) Then,

will

be when sickness he looked

afflicts it?"

(32)

He

took (the baby) outside.

another ridge.

Then he
there,
LJ]

ran off, running

up
at

to the top

from

back

his

of baby with

Indian Devil poison (kyidoijx*e*).

Hupa

Texts:

40

325
and

(35) All at once a hail storm (kyatj-kyoh) [k] descended, with lightning

thunder.

(36) The fact that he looked back

this.

at (the

baby) with Indian Devil

poison did

(37) "It

seems

that

it

will

happen
in

in this

way; they
if

will try to
all

devil him, but to

no

avail.
it

(38) If they steam

him with
this

lupine, nothing at

happens

(to him);

is

going to happen
(39)

way

they

steam (the

baby) with lupine

"We

a storm will descend,

[1]

and there

will

be lightning and

there will be thunder."

He

did

all

kinds of (harsh) things (to the

to

baby), with no effect.

toughness).
thought, [m]
(Directions:) (41)

(40) (The baby) had

grown

be so extraordinary (in

are going to leave a very nice thing for people,"

he

(42) She
birth).

makes

this

(medicine) for a baby

when

five

days
her

have passed (since

(44)

(43) First she digs a hole at the base of (the plant).

of) this

Saying each (word

to break, [n]
if

(medicine

formula) while
it

holding

breath, she suddenly reaches for the plant and pulls

out of the ground, not

causing
(the

it

(45) She thinks that the child won't

grow
into a

as big as

medicine plant)
(full

she breaks
it

it.

(46)

Then she
water

puts

it

cooking

basket

of water), and
all

lies there in the

until the tenth day.

(47) That's

there

is.

[a]

For another version of the same formula, told by

Emma
its

Lewis, see Goddard

identifies as a lupine

(1904: 292-8).

The medicinal herb

It It

is

c'imal-kyoh, which

Goddard

{Lupinus
resemble
[b]

latifolius).

has five leaves, a hollow stem, and

purple and white flowers

in valley flats.

resemble the sweet-pea.

little

grows about three

feet high,

mostly

The

seeds

beans, with shells like pea-shells.

at the

mythical place

center of the k>ixinay world.

of the k^'ixinay was being took place

at the

made

ready for

human

beings,
to

When the pre-human world many of the transformations

have been located upstream

"Middle of the World," which appears

is

on the Trinity or South Fork but

[cl

not identified with any particular

like

modern

location.

In k-Mxinay times.

Thunder was an animal something

is

a raccoon.
version.

The

originator of the medicine

[dl
[e]
[f]

not specifically identified in the

Goddard

His tracks were fresher and fresher.

Serpentine, a hard rock with magical properties.

The ringing sound was

That
it

the

baby

striking the hard stone wall of the house.

[gl

is,

the medicine herb (lupine, cimal-kyoh),

which also rang against the

stone as

came up from under

took when

the wall.
{Winist'e'^)\
i.e., 'if

[h] Literally, 'if they will

know about my person

they will
in

know

the actions

instituted this

medicine'.

(See xonist'e''

the

General

Glossary.)
ti]

That

is,

the baby will be lucky in acquiring things, and

sorcerer.

become wealthy.
in his at the child

[j]

The "poison" of an "Indian Devil" or

Thunder had such poison

possession (usually derived from things stolen from a grave), and looking

326
was enough
to hurt
it.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

This

is

not an "evil eye" idea.

Bad thoughts cannot do harm

person
is

to another person unless they are directed to

him.

If a

having bad thoughts

directed at him, the guardian spirits of his

training place will

watch over him to

overcome
[k]
[I]

this evil.

The term does

not refer to hailstones, but to a fierce storm with hail falling.

is

When

this

medicine

used on a baby, not even Indian Devil poisoning can hurt

is

him. The only effect "deviling" can have

to

cause a thunderstorm.

(If a
it

thunderstorm

occurs shortly after a child has been steamed with this medicine
secret
child.)

and

must be kept

the parents

have reason

to think that

somebody has been

trying to "devil" their

[m] The medicine formula ends here.

directions as to
[n] This
its

The following sentences

are

Emma

Frank's

use.

would be bad

luck.

Hup a
41.

Texts: 41

327

Medicine Formula to Purify one who has Handled a Corpse

1-9.

Narrated by John Shoemaker, Notebook VIII, pp. 51-60; IX, pp.

(1)
ta-rj'^ay-me'^

'^a-na-c'idydw
did that [=
this

li>[iwinya'^nyd-n]
[Indians, people]

mafor

(Peninsula near Trinidad)

made

them

medicine],

"^a-na-c'idyaw
[he did that].

{2) Uy[iwinya?nyd-n\ daxo'C^ )-'^a-'^aniw-id'^

[People]

de-di
here
-

xomaPn

when

he,

one

dies,

opposite from him, across from him

yidah-c'irj^

nitjxondifj'^
in plain sight,
in full

xona'i
in his sight

na-'^adil
they always went around.

(3)

xonxontawe'^-me-q
His house
-

from

uphill,

in

it

downhill

view;

Ryixahle'^ ie-naic'^e-n 5 c'idaca-na'i'weuntanned deerskins made all around (along quivers of fisher (tanned), stretched on frame, the walls of the house), skin
t'e"^

xontah-me'q'
[house
-

blankets

in

it]

ie'naic'^'e'n

(4)

[made

all

around]

naPUyidilyay Bead necklaces

(of small dentalia)

q'irP

also

xaPaniarj 6 that many,

a great

cWa-n i
he had lying.

many
diyWo'^
something

(5)

haya-i
[Then]

xomirPdayq'e'^
his outside, stone platform
in front

hay
the

mic'ine^ its bones

of house,

(= skeleton)

lah-xo
just
-

xatiody

niij'^ay^

hay

iema'^asdw

whitenes - running along which (bones) he had (= white streak of dead ones' bones) scraped together (into a streak of piles)
its

niiq'eh no-na'^atiW alongside he laid them down each other (running one way).

(6)

haye-heh
Nevertheless

dodaxo-'^-q '^a'^t'e-n something (bad) [he does not do].

(7)

haye-heh
[Despite this]

U>iUxdn
[deer]

"^ant'itj-xo
all

'^ant'e-

tohnay
fish,

xoc'irp
to

ye'^ilc'id^
it

daxo-'^-q'i
[in

kinds of (deer)

him

always

falls [in],

some way]

[did not

do"^a-t'e-n happen (to him)]

xoh
even
if

c'ita-ne-heh

^^

(8)

hayah
There

xono-ij'^aydin^^
alongside of him

he eats the (corpses).

na-kyisxa-fi
a plant

^^

hayi-mii
with that

'^a-diwa-narPde'^ic''id^'^
he always wiped himself off
(to purify

was standing,

that

hayi-mii is why

himselO.

hay

daxo-'^-q'i do- '^at'e-n nothing untoward happens to

hay-y&w
that

tohna-y
fish.

328
(9)

XIV Northwest
haye-heh
"Nevertheless

California Linguistics

yo-w
there

ye'
instead
(of

xowa-ninyayou'll

'^-re*

yidaca-ie'da'^a-diij
it joins together (= at the corner of the house)

go

to

him

up where

me)

dah-na'^nehsday ^^ the one who lives on

the (platform)."

(10)

haya'i
[Then]

Icnye[again]

hayi
that

hayi-q'a
thus

'^a'^de'ne'^

one

[said]

(2nd man)

q'a(d)

Hupa
(17)

Texts: 41

329
tesiifirp

haye-heh
In spite of

de-do'^orj
this
it

WimirPdayqe"^

hay
it,

is,

my

outside-of-house

you look

at

diyWo'^ something
(=corpse)

(what

do),

look

at!

its

ie-naWsow mile-^e^ remains which I scrape together (= bones)

niiq'eh
alongside of each other,

no'naWtiW hay
I

mic'ine'^

hay
which

na"^
there!

lay

them down,

its

bones

lengthwise

"^ant'e-

(\S) hayah-mii
[Then]

hay-de-d
this

k>isxa(rj)
(tree) standing

naic'^'e-n'^^

hayi-mii
[with which]

they are.

which has
been made

[I

'^a'diwa-nande'^iWc'^id wipe myself off, cleanse myself]-

(19)

haye-heh
[No matter what]

daxo'^
I

do-

"^oWt'en

never do anything (= nothing happens to me).

(20)

"^aht'irj

IcHWa-n'^I

tohnay
fish,

do-

We'xoya'n'^^

(21) haye-heh
[Even so]

All

eat

they have no suspicion of me.

[there

yo'wi-yide'^ downstream]

xowaninya--te[you will go to him]

hay
[the one]

ce'kyindi(rj)
at ce-kyindirj

na'^nehsday
[who
settled

down]."

(22)

hayi He

q'inC^)-('^)a-ij'^

also

- it is

in that

xa'^aYe-n way
is

hayi
[the

qirP
[also]

xomirPdayqe'^
[on the platform in front of his house]

he

doing,

one who]

hayi-q'a
[thus]

"^ant'e'

diyWo"^

mic'ine'^
[its

(23)

haye-heh
[Despite this]

xoxontawe'^-meq
[his

[they are] [something]

bones].

house

inside

it]

kyixahle"^
[stretched hides]

ie-naic'^e-n
[were] put
all

c'idaca-na'^wefisher-skin quivers

q'irp
[also]

xa'^ant'e'
[there are in that

way]

around (walls),

na'^Uyidilyay
[bead necklaces]

Uyiya-W-meda'^ay
[(and)

(24)

hay

xa'^ant'e-

mitiwa'
around,

woodpecker

scalps].

That kind of things

amongst

them

na'^Uyile- ^"^-heh

'^aniatj-x'''-e--xo '^ant'eall sorts

xoxontawe"^
[his

ye'^ilcid
fall

although he feels around,

of things

house]

[in]to.

(25)

haye-heh
["No matter what]

yo'wi
there
-

na"^
see!

Uyisxairj)
[plant standing there]

naic'^ifj

[which was made]

there

it

is!

behold!

hay-mii
[with which]

'^a-diwa-nande'^iWc''id [I wipe myself off].

330
(26)

XIV Northwest
haye-heh
[Even so]

California Linguistics

yo'wi
[there]

yide"^

ye'
instead

xowaninya-te[you will go to him]

[downstream]

ce-ic'e'^di(r})-me'^
(village near
little

na'^nehsday
[who has
settled

hay-arj^
he
it is

xo^^i
very, really

Requa, above)

down].

mecah-^i-xosin'^^ he is more difficult. has more power.

(27)

haya-i
[Then]

Uyiye[again]

hayi
[that

xa'^a'^dene'^
[he said (in the

yo'W
["There]

do'^orj
[it

one]

is]

same way)]

Wimin'^dayq'e'^
[on the platform in front of my house]

te'siifirf

hay
it]

do'^orj
[it

'^ant'e'

hay
[the]

[you look

at

[the]

is]

[there are]

U>iwinya'^niya-ni
[(dead) people]

micine"^
[their bones.

(28)

hayi
[These]

do'fp
[indeed]

"Ne[I]

"^aht'in
[all]

nHqe(h)
alongside of each other
I

na'na-lc>'iWme- 26 pick them up again, I pile them up.

hay-de'd
[this]

U>isxa(ri)
[plant

naic'''e'ni-mii [which has been

created
-

standing]

with]

'^adina-nande'^i Wc'^id [I wipe myself off]

xoh
even

xa'^ant'eif

mitah-x"^

na-k>'iWle--heh
I

things

amongst

feel around.

of that kind

(29)

haye-heh
[Even so]

'^ahfiij-xo
[all

'^ant'e'

Wic'irj'^

ye'^ilc'id

kinds of things]

[toward me]

[they always fall in].

de'-Wixontaw'^-meq'
[here inside

'^ant'e'
it

Ryiya- W-me-da'^ay
it

nahdiyaw
[Indian money.]

my

house]

looks,

[woodpecker scalps]

provided with

(30)

hay-yd-w
[That]

lc>'ima-w-mii
[medicine
-

'^a'diwanande'^iWc'^id
[I

(31)

haye-heh
[Even so]

with]

wipe myself.]

miqehna'diwaldirj
(Requa village)

yima-ni-yide"^
across-north (towards northern ocean)

ta'wilin '^i-dirj where it flows into the ocean

hay
[the one]

na'^nehsddy
[who has settled down]

hayi-ye[that

xowaninyahW
go
to

(32)

hay
'In spite

one

instead]

him!"

of

xa'^aWt'ene-heh my doing in that way

Wic'iif
[toward me]

dedi
[this]

Wimin'^dayq'e'^
[on the platform in
front of

"^ant'e-

haye-heh
[nevertheless]

diyWo"^
[things]

[what

is]

my

house]

ye'^ilc'id

hayi-mii
[with]

'^a'diwanande'^iWcHd
[I

hay-y&w
[that one.]

[they fall in],

wipe myself

off]

Hupa
(33) haye-heh
[Even so]

Texts: 41

331

yo-wi
[yonder]

yinaca
[upriver]

hay
[the one]

na^nehsddy
[who has

xowaninya'-te'
go
to

settled] [you will

him]

hayi-q'in('^)-('^)aij'^
[the

me-cah-^i-xosin
-

(34)

hay
That

do'^orj

dedi
[here]

one (whose medicine)

also
-

is

superior.

see

it!

it

is]

WimirPdayiqe'^
[on the platform in front of my house]

tesirpirp
[you look
at
it]

hay
[that]

na"^

C^)anfe-

diyWo^
something

me'da'^ay
its

[see!] [there is]

head

(= skulls)

hay
the

ia'^ay-di(jj)
into

no-naWsow (35)
which I scrape back to it.

hayi-q'in^
[The one
-

We-'^e-'^n
[I -

de-di
[this]

one place

also]

for

my

part]

Uyisxa(n)
[plant standing]

naic'^itj

hayi-mii
[with which]

[which has been made]

'^a-diwa-nande'^iWc'''id [I wipe myself off]

hayi-mii
[after

which]

diyWo'^
[things]

Wic'irj'^

ye'^ilc'id

(36)

haye-heh
[Even so]

yo-wi
yonder

yinac
upriver

[toward me]

[they fall in].

xowaninya--te'
[you will go to him]

hay
[the

one who]

xojj'^xahWdi(r})-me'^ Merip [- in (that

country)]

na'^nehsday
[he has settled

hayi-q'inP)-a'rj'^
[the one (who's medicine) also is]

down]

me'cah-^i-xosin
[is

(37) J<.>[iwinya'^nyd-n\
[People]

minist'e'^
their

donot

na'^dicHd-^
he
lets

superior.]

body

go of

it.

(38)

hayi
[That one]

Ryiye[again, also]

xa'^a'^de-ne'^
[he said in the

nitj-xola(n) "[You - 1 see]

me-mlg>id
[you are afraid of it],

same way],

We[I]

^e-C)n-(^)a-ri'^
[for

'^aht'i(rj)
all

milan
helping them
I

naWxit'
handle

my

part

indeed]

hay
[those
-

do-niWon

"^a-fe-n

(39) haye-heh
[Even so]

hay
[the one]
I

We(my
property)

de[here]

unlucky things - they do] (= those who handle corpses).

lcyisxa(ri)
[plant standing]

na-lc'^e-n
[has been

hayi-mii
[with which]

'^a-diwa-nande'^iW&nd
[I

hay-de[these things]

made]

wipe myself

off,]

tesirpirp
[you see]

haye-heh
[even so]

Wic'i(tjP
[to

ye'^ilc'id

(40) haye-heh
[Even so]

yo-w
[there]

qW
[also]

me]

[they

fall in].

xowaninya--te[you will go to him]

xofj'^xahWdifj
[Merip]

yide'^i-yidaca-me'^
north - uphill - in it (= slope of Merip mountain)

dah-na'^nehsday the one who lives

on
top.

332
(41)
haya-i
[Then]

XIV Northwest
hay
[that

California Linguistics

qiri^
[also]

xa'^a'^de'ne'^
[said the

niij-xolarj

me-nilgyid
it]

one]

same

thing,]

["You

- 1

see] [you are afraid of

We[I]

do'^oij
[really]

yo'w
[yonder]

"^ant'e-

Wimin'^dayq'e'^
[on the platform in
front of

hay
[the]

diyWo"^
[thing]

mile'^e'^
[its

[there are]

remains]

my

house]

ia'^ay-di(rj)
[in

no-naWsow
[which I have scraped back],

haye-heh
[even so]

mil
[with
it]

one place]

'^adiwa'nande'^iWc'^id [I wipe myself off]

hay-yo'w
[that]

Winorj'^ay-diij
standing alongside of me

lcyisxa(ij)
[plant

naic'^e-n
[has been made.]

(42) haye-heh
[Even so]

yo'w
[yonder]

standing]

q'in"^

xowaninya--te[you will go to him]

[also]

yida-c'in-dinan-di(ij)-me'^ Weitchpec Butte [- in that country]

na'^nehsday
[the

one who

settled.]

(43)

nirj-xola(rj)

me-nilgyid
[you are afraid of it]
a

Uy[iwinya'^nya-n\

We'
[I]

'^e^'^n

["You

- 1

see]

human being (who

handled corpse)

has

[for

my

part]

do[I

meniWgyid
not afraid of
it]

de[here]

do'^orj
[really]

Wimin'^dayqe^
[on the platform in front of my house]

"^ant'e-

am

how

it

looks!

(44)

haye-heh
[No matter what]

hay-de[this]

kyisxa(rj)
[plant standing]

nalc'^em
[made
to

mii
[with
it]

grow]

'^adiwa'nande'^iWcHd
[I

wipe myself

off],

even

if I

xa'^ant'e--dirj q'ad hayi go around to such places (where

naWay-heh
a death has taken place).

(45)

haye-heh
[No matter
what]

"^aht'itj-xo ^ant'e[all

Wic'irp

ye^ilc'id
[they fall in].

(46)

We[I]

na"^
[see
it!]

kinds of things] [toward me]

de[here]

Wixontaw'^-meq'
[my house
-

"^ant'e-

diyWo"^
[things]

na'^kyidilyay
[necklaces]

c'idaca-na'^we[fisher-skin quivers.]

inside of] [there are]

(47)

haye-heh
[Nevertheless]

yo-w
that

'^a-xoidiwen'^-te-

xodnandi(rj)-me'^
Bluff Creek Peak [-country]

one

you

will tell

him

[the

na^nehsday one who settled],

hay-qinO-a-rj"^ that one too

ky[iwinya'^nya-n] [human beings]

do-

na'^dicHd
let

he does not

go

of."

Hupa
(48)
hay-q'irP
[That one
-

Texts: 41

333
nirj-xolarj

hayi-q
[in this

'^a^de-ne>
[he said,]

lc>[iwinya'^nya-n]
[(dead) people]

also]

way]

["You

- 1

see]

me-nilg>id
[you are afraid
of,]

We[I]

na^
[take note!]

yo-w
[yonder]

WimirPdayq'e'^
[on the platform in front of my house]

"^ant'e-

hay
[that]

[there are]

diyWo"^
[something
(=corpses)]

ie'naWsSw
[which I have scraped, swept together]

haye-heh
[even so]

hay-y&w
[that]

Wino-rj'^ay-dirj
[alongside of me]

na-UyiwirjxaP-mH
stands there still (has not stood there so long)
it

'^a'diwa'nande'^iWc'^id [I wipe myself off.]

(49)

hayah-mil
[Then]

dedi
[this]

haye-heh
[no matter what]

Wixontaw'^-me'q'a [my house - inside of]

"^ant'e-

diyWo'^
all sorts

kyiya-W-me'da'^ay
[woodpecker scalps]

[there are]

of things

(50)

haya'i
[Then]

'^a-diwa-nde'^iWc'''id
[I

hay-yo-w-mii
[that (plant)-with.]

(51)

haye-heh
[Even so]

wipe myself

off]

yo-w-ye'-qin^
[yonder
-

instead

also]

'^axaldiwe'rP-teyou will tell him

lcHmide'^-di( rj
li>imide'^-diri

[the

na'Mehsday one who settled.]

hayi
[the

(52)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hayi
[that

'^axoic'ide'ne'^
[he told him,]

nirj-xolarj

one]

["You

- 1

see]

one who]

me-nilgyid
[you are afraid of it].

(53)

kyeh Come, let

xa^
us!
all right!

do^or]
see

de
is

Wimin'^dayq'e'^
[on the platform in front of my house]

how

it

[here]

te'sitfirp

hay
it,]

do'^oij
[see!]

"^ant'e-

hay
[the]

diyWo^
[something
(= corpse)]

mile'^e'^
[its

[you look

at

[that

which]

[there

is]

remains]

ienaWsow
[which I have scraped, swept together.]

(54)

xadi-q'ad
Just

lcy[iwinya'^nyd'n]
[(dead) people]

milan naWxit'
I

now, right

now
'^at'e'n

help them handle it (corpse)

hay
[those

do-niWon-xo
who have

haye-heh
[even so]

hay-y&w
[that (plant)]

mii
[with
it]

to handle corpses],

'^a'diwanande'^iWc'nd
[I

hay
[which]

Wino'tj'^ay-dirj
[alongside of me]

Uyisxairj)
[plant standing]

nalc''e-n
[which has been made.]

wipe myself

off]

(55)

hayi-heh
[Even so]

de[here]

Wixontaw'^-meq'
[inside

"^ant'e-

diyWo"^
[things]

tohnaya-'^arj'^
[fish
-

my

house]

[there are]

there are]

c'ldaca-na'^wa'-'^arj'^
[fisher-skin quivers
-

there are.]

334
(56)

XIV Northwest
haye-heh
[Nevertheless]

California Linguistics

yow

xowaninya-te-

kyimide'^-di(ri)

yide'^i-yidac
north-uphill

[yonder] [you will go to him]

Sandy Bar

dah-na-nehsday
[the

(57)

hayah
[(The one) there]

lc>'iye-

xa'^a'^de-ne'^

nirj-xola(rj)

one

who

[again]

[spoke

in the

["You

- 1

see]

settled upon.]

same way,]

menilgyid
[you are afraid of it],

hay
[that]

na"^
[look!]

de[here]

Wimin'^dayqe'^
[on the platform in
front of

"^ant'e-

hay
[the]

diyWo"^
[something
(= corpses)]

[there are]

my

house]

[its

mile-^e^ remains]

ie-naWsow
[which I have scraped, swept together,]

xa'di-q'ad [just now]

mila-n
[helping them]

IcyintiW^i^'^^
[I

work]

hay
those

lcy[iwinya'^nya-n]-tah-dir}

do-niWorj-xo

"^at'e'n

(58)

haye-heh
[Even
so],

among humans

[who handle corpses].

de-di
[here]

Wixontaw'^-me'q' [my house - inside of]

^ant'e[there
is]

hayi-mii
[with
it]

'^adiwanande'^iWc'^id
[I

wip)e

myself

off]

hay-y&w
[that (plant)]

Wino-ij'^ay-ditj
[alongside of me]

na-Uyiwiijxa'^

(59)

hay
[That]

do'^oij
[see!]

yo-w
[yonder]

[which has always stood.]

Wixontaw'^-me'q
[my house
-

'^ant'e-

c'idaca-na'^we'
[fisher-skin quivers]

inside of]

[there are]

mida'^^ bead-necklaces
(of dentalia),

Witohnay"^

my

fish.

(60)

haye-heh
[Even so]

yo-wi-ye'-qin"^
[yonder
-

^eio'^-ditj

instead

also]

[Amaikiaram]

north

yide'^i-yidaci-me'^ - in mountains in that country

[the

dah-na'^nehsday one who settled on.]

(61) nir)-xola(tj)
["You
-I .see]

me-nilgyid
[you are
afraid of]

Icy[iwinya'^nya-n]
[people]

hay
[who]

xa'^ant'e-

We[1]

C^e-pn
[for

do'ij'^

do[I

meniWgyid
do not
fear
it]

hay
[that]

do'^on
[see
it!]

de[here]

[do so (=handle corpses)],

my

[take note]

part]

te-si0if
[you look
at
it]

Wimin'^dayq'e'^
[on the platform in front

"^ant'e-

diyWo"^
[something
(= corpse)]

mic'ine'^
[its

hay
[that]

[there are]

bones]

of

my

house]

ia'^ay-di(ri)
[in

nonaWsow
[I

one place]

have scraped, swept.]

Hupa
(62)

Texts: 41

335
'^a-wilah has been
to
it,
it

hay
[That]

do^on
[see
it!]

de'di
[here]

xontah-meq'
[house
-

diyWo^
[things]
is

inside of]

it

done

Ryixahle^

cidaca-naPwe-

hay-mii
[with which]

[stretched hides] [fisher-skin quivers]

'^a-diwa-nande'^iWc''id [I wipe myself off]

hay-y&w
[that (plant)]

na'kyiwirjxaP
[which has always
stood.]

(63)

yo-wi-ye--qlna?
[Yonder
-

haye-heh
[nevertheless]

"^a-xoidiwe-nP-te[you will speak to him]

instead

also]

hayi-ye--q'inP)-a-rj'^
[that
-

xo^^i
really

instead

indeed]

UyliwinyaPnya-ri] people

his

"^a'dey^^ own, belonging

to

c'iic'^e-

he makes them."

himself

(64)

hayi

lc>iye-

[That one] [again]

[in this

hayi-q' way]

'^aPde-ne'^
[said.]

niij-xola(rf)

me-nilgyid
[you are afraid of
it]

["You
(^)ant'eit

- 1

see]

hay-q'a
[in this

'^ant'e-

yo-wi

no?

We[I]

hay
[that]

diyWo"^
[something
(= corpse)]

way]

[they

do

(things)] [yonder]

[look!] [(where)

is]

mile-^e'^
[its

ie-naWsow
[I

remains])

have scraped, swept together.]

(65) haye-he(h) de-di Wixontawe'^-me-q' [Even so] [here] [my house - inside]

^ant'e[there
are]

na'^U>idilyay
[necklaces]

tohna-y
[fish].

(66)

hay-yo-w
[That (plant)]

mii
[with]

^a-diwa-nande'^iWc''id [I wipe myself off]

hay-P)a(tjP-mH
with that
-

'^ahfirj-xo
all sorts

"^ant'e'

it

is

of things

Wic'itf [toward me]

ye'^ilc'id

(67) haye-heh
[Even so]

[they

fall in].

yo-wi-ye--q'irP
[yonder
-

xowaninya--te-

hay
[the

ce'-nanc'i(rj)-me'^
Sugar-loaf Peak [-country]
nifj-xoIa(r})

na'^nehsday
[who
settled
there.]

instead

also]

[you will go to him]

one who]

(68)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hayi-q inC^)- a- rj"^

[that

'^a'^deme'^
[said,]

me-nilgyid
[you are afraid of it]

one

also

indeed]

["You

- 1

see]

hay
[what]

na'^
[see!]

yo-w
[yonder]

WimirPdayq'e'^
[on the platform in front of my house]

'^ant'e-

haye-heh
[even so]

yo-w
[yonder]

hay
[that]

[there

is]

Wino-rj'^ay-diij
[alongside of me]

yisxa(tj)
[plant standing]

na-lc'^e-n

mii
(with
it]

[which has been made]

'^ant'e-

'^adiwa-nande'^iWc'^'id [I wipe myself off.]

(69)

hay
[That]

do'^orj
[really!]

yo-w
[yonder]

Wixontawe'^-meq'
[my house
-

c'idaca-na'^we[fisher-skin quivers,]

[there are]

inside

it]

na'^Uyidilyay
[necklaces,]

Ryiya- W-meda'^ay

[woodpecker

scalps.]

336
(70)

XIV Northwest
hayah-mii
[Then]

California Linguistics
ta-kyiW
sweat-house
it

dedi-nohq'id
this
-

narpa'^'^^
stands there

over us

(= Heaven)

ninis'^an

nonandilah-darj'^

32
it

hayah
there

taysde'y^
sweat-house

na-lc>iwirjxa'^ 33
it

ever since the earth floated back to

(wood) was

left

wood
min'^sowoi-diij
at the

standing there

(71)

hayah-mii
JThen]

hayah
[there]

U>'iye-

xowan
to

lower door of sweat-house.

[again]

him

he

c'e'^ine'^indW is wont to come.

(72)

hay
That one

Ryiye'
[again]

[in that

hayi-q'a way]

'^a'xotc'ide'^ine'^

he always

tells

him.

nifj-xola(n) "[You - 1 see]

menilgnd
[you are afraid of it]
mic'ine"^
[its

hay
[what]

na'^
[see!]

yo'w
[yonder]

Wimin^dayqe^
[on the platform in front of my house]

'^ant'e-

hay
[those]

[there

is]

diyWo"^
[something
(= corpse)]

ie^naWsow
[that

(73)

hay
[That]

do'^orj
[really!]

"^ant'e'

remains]

have scraped, swept together.]

I

[there are]

de-di
[here]

We[I]

Wixontaw'^-me'q' [my house - inside it]

kHya'w-me-da'^ay
[woodpecker scalps]

nahdiyaw
[Indian

money]

'^aht'irj-q'a-'^ant'e[all

Wixontaw"^
[my house]

ye'^ilc'id

(74)

hay-yd-w
[That]

Jcyisxa(rj)
[plant standing]

kinds of things]

[they

fall in.]

naic'''e-n

mii
[with
it]

'^a'diwa-nande'^iWcHd
[I

hay-yo-w
that

min'^sowoi-difj
at the

[which has been made]

li>isxa(rj)

wipe myself

off],

sweat-house door
(outside)

na-lc'^'e-n

hayi-mii
with that (plant)

'^a'dinosehi 34
heat goes into (my)self
I

na-'^aWc'^e'^

plant standing

has been made,

always make

it.

(75)

hayah-ad
That is the reason
is

daxo'^ some way

Wina'de'

donot

'^a-t'e-n

my

limbs

they do."

Medicine Formula

to Purify

one who has Handled a Corpse

[a]

(l)He
(2)

established this medicine at Trinidad

it

(ta*g'^ay-me'^),

[b]

and he

established

for

human

beings.

When

people would die, he would see them moving downhill there

(3) Inside

across from him. [c]

of his house deer-hide blankets (tV) and

all

hides on drying frames (kyixahle'') [d] were placed

around;

fisher-skin

quivers (c'idaGi-naVe*)
(4)

[e]

were placed

all

around the inside the house.

(5)

He

also had a great

many bead

necklaces (na'^kyidilyay).

On

the

stone platform in front of his house (min'^dayq) there stretched a white

Hupa
streak of the corpse bones that he
side.

Texts: 41

337
lay out side

would scrape together and

(7) Despite this, deer

by

(6) Despite this,

he did not

die.

and

all

kinds of fish

were always provided to him, and nothing bad happened even when he ate [f] (8) Alongside of his house there was a plant growing with which he would wipe himself off, and that is why nothing bad happened to the
them,
fish.

{The voice of the cannibal:) (9) "Rather than me, you'll (have to) go to that one over there, the one who has settled up in the corner of the house
(yidaGi-te*da'^a--dii3)." [g]

(10)

Then

that

one spoke again

(12)

like this: "I

have seen them already, the

(11)1 also help
I,

people across from me, moving

down

here from above.

them

there, [h]

see that you are afraid of things of that sort, but

however,

after

plant) that always

have touched such things, wipe myself off with (the grows in front of my house (min'^day'^)."
of his house

(13)

The

inside
all

was

as

before

necklaces,

deer-hide

blankets, and

kinds of things.
to the land of the living;

(14) "But

he will
said,

I must now let (the mourner) go back now go back up the slope to the land of

the living." (15)

He

also

"The one

at

ta-na-yiWdime^

[i]

you'll have to go to

him

instead of the

one who

settled at ta'rj'^ay-me'^."

one repeated the same things, "You, I see, are afraid of but I'm not afraid of them. (17) Just look here at the look at the remains of corpses which I platform in front of my house take a scrape together and lay out side by side oh! the bones I've got here!
(16) That

(dead) people,

(18) Afterwards,
here,
[j]

wipe myself with

this plant

which has been made

(20)
I

to

grow
all

(19)
I

No

matter what, nothing happens to me.

(21) Even

can catch

the fish (that

want); they aren't shy of me.

to the

so, you'll

have to

go further downstream

one who has

settled at ce*-kyin-diij." [k]

(22) That one also did things in the

front

same way, and on

were
(laid

the platform in
that

of his house, too, bones of corpses

this,

out) in

way.

on drying frames were placed all (23) Despite around inside his house, fisher skin quivers the same way, and bead necklaces, and woodpecker scalps. (24) Even though he handles such things
deer-hides
stretched
(as corpse's bones), all sorts of things fall into his house.

(25)

"No

matter

what, there's a plant

myself

off.

which has been made to grow here with which I wipe (26) However, you'll have to go further downstream to the one

who

settled near

Welk*ew

(ce*tc'e'^-dii]), [I]

who

really has

more power."
platform
I

(27) That one repeated the

front of

same

thing,

"Look

there at the

in

my

house, there are the bones of (dead) people.

1

(28)

sort these

out alongside each other, and

wipe myself off with a plant which has been

338

XIV Northwest
to

California Linguistics

made
scalps

grow
and

here,

even

if

feel

handle such things.

(29)

Even

so, all

kinds

of things are provided

dentalia.

to

me, and here in my house there are woodpecker wipe with myself that medicine. (30) I

go instead to the one who has settled across downstream from the river mouth at Requa (miqeh-na*diwal-diij)."
(31) Nevertheless, (32)

and

do with what's on the platform in front of my I wipe myself off with that (plant). (33) However, you must go on upstream to the one who has settled there; that one, for sure, has even more power."

"No

matter what

house, even so things are provided to me, after

(34)

"Look

at the

platform in front of

my
I

house,

at the skulls that

scrape

back

into a pile!

(35) This plant which

have made

to

grow here

is

what

wipe myself with, after which things are provided to me. (36) Nevertheless, you must go further upriver to the one who settled near Merip (xog'^xahWdig); [m] that one has even more power. (37) He doesn't let go of people's
bodies." [n]
(38) This one also spoke in this way: "You,
I

see, are afraid of

all

it,

but

I,

for

my

part, help those

who
I

deal with corpses [o] to handle

this plant

(those things).

(39) In spite of this,

have

made

to

grow here

to

wipe myself with,

(40) Nevertheless,

and these things you see here are

still

provided to me.
settled

you must go on elsewhere,

(41)

to the

one

who

on Merip mountain."

but as for me, there on the platform in front of

one also spoke the same way, "You, I see, are afraid of it, my house are the remains of corpses that I have swept into a pile; even so, I wipe myself off with this plant that has been made to grow alongside me. (42) Nevertheless, you must go on further to the one who settled near Weitchpec Butte (yida'cin-dinan-

Then

that

dig)." [p]

(43) "You,
things

see, are afraid

of (dead) people, but

am

not afraid of the

you can see here on the platform in front of my house. (44) No matter what, I wipe myself off with this plant that has been made to grow
here,

even

if

go around
all

to

such places (where a death has occurred).

(46)

(45)

No

matter what,
I

kinds of things are provided to me.

You can

see what
quivers.

have here

in

my

house

small things, necklaces, fisher-skin

(47) Nevertheless, you must talk to the one

[q]

who

settled near Bluff

Creek (xodnan-diij);

he also does not

this,

let
I

go of people."
see, are afraid of (dead) people,

(48) That one also spoke like

"You,

but you will note that on the platform in front of

swept together;

but even so,

grows here alongside of me. I do), there are (many) things in my house, (such as) woodpecker scalps. Then I wipe myself off with that (plant). (50) (51) Even so, you must talk instead to the one who settled at Sandy Bar (kyimide'^-dii))." [r]

my house there are corpses wipe myself off with that (plant) that still (49) After doing this, no matter what it is (that
I

Hupa
(52)
right,

Texts: 41

339

Then that one said to him, "You, I see, are afraid of it. (53) All come look at the platform in front of my house, which is where I have

swept together the remains of corpses. (54) Just now, I have helped those who deal with corpses handle dead people, but no matter what, I wipe

myself with the plant

matter what, here in
fisher-skin quivers.
settled

that has

my

been made to grow alongside of me. (55) No house there are (many) things, (such as) fish and (56) Nevertheless, you must go on to the one who

on the mountain above Sandy Bar."

(57) (The one) there again said the

same

thing,

"You,

see, are afraid, but

see there on the platform in front of

remains of corpses together, and

house where I have swept the have just been helping those among

my

humans who
house, for
I

deal with corpses.

(58)

Even

so, there is (plenty)

here

in

my

wipe myself with that (plant) that grows alongside of me. You can see there in my house that there are fisher-skin quivers, bead(59) necklaces, and my fish. (60) Even so, you must go on instead to the one who settled up on the mountain above Amaikiaram (seio'^-dig)." [s]
(61) "You,
corpses), but
I
I

see, are afraid

of people

who do such

things

(as

handle

am
You

not afraid;

look and you will see here on the platform

that
I

outside

my

house that there are (plenty of) corpses' bones

have swept

together.

(62)

can see what has been done inside the house here

there are (such) things as stretched hides and fisher-skin quivers, for

myself with the plant

to

I wipe grows here. (63) You must, however, talk instead someone further on, the one who really makes people his own." [t]

that

(64) That one also spoke like this, "You,

see, are afraid of those

who do

these things, but look there where

have scraped corpses' remains together. Even so, here inside my house there are (plenty of) necklaces and fish. (65) (66) After wiping myself off with that (plant), all sort of things are provided to me. (67) Even so, you must go on instead to the one who settled near
I

Sugar Loaf Peak (ce*-nanc'ig)."

(68)

[u]

what you can see on the platform in front of my house, but I wipe myself off with that (plant) over there that has been made to grow alongside me. (69) There are

Then

that

one also

said,

"You,

see, are afraid of

certainly (plenty of) fisher-skin quivers, necklaces,

and woodpecker scalps

inside

my

house."
(70)

[John Shoemaker:]

Above
been
is

us in
in

Heaven (de-di-nohq'id)

there

is

sweathouse (ta^k^iW)

that has

existence ever since the world floated

(ta'ysccy'^) at the

back into place,

the one

[v]

and there

some sweathouse wood

(71)

sweathouse door (min'^-sowoJ-dig).

And

the (mourner)

always goes to

(who

settled) there.
see, are afraid of

(72) That one again speaks to him like this, "You, I you see there on the platform in front of my house

what
bones

the corpses'

340
that
I

XIV Northwest
have scraped together.

California Linguistics

(73) Here in

my

house there really are plenty

fall into

of woodpecker scalps and dentalia

(74)
I

all

kinds of things

my

house.

wipe myself with that (plant) which has been made to grow here that (plant) which has been made to grow at the sweathouse door and with it I make "heat" go into myself, [w] (75) That is why my limbs are not
in that

(bad) condition." tx]

[a] It is

believed that

if
ill

you handle a corpse, or

are even in contact with

someone

who

has, you'll

become

unless you use this medicine (see text 20, lines 21-26;

Goddard 1903:71-73; Curtis 1924:24-25). The smell of a dead person is supposed to be bad for you, and is said to ruin your stomach. The herb used is k-ima'w-iiqa'w ('fat medicine'; Goddard tentatively identifies it as Osmorrhiza nuda), which is chewed. Sometimes also the root of kyiwahday' is used, a plant with white flowers. (Sam Brown's mother used the one for the first three days, and the other on the fifth day.) The medicine gives the corpse handler "a new stomach" (Goddard 1903:73).

Sam Brown
differently

thought that this formula was a Yurok one, brought to Hupa.

It

reads

two corpse medicines in Goddard (1904:351-368) it far more closely resembles the one collected from Mary Marshall, whose family was Yurok. It is more formal in style than the normal Hupa medicine formula. In reciting it, the medicine maker acts as the mouthpiece in a dialogue between the mourner and various beings whom he visits in search of a good medicine. The mourner is conducted by the medicine maker from one place to another. At each place he is advised to go on to the next place.
from the
corpse medicine formula.
the

common Hupa

Of

All corpse medicines are in the form of visits of this sort, although they mention
different places (Kroeber 1925:69-71).

same house

Some, like this one, have the second visit in the some other comer. In one medicine that Sam Brown knew, the house tells the visitor to go to the doorstep, which in turn tells him to go to the next house. As the visits progress, the medicine maker "notifies" all the "bad people" (who made medicine at "bad places" in the old days) to give him advice. His mind is supposed to travel from one place to the other, and he talks as though he were
as the
first,

but in

actually addressing these beings.

The medicine maker

medicine

tells the story

and

the people being purified bathe with the

in cumulative episodes.

Every time the story comes to another place, they

stop to bathe, and then go back and repeat the story from the very beginning up to the

next point. This makes the medicine very long.

It

is

done

in the

sweathouse, and no

one except the medicine maker

carefully.
It

is

supposed

to

make

a sound,
is

everybody listening very

being made.
All of the

is

bad luck

to get sleepy while the

at the telling

medicine

deceased's family are present

of the medicine, and outsiders can

come
It is

as

well, provided they each bring a basket as

payment

(to the
it.

medicine maker).

bad

luck to mention a corpse medicine unless you really use

the formula incorrectly, leaving out parts.
[b]

You

also get sick

if

you do

peninsula that runs out into the ocean above the mouth of Little River, near
It

Trinidad.

is

known

to

be a bad place, possessed by kyitwe*

spirits.

It

is

also

Hupa
considered to
lie

Texts: 41

341

on the road

to Hell,

being situated almost due west of

Hoopa

Valley.

(See also texts 27 and 36.)

[c]

The dead were moving toward him down

mentioned
in the

the mountain, towards Hell.

This and

the other places

formula are

all at

the doors of Hell (although they are

not specifically described as such).

[d]
[e]

An

untanned hide stretched

fancy quiver

to dry

on a frame with two crosspieces.

made of

fisher-skin rather than the

his wealth.

more common buckskin.

These and the blankets and hides indicate

[f]

That

is,

the fish kept coming, despite the fact that he received corpses from the

Indians and ate them, piling up the bones in front of his house.

Nothing happened

to

them because of
[g]

the medicine herb he

wiped himself with.

is

The cannibal advises

the

mourner who

seeking the medicine to

move on

to his in

brother,

who

lives in another corner of the

same house. (The medicine maker speaks

the voice of the cannibal.)

[h]

Sam Brown was

not certain what the cannibals meant by "helping" the people.

lies,

Apparently their mind travels to where the corpse

to help.
[i]

but they do not actually go there

Sam Brown

did not

know where
it

this place is,

except that

it is

in

Yurok country.

[j]

Apparently a reference to a kind of cultivation.

Tobacco was

cultivated (Goddard 1903:37), and

would seem

that at least

to some extent some medicinal herbs

were as
[kl
[1]

well.
in

A place along Maple Creek,

The Yurok
village

Mad

River Whilkut country.

on the south side of the mouth of the Klamath, opposite

(See text 37).

Requa.
[m]
[n]

Yurok

village.

He

bothers people, inflicts sickness on them.

[o] Literally, 'those

who do unlucky

things'.

typical

Hupa circumloqution

to

avoid directly mentioning death or dead bodies.

[pi [q]
[r]
[si

The high peaks north of Weitchpec. The Yurok The Karok

village of Otsepor, near Bluff
village at

Creek on the Klamath above Weitchpec.

slightly

Sandy Bar, on the Klamath

above Orleans.

The Karok Salmon River.

[t]

village of

Amaikiaram, on the Klamath

just

below the mouth of

sickness upon them,

He

claims people, makes them his

own

that

is,

he

inflicts

so they go
[u]

down and down,

at the

gradually losing their strength.

the east side, near the

peak

mouth of Salmon River, on

was
created.
it

Karok
after

village of

Katimin.
[v]

That

is,

since the world

There was once a flood,

which

the

world floated back into place as

[w] That
is,

we have

now.

"I

cause the power of the k>ixinay to go into

is

my

body, to heal
It

it."

[x] In other

words, that

why

they do not feel weak and

stiff.

is

believed that

when one of your

symptoms). This
corpse.
is

relations has died

your limbs get heavy (with rheumatism-like

because you have been contact with someone

who

has handled the

342
42.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Medicine Formula
Mary
Marshall.

to

Induce Forgiveness
pp. 25-26.

Narrated by
(1>

Notebook IX,
i

U>iyaW-nayniiwal Chicken Hawk

ie'^de'^iliw

(2)

hayah-mii
[Then]

de--q'a
this

he always

kills

way

(human
'^a^de'^ine'^

beings).

ia'^-xaXe'^
all

mixac'e'^-xole'n-m ii
[incense root
-

he always says

night long

with]

ie-na'^aliW'^ he builds a fire.

(3)

Wiwan-na-naiwin^-te'
"It will

melt away from me,

from

Wiwarj-'^a-dixadya-n 4 me - who is ashamed (= my enemy)

na'^Uya'^a'^aw
he always sings,

(4)

haya'i
[Then]

hay-de'di
this

Wii]

"^a-diqiid)

mii-xowa(n)-na-na'lwe-n
"from him
-

song

on himself, to protect himself

melted away"

hay Wit]
the

(5)

hayai
[Then]

do-

Unite'^^
killed.

hayi
that

'^a-'^aneh

hayi
the

song.

he never gets

always does, causes

it

Wijj song,

(6)

hayai
[Then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

hay

dandi

c'o--ic'i(d)-te-

hay-dethis

WiWine'^

[he says.

"Whoever
(7)
do--xoli(r))

knows

it

my

song.

hayi-q
in that

'^a'c'idyah-tehe'll do,
it

xonoyxine'W

(>

lc>[iwinya'^nya-n]
people,

will

Not

way
(8)

happen

to

him.

would talk into him, overpower him

Winist'e"^

haye-heh
Still

do-xoli(ij)
not will be

ia'n

c'o'nahic'id

many

my body

who know, have

learned."

A Medicine Formula
(1)

to

Induce Forgiveness
[b]

[a]

Chicken-Hawk (kiya-W-naynitwal)
[c]

murders people.
a
fire

(2)

Then he
root

speaks

like

this

all

night,
(3)

while

building
will

with

incense

(niixa*ce'^-xole*n).
(4)

fd]
this

"My enemy
to

melt

Then he sings someone" [f] song.

(6)

song

protect
it

himself,

away from me." [e] the "melted away from

will

(5)

The song makes

will not

so he never gets killed.

Then he

says,
(7)

"Whoever

will learn this

song of mine,

it

happen
(8)

to

him

like this.

People

so, there

won't be many

who have

be able to overpower him. [g] learned about me." [h]

Even

[a]
It is

This type of medicine

is

called mii

xowan-na-nalwen

('with

it -

he

is

forgiven').
to forgive
all

enemy, or anyone he's had a quarrel with, him. He burns incense root (itiixace'^-xole'ii) and sings the medicine song
for
his

someone who wants

night.

Sam Brown

said that, while this

is

a real medicine formula, Mrs. Marshall did not

Hupa
properly
tell is

Texts: 42

343
For a similar

as such here.

She seems

to

have known chiefly the song.

medicine formula told by

[b]

Sam Brown

himself, see text 43.

Most
That

likely the Prairie Falcon {Falco mexicanus), generally called "Chicken-

Hawk"
[c]

locally.
is,

he sings the words of a song.

incense root as an offering to the k>ixinay.

[d]
fe]

He bums
That
is,

his intentions with regard to

to

me

will melt

away, he will have no power

to hurt
[f]

me. (These are the words

That
is,

Chicken Hawk's medicine song.)

they forgive him, cease bearing a grudge against him.

[g]

That

is,

overpower him with (bad) words, sorcery, "Indian deviling."

'learn

[h] Literally,

about

my

person (Winist'e'^y

that

is,

learn

about Chicken

Hawk's

actions in instituting this medicine.

(See xonist'e'' in the General Glossary.)

344

XIV Northwest
43.

California Linguistics

Medicine Formula for War

Sam Brown. Notebook
XI, pp. 52-58.

Narrated by

( 1

ce-k>oh-xatine--me'^
At ce-hoh-xa-tine--me'^

na-ya'^tehidic''e-n
[they

'

Unca-y-HWin
chicken

grew back up]

hawk

black,

taq'in
three,
(1

nahnin
two

camehsKon
women.

(2)

yis.xande'^
[In the

c'e'^indW
he goes out

morning]

man)

k>'[iwinya'^nyd-n]
[people]

c'ise'^iiwe'^'^

(3)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

cekyoh-xa-tine-me^
ce-kyoh-xatine-me'^

he

kills

them.

na'^ne'^iddW
he comes back to

'^a-diq'i(d)

na-na'^Icya'^a'^a[w]^

(4)

on himself, all by himself

he sings.

hay x''e-mii^ And so on, he kept

doing
so.

(5)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally,]

ninis'^a-n

ne-^i(d)-x'"

sile'^ni-mii
to be

hay

xoitisc'e"^

when

the world had

come

half-way

[his sisters]

'^aya'xaic'ide'ne'^
[he said to them],

nohe'^diwileh
"People will come

^-te'-'^arj'^

(6)

Jiy[iwinya'^nyd-\n-a-rj'^

&

fight us.

[Human
hay-de'
this.

beings]

[who

nande'^X^^-teare going to arrive]

mafor

them

'^a-na-yaydiyaw'^ we have done

(7)

yisxande'^ [Tomorrow]

neheWwileh-te-^
people will

xaXe'^-darj'^
[in the

(8)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

kye-yite'^^-teI'll

come

to fight us

morning].

get killed.

(9)

do- '^ohc'iwi-heh-ne'^ Don't you [2] cry!

^^

(10)

'^anohoic'ide-n'^-teThey'll
tell

^^

you,

kyeh

me-kyohiteh

^^

hay

noMiij

^^

xoWine'^-ne'^in
his used-to-be song."

(11)

h[aya-]-i
[Then]

"Do

ye sing

your brother

me-Kyohiteh-ne'^
you must sing,

do-

'^oh&'iwi-heh-ne'^
[you must not cry;]

xoh
even
if

ta'^Wist'a'^c'-te-

they cut

me

to pieces,

hayi-heh
yet

'^adohni
you must

^^-ne"^
say,

"^aht'it]

ie-na-Jcyixodilah
let

^^

(12)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

"All

us gather

him

(bits

of body)!"

hay
[that]

WikyiwidwoP-ne'^in

my

war-jacket

[-

that

was]

Wiq'i(d) on top of it

no-naMwaM
you must throw

16.^^?
it

"^a-dohni-ne"^
[you must say,]

down,

xa-t'e-heh^'^

c'ito'c'iW^^
it!"

(13) hayah-de^-^id
[Then
after that]

"Let him wear

me-Kyohiteh-ne"^ you must sing.

Hupa
( 1

Texts:

43
na'mis-xo
around

345
20

4)

nohoic'ide-ne'^e-mii When they tell you (to sing)

xorP-dini 19 mitah-x"^ amongst the ashes

in circles

tohiwai-ne"^
you must
roll

nohqosta-rP
your caps,

hayah-de'^-^i
[then after that]

miKaP
its

wahiq'ahs^^-ne"^
you must throw
through, take
it it

bottom

out.

(15)

hayi
Those

'^a-diq'i(d)

da'^ohliW22.de'^.^

me-lc>'ohiteh-ne'^
[you must sing]

on yourselves

when ye

lay [them].

hay

WiWine'^-neVn
(old) song].

( 1

6)

Uyinahsni-nahdii

'^^-ne'^

(17)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

[my

In front of (warriors) ye

must

go about (hopping)

I'll

na'Wdiya-tecome back to life."

(18)

h[aya]-l
[Then]

yisxatj-hid
[the next day]

qad
now

x'^e'^diwiliw
they

came
him.

to

kill

xoi-kyiic'ixa-nyay 24 with him they fought;

dedi-xo
this

yidah-c'irj

wiij'^a^a-mii 25

lc>'iwHte'^

way
hi^id
[and]

from uphill

when

it

lay,

he got killed.

(19)

They

tanaPxost'a^c' cut him up

to pieces.

"^aht'irj
[all (his parts)]

they threw

xe'^eya?xome-K away his parts.

(20)

h[ayahaji]d
[Then]

Uyiwince-^^
they started war-dancing,

xola?-kyine'^-x'^

around their
wrists

(girl's)

wilkyid 27 they were

seized.

Ryinahsni
(to

dance)

c'e'^xonilay
they brought them out

hay

xoitisc'e^-ne'^in

(21)

haya-i
[Then]

Uwan
one

c'iwinc'iw
cried.

[his sisters used-to-be.]

'^a'^dene'^
[she said,]

dorjq'a'^-cid

(22)

h[aya]-i
[Then]

"Not yet!"

'^aya'xoic'ide'ne'^ [they said to them,]

xa"^

me-kyohiteh
on!

dax'^eda
what

'^a'^de'^ine'^-ne'^in

hay nohUt]
[your brother]

"Come

ye must sing

he used to say

Jiy[iwinya'^nya-n]
[people]

c'ise'^iiwe'^-hid

(23)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

q'ostan
[hats]

[whenever he

killed.]

'^a-diwa-yan'^diwila-2^
they took off their (hats),

hi^id xon^-dini mitah-x''

[and]
[in the fire-pit]

namis-xo
[in circles]

ya'^tehiddW^^
they caused them
to run.

(24)

h[ayaha3i(d)]
[Then]

miXa'^
[their

waya'^nUqas
[they

bottoms]

knocked them out]

(they put

'^adiq'i(d)-dahya'^wilay them on themselves.]

346
(25)

XIV Northwest
hlayaha^id]
[Then]
c'e-ij'^a--xo^^
at

California Linguistics

na'^delya'^

^^

'^a-ya^de-ne^
[they said,]

xoRnwidwoV
"His war-jacket

one end

they stood,

of (their) line

c'ite-c'i^-te- 32
[he] will

(26)

hay

nohiitj

cid
first
let

ienak>ixodilah
us gather up his pieces."

wear

it

along."

"Our brother

(27)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

iena-ya'^Uyixowildw
they gathered his remains.

hi^id
[and]

Uyiwidwol
[war-jacket]

xoq'i(d) on him

nonaya'^niiwa-X
they threw
it.

(28) h[ayaha^i]d Then

me-ya'^Uyiwihiw
they sang

hay xoWine^-ne'^in
[his old song]

do-sa'^ay-mii
[not long after]

xosasta'n-c'iswai ^^-e--c'iw war-whoop - they heard.

'^a-de'^Uyiwiitiw 34

do'-sa'^ah-^i-mH
[shortly after that]

dedi
down
this

yidah-c'irj

(29)

way from above

he danced around war-fashion.

na'^andiyay He returned,

xoi-Ryiic'ixa'nyay
with him
-

(30)

de-

they fought.

c'idiwic'^iP^ Every time he shot

ia"^

c'isiwiiwei 36
he killed always.

one

(31)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

c'eZxonirjam 37
he killed off

mahni-ne'^in
[the (entire)

(32)

h[ayahap]d
[Then]

war-

party

that was.]

'^a'^de-ne'^

de--q'a
"In this

'^a'^adyah-te-

[he said],

way
Winist'e"^

one

will

do

Uy[iwinya'^nya-n] [human beings]

na-nde'^K-te-

[when they

arrive].

(33)

hay
He who

c'o'na'ic'id
has learned

lcy[iwinya'^nyd-n]-a'rj'^

mafor such

[my body]

person

[-

indeed]

a one

"^a-nayaydiyaw we have done so.

(35)

(34)

ce'kyoh-xatine-me'^
At ce'kyoh-xatine'-me^

na-nayayde'^K ^^-te' we shall live forever.

ky[iwinya'^nyd-n] Person

xoh
even

if

daxo'O-'^ac'ilah-tehe causes one to die

(or be hurt)

hay dandi
whoever

Winist'e"^

c'onaic'id
has learned

do'-xolirj
not possible

xono'xineW^^
to

my body

(< reach

overpower him him with talking.)"

A Medicine Formula for War

(1)

[a]

Three people came into existence in myth times at ce*-kyoh-xa*tine*me'' [b] Black Hawk (kyica*y-tiWin) [c] and two women. (2) In the morning he would go out and kill people. (3) Then he would return to ce*kyoh-xa'tine*-me'^ and sing by himself. (4) He kept on doing this.

Hupa
(5)

Texts:

43

347

One

day,

when

the world
is

to his sisters,

"There

was in the middle of becoming, [d] he said somebody who is going to attack us. (6) But there
will come to exist, and we have Tomorrow, someone will attack us

are

human

beings

who
(7)

established this
in the

medicine for them.

(8)

morning.
will tell

And

am

going

to get killed.

(9)

You
(11)

mustn't cry!

(10)

They

You must sing it, and you must you must say, 'Let us collect the pieces of him!' (12) You must throw my old war-jacket (kiwidwol) [e] on top of (my remains), and you must say, 'Let him wear it!' (13) After that you must sing (my song). (14) When they tell you (to sing), you must roll your basket-caps (q'osta*n) around in circles in the fire-pit, and then knock their bottoms out. (15) After you put these on, you must sing my old song. (16) You must dance in front of them (Uyinahsn). [f] (17) Then I will come
you, 'Sing your brother's old song!'
not cry;

even when they cut

me

to pieces,

back

(to life)."

(18)

morning he was
pieces.

The very next day they attacked and fought with him, and by midkilled. (19) They cut him up and then scattered all the
Then they
started to

(20)

dance the War Dance

sisters

(Ryice*),

[g]

and seizing

them by the wrists, they brought the

[h]

out (to dance) in front of them,

(21)

Then one of

the sisters cried and said,

"Not yet!" (22) Then they said

to (the sisters),

"Come

on!

Sing what your brother used to sing whenever he

killed people!"

and spun them around in bottoms out of them and put them the fire-pit. (24) Then they knocked the on. (25) Then, as (the sisters) stood at one end of the line (of dancers), they
(23)

Then

(the sisters) took off their basket-caps

said,

"He

will

wear

his war-jacket!

(26) First let's collect the pieces of our

the pieces of him,

brother!"

(27)

Then they gathered up

and threw the war-

jacket on top of him.

(28)

give a

Then they sang his old song; war whoop, and shortly after
(29)

it

wasn't long before they heard him

that

he came war-dancing

down from

above.

He

returned and fought.

(30) With every shot he killed one.

(31) In the end he killed the entire war-party

(mahn).
it

(32)

Then he

said,

"This

is

the

way
(34)

they will do

come
me*^.

to exist.

(33)

It is

for the person

who

has learned

when human beings about me [i] that we

at ce--k>oh-xa-tine*[j]

have established

this

medicine.

We

shall live

on

(35) Even when he causes a person to be in some (bad) way, whoever has learned about me cannot be overpowered." [k]

[a]

War-medicine formulas (xowa--na-nalwe-n) were

recited

by warriors about

to

go

off in a war-party, to insure the success of the undertaking and to protect themselves

348

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

from the enemy (Wallace 1949:76). This formula was taught mother when he was about ten years old, and was one of the first
There
[b]
[c]
is

to

Sam Brown by

his

stories

he ever learned.

a similar war-medicine text in

Goddard (1904: 332-35).

place on

Redwood Ridge
is is

(cehqa*n).

While 'black hawk'

the literal translation of the

Hupa name,

it

isn't clear

precisely what bird

meant.

k>ica*y
is

is

the

name given

to the red-tailed

hawk (Buteo

jamaicensis), and K>ica'y-iiWin

protagonist of the war-medicine in

apparently a larger bird with darker coloration. The Goddard (1904: 332-35) is called kncay xii-nehwan 'dark-colored hawk', which Goddard glosses as 'chicken hawk'. Hawks were omens of

fighting (Wallace 1949: 76), and warriors used

[d]

hawk

feathers in their headdresses.

its

When

the world
in the

was

in the

midst of being transformed into

present shape.

(See ninis'^a'n
[e]

General Glossary.)

protective jacket consisting of vertical

wooden rods woven

together.

Armor

of

this sort
[f]

was worn by

relatively

few warriors, and was a sign of prowess.

with the warriors
to incite

He asks his sisters to dance face-to-face [g] A War Dance was danced before a fight
dance the War Dance'
'scalp' (preserved in
(lc>i-ce-) is

bravery

who have killed him. among the warriors, and

that

also after the fight to celebrate victory (Wallace 1949).

The verb theme

means

'to

apparently derived from the old noun root for 'head' or

in

such compounds as

P-ce--kyitf 'the

back of P's head', or

ce--

dilcay 'gray-haired person'), and probably refers to a former custom of dancing with the

head or scalp of a slain enemy.

The Hupas say

that they never took heads, but the

Chimarikos apparently did (see

[h] "If victorious, a short

text 76).

dance was held in enemy territory... the same as that armed warriors stood abreast in a line, moving their feet up and down and singing a war-song. ...Prisoners were sometimes forced to dance"

performed before a

battle. ...The

(Wallace 1949: 76, 102).

[i]

Literally,

'who has learned about

he

my

person {Winist'e'^y,

i.e.,

the actions of

mine

that are told about in this

[j]

medicine formula. (See

kills

xonist'e'' in the

General Glossary.)

That

is,

even

if

or seriously hurts

somebody (causing enmity).

[k]

He

can't be killed

by

his

enemies' sorcery.

Hupa
44.

Texts:

44
for

349

The Ugly Dog, a Medicine Formula

Notebook IX,
nic''e^n-c'''iri
i

Love

Narrated by John Shoemaker.

xowarjq'id
A\ xowarjgq'id

pp. 10-13.
2

( 1 )

UrP
dog

ugly, bad-looking

na^tehidic''e'n grew up there.

(2)

minPday'^
Outside the

c'e^ite^'^

yiwidirj-hid
[until at last]

ninis'^d-n
[the world]

mine^i(d)-x'^
[half

house

he (dog) always lay,

way]

sile'^n-ey
[it

xa^a-'^ant'e-x'"

(3)

mine'^ixomH
[After a while]

nahnin
two
people

c'iwidil'^

became

there]

he looking that way.

were coming
along,

la^
one

xo^osday
man,

iiwan
(and) one

camehsKon
woman.

(4)

do'-winsa'^ay-mii

Uyiye'

[Not long afterwards]

again

nahnin
two (other) people

cai^
went along.

(5)

hay a
Those

'^a-ya'^deme'^
said,

yo'w
"That one

Wane'
alone

do'^orj
see!

Uyidiwiidin'^'^-tewill be loved

hay-yd-w>
that

c'iste-n

by

one

who

lies

xona'ya'^siwiW^ they made fun

of him

c'inc'''e'^ni-ma-n

people (ironical)

there,"

because he was so ugly.

(6)

haya'i
[Then]

do'-winsa'^a-y-mii
[not long after]

Ryiye[again]

c'iwidil

(7)

Uyiye'

two walked along.

[Again]

hay
[that

one]

xa'^aya'xoic'ide-ne'^ they talked about him

as before.

(8)

haya'i
[Then]

Uyiye[again]

do--winsa'^ay-mU
[not long after]

c'iwidil

Uyiye'
[again]

hayi
[those]

"^ayd^dene^
[they said],

yo'w-de'i
"That one
-

do'^oij
it

[two (others)

if

is

then

it

is

walked along]

kyidiwUdin'^-te[will be loved by someone.]

(9)

yiwidiij-hid
[Finally],

"^aht'in

"Everybody

cHtehsyay-silirp^ has gone by - it's become,"

c'ondehsne"^
he thought.

(10)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

'^inana'^asdice'^ he got up again.

(11)

he+
"He+
!"

d'ondehsne"^
[he thought,]

l<:y[iwinya'^nyd-n]-'^aW "I wonder if people

'^aht'i(tj)
all

niWon
pretty

tolc'^irj'^^^

(12)

would grow.

One (man)

ia'^a-gya'^ay - might

nic'^'e'^n

ugly

na'tehidic"e'n grow

camehsKon
women

^^

hate

miyjilay ^--silin'^-te' it, him - he will become.

350
(13)

XIV Northwest
daydi-gya'^aW-mH
I

California Linguistics

Winist'e"^

xokya(rj)-no-'^o-ya'^ ^^
his

wonder with what

my body
U>Haxan
deer
its

mind

might go [around].

(14)

h[ayaha^i]d-arj'^
[Then
-

mila'^-kyin'^

^'^

ya'^wintam
he picked
it

after that]

bone of front leg between knee & foot

up.

(15)

hayah-mii
[Then]

mi-i-xo(n'^)-'^a'^diPen
soot mixed with

ya'^wirj'^a-n

cel-nehwan
red paint

marrow

he picked

it

up,

ya'^wirj'^a-n

(16)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

he picked

it

up.

min'^day'^ outside

c'e'na-'^andiyay
he went back outside

hayah
[there]

dah-UyiiceK

^^

(17)

h[ayaha^i]d-ari'^
[Then
-

'^a'dinirj'^-q'id-x'''

nana'^de'iiw^^
he drew a (black) line
across (his eyes),

he broke it (bone) in two.

after that]

on

his

own

face

ce'l-nehwa-n
red

miyeh na^na'^deiiw (18)

under
it

h[ayaha^i(d)]
[Then]

UHta-'^aw
he started a song:

(Song),

he drew across.

(19)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hayah
to that place

c'e'^ninya-

hijid
[and]

hay-yo-w
that

kyirjxic'i

^"^

he came out

alongside of
girls

na-Jcyidii ^^-ne'^in people were walking

about.

(20)

xoUcay
[Whiteness
of dawn]

tehsyay-mii
[when
came, broke]
it

hay
[the]

camehsK&n
[women]

'^aht'i(r))
all

nayxowehsyo'^-ey
they got to liking him again (instead of hating him),

xowane'^^'^ over him

UyUc'ixa-na'te'diyay'^^
they fought,

(21)

'^aht'irj

kyide'na'^jehsla'^'^^-e-y
they got to be hated instead,
this

hay-y&w
those

xo'^osday-ne'^in

All

men

(now

deserted),

time

(22)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^a'c'ondehsne'^
[he thought],

iah-xo-gya'^
"Just
-

hayi-q'
thus

"^ac'idyah-te'
he'll

at

any time

do

it,

Uy[iwinya'^nya-n] people

nanande'^K-de'^ when they've become.

(23)

'^a-Wiic'ide-n'^-te-

He

will tell of

me,

hayah
'There

c'in

hayi-q'
in that

they say

way

"^a-na'c'idydw he did.'"

Hupa

Texts:

44

351

The Ugly Dog, a Medicine Formula for Love

(l)An ugly dog came into existence (in myth (2) He used to lie outside the house, and he stayed
world was
in the

times) at xowagq'id. [a]

like that until finally the

middle of becoming, [b]

(3) After a (4)

while two people came along, one

man and one woman.

that!

Not long afterwards another couple came along. (5) They said, "Look at (The girls) will fall in love that one lying there!" making fun of him because he was (so) ugly. Not long afterwards another two came along. (7) They also talked about him in the same way. (8) Then, after a short while, yet another two
(6)

people came along and said, "If he's like

in love with
(9) Finally

that,

then surely (the girls) will

fall

him!"

[c]

up.

{\\)"'he-e-er he thought,
(13)

handsome!
ugly.
I

all gone by." (10) Then he got "Maybe all people could grow to be (12) Women will come to despise anyone who might be created wonder what could make him think about me?" [d]

he thought,

"Now

they have

(14) Then he picked up the lower foreleg bone of a deer, [e] (15) He got some black paint (mU-xog'^a'^dil'^e-n) and some red (paint) (ce-1-nehwa-n). (16) Then went outside and broke the bone in two (with a stone). (17) After that, he drew a black line back across his face, and he drew a red line

beneath
(18)

it.

Then he
girls.

started to sing,
to

[f]

(Song)
a throng (of

(19)

Then he went out

(20)
all

where
all

with the

By dawn,

of the

women had
(2
1 )

men) had been making out fallen in love with him

instead and were

fighting over him.

In turn, they

now

despised

all

of those other men.

Then he thought, "(A man) beings have come to exist. (23) He

(22)

will

do

it

just like

this

when human
is

will say

about me, "He

said to

have

established this medicine in that place."

[a]

(southern) end of

The old Hupa village at Campbell Field (Kentuck Ranch), near the upper Hoopa Valley. The site of a danceground for the White Deerskin
midst of being transformed into
its

Dance.
[b]

time of

When the world was in the many magical changes

in the

present shape, a

(including the establishment of medicines).

(See

ninisVn
[c]

General Glossary.)
ironical jibe: "It takes

Another

someone

as ugly as that to attract the girls!"

is,

[d] Literally, 'think about

my

person {Winist'e'^)\ that

Ugly Dog's personal

actions in instituting this medicine. (See xonist'e'' in the General Glossary.)

le] Literally 'its wrist', the front leg
[f]

between the knee and

foot,

The medicine song

is

sung

at this point.

352
45.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

A Woman's
Narrated by

Love Medicine for Getting a

Frank.

Man

Emma

Notebook V,

pp. 18-23.
"^a'na'c'idyaw
she did (what
2

(1)

dahdimo(t')dime'^
Orick
hill

yida'cin-te'^il
seal

Kyehica-niij

'

maiden

we

are

to tell about),

c'e'^ida'^ 3

(2)

lc>'iwinya'^niyd-n

dothere

she always stayed there.

Indians

wilcan-tah-xole-n 4 was no place where they

were
to be seen

'^inis'^an ^

world

ne-ji(d)-x'' about half-way

when

sile'^ni-mH it became.

(3)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^a'c'ondehsne'^ [she thought]

['i

dax''edi-qi-kya'^a W-ne'^ wonder how it will have to be?"]

(4)

ia'^

Wasun

nana'dyay
went down again

One

(= one evening),

war)
for
(it)
-

xok>'a(n)-na-nya'^^ her mind - went about

c'inehstin i-te'-mii
before she lay down.

xa'^aih'oh-x'''
that

much

'^a'chondehsne'^
[she thought].

U>ita''^aw
she kept on
singing.

(5)

hayah-mii
[Then]

iah-xo
just, for

hayah
there

nothing

qad
[now]

diyWe'^eh ^-q'a
nothing-ly

'^ant'e'

do-

wilcan-tah-xole'n

there

was

anything to be seen was not

(6)

Ryita-'^aW [She sang:]

heno-'^ene-'^
"heno'^ene''^

'^ene-

hayi-q'a
in that

'^a'^de-ne'^

Vnr

..

way
lo

she said.

(7)

yisxa-n-e-y Next day.

this

de--xo way

yidah-c'in from uphill

nonyay-mii
when
it

sa-Undiij

arrived

suddenly

(= about 9 a.m.).

'^arj-gya'^

yehRyine-ndirj^

^^

(8)

sa-Myidirj

'^arj-gya'^

she saw

sunshine came into the house.

[Suddenly]

[she saw]

lcy[iwinya'^nya-n] an Indian

yehc'iwinyacome into the house.

(9)

ia'^ay-x'"'

do-

c'ixone'i'^in'^-te- '2

At once

just as

though [she]

can't look at

him
15

c'inehwa-n
he looks
like.

(10)

hayi
That

xoWt'e'^^^
his blanket

xoGe-kyine"^ ^^-heh his ankle - even

do- c'e-ffay
didn't reach

through;

Uyiidikyi-kyoh
big red-headed

xo^fe^
his blanket,

kyildiRyi-kyoh

ya-kyiwilt'a-c'

[red-headed woodpecker- (type of robe).

woodpecker

Hupa
(11)

Texts:

45
'^

353 hay
[that]

hayah
There
-

wint'e-

was she always

"^a'dixa^niwidyaPin) she got ashamed

camehsKo'n
[woman.]

(= But yet).

(12)

haya'i-'^ari'^

'^ac'ondehsne'^
[she thought]

camehsK&n
[woman].

hayi-q'i-xolarj
"In that

[Then

indeed]

way

it

evidently

is

'^ahdiyah-tehi
it

(13)

haya'l-'^arj'^

hayi
[the]

xo^osday
[man]

^a^de-ne^
said.

will

happen."

[Then

indeed]

na'te-sdiya'-te-

(14)

haya-i
[Then]

xa'^

xoic'idene'^
she said to him.

(15)

Uyiye-

"I'm going back."

"All right!"

"Again
^^

na-na-WaI

^'^-te-

c'ide'ne'^

hay
[the]

xo'^osday
[man].

(16)

nahdirj yisxani-mii

shall be

around once more,"

said

Two

days

later.

Ryiye-

again

na-'^andiyay he came back,

Ryiye-

xa'^ahdiyaw
it

Uyiye'
[again]

yehUyine-nde'^n
[(sun)light

again

happened as
before.

came

into the house.]

(17)

h[ayahap]d-ar}'^'^a-xoic'ide-ne'^ da-ydi-x'''a-C^)a(rjP-mii "Where is it, where from she said to him, [Then - after]

nanyay
you have come?"

(18)

haya'i
[Then]

^a'^de-ne'^

[he said].

digyai] "Here

yinace-yidac
from the
east.

ce'l-nehwa'n
red-flint
-

xontah-me"^
house
-

miqis
on one
side

to'-nehwan
black
flint

dah-siPe-K

'9

in

it.

shoved up on top
(= the roof, roofing).

(19)

hayi-me'^
In that (house)

na'^tehidic'^e-n 20

Uyixinay
a ky'ixinay

q'an-c'iwilcHl'^^

he grew up

young man.
na-Way'^'^ I have come
(for a short time.)

(20)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^axoic'idene'^ he told her.

mxa'

'arj'
it

"After you (to take you)

is

(21)

C{a-de'
After a while.

xo'^^i

fana-Ryileh 23-ne'^
you are
to fix things

properly

up

we'll

tese-K 24-/ego away."

(get ready to leave)

(22)

na'^tehsdiya'-yey

hayah

wint'e-

(23)

He went back home

forthwith (= as soon as he said that).

c'inehsten She lay down

hay
[the]

camehsKon
[woman.]

(24)

xiX.e'^-e-yi-mii

hay
the

xontah-ne'^in
house
-

miyeh
under
it

Way

in the night

that

used to be

na'^UyisGod 25
he poked.

354
(25)
dig>a(rj) Here

XIV Northwest
yinaci-yidac
[east, in the eastern

California Linguistics

hi^id

c'e'^[i]nsid-ey
then she

(26)

hayi-q'a

when
was

it

woke

up.

Thus

heaven,]

there

"^anac'idyaw
she did,
it

26

dahdimo'^diij
[at

U>ehica-n
[Seal
-

yida-c'in-te'^il

happened

Orick

Hill]

maiden.]

to her

A Woman '5 Love

(1)

Medicine for Getting a

(yida'cin-te'^il

Man

[a]

medicine where she used to live (by herself)(2) Human beings could not be found anywhere, (since) the world was in the middle of becoming, [d] (3) Then she thought, "I wonder how it must

Seal-Maiden

k>ehlca*nii)) [b] established this

at

Orick Hill (dahdimo'^dime'^),

[c]

be?"

[e]

(4)

One

time, as the sun set, she thought about

it

before

lying

down, and she thought about it so much that she started to sing. (5) There was no reason (to sing); nothing at all could be seen. (6) She started to sing; '"heno'-'^ene-'^ '^ene-'" was what she sang.

The next day, as the sun reached over the hills to the east, suddenly sunlight came shining into the house. (8) Suddenly, a man came into the house. (9) He was so (resplendent) that she could hardly look at him. (10) His ankles didn't show (below) his buckskin blanket (it was so long); it Red-Headed (kyitdikyi-kyoh) blanket, was Red-Headed Woodpecker's Woodpecker's fringed robe (ya'kyiwilt'a'c'). [f] (11) As soon as (he said that), the woman got embarrassed, [g] (12) Then the woman thought, "It looks like this is how it is going to happen." [h] (13) The man said, "I'm
(7)

going home." (14) "All right," she told him.

said the

(15) "I'll be back here again,"

man.

(16) After two days had passed, he

sunlight again shining into the

came back; it happened as before, with house. (17) Then she said to him, "Where
said,

have you come from?"

with black
flint

(18)

He

"(From) the k>ixinay heaven

flint
[i]

in the

east (digyan-yinaci-yidac), in a

house of red

(ce'I-nehwa'n), roofed
(19) This
is

(to*-nehwan) on one side."

(q'an-ciwilc^il) had

where the

k^ixinay young
(20)

man

come

into existence.

Then he

told her, "I

am

here to fetch you.

off."

(21)

Take a while

to get

your things ready, and we'll go

this).

(22)

He went home

as soon as (he said

(23) the

woman
When
it

lay

down

to sleep.

(24) In the middle of the night, he (returned and) magically

moved her
she awoke.

house.
(26)

(25)

(reached) the k-^ixinay heaven in the east,

Thus did Seal-Maiden

establish this medicine at Orick Hill.

Hupa
[a]

Texts: 45

355
it -

This type of medicine

is

called mit-k>iditdin ('with

It

she gets to be loved').

There

is

no herb with

this

medicine, only a song.

is

not for getting an "old pal"

back, but for picking up a

new man who

will get stuck

on you.

There

is

another

woman's love medicine texts 44 and 46.

[b] Seal or sea lion.
[c]

text in

Goddard (1904:305-9).

For men's love medicines see

Near Orick, the Yurok

It

village at the for

mouth of Redwood Creek.

beings.

[d]

was only halfway prepared

wonder what
is

human
to

(See ninis'^a'n in the General

Glossary.)
[e]
[f]

That

is,

"I

will

have

be done before human beings arrive?"

is a type of garment not known by the Indians and mentioned only in medicine formulas. Sam Brown thought this robe was made of buckskin, with a tasseled fringe, and with woodpecker feathers tied on with

Literally, 'what

cut up in strips, fringes'. This

sinew
[g]

to the fringes.

She had been singing and wishing

for

someone

to

come and

visit,

but

when he

did come, she was ashamed.

[h]
[i]

That

is,

man

will

come

to

you when you sing the song.

The house was made of red

obsidian, except for half of the roof, which

was made

of black obsidian.

356

XIV Northwest
46.
Narrated by

California Linguistics

Man's Love Medicine [a]

Frank.

Emma

Notebook V,

pp. 39-47.

yinahc'in-ta-ij'^ay-q'id

c'in

na'^tehidic'"e-n

Ryixinay
Icnxinay

At yinahc'in-tarj'^ay-qid

they say

he grew up

q'an-c'iwilc'''il 2

2)

c'e'^ida'^ 3

(3)

camehsKo-n

do--xolin-tah-xolen^
nowhere was
to

young man.

He always
stayed there.

Woman

be found.

(4)

mine^ixomii
After a time

iah-xo

hayah

without reason

c'itehsyay he went off

yidac
uphill,

hayah
there

nin'^i-me''^ilcil 6

wat]

earth
to
it

he squatted down (= he squatted down),

-

about it (= he got to thinking about

xokya(rj)-nahsya'^ i went around his mind

it).

(5)

'^a-c'ondehsne'^

He

thought.

q'ad-'^aW

hayi-q'i
in that

"Now

- 1

way

wonder

na'dii-ne'^ whether they are to go around

Uyiwinya'^nya.'n people;"

ya'^wehs'^a'^ ^-hid

while he was sitting

there.

in

ia'^ay-din one place

c'ite'rfe^n

(6)

sa-Jcyidirj

'^arj-gya'^

Ud
smoke

he looked.

[Suddenly]

[he saw]

yaywiikyid
it

(7)

haya-i
[Then]

went

rising into the air.

c'ine-Pe^n lo he looked at it.

(8)

kyiigyide'^-^i-nehwa-n n Almost rotten (wood) - like

mitah-dirj amongst it

kyi(r})-mii
with a stick

kyic'in'^^^

no'^nirjcod

^^

saUyidirj
[suddenly]

he poked

it

over (against something),

^arj-gyd^ [he saw]

Vid [smoke]

yaywiikyid
[rising.]

(9)

he+
[""he+r]

c'ondehsne"^
[he thought,]

niWoij-xo-^a
"In a nice way, how nicely
it

'^ahdiyah
has happened

hay-y&w
that

'^ahdiyaw
which has happened,"

c'ondehsne"^
[he thought.]

(10)

haya'i
[Then]

kyirj'^a-gyd'n

mixa'
for
it

pipe

na-na'kyisle^

^^

(11)

ia'^ay-x'"
[All at once]

he reached out.

me'-xonist'e'^-x'^e-niW ^^ it - his body - had feeling for (= he was very happy at what had happened)
ti(ij)

hay
what

greatly

at

"^ahdiyaw
happened.

(12)

kyirj'^a'gydn

c'e'^niifa-n

hi^id
[and]

me'na'^wiiwa'X

>6

Pipe

he brought

it

out,

he shook it against the (tobacco sack).

Hupa
(13)
q'ad-xoW-kyay'^
^1

Texts:

46
mafor

357
^a-naWdiyaw hay-y&w
I

k>{iwinya^nyan\
Indians

Now
-

- [I

guess]

them

did

it

for

that (fire)

behold

them

iah-xo

hayah

xorf
fire

tehic^'e-n

(14)

hayi-mH
That with

for nothing there

which grew up.

miq'i(d)-dahc'iwifje-n he smoked.

^^

(15)

hay
That

milide'^^^
its

yitehikyid 20
it

smoke

traveled in the air

yehna'wilini -^-q'eh
along the creeks flowing into (the river),
all

minia'ii-e' everywhere

yehyiwiikyid
it

(16)

xa'^aikyoh-x'^

floated into

So

greatly

(every) creek.

do'-iwyidirjl"^] ^^-xosin lonesomeness - (what became)

na-xowilc'id^^ it turned on him.

c'ondehsne'^
[he thought.]

(17)

da-ydi-dirj

k.ya'^dW-'^arp

"Where

- 1

wonder

it

is

there has

na'leh\di&''e-n grown up

cahmehsXo-n
woman?"

(18)

(Song)

de--q'a
in this

way

'^a'na'^de-ne'^

yinahc'in-ta-rj'^ay-q'id

he said (again)

from

yinahc'in-ta-rj'^ay-q'id

kyixinay Knxinay

q'an-c'iwilc'^il

young man.
'^ac'ondehsne'^
[he thought],

(19)

na'^tehsdiyay He went back

naseya'^-te'

xontah-c'irj'^
to the house.

(20)

hayaha^id
[Then]

xontah

(21)

"House I'll go around." (= I'll go to somebody's house.)

c'idaci-na'^we(skin for carrying

h[ayaha^i]d-arj'^ xorj('^)-'^a-na'^diwildw [Then after] he put on his regalia.

c'e^nHten'^^
he pulled
it

(22) h[ayahaji]d-aij'^
[Then
-] it is

q'a(d)

out.

now

c'itehsyay he went off,

arrows, quiver)

de--xo
this

yinac
upriver

c'itehsyay
[he went off.]

(23)

mine-^ixomil
[After a while]

hay -dethis

way

KohWarj'^-qld
Bald Hill
c'iica-n-e'y
he saw
as
it

'^ant'e'-q

'^ant'e-diij

c'ininyay
he came out
at.

(24)

hayah
There

looked, looks

so-looking place

hay
the

xontah
house

sa'an-e'y
which
sits

doit

natidce-

25

hay
the

(off

is

never opened

in the distance).

ya-xono-nawice'^'^^
their door.

(25)

xa'^aikyoh-x'' That greatly

xoc'iif
to

mecah-ya'^xosin

27

they were hard to be seen.

(26)

do-

They do

me-ya'^de-din'^^ not want

c'icd-l

daijWo"^

ya'^xine-'W
[they] talk.

(21)

haya-i
[Then]

anybody
ia'^ay-x'''
at

them

hay-ye-wi
yonder
(person)

c'Uca-n-e-y
he saw it (off in distance)

hay
the

na-te-w{id]ce--^
door had been opened.

who was
walking along

once

358
(28)

XIV Northwest
haya'i
[Then]

California Linguistics
c'ininyay
he arrived

q'a(d)

hay

xontah-dirf
house.

now
(30)

at the

(29)

yehc'iwinyay He came in.

yo'^ni-yidac
"(Sit

ya-xoic'ide-n"^ 30
they (2

down)

at the

women)

back of the house,"

told him.

(31)

nin-de-

^^

winyai^'^
you are on
the road

man
for that

na'te'dice- ^^
it

hay-yow
that

nonawice'
door."

"You

- 1

see

opened

reason

(32)

ce'^eh-^i-di{tj)-nehwd-n For a short time - it seemed like

c'iwinda"^^^
he stayed there,

hayai
[then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

he said,

na'tesdiya'-te"I'm going back."

(33)

haya'i
[Then]

'^aya'^de'ne'^

hay
the

camehsKon
(2)

they 2 said,

women.

dorjq'a"^

cid

ya'^de'ne'^
[they said,]

nH
"with

tese-X^^-te'
we'll go."

(34)

haya-l
[Then]

'^a'^denef

'Not yet - first," (= Wait a bit!)

he said.

you
dotj"^

na'^adiWwal^^
"I

(35)

haya'i
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

hay-yo'w
[that]

camehsKon
[woman]

shake myself around it is so!" (= I'm in a hurry) (won't wait)

na'^xohsme-K-sile'^n^i

(36)

xehl
Loads

wan-na-'^asde'^K ^^
they fixed up,

wint'e'^^

somebody threw them around - they became (= they got things ready)
c'itehsde'K
they 2 went off

when

na-miq'eh'^^
last.

(37)

xorj-'^c'^n

nacein the lead

dahna'^diwinia'd
he reached back
to his

^^

He
himself

home.
wint'e[and]

(38)

yinahc'in-ta-rj'^ay-q'id

na-'^andiia'd-ey
he rushed back to
it

hayah
there,

[To yinahc'in-taij'^ay-q'id]

xoi-na-te'dilid ^2 he sweated himself

in the

(39)

xoi-no-nilid'^^ With him it quit

burning,

min'^day'^
outside of
the house

dah-yana'^wehs'^a'^ "^
he sat up on the (rock)
platform.

sweathouse.

miq'eh-na-na-'^aste'^n 45
he

X^e-da'^ay 46
his hair, head.

(40)

combed

c'iterfe^n He looked

ye^w
off yonder

hay
the

na^widahl-ne^in-qeh
he had been returning along
-

(41)
way.

yewi
Yonder

'^aij-gya'^

he saw

diyWo'^oW'^'^-ye-sile'^n-esomething - it seemed had got to be there

(42) To

sa-Ryidirj
his surprise

'^aij-gya'^

c'iwidil-e'
they (2) were coming

he saw

along

in

view

dedi-xandin-ji
here
-

[c']inehwd-n^^
-

ya^'^aslirj'^

q'ad

hayah-mii

quite close to

[they] looked like

they 2

became

just then.

Hupa
(43)
ia^ay-x'' At once

Texts:

46
hay-yS-w
that

359
ta-k>iW-di(rj) sweathouse place

xowan
to

him

c'ininde-K they went

one

up
min^day'^
outside

who
'^aya'xoic'ide-ne'^ He said to them,

dah-ya-na'^wirj'^ay

(44)

xontah-me'^
"House
-

was again

sitting up.

in

yo'^ohdii ^^-ne'^ ye 2 must go into."

x'^'e-yalwe-K 50
it

(45)

xontah-me'^
[House in]

yehc'iwinde-X
[they (2)

(46)

xontah-me'^
[House
-

went

into.]

in]

(47)

hayi-q'i
In that

c'in

'^a-na'c'idyaw
he did
it

became evening with them

way

they say

(= they stayed over night).

(as start)

yinahc'in-ta-fj'^ay-q'id
[at yinahc'in-ta-rj'^ay-q'id.
]

(48)

minde'^Uc''e'

c'e'^Uc'^e'^

Tobacco
yehna'wilini-q'eh
min-ta-n-e"Every creek

he always makes.

(49)

'^aPde'^ine'^

yehyiwiik>i(d)-te'
the

He always
says,

smoke
go

will

into."

(50)

ia^adin-tah Sometimes

one

x^'enoP^ehsla? 5 1 -rewill go back on him,

(51)

haya'i
[Then]

da/jWo"^

somebody

will

come

to dislike

him.

miq'i(d)- dahc'iwirjin 52-?^will

ye'w-x"^
off yonder

hay
that (scent)

c'iicHn 53-re*
she will smell

hay
that

smoke

minde'^iic'''e-

(52)

'^a-c'ondehsne'^-te-

tobacco(-smoke).

She

will think,

'^aygye+'^^^ "(lonesomeness)!"

A Man 's Love Medicine

(1)

[a]

At iei-dig,

[b] they say, a k>ixinay

(2)

He

used to live there (by himself)-

young man came into existence. [c] (3) There were no women

anywhere.

One day he wandered off into the hills, squatted down, and got to wonder, to let it. (5) He thought, "What must happen, human beings be around?"; and while he sat there, he watched a particular spot. (6) To his surprise he saw smoke rising. (7) Then he looked at it.
(4)

thinking about

(8)

Turning over with a

stick

what looked

like

some

rotten

wood, he was

startled to see
this thing

smoke
he

rising up.

(9) ''he-e-eV, [d] he thought, "it's nice that

has happened."
felt

(10)

Then
it

around
at

for

his

pipe

(kyirjVgya-n). (12)

[e]

(11)

He

immediately
out and hit

felt

very happy

what had happened.

He

took his pipe

against (the pipe sack).

360
(13)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

"Now

guess

have established for human beings

without any effort." (14)

(his pipe) drifted off,
it

He

lit

his pipe with this fire.

grows (15) The smoke of

this fire that

drifted in along every creek.

(16)

great

lonesomeness
has

descended

(on

him).

(17) "I

wonder
(19)

if

somewhere
This
is

woman

come

into existence?" he thought.

(18) (Song)

what he sang, the k-ixinay young man from

le*l-dig. [f]

Then

he returned to his house.

(20) After a while he thought, "I'm going visiting!"

(21)

Then he dressed
[g]

up

in regalia

and got out his ceremonial quiver (c'idaci-na'^we*).

Then he set off, going upriver here (on the Trinity River). (23) After came out at a place that looked like this Bald Hill (XohWag'^q'id) here (in Hoopa Valley). (24) There he saw a house, the door of which was never opened. (25) They were very hard people (to deal with). (26) They didn't want anyone to speak to them. (27) But as he was walking along in the distance, he saw that the door had been opened.
(22)
a while he

(28)

Then he went

to the house. (29)

He

entered

it.

(30) "(Sit) up back of the fire (yo'^n)!" they told him. [h] (31) "The door opened because we saw you traveling along." (32) He stayed what seemed a short while, and then he said, "I'm going home." (33) The women said, "Not just yet! We're going along with you." (34) He said, "I'm really in a hurry!" (35) The women were immediately thrown into action. (36) They fixed up packs and went off, following after him.

(37)
(38)

The (young man), meanwhile, had run

arrived back at
le'I-dirj at

off ahead

towards home.
to

He

a run, and sweated himself again in his

sweathouse. (39)

When

the fire burnt

down, he went outside

his hair,
[i]

sit

on (the

platform in front of his house) and

(40)

combed

He looked back

along the

way

that

he had come.

(41)

He could
saw the

make
(two

out something in the distance.

(42) With

some

surprise, he

women) coming
(43)

along, and they looked like they had already gotten

right

quite close.

They came

up

to

him

as he sat there

up (on the

platform) outside the sweathouse (ta'k^iW).

(44)

He

said to them,

"Go

in the

house!" (45) They went into the house.

(46)

They stayed

the night in the house.

[j]

(47) In this way, they say, he established this medicine at le*I-dii).

(48) (For this medicine) one always

(49)

makes tobacco smoke

(minde'^itc^e*).

One

says,

"The smoke
a

will drift in along every creek." [k]

will
start

(50)

Sometimes

woman

to

hate (the

man

she

lives

with).

(51) But

when

(a

man) smokes,

the tobacco

smoke
[1]

will

be pungent far away.

(52) She will think, "I

am

lonely for him!"

Hupa
[a]

Texts:

46
is

361
Indian tobacco

A man's

love medicine for obtaining a

it is

woman. The "herb" used

(minde'^Uc^e'), and
[b] Part

accompanied by a song.
at the

of the large town of iei-dig

confluence of the Trinity and the South

Fork, near present-day Salyer. This town was

made up of

three separate villages, each

with a name.

The one
-

Emma
on

Frank specifies here (yinahcin-ta'i]''ay-q'id, 'from

upstream

point of land

Trinity and the South Fork,

it') was situated on the point of land between the main where the present highway bridge crosses the latter. It was

inhabited by both
[c]

Hupas and Chimarikos.

added, parenthetically, that the young

Emma Frank

man

lived there "in the

same

way

as the (other) one" {hayi q'ina^ hayiq), referring to the Seal-Maiden in the love-

medicine story that

living
[dl

Emma

had told Sapir shortly before (see

text 45, line

1).

Both were

by themselves and lonely.

The exclamation used

in

medicine formulas to indicate the identification of a

medicine.
[el

He had

discovered

fire in the rotten

wood, and was going

to use

it

to

smoke

with.
[{]

The medicine song

is

sung

at this

point by the reciter of the formula.

It is

[gl

A special

quiver used in ceremonies and for "dressing up".

a sack

made

of
are

fisher skin, with a slit

opening on top through which the feathers of the arrows

regular quiver (teht-na'^we*)
is

allowed to protrude.
hide.
[h]

The

made of some

less valuable

They were two women.

back of the
is,

Women

always

sit at

the door, while

men

are given

seats at the
[i]

fire (yo'^n) in the rear

of the house (yidac 'uphill').

That

he passed the long-toothed Indian

shaking the
lice (ya'') out.

comb of
are

elk-horn (init-ca''a''dimil)

through his
Lj]

hair, gently
is

This

the end of the formula.

What follow

Emma Frank's

comments.

[k]

See

line 10 above.

This

is

apparently the most important phrase in the medicine

formula, to be recited as one smokes the tobacco.

[1]

That

is, if

she has not remained constant, the

left.

smoke of

this

medicine will bring

her mind back to the person she has

362
47.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Medicine Formula for a Man who Desires Wealth and Success in Love
Notebook

Narrated by John Shoemaker.

(I)

VIII, pp. 39-43.

lc>ixinay
q'an-c'iwilc'^il'^

ce-yehkyixQ- W-q'id
At ce-yehK>ixaW-q'id
ce-'^is-miyeh

na'^tehidic'^en he grew up

knxinay
3

[young man.]

(2)

'^e-'^n
[it

Below

ce-'^is

was]

xa-RnWe'-x'^e^ise^n they always dug

yineht'aw
Indian potatoes

camehsKon
women

Ryehican^
(and
)

(3)

mine-^ixomii '^ac'ondehsne'^
[After a while] [he thought,]

na-Wa'^
"I'll

maidens.

walk around

tini-yide^

(4)

hay
The ones

xa'ya'^knWe-

ya-xono'tj'^ay'^-x'''^

yide'^

down

the trail

who were
digging

close to

them

northward

to the north."

xe'^e'^winyay 6 he passed
(them).

(5)

'^aht'iij

ya'^xone'i'^e'^n

tiij-'^a-'^aic'^o-n i

All

they looked at

he was very

him;
ya'^xowehsyo'^'^
they liked him.

handsome

'^aht'irj

(6)

haya'i
[Then]

'^a'c'ondehsne'^
[he thought,]

daharjWo'^
"Someplace

all

te'seya'-teI'll

(7)

go

off."

yisxarj-hid Next day

c'itehsyay
he went
off.

(8)

haya'i
[Then]

dedi
this

way

yide"^
to the north

c'itehsyay he went off

xiXe'^-darj'^
in the

(9)

yo-wi

yide'^

morning.

There down north

KohWar}'^q'i(d) Bald Hill

yidac
up

me-'^isyay
he went up
it,

XohWa(rjP-milay'^
[Bald Hill
]

its

top

xa-'^asyay he reached, going up.

na'^wilye'W
he rested there.

(10)

yida-c'i(rj)

na'^te'fj'^e'^n

hayah-mii
from
there.

(11)

hayah-mii
[Then]

From downstream,
up the Valley

he looked back

'^a'c'ondehsne'^
he thought

tirj-'^a-niwH&'o'^n^
it

hay-de'di
along

miq'eh

yide'^

looked (very) pretty

this (valley)

north

niwehsle'^n ^^ it was flowing,

iah-x'"
just as

na-Ryixolq'ic'

c'is&'Pn
one had made
it

sile'^n
it

'

hayi
the

niwehsle'^n
flowing
stream.

cracked back and forth

[design name]

became

though

(12)

hayah-mii
'[Then]

'^ac'ondehsne'^
[he thought,]

daydi-gya'^aW-'^aij'^-warf 12
"I

wonder what

for

mik'a'-c'in'^

from

it

te'se-ydy went away

hay-yo-w
that (place)

'^ai&'orj-xo

'^a'niwehst'e'^^'^

which looks so beautiful.

Hupa
(13)

Texts:

47
i^

363
(14)

hayah-mii
[Then]

nint'd'-naPwidyay
he turned back and started back home.

hayah-mii
[Then]

Wa-

nanadya-yey

sun went down again, evening came

na'^widahi-x''' while he was walking back

dedi miq'eh
along this

yida'-c'itj

upstream, from
the north.

(15)

de' This

ninis'^a-ni

minepd
in the

na-'^andiya'-yey
he arrived back
there.

(16)

hayah-mii
[Then]

country

middle of

'^a'c'ondehsne^
[he thought,]

Uy{iwinya'^nyd'n\
["People]

na'na'nde'^X ^^-tehi
[will

We'
I

Uyima-w
medicine

come

into existence]

na-ysdilirP
I'll

^(>-te-

(17)

turn into."

lcy[iwinya'^nyd-n] ma' For the people

Xoh

c'isle'^n

he turned into an herb

c'ite'dicow ^'J he bent over (and turned about in a circle)

ninis^ani-me'q'
inside of the world.

(18) hay

nahdiydw
money

miw"^
its

Indian

(where

water it grows)

na'deiya'^-tah^^
wherever
it

"^ahfin-dirj

tehc'iwidcow

'^^

(19)

xiKe'^-darp
In the

stands

every place

he bent into the water.

morning

de'
this

ninis^d'n world

mine'jid
in the

na'lc>'iwir}xa'^'^^

hay
the (tree)

'^arj'f
it

middle of

a tree

came

to stand,

is

nahdiydw -U>iic'^e'
dentalia
-

nahx
two

wa(rj)-nahicis
hang on
to
it.

2i

camehsK&n
woman's
(20)

mother

mikyan-sa'^d'n
heart[s]

q'ina"^

nahx
two

wa(rj)-nahicis
hang on
to
it.

also

in

hayi-xo that way

c'o'ic'id

'^a'c'idayah-te'
it

lcy[iwinya'^nyd'n}
[people]

hay
the ones

Winist'e'^

will

happen

[my body]

who know,"
hayi-q'i

c'ondehsne'^
he thought.

(21)

do'-xolin
"It is not

id'n

"^a'Wiic'ine-

many
hayi-q'
In that

who speak

of me,

in

that

way

c'in

"^a'c'idydw
[he did so].'

(22)

they say

way

xowehsyo'^-teit will like him

hayi-q'i

nahdiyaw
money
ctn
they say

camehsKo'n women
"^a'c'idydw he did.'"

qina'
also.

"^a'

if

Wiic'ide'n'^-de'^ he speaks of me.

in

that

way

(23)

q'ad [Now]

[in that

hayi-q' way]

Wa'ne'
[only.]

364

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Medicine Formula for a

Man who Desires

Wealth and Success in Love[si]

( 1 ) At ce'-yehkyixa'W-q'id [b] there came into existence a k^ixinay young man. (2) Meanwhile, (downstream) at ce*%-iniyeh, [c] women and girls always dug Indian potatoes (yineht'aw). (3) After a while (the young would go visiting along the trail downstream. man) thought that he (4) On his way downstream, he passed close by the (women) who were digging. (5) They all looked at him he was very handsome, and they all took a

liking to him.
(6)

Then he thought he would go

(8) In the morning,
(9) [d]

traveling

somewhere.

(7)

The next day

he

set off.

he traveled downstream through

Hoopa

At the downstream end (of Hoopa Valley) he started climbing Bald Hill (KohWag'^-qid); he reached Bald Hill summit (XohWarj'^milay'^) and rested. (10) He looked back upstream from there. (11) Then he thought that it was so very beautiful, where the river flowed down
Valley,

through Hoopa Valley, flowing as though

design (na*kyixolqic').
that place
[e]

it

had been made

"I

in a
I

zig-zag
left

(12)

Then he thought,

wonder why

have

which looks so beautiful!"

(14)

(13)

Then he turned around and went back.

until the

upstream along the Trinity River

sun went down.

He walked back (15) He arrived

[f]

back

at the

Middle of the World (de'-ninis'^a*ni-mine*3id).

(16)
I'll

turn into a medicine."

all

Then he thought, "Human beings are about to come into existence; (17) He became an herb for people, bending
directions throughout the world, [g]

himself in
all

(18)

He

bent himself into

where Money (nahdiyaw) grows, [h] (19) In the morning a (new) tree [i] had come to stand in the Middle of the World, which had two Money-Mothers (nahdiyaw-kyRc^e*) [j] hanging on it, as well as two
the waters

women's
thought.
said to

hearts.

(20) "That's the

way people

will

do things who know about me,"

[k]

he

(21) "There aren't many who can say about me. That is what he is have done'. (22) This is how Money will take a liking to him, and

women

too

if

he says, 'That

is

what he

is

said to have done'."

(23) That's the only

way

it is.

[I]

[al
in the

An

herbal medicine, with a song.

is

The herb

is

uncertain, but the tree referred to

formula

the cottonwood (t'an'^-na'kyidil), and

Sam Brown

thinks you had to

smoke yourself with incense

tree

root (mixa*ce''-xole*n) and

in

cottonwood limbs (before the

blooms out)

at

ce*-yehkyixa'W-qid

order to

make

the formula work.

diys-ta*i]''a*-dii].

[b]

A
a

small

flat

on the west side of the Trinity across from

The

place
[c]

is

tim for gambling and luck with money.

digging place for Indian potatoes near Campbell Field, about half a mile

downstream from ce'-yehk>ixa'W-q'id.

Hupa
[d] Literally, 'here

Texts:

47
Hoopa Valley and

365
the Trinity River are

downstream' {dedi
their proper

yide^).

seldom referred
[e]
[f]

to

by

names but simply

as 'here' or 'along here'.

Referring to a basket design.

mythical place

at

the center of the k>ixinay world, located upstream from

Hoopa Valley on

the Trinity or South Fork but

not

identified

with any particular

modem
about

location.

[g] Literally, 'he

bent himself over inside the world',

i.e.,

he bent over and turned

in a circle so as to

"cover the world," bestowing himself upon people as medicine

in all directions. [h] Literally,

'wherever the Money-waters stand',

i.e.,

places where

you can acquire

luck in gambling and in getting money.

[i]

Cottonwood.

[j]

Mythical entities that "give birth" to dentalia.

[k] Literally,

'who

will

know about my person {Winhfe^),

i.e.,

the actions that

took

to institute this

medicine. (See xonist'e'' in the General Glossary.)

[1]

There

is

a song belonging to this medicine, not mentioned.

366

XIV Northwest
48.

California Linguistics

Medicine Formula for Wealth

Notebook
nahnin
two men
'

Narrated by John Shoemaker.

(1)
yinahc'in-tarj'^ay-q'id At yinahc'in-tarj'^ay-qid

VIII, pp. 44-50.

naya'^tehidic'''e-n

grew

up.

(2)

hay

c'itjha'w-e'

no-Pce'd
fish trap

c'Hta-n
he had
it

dilc'^eh^i-difj
at dilc^eh^i-diij.

The older one

lying there

nahdiyaw-warj
Indian

no'l'^ce'd
trap

ciitan
he had
it

(3)

minian
Ten

ce--xayc'a^
basin in rock

money

for

lying.

which gives luck

c'i\viidic''e-n'^

(4)

wan-c'eVte'^

hayah
there

na'^Uya'^a'^aw

ye'^Hxa'^

he has them made (by himselO-

He

lies there

(watching)

he always sings,

day breaks

for

it

(trap).

Uyiwa'^ahi-r' ^
as he
is

(5)

singing.

yeVixa'^-mii [By dawn]

detime'^n
they
all

hay ce-xayc'a'^-me^
in the

get

rock-buckets

filled

up

hay

nahdiyaw

(6)

iah-xo
Just

xa'^aYirj-wint'e'
so he does
-

(7)

xoh
In vain

the dentalia.

always.

'^a'^de'^ine'^

nildn
"Helping you

wan-niWte"^^
for
it -

(8)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

'^a'xoic'ide-ne'^
[he told him,]

he always says,

let

me

lie

down."

xa'
"[All right,]

nintiW
lie

(9)

haya-i
[Then]

c'itehsyay
he (his brother)

(10)

hayah
There

down!"

went

there.

hay no-Pcedi-diij
at the trap
-

c'e'^ninyay
he came out,

haya'i
[then]

cfciid)

me'^k>'iwiiteh 9
in singing.

place

he started

(11)

haya-i
[Then]

xo'^^i-mUcah-^i-mii
after a little while

lo

na'^ne'i'^e'^n

(12)

haya-i
[Then]

he looked again
at the (trap).

tahc'islay he took them out of the water

hay

nahdiyaw

de'^diwiite-n
he put
it

tahna''^aste-n
he took
it

[the] dentalia.

(animal) into
it).

out of

the fire (to eat

the fire again.

c'iwinya'^n he ate

hay
the

micin'^ meat of it.

(13)

haya'i
[Then]

kyiye[again]

tahc'islay
[he took (another) out of the water,]

Rye-wiina'^ " he cooked it

Ryiye[again.]

Hupa
(14) haya-i
[Then]

Texts:

48
xiKe^

367
xa^aYirj-x'' doing so

yiwidirj-hid
[finally]
all

one

night

mitis

c'isle'^n 12

naPaPdinehiya-n
he ate himself up.

13

(15)

xoiicay
[Dawn]

tehsyay-mii
[when
it

over it he became (= he wanted to eat more).

came,

arrived]

haya'i
[then]

na^tehsdiyay
[he

x'^'e-daPay
his

Waneonly

na'tehidito'^n '^
it

xontah-c'irj'^
to the house,

went home],

head

rolled,

jumping

back

(16)

xontah-di(r))
[At the house]

na''^andiya-ye'y
he arrived back.

[at

ta-kyiW-di(rj) the sweathouse]

min'^day'^
[outside]

na-naynehico'^n
it

15

ta-kyiW
[sweathouse]

banged back, hit back to it;

yehna'ldito'^n he jumped back

into
it

hay
[his

x'^e'day'^ay-ne'^in 16

head

used to be.]

(17)

haya-i
[Then]

xodUwapast

^i

c'e'^ninyay

(18) hayah
[There]

him

he came out (of the sweathouse).

c'e'^ninya'-yey [he went to]

hay no-Pcedi-ditj
[

haya-i
[then]

diwila-d
it

yide'^

tehslad
it

the fish trap

place]

(trap)

had

down

river

floated off

had floated away.

(19)

haya-i
[Then]

hayah
[there]

no-na'^niite-n 18 he overtook it.

hayah
there

na-'^aik>'id

he got hold of it again.

19

(20)

haya-i
[Then]

hayah
[there]

daniarjWo'^-diij a few (nights)

Wa-neonly

yide-na-lwe-X
it

stayed again overnight.

(21)

haya-i
[Then]

tehsla-d
[it

de- ^^-miq'eh along

this

yinah-c'in
dowstream, from upstream

tehsla-d
[it

floated

way

along,]

floated along.]

(22)

xahslindi(rj)
xahslindirj

nilin
creek

c'e-ldiij

yinace-'^n-c'irj'^'^^

dah-yiwinta-n^^
it

where

it

on the upstream side

lay

up

there,

floats out

(23)

hayah
There

yide-lwe-K
it

(24)

haya-i
[Then]

yisxarj-hid
[next day]
[it

diwild-d
floated off]

camped

over night.

Mye[again]

(25)

haya-i
[Then]

q'a(d) [now]

tehsla-d
[it

dedi-miqeh
[through this place]

yide'^

floated

[downriver]

along],

c'enila-d-e-y
if

c'imiwinyo-l 23
he was following
it

xoh
in

floated out,

vain

xono-Pcede'^-ne'^in his trap which was.

368
(26)

XIV Northwest
miqehnadiwaldin
Requa

California Linguistics

c'e-nilad-ey
it

yima-ni-yide'^
across north, to the northern ocean

nonilad-ey
it

floated out,

reached

arriving.

floating

hayah
there.

(27)

noht'awi Above us, up

country from us

yinac
upstream

yehnadlad-ey
it

floated in again.

(28)

hay nahdiyaw
The place where

tilc'^in-dirj

hayah
[there]

nandildd-ey
there
it

dentalia

grow

floated back.

(29)

hayah

xat'

nin'^i-mc'^ilcil 24

hay
the

c'imiwinyohi-ne'^in

Right there

he squatted

down

one

who had been

chasing

it.

on the ground

(30)

haya-i
[Then]

na'^tehsdiyay he went back home,

na'^te'dic'^iw 25

he cried going
back,

na'^widc'^e-l he was crying along

de-di-miqeh
along
this

on

his

way back

(valley)

yida-c'ifj

(31)

haya'i
[Then]

cesigyasi-miyeh
below
ce'sigya's

nin'^i-me'na''^alcil

from the north,

upstream.

he squatted

down

there.

na'^wic'^ehi
he cries along going
back, was
still

(32)

cehicay
Rock-white, quartz

ya'^wiij'^arj-wint'e- 26

he picked

it

(1

piece) up

when

crying.

c'iwirjq'ay

hayah
there.

(33)

na'^ne-Pirj'^-hid

'^atj-gya'^

he rubbed

it

against

When
at

(another) rock

he looked it again

[he saw]

nahdiyaw
[money]
(in

yethere

sile'^n-e'-xolarj
it

xola'^-me'^
in his hand.

(34)

haya-i
[Then]

had

evidently

Vna-na'^asdice'^ he got up again,

view) turned into

ie-ldi(rj)
le.ldiri

na-^andiya--ye-y he came back to.

(35)

hayah
[There]

tehc'iwirj'^an
he put it into the water

hay
[the]

cehicay
[quartz]

hay
which

nahdiyaw-ye'-sile'^n [money] had become

in

(36)

haya-i
[Then]

nanahsde'K

27

appearance.

they (money) swam around.

nahdiyaw
[money,]
it

naysc'^'e'^n 28
started increasing

hay-yd-w
that (rock).

(37)

qad
[Now]

hayi-q
[in that

Wane[only.]

way]

Medicine Formula for Wealth

[a]

(l)Two

k>ixinay (brothers)

came

into existence at le'l-diij. [b]

at dilc*'eh3i-dii],

(2)

The
in

older one had a fishtrap (no'Pce'd) [c]

[d]

a fishtrap

xayca*^)

which he caught Money (nahdiyaw). [f] fixed up. (4) He would lie

[e]

(3)

He had

ten luck-basins (ce*-

in wait there (at the trap), singing (all

Hupa
night) until day broke. (5)

Texts:

48
the various luck-basins

369

When dawn came,

(6) This is

would
help

be

filled

with money, [g]

what he would always do.

say, "Let

(7) To no avail, (the younger brother) would always you lie in wait!" (8) Then finally (the older brother) said lie down!" (9) Then he went off.

me

to him, "All right,

(10) (The younger brother) went

started singing.

down
it

to

where the

fishtrap

was and

(11) After a

little

while, he looked in the trap. (12)

into the fire, then took
it

He took
that

the

money
too.

that

had been caught, put

this

out and ate

the meat.

(13)

Then he took another one out of

up
all

the trap, and

cooked
it

one
that

(14) Keeping

night, he finally got so overly (greedy) [h]

he ate himself up.

(15)

When dawn came

he

left for

home, but

was

only his head that hopped along back to the house.

(16)

When

he got back there, his (detached) head

banged against the

outside of the sweathouse, and

(17)
(18)

jumped

inside.

The older brother rushed

to

past

him out

(of
it

the

sweathouse).

[i]

He went down

where the

fishtrap was, but

had floated off and was

floating downriver.

(19)

He

overtook

it

[j]

and got hold of

it

it

again.

(20)

It

stayed in place for (22)

It
[I]

only a few nights.

(21)

Then

floated

on down

(the Trinity River).

came
(23)

to shore [k]

on the upstream side of the mouth of xahslin-dir) creek.

(24)

It

stayed there overnight.

The next day

it

floated off again.

this

(25) Then the escaped trap floated downstream right through (Hoopa Valley), with (the older brother) chasing after it.
(26)
It

place

floated

all

the

floated right across the

country from

us. [ol

way out to Requa (miq'eh-na*diwal-dii)), [m] then downstream ocean, [n] (27) It floated back in up(28) Then it floated back to the place where money

grows, [p]
(29)

there, [q]
this

The one who had been chasing it squatted down on the ground right (30) Then he headed back home, crying as he went along through place (Hoopa Valley) from downstream. (31) Then he squatted down
ce*-sigya*s, [r]
still

on the ground again underneath

(32)

crying.
it

He

picked up a piece of quartz (ceWcay) and rubbed

(33)

against

another rock.

When

he looked

at

it

again, he

saw

that

it

had turned into

money
(34)

there in his hand.

Then he got up and went back

it

to lei-dir).

(35) There he put into the

water the quartz that had turned into money.

(36)

Then money swam

around again and

started to increase.

(37) That's the only

way

it

is.

370
[a]

XIV Northwest
For reciting
then
at

California Linguistics
below) when training for success
it

a "luck-basin" (see note

find such a place
for

[f],

in

gambling.
speak to
to
it

When you

you must "smoke"

with incense root and

it. It

becomes your tim

good

luck.

about the people you're going to gamble with, and

in a stretch,
it.

You smoke it for ten days and talk how many points you want to
to
it,

make

and so on. Then you clap your hands

are ready to gamble,

and leave some incense

root in

When you

you go up

to

it

and rub your hands with the

incense root.
[b]

The group of

villages near Salyers, at the confluence of the Trinity River and

South Fork (see

text 46, note fb]).

John Shoemaker specifically names the principal

Point.
fir

village at the site,

[c]

yinahc in-ta'g'^ay-qid, on South Fork

riffles,

basket-shaped fishtrap set in

grapevine.
-

made of young

boughs

split

up and

woven with
the

[d] dilc^ehsi-dii) ('little pine

place'), a village

mouth of Madden Creek about

[e]

half a mile upstream

on the South Fork of the from Jei-dig.

Trinity, at

That

is,

dentalia, conceived of mythically as animals that

shells of a small

swim

in the river.

These are indeed the

Hupa. While the
animal
[f]

marine animal, but one unknown as such to the

shells

were traded south along the Oregon and Washington coast, the
waters only to the north of Puget Sound.
in

itself is

found

in

small basin

made

bedrock, used for luck-training

in his trap

rituals.
it

[g]

Each time he caught a Money animal

he would take

to

one of the

luck-basins.
[h]

He grew
Literally,

over-stimulated, his appetite went out of control.

that

[i] It

was apparent

something had gone seriously wrong.

This passage
is

[j]

he put (the living being) back down'.

not clear from

the analysis of the forms; Sapir's glosses apparently give the intended meaning.
[k] Literally,
[1]

'it

set (the trap)

down on

top (of the bank)'.

at

Horse Linto Creek, about two miles above Hoopa Valley,

the

mouth of which

was

the village of xahslin-dii).

at

[m] The Yurok village

[n]
It

the

mouth of the Klamath.

-

f\osiled yima-ni-yide'^ ('across

downstream'), across the ocean to the north of

river,

Requa.

The ocean was believed

to

be a wide

flowing clockwise around a

is

flat

circular world.

Hence, "downstream" along the coast

'it

to the north.

[o] Literally,

floated in again above us'.

until
it

The

trap

went around the

then floated

flat plate

of the

world

in a

clockwise direction

got to the place in the mountains to the northeast

It

where the circling ocean begins flowing "downstream".

down

until

it

came

to the place

where the Trinity flows

in (i.e., its headwaters).

at a

[p] In the

country upstream on the Trinity,

place called the Middle of the World

(de'-ninisVni-mine'sid). See text 47.

[q]
[r]

At Requa, where

his pursuit

had

to stop

when

the trap crossed the ocean.

bluff upstream

from Willow Creek.

Hupa
49.
Narrated by
(1)
xoiicay'^^
"Its

Texts:

49

371

The Dawn Maiden

III,

Sam Brown. Notebook

UyeMca-n^
maiden"

pp. 57-60.

tina'W^
which goes
along

c'isddy
she lives

dig>a(rj)
here

yidaci
upcountry

whiteness

(= dawn)

xasinahWi'^-dirj
where the sun
rises.

(2)

xoiicay'^

Dawn

yidihan its own

mind

na-'^aya^^-mii

when

it

goes around.

'^ina^adce'^

c'ite'^ind-W
she goes off

hay
the

xontah
houses

sila--tah

(3)

hayahajid
[Then]

she gets up,

where they

lie.

'^ahfin-diij
at all

mirP-cida^-qeh
house tops (smoke holes)
-

c'ite-'^e'^e'^n^

na'^U>a'^aw
she sings

along

she looks through,

hay
the

xoWine"^
her song.

(4)

hay
Then

Uyiwinya'^nyd-n
people

sitex''^

"^aht'in
all

sleeping

c'ine-'^We'^ni-mii

ye'^Uxa'^
it

(5)

'^a'c'o-'^o-ne'^

hay-dand
"Whoever

when
at

she looks

gets daylight.

She always

thinks,

them

before

Winaceme

ce-'^insid^-xold-n wakes up - evidently

diyWo"^ something
(lucky)

'^ada-na'^wirf'^a'^'^-te'
for himself he will get,

hay-ded
this

WiWine'^

na'^Jcyiwirj'^a^-de'^
if

dotjqa'^
before
it

yiixay
is

(6)

hayi
For
that

ma-n
reason
(it is)

my

song

they sing

daylight."

hay
that

c'lte'^^e^e'^n

xontah-me'^-c'iij'^

HyiniW

'^a'^de'^i-lc'^'e'^

lo

she always looks

houses

into,

she always listens,

'^a'c'o-'^one'^

she always thinks,

daydi-diij "Where

kya'^aW
I

dand
he

wonder

(is)

who

na'^kya'^ah sings

hay WiWine'^ my song?"

(7)

hayahajid
[Then]

q'a(d)

ye'^iixa'^-mii

now

when

it

gets day

digya(r))-yidaGi here - up

xasinahW-dirj
where
it

(sun)

comes up

na'^ne'^idaW-ey
she comes back again
(right there.)

(8)

hayah
There

na'^ada'^^^
she always stays

all

ia'^-^enis day long,

yisxarj'^

next day

Uyiye'

'^a^aniw
she does so.

again

372
(9)

XIV Northwest
mine-^ixomii
Finally
^a'^de-ne'^

California Linguistics
kyiwinya'^nya-n
"Indians

she said,

xoh camehsKo-n-heh even if only a woman

12

xiXe'^-dan'^-din
early in the

c'e-'^insi(d)-de^
if,

de-q'i
in this

'^a'^diwinehl ^^-teshe will always say

morning

when she wakes

up,

way

hay-dethis

WiWine"^

(10)

na'^lc>iwitj'^ah-de'^
If

my

song.

she sings

it

diyWo"^ something

'^ada'-na'^wiri'^ah^^-tefor herself
-

(11)

she will get

it.

Uyiwinya'^niyd'n People
V^a'^a'Wiic'ide-n'^ ^^-te-

^arp
it

mafor

is

them
c'in

"^anaWdiydw
that
I

hay-ded
this.

(12)

hayi
(as) she

have done

Me

me, mention my name,

he'll tell

they say

who

xa'^a-na'c'idydw she did that way."

(13)

q'ad

Now

in that

hayi-qi way

Wane'
only.

The

Dawn Maiden

[a]

(l)Dawn
and goes off

Maiden
to

(xolicay'^-tina'W
rises.

k>ehtca*n)

[b]

lives
stir, [c]

up

in

the

mountains where the sun

(2)

When dawn

begins to

she gets up
all all

where the houses are. (3) She looks in through smokeholes (min'^-cida'^) and sings her song. (4) When she's seen
sleeping people,
(5)
it

the

the

gets to be daylight.
thinks,

She always
if

"Whoever wakes up before me

(6) That's

will

always obtain
her

things,

he sing

my

song before daylight."

listens,
it

why
is

she always looks

into

the

houses and
(7)

wondering
all

if

someone

singing

song
it

somewhere. where the sun

all

When
(8)

gets to be day, she goes

back uphill

to the place

rises.

She stays there

day, and the next day she does

over again.
(9)

One day
it,

she said,

"When

a person,

even
for

if it's

woman, wakes up
(10) If
I

early in the morning, he (should) keep singing this song in this way.

he sings

he will obtain things.

(12)

(11)

It

is

human

beings that
as the

have
is

established this (medicine).

said to have established
it."
it

He

will

speak about

me

one who

(13) That's the only

way

is.

good luck song, sung early in the good for obtaining things without having to pay much for them. Such songs are not family songs; anyone can use them, so long as payment is made. Goddard does not have a text of the Dawn Maiden medicine, but alludes to it (1903:87-8): "When [a Hupa] awoke in the morning he
[a]

The song

that

goes with

this

story

is

morning with

the appearance of the

dawn.

It

is

greeted the

dawn with

a silent prayer that he might see

many of them.

'For,' say the

Hupa
old men, 'the
life that
I

Texts:

49
says, "I

373
hope
that

dawn
see

is like

a person.

The dawn

man

will

have long

may

him

yet

many

times.'""

[b]
[c]

Literally, 'whiteness (of Literally,

dawn) coming

girl'.

'when dawn

thinks about (happening)'.

374

XIV Northwest
50. Big Dentalia
Narrated by

California Linguistics

Comes
Marshall.

to the

Redwood People
pp. 44-46.

Mary

Notebook IX,

(I)

ta'he'^-mii
Starting from ta-he"^

citehsyay
he went off

nahdiyaw
Dentalia.

(2)

'^aya-xoic'ide-ne'^

They

said to him:

do- tinya'^-xo xolirj^ "Not - you going - it is possible (= you can't go).

(3)

x'Hy-tqid--an^ At x'^iyiq'id - it is

noPced
fish-trap (in weir)

sita-n
is

lying

nahdiyaw-warj
money-for."

(4)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

hay
[the]

nahdiyaw
[dentalia],

We'
"I

[he said,]

'^e-'^n

do'^rj

wane-yaI'll

^-te-

(5)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

however

see!

go through."

q'a(d) [now]

c'itehsyay
[he went off.]

(6)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

cicai
he was

xoyiqid
al x'uyiq'id,

de'di-ya-^
here (where he

"^a'lcnnethe

^-xoliW-c'eh
it

sound was-

seemed-

walking

was)

as though

he heard.

(7)

h[ayaha^id] '^a'c'ondehsne'^
[Then]
[he thought],

do--xoli(rj) te'siW^e'^n^
"not
I

(8) hlayaha^id]
[Then]

would look."

ye'w
yonder

xoyiq'i(d)-yidaG
uphill

'^a'c'ondehsne'^
[he thought],

from

x^'iyiqid

digyarj "Here

heh
let

naWyehW^
me
rest."

(9)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

donot

c'itehs'^irj'^

hay
the

no-Pce'd
fish-trap.

(10)

sa-U>'idirj

he looked

at

[Suddenly]

'^arj-gya'^

de-di-xo
this direction

yice'^n

U>'a'^teMc'''iw ^-e'-c'eh

[he heard]

downhill

one cried out,

it

was heard.

(II)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

ia'^ay-x''
at

na'^te-rj'^e'^n

(12)

x''e-di-g>'a'^

"^ant'e'-ye'
it looks over there,

once

he looked back

"Oh how

U>{iwinya'^nya-n] people

xa'^aniaiij)^ na'^wa- ^^ so many are going about!"

(13)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

'^ac'ondehsne'^
[he thought],

diydi-xoW-waij
"I

wiWWai
I'm going along?"

c'ondehsne"^
[he thought.]

{\4) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

c'ite'rj'^e'^n

wonder what

for

he looked around,

sakyidiij [suddenly]

'^arj-g>a'^

mixa-c'e'^-xolen
[incense root]

Watj
only

lc>isxa/j

he saw

was standing.

Hupa
(15)

Texts:

50

375
wiWa'l

hlayaha^id]

'^a-c'ondehsne'^

diydi-xoW-'^a(riP-waij

(16)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

'^int'a--naPwidyay^'^ he turned back.

(11) xoyiq'i(d) na-naPwinya7

At
x'^iyiq'id

^^-e-y he got to live there

nahdiyaw-niha-w
Money
-

(18) (Song:)

ia'^

yehna-lc'id
fell

^^
(trap),

nahxi
[two]

Big.

"One
(dentalium)

back into

it

yehna-lc'id
[fell

ta-qi
[three]

yehnaic'id
[fell

dirjUH
[four]

yehnaic'id
[fell

back into

it,]

back into

it,]

back into

it."]

(19)

de-da-'^ar}'^

miWine^
its

ta-k>'e'^-mi-t

c'itehsyay

This

- it is

song

from

ta-k>e'^-mH

who went

off

nahdiyaw-nik>a-w Money - Big.

Big Dentalia Comes

to the

Redwood People
set off

[a]

(l)Dentalia (nahdiyaw)
[b] (2)

from the mouth of

can't go!
(3)

Mad

River

(ta-kye*^).

They
[c]

all

said to him,
is

"You

At Redwood Creek

(x^iytqid)
(4)

there

a fish trap (no'l'^Gcd) [d]

for Dentalia."

went

off.

But Dentalia said, "Just watch me go through it!" (5) And then he (6) As he was walking along there in Redwood Creek country, it
like

seemed
look

he heard a sound.

(7)

He

thought, "I can't look!" (8)

rest,

Some
didn't

distance uphill from

at the fish trap.

Redwood

Creek, he decided to

[e]

(9)

He

(10) Suddenly he heard

someone crying out from downhill.

(11) At

once

he looked back.

(12) "Oh! (13)

how

(nice)

it

looks there with so

"I

many people

around!" (he thought).

for!"

Then he thought,

(14)

He looked
[f]

around,

wonder what I'm going on and suddenly he saw only incense-root wonder what I'm going on
to live at

(mixa*ce''-xole*n)
(15)

growing.
"I really

Then he thought,

for!" (16)

And

he turned around and went back.

(17) Big Dentalia [g]

came back
back
in,

Redwood
off

Creek. (18) (Song):

"One

fell

back
is

in,

two

fell

three fell back in, four fell back in." [h]

(19) This

the song of Big Dentalia,

who went

from the mouth of

Mad

River.

[a]

Sam Brown
it

said that this story

and

its

accompanying song is a medicine

style.

for

luck, although
[b]

is

not told here in

village at the

the medicine formula

The Wiyot

mouth of Mad

River, north of Areata.

ta--

The name

is

apparently a generic term for 'mouth of the river' (<

prefix or an element in

'water, river', used only as a

In
its

California languages the

compounds + P-he"^ 'P's tail'). mouth of a river is the "tail" and

Hupa and

other Northwest
is

headwaters

the "mouth."

376
[c]

XIV Northwest
The general term
is

California Linguistics

for

Redwood Creek and

the villages along

it.

The exact

place

intended

k>ina''-xontah-dii] ('Yurok house place'), a former Chilula village on the

Redwood Creek just below Minor Creek, about a quarter of a mile downstream from Bair's ranch (approximately where US Highway 299 now crosses
east side of

Redwood
[d]

Creek). This

is

where,

in all the stories,

money

is

said to have

come

into

existence in this country.

A fish
The

trap
in

made of wicker,
meant
is

set in

an eddy. In

stories, dentalia

swim

in the river

and are caught

[e]

magical fish traps (see text 48).

called tiij''-wilda'I-qid

resting place

('dog runs along on

it'),

directly

up the mountain from the Chilula village of qayliW-tah-dir) (downstream from

k>ina''-xontah-dii]).
[f]

Angelica, the plant from which incense root comes.

[g]

He

has been referred to simply as 'dentalia' (nahdiyaw) to this point.

is

His

proper name, 'Big Dentalia' {nahdiyaw nikya-w),

[h]
stories,

now

mentioned.
like this,

These

are the
in

words

to a

"money song".
in singing

Songs

together with their

were sung

sweathouses

matches.

Invitations were sent around to

people to come, and everybody

to sing a

who had a money song would go. Anybody who money song would remain poor. Some of these songs are rather

hated
ugly,

according to

Sam Brown, and

hard to sing.

V.

PRAYERS

General Note

A
spirit
is

prayer,

unlike a medicine formula,

(the usual expression
is

is

a request directly addressed to

powers

mic'itj'^-c'ixine-W 'one

speaks to

it'),

and

usually the spontaneous expression of the speaker's needs rather than the

recounting of mythic events (Keeling

desired
is

1992:

129).

generally stated as a fact, in the future

"I will live to

The thing or action tense: "You will give me

are
spirits

such-and-such",
usually

be old",

etc.

The powers so addressed

(ninisVn): the

animistic aspects of the natural

world

of

specific mountains, lakes, trails, and dancegrounds, as well as the rising

setting sun.

and

The help of
is

the Ryixinay (including

the transformer,

yima*n-

tiw'^winyay)

not usually sought in direct prayers of this sort.

378

XIV Northwest
51.
Narrated by

California Linguistics

Prayer for Good Luck

Emma

Frank.

Notebook V,
do'^oij
there will be

p. 29.

(1)

<fte"+

dam
some

xosin-de'^'^

0P+
Wila'^-me'^
rn

time, at

some

when

there

is

diyWo"^ something

niWon
good

unexpected time
no'^nitj'^an-te-

(2)

iah-xo
Just

donot

na-ne-Pin
you

^-teit.

my

hand

one

will put

it.

will again look at

(3)
In

x''e-di-qa whatever way,

'^aic'^o-ne
it

^-heh

be pretty, beautiful,

Wila^-me"^ in my hand

no'^nirj'^an-te-

he will put

it.

however

Prayer for Good Luck

(1)
(2)

[a]

Heh!
it

[b]

Perchance someone will put something good

it.

in

my
it

hand,
be,

[c]

You

will
in

never look back on

[d]

(3)

However

beautiful

may

he

will put

my

hand.

[al

Used by

Emma Frank

before she begins smoking her medicine pipe, after

it

has

been

filled

with tobacco.

[bl

An

exclamation (with an

initial

voiceless bilabial

spirant)

that

accompanies
prayer
is

blowing of tobacco as an offering

generally addressed.
[c]

to the earth (ninis'^a'n), to

which

this

That That

is, is,

"give

me

gift,

pay

me money."
not look and have second thoughts about giving

[d]
it

"you who give

is

this will

to

me." This

not addressed to the

kixinay or

to other spirits, but to the actual

person

who

will give the gift.

Hupa
52.
Narrated by

Texts: 52

Prayer to the Sun

Frank.

Emma

Notebook V,

p. 30.

he+

380
53.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Prayer

in

Going Over the Trails

in the

Mountains

Narrated by
(
)

Emma
'

Frank.

Notebook V,
'^-e--te-

pp. 52-53.

iahxo-g>a'^
Just-please

xo'^ji-koh thoroughly

siWdiya-n
I'll

niq'i(d)

dah-diWtai
while
I

^-jc"'

get old

on you

step on,

(long time ahead)

hay-dethis

diqan
ridge

tini

(on) trails

niwehs'^e-K^ which run along, on.

(2)

'^ant'eh^ Undisturbed, without sickness

na-tiWdiyehW(>-teI

Ryiwinya'^nyd-n
people

Wiy^ilay'^-heh
although they hate me,

do-

mis'^a-ij'^^-xole-n

shall breathe,

live on;

without there being much talk about it (= my death)

na-tiWdiyehW-teI

(3) qad-('^)aij'^
Still
it

na-tiWdiyehW-heh
I

'^a-Wt'eI

shall breathe.

is

am

breathing - after all, though (you may think I'm dead)

am.

(4)

sa'^a-

For a long time

not

yixo-'^oiy&l ^^ do- na-na'^ya'^'^-hid - one goes around again it always blows at him, - when, swears at him, wishes him

'^inis'^a-ni ^^

earth,
ill

yixo-'^oiyo-l
it

hay-a(ijP
that
is

man
why
'^ant'eit

'^a'^de'^ine'^

c[ad-arp
"Not
it

always curses him,

one always says,

is

na-Way-heh am still alive."

(5)

minia-n-e--xo
For
all

c''i^-tah

no'^nila- 12-^^?
-

kinds of

is

so,

firewood
as well

when she
it

lays

things

away.

(6)

'^ahic'ide'^ine'^

q'ad-'^arj'^
it,

She [always]

tells

"Still

na-Way-heh I am alive."

Prayer

in

going over the Trails

in the

Mountains

(Prayer:)
(1) Let

me

just

walk on you
(2)
I'll

[a] until

am

really old, (you) trails that

run
hate

along

this ridge.

live [b] undisturbed; even though people

talk, [c]

may

me,

I'll

live

without bad

(3)

I'll still

be living, even so!

(Comment:)
(4)

When someone
even so!"

isn't

around for a long time,

it

"swears"

at

him

[d]

still

the land swears at

alive,

him

which

is

the reason

why one always

still

says,

"I'm
[e]

(5) It's like this with all kinds of things, including

(6)

when one

puts

away firewood.

She always

tells

it,

"I'm

alive,

even so!"

[a]

Addressed
that

to the trail. Trails

and some other objects have an animate nature, and

might "forget

you are

alive."

Hupa
[b] Literally
[c] Literally
'I'll

Texts:

53

381

breathe'.
it', i.e.,

'without there being any bad talk about

'it

talk
ill

about

my
it

death.

[d] Literally

blows

at

him', that

is,

it

wishes him

because

has been

neglected.
[el If

woman

leaves a pile of firewood lying out in the forest for too long,

it

"forgets" her and "swears" at her on her return.

She won't

live

long
it

if this

happens.

When

she brings the

wood

to her house, again she

fire at

must not leave

it

lying neglected; she

at her.

should put one or two pieces into the

once, or again

will

"swear"

382
54.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

A Prayer to the Acorn

Narrated by

Feast

Ground

of Hostler

Ranch

Sam Brown. Notebook

te'^iWWa-W-id when go off
I

VII, pp. 50-51.

'^aya-xoide'^iWne'^ them {kyixinay):

(1).

daharj'^Wo'^ Off some place.

long distance

no'^lc>ir)xan-dirf

Acorn-Feast place

I tell

(2)

misa--cirf^

"A
(3)

long distance

Tm

te'seyagoing off,

Wiq'eh
after

me

te-soWin^^-ne^ ye must look.

In a

niWorj-xo good way

naWa-te-

(4)

diyWo'^

niWo-n
good thing

mH
with

'^ade-'^
for,

I'll

go around

Some

against

(= be without sickness or danger)

myself

Winist'e^

my body

will be returning

na'xowiniWi-i^-tehappy (= I'll bring

to

niWotj-xo
well

na-Wdiya--teI'll come home,

something home

make me happy),

(5)

Wiq'eh

tesoh'^in'^-ne'^
look, watch ye!

(6)

niWoij-xo
[Well]

On me
hay-dethis

ye shall carry

na^Wisohite'^^-te' me around

wiWWa'l
I

(way)

am

going along."

(7)

doNot

mic'in['^]-dinan
facing
it

siWye-n
I

hayah
there

mic'itf
to
it

stand,

xine'^iWye-W-id when I talk.

(8)
it.

wehiqis^-dinaij
facing one side,

Waneonly,

qad
now

hayi-q'
because

"^oWc'id-id

in that

way
told.

know

In that

hayi-q way

away

from

it

was
daijWo"^
donot

'^a-Wiidiwine'^'^
I

(9)

mila-n^
with

UHWd-n
I

hay
that

^e-nis
day.

was

told.

Anyone
hayi-q' way]

eat

(10)

q'ad [Now]

Wane[only.]

[in that

Prayer
(1)

to the

Acorn Feast Ground of Hostler Ranch

to (the kyixinay

who made)
(2)

Whenever I go somewhere far off, I always say this the Acorn Feast ground (no''kyigxa*n-dir)): [a]

"I'm going off a long way, and you must look after me. (3) well. (4) With good things (that 1 bring back) for myself, I continually happy; I will return home well, [b] (5) You must look
(6)

will
will

be be

after

me!

You

will carry

me

well as

go along

this

way."

Hupa
(Comment:)
(7)
it,

Texts:

54

383

don't stand facing

it

as

talk to
is

it

there, but only face to

I

one side of

in the

way

learned.

(8)

That

how

was

told.

(9)

don't eat with

anyone

that day. [c]

(10) That's the only

way

it is.

[a]
5).

The Acorn Feast ground is a short distance upstream from ta'^kimU-dii] The prayer is addressed to the k-ixinay who made the feasting ground and
and who
That
live there.
"I will

(see text
the rock

pile,

[b]
[c]

is,

enjoy the things that

am

going off to buy."

The day

that

he buys things.

384
55.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Prayer to Yima'ntiw'^winyay's Resting Place

Sam Brown. Notebook
VII, pp. 51-52.
'^aMc'ide'^inP one always says
to
it:

Narrated by
(1)'
yice'^n

Down below
(to coast)

c'ite'^inaW-id when he goes

ma--no-na'^l(>'a'^aW-dirj at ma-n(rnd^li>a?aW (= a resting place)

(2)

he-\-

ma-nona'^lc>a'^aW
!

narj'^a^^
it

(3)

"'he+

ma- -no-nd^K^a^aW

lies
still.

there

do- mis'^a'n'^^-xole-n Not - with many remarks, having much said (of me)

naWa-teI'll

(4)

siWdiyan-teI'll

de-qa
this

'^aWt'irj-x'^
I

(5)

dedi
This

go about.

get old

way

doing.

tin
trail

nirj'^ay-qeh
along where
it

runs

diyWo'^ something
(6)

(if

niWo-n-de'^ it is) good

(7)

mil
with
it

Winist'e'^
I'll

na:xowiniWi-l-tereturn happy.

niWorj-xo
[Well]

na^Wa'-te[I will go
about, live].

nihan A mind,
your mind

c'in

xolen
(you) have

they say

ma-no'na'^U>a'^a'W [O ma--no-na''l<:>a'^a\V].

(8)

Wiq'i(d)

tesirjVn'^-te-

Upon me
de'-q'a
in this

you

shall look,

niWorj-xo
[well]
[I

will

na-Wa--tego around],
^-te'

[I

siWdiyan-tewill grow old]

way

"^anidiWn^-x"^ I telling you

Winist'e"^

C^jontanm
you
to
it,

my body

will hold

on
it.

preserve

Prayer

to

Yima-n-tiw^winyay' s Resting Place

[a]

(l)Wlien a person goes down

place at)

to the coast,

he says

this to (the

resting

Ten Mile Tree

(ma*-no*na'^k>a''aW-dii)). [b]

(2) ''Hehl

(the resting place at)

talk,
[c]
I

around without any bad

(5)

(4)

Ten Mile Tree is still I'll grow old doing

trail

here.

(3)

I'll

go
I

things this way.

With the good things

(that

bring back) along this

running here,

will be continually
[d] they say,

happy

(6)

will be well.
at)

o (resting place
I

and

will

be well;

will talk to

(7) You have (abundant) spirit, Ten Mile Tree! (8) You will look on me you in this way until I grow old, and you

will hold

on

to me.'"

[a]

Sam Brown

uses a similar prayer at

all

resting places (na'''aIye'W-na"r)''a''-dii),

'where one

rests-it lies-place'),
trails.

mentioning the name of each.

There used to be many

such places along the

weren't
tired,

You were always supposed

life.

to sit

and

rest,

even

if

you

and pray for a long

Hupa
[b] Literally,

Texts:

55
it'.

385
The
resting place at old
It

'where one leaves something for

Ten Mile
The

Tree on the

trail

from Hoopa Valley

to the coast at Trinidad.

is

at

Redwood Summit

and belongs

to all the tribes that use the trail,

not claimed by any one group.

Transformer, yima*n-tiw''winyay, rested there while he was going around the world

changing things.

You must always

take a branch off a tree and leave

it

there as an

offering to the place (hence the name).

[c]

Without there being any gossip about me, criticism of

my

life.
is

[d] Literally, 'your

spiritual

mind

(nikyaij) is

abundant'.

The

reference

apparently to the
its

power of

the resting place, but the phrase could also refer to

"wits" or

"intelligence."

386

XIV Northwest
56.

California Linguistics

Night Prayer
Notebook IX,
p.

Narrated by John Shoemaker.

(1)
xiKe'^-e-y-mii
^

24.

hirj'^a-gya-n

ya'^wirj^an-de'^
he would pick
it

When

night

comes

pipe

up

me-na'^wiiwa'^K'^-te' he hits it several times

against the (pipe-sack).

(= about midnight)

(2)

VI.
57.
Narrated by
(1)
io'q'i-c'^o-

MYTHS AND TALES

Salmon's Grandmother
Sam Brown. Notebook
na'^tehidic''en^ she grew up;
III,

pp. 41-52.

UyeMcan
virgin

dig>a(/j)
here

yinaci
upriver
(S.

ninis'^a-n

Salmon's grandmother

world

end)

no-rj'^a--dirj

miijq'
a lake

na-rjxa^'^
lay,

xono'ij'^ay-dirj'^
close to where she lived.

(2)

hayi-me"^
In that [place],

where

it

reaches,

lo-q

dah-widil^
(nearly) at the top

"^aht'iij-q'a

'^ant'e-

(3)

ma--din^
At the head,
in front

dah-widil
were floating on top

salmon

of

all

kinds.

were

floating,

xaloq'e'^
silver-side

(4)

hayah
There

dah-wile'l^
(one) was
floating

hay
the

io-q'i

ma--tiliw

salmon-leader.

{5) nasdo-ij-x'^'' All by itself

salmon.

on

top,

dah-widil
were swimming

xay-na'dil
the [winter] steelheads

hay
the

misinto-'^-xole-n

qlna"^
[also.]

[summer

steelheads]

(6)

hayah-mii
[And then]

q'ad
[now]

'^ahfirj-q'a
all

"^ant'e-

hay
the

te'wi-naiiw^
things

kinds

were

swimming, diving
in the

around

water

hayah
there

tehic'''e-n

(7)

xontah
House

cWa-n^
she had lying there

hay-me"^
in

c'isday
she lives,

they grew.

which

ta'kyiW sweathouse

q'ina'^

(8)

yima-n-tiw^winyay
yima-n-tiw'^winyay

"^e'lf

xoh
in

xa'^nite- 'O

too.

for his part

vain was looking for

ioq
salmon

all

ninis'^a'ni-me'q' over the world.

(9)

ia'^a

wilwe-K One evening

na-'^andiydy he came home

digya(tj)
here

yide"^

ninis^ani
[world]

noij'^a'-dirj

(10)

wiliwi-i-dirj
In the

xoc'itf
to

downriver

[where

it

stretches.]

evening

him

yehc'iwinyay there came in

xoninsoh^
Mink.

(11) "^axoic'tdene"^ He said to him,

do-xolirj
"It is not

V-lcisi
for

you

to find

possible

ioq'
fish.

(12)

digyan-yinaci
Up-country of here

ninis'^a-n

norfa-ditj
that

where the world stretches

is

yedotj'^^^ where they

are.

388
(13)

XIV Northwest
na'^tehidic'^e-n

California Linguistics

She grew up
na-tj\xa'
[lies]

ioq'i-c'^okyeican xonorj'^ay-dirj [Salmon's grandmother] [young woman] close to where she lives

miijq
[lake]

hayi-me'^
[in

'^aht'iij
[all]

dah-wile'l
[swim]

hay
[the]

ioq'
[salmon.]

which]

(14)

Hwanin
All by herself

c'ita-n

ioq'
[fish]."

(15)

hij

c'ondehsne'^
he thought
^'^

she eats them

"hng!"

yima-ntiw'^winyay
yiman-tiw'^winyay

hayaha^id
[after that].

(16)

yisxaij-hid
[The next day]

"^isde'w

madroiia
berries

xotehina'^we-'^ his quiver

yehc'iwime'K
he threw into
it.

milimili
flute

q'ina'^
also,

hi^id and

c'itehsyay
he went
off.

(17)

yice'^ni- wiij'^a'^-mii

[By sunset]

c'iwinyay he came to
sa'^arj

yinaci ninis'^a-n norj'^a-dii]

[the south

edge of the world.]

(18)

sa'^U>idirj

xontah
the house

ta-kyiW
[sweathouse]

q'ina'^
[also.]

Finally (surprise)

was

there

(19) hayaha^id Then

Ryehica-n
[young woman.]

yehc'iwinyay
[he

ya'^win'^a-

'^ar}-g>a'^

hay
[the]

io-q'i-c'''o-

went

in]

she was sitting

there

he saw

[Salmon's Grandmother]

(20)

hayi-xo
"There

nincah^^
sit

xoic'ide-ne^
she said to him.

(21) hayaha^id
[Then]

'^ina-'^asdice'^ ^^

down!"

she got up

hay
[the]

camehsK&n
[woman]

ie'na'^anilay
she

'5

ce-

dah-c'iwifj'^d-n
she put them up on top (to get heated)

made

a fire,

rocks

mii when

yima'ntiw'^winyay
\yima-ntiw'^winyay\

xoteMna'^we'^
[his quiver]

me^-c'irp
into

na-na^RyisW
he reached and
felt

16

hi^id
[and]

around

c'e'^nildy

(22)

he brought
[the berries] out[.]

sa'^w(i)me-K ^"^-mii When he threw them

into his

'^a'^de-ne^

hrj

c'ide-ne'^

he said,

"Hng!"

he said.

mouth

qo{nP
"salmon eggs

me'^
in
it

sila-

WiteMna'^we''^
[(in)

(23)

q'ad

they

lie

my

quiver].

Now
hayi
the

xoW-'^atj^ it must be
'^isde'w

Wic6-y

yehya'^wilaw ^^-xold'n
they have put them in
it -

my

grandchildren

(24) c'iwilde-K^^ He ate them

madroiia
berries.

seems."
ioq^i-c'^o-

(25)

hayahajid hay-yo'w
[Then]
[that]

[Salmon's Grandmother]

"^a-c'cndehsne"^ daydi-dirj "Where thought,

kya'^aW-'^arj'^
I

q'ina"^

na'tehidic'^e-n
it

ioq'
salmon!"

wonder

it is

also

has started to become

Hup a
(26)

Texts:

57
"^aht'in
[all]

389
taPJiyime'K
[she

hayaha^id
[Then]

toPUyime-K'^^
she cooked acorns

cooked them]

na^Uyiditehiwa-K'^'^
she poured out the mush into several vessels,

hijid
[and]

yo'^ni

yidaci
in up-[hill]

opposite
the door

she

naPRyislefelt around,

c'e-nintd-n
she brought out

direction

Icyixa-q'i^
little

yehlcyiwilcot' ^^
of circular shape, bent
in.

(27)

w-c'lij'^

dipnet

To

the river

xoda^wilia-d'^^-e-y she ran down,

nd^xodiwehs'^e'^n 24 he watched her;

qay'^timH
burden basket

c'itehswe-n
she packed along

hay

-foqi-c'^o-

[Salmon's Grandmother].

(28)

hayahajid
[And then]

kyiwir/xa-W^^-e-y
she dipped up (fish), he saw

hay

mitjq'i-ditj

(29)

hayaha^id
[Then]

in the lake,

pond.

ia'^a-xe-l^^

xa-'^aswe-n'^'^

hay
(of)

io-q
fish.

(30) hayahajid
[Then]

nirj'^lcyiwU'^a-K^^

one basketload

she packed up to (the house)

that

she cut the (salmon) for cooking,

hi^id
[and]

miq'eh
along
its

yehRyite-cod'^^
she poked in a stick
(for spit-roasting),

hi^id
[and]

xo(nP
fire

mind'd
around
it

iena'^Uyine-ino'^'^^
she stood the (spits) all around.

length

(31)

qad
Now

Icyiwint'e'^-mii

tahnate'God^^
she took it out of the fire again

q'ay'^tcl-me'^
in a plate

no'na'^te-God
she put them down (on their sticks),

when

it

was cooked

hijid
[and]

c'isxa-j

(32) hayaha^id
[Then]

xvw32
at his feet

no'^nirjxa-n
she set the
(plate),

Uyide-kyinP
Indian spoon

she broke

off,

split off the (fish).

qay'^te'-me^
in the plate

no^nirfd-n
she put
it

sa'^xd'W
acorn

down

mush (33)

to

it,

mic'irP added

to

she more put

no'na'^nirjxdn it down,
ya'^kyiwirjya'^n

hi^id
[and]

xoyeh
under him

nd^nirjxa'n she put it down.

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'ad

now

they

ate.

(34)

hayaha^id
[Then]

noya'^lcyininya'^ni ^^-mi-i

takyiW-c'lrP
to the

when

they quit eating

sweat-house

c'e-ninyay^'^ he went out

yima-ntiw'^winyay
[yima-ntiw'^winyay.]

(35)

yehc'iwinyay He went in

takyiW-me'^
[the

c'inehstirj

sweathouse]

into,

he lay

down

hi^id
[and]

c'e'^nintd'n

hay xomilimiP
his flute,

hi^id
[and]

c'idiwiine'^^^
he played.

he took out

(36)

xa'dic'i-mH ^^
Every
little

na'^ne''^H'^e'^n

hay

xoioq'e'^

'^'^

hay-y&w
that

camehsKon
woman.

while

she looked

at

her salmon
(in the

pond)

390
(37)
yiwiditj-hid
Finally

XIV Northwest
xok>'iwifja'^n ^^

California Linguistics

(38) hayaha^id
[Then]

yiman-tiw'^winyay
[yiman-tiw'^winyay]

she went to sleep.

'^a'^dene'^
said,

'^isca-rj'^^'^

diine'-ne"^

(39)

k>eh
Let

xoniW^irj'^

"My

excrement

you must go on playing.

yidiwiine'^^o
it

me

look

at her."

(40)

hayah-mi-f
[Then]

qad
[now]

(41)

started to play.

c'e'^ninyay He went out

ya'^wintarj-hid

when he picked up

hay
the

tehhia'^wethe quiver.

(42)

sa'^Uyidirj

xok>iwarj
she was sleeping.

(43) hayaha^id
[Then]

To

his surprise

to'-c'itf
to the river

xoda'^winyay
he went down,

hi^id
[and]

ky'ite'We"^

"^^

xoiicay'^

tehsyay-mH
when
it

he started digging;

dawn
(44)

came

wa'^knnirjWe'^
he dug through
all

'^aikyo-w-e- 42

UyiditjWe'^^'i

ia'^ay-x'^
All at once

over (= full width of his digging)

he dug

off.

c'e-ninde-K
they

hay ioq
[the]
[fish];

hay
the

ta'^nd'n

came out

water

c'ewehsle'^ni-mH when it flowed out.

loq'i-c'^o-

dahna'^diwinia-d'^'^
he ran back.

(45)

hayaha^id
[Then]

c'oic'id
she

knew

[Salmon's Grandmother,]

c'ite'dimdt'
she flopped her wings, hands along.

'^a'^de-ne'^

wad wad wad

''Wad, wad,

Wilo-q'e'^

'^^

wad wad wad

wad, wad,

she said,

wad

my

salmon!

wad

Wiloq'e"^

(46)

niwehsle'^n
It

hay
the

ta'^nd'n
water,

hayi-me'^
in that

tehsde'X
they traveled

[my salmon!]"

flowed along

hay
the

io-q'
fish.

'^ahfin-dirj
all

over

ninis'^ani-me-q' the world - in it.

yehna'wiltn-q'eh
what again flows
in
-

along

(= creeks)

yehwinde-K
they went into.

(47)

hay
The

io-q'i

ma'-tiliw Salmon Leader

de'di miq'eh along this

(= Trinity River)

yinah-c'irj

from above, from upstream

ma'-tehsliw

de'di

miq'eh

yide"^

c'e'niliw he

hijid
[and]

swam

along

along this (river, country)

downstream

swam

out,

in the lead.

through.

digya(rj)

yima'ni-yide'^

hi^id
[then]

dah-wehsdil-e-y
they stayed there on top, swimming about.

(48)

hayah
There

across from this country downstream (= across the Pacific)

na-'^andUdd
he ran back.

yima-n-tiw'^winyay
[yiman-tiw'^winyay]
c'ita-n
that he eat

hi^id
[and]

'^a'^de-ne^
[he said],

do--xolin
"It is not to

be

Uwanin
one person alone

ioq'
[fish].

Hupa
(49)
"^ahfin-diij

Texts:

57

391
yehwinde'^K-te' they will go in.

ninis'^a-ni-meq
[in the

yehna-wilini-q'eh
creeks, streams

Everywhere

world]

(50)

Uyiwinya'^nya-n
People

yitan^^-tewill eat them.

(51)

yimani wileii-mii
Across
(=
- when its becoming when Spring comes)

ma--tiliw
the

ma--yehwilei(i)-f'^'^-tewil always

(52)

nirj-'^efj'^

ioq'i-c''o-

(Salmon) Leader

go

into the

But you

stream

in the lead.

Salmon's Grandmother
nont'ilc>
it

nolye-teyou'll be
called,

"^isq'oy
blackberries, berries (in general)

Wa-neonly

lc>'inyan-teyou'll eat."

(53) hay ah
There

has stretched
to a halt.

Salmon 's Grandmother

(1)

[a]

Salmon's Grandmother
(2) In that lake

(lo*qi-c"o*) [b] Girl

came

into existence at the

[c]

south edge of the world (yinaci-ninisVn-no'ijV-dig),

close by.
front
First

with a lake lying

(3) In

were swimming
(5)

all

the varieties of salmon.

were the

silversides (xalcqe*^). [d]

(4) Floating in the lead was the

Salmon

(to*qi-ma*-tiliw). [e]
)

Off by themselves were the winter run

of steelhead (xay-na*dil
xoIe*n).
(6) Indeed,
there.
(7)
all

and also the summer run of steelhead (misinto'^(the

fish) that

swim around

in

the

water were
in

growing
lived,

(Salmon's Grandmother) had a house there

too.

which she

and a sweathouse

(8) yima*n-tiw''winyay, [f] meanwhile, was futilely searching for fish all over the world. (9) One evening, he returned home to the downstream end

of the world (yide'^-ninis'^a*n-no*r)''a*-dig). (10)

As it was growing dark Mink him in (his house). (11) (Mink) said to him, "You [g] won't find any fish. (12) The upstream end of the world is where they are. (13) Close to where Salmon's Grandmother Girl came into existence there is a lake in which all the fish are swimming. (14) She alone eats the fish." (15)"Hm!" thought yima'n-tiw'^winyay after (hearing) this. (16) When day broke he threw some madrone berries (''isde'w) into his quiver (tehl-na'^we*),
(xoninsoh3)

came

to

along with a flute (milimil), [h] and set

(17)

off.

By

sunset he reached the south end of the world.

(19)

(18)
in,

He discovered
and
he

a house there, and also a sweathouse.

He went

found

Salmon's Grandmother Girl

(21)

sitting there.

(20) "Sit
fire,

down!" she

told him.

Then

the

woman

got up and built a

felt

top (to heat) yima'n-tiw'^winyay

and when she put a rock on around inside his quiver and brought
into his

out (the

madrone

berries).

(22)

He threw some

mouth and

said,

There are some salmon eggs in my quiver! [i] (23) My grandchildren [j] must have put them in." (24) He ate the madrone berries. (25) Then Salmon's Grandmother thought, "I wonder where this place is

"Hm!

392
where mush,
fish

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
(26) She cooked
into

have also come into existence!"

all

some acorn

poured

that
in

she

had

cooked
(27)

rummaged around

back of the
hurried

fire (yo*^!!)

(k>ixa*qi-3) bent in circular shape.

and then and brought out a small dip-net As (yima'n-tiw'^winyay) watched,

(two) baskets,
hill,

Salmon's Grandmother
load of the
fish. (30)

down

the

carrying

pack-basket.

(28) She netted fish there at the lake.

(29) She carried back uphill a basket-

She cut the fish up (for roasting), skewered each of the pieces on sticks, and stood them in a circle around the fire. (31) As soon as (the fish) was cooked, she pulled each of the (sticks) out of the fire and laid each on a basket-plate (qay'^-te*I), breaking (the fish) off (of the sticks), [k]

spoon (k>ide*k>in'^) [i] in the plate, adding a bowl of acorn mush (sa'^xa-W), and setting this before him. [m] (33) Then they both ate. (34) When they had finished eating, yima'n-tiw'^winyay went out to the sweathouse. (35) He went in, lay down, and took out his flute and played it. (36) Every little while the woman would look at her fish. (37) After a while she fell asleep.
(32)
set (the

Then she

meal)

down

before him

putting an elk-horn

(38)

Then yima*n-tiw''winyay
(the

said,

"Dear

little

excrement of mine, you

at

must play (the flute)! [n] excrement) began playing

(39)

Let

me
(41)

look

her."
out,

(40)

Then

(his

up his quiver as he did. (42) He discovered that (Salmon's Grandmother) was asleep. (43) He then went down to the water and started digging, and when dawn came he had dug (a channel) through, he had dug (the bank) completely away. (44) All at once the fish came out, and when the water flowed out, he ran off back home.
flute).

He went

picking

flopped about and cried, ''wat-wat-wat!

what had happened, she wat-wat-wat! My fish!" (46) The water flowed along with the fish traveling in it, and everywhere in the world they went into the creeks. (47) The First Salmon led the fish through here (Hoopa Valley) from upstream, swam out of here downstream, and (swam on) to the other side of the downstream ocean (yimaTii-yide'^), [o] where they stayed, swimming about on top.
(45)
realized

When Salmon's Grandmother

My

fish!

(48)

yima*n-tiwVinyay
fish.

ran back there and said, "It should not be that

(49)
All over the world they will

only one person eats

creeks.

go

into the

(50) People will eat them.

will lead the

(51)

Whenever Spring comes,

and creeks).

the First

Salmon

salmon into

(the river

(52) But you, you'll

be called 'Salmon's Grandmother' and you will eat only berries!"

(53)

The

end.

[a] This is the only myth collected by Sapir that directly involves the Transformer god yima*n-tiw''winyay. Another version of this episode was collected by Goddard, as

part of the Creation story

( 1

904: 98-

24- 25).
1

Hupa
[b]

Texts:

57
Identified

393
by

More

precisely, 'salmon's maternal grandmother'.

Sam Brown
locally
called

(from a bird

book) as the Yellowbreasted

It

Chat

{Icteria

virens),

"nightingale" or "mocking bird."

[c] Literally, 'as far

sings night and day.

i.e.,

as this

world extends upstream',

at the

ocean believed to

border the world on the south.

[d] The first part of the spring run of King salmon. The named here in the order their runs appear during the year.
[e]

varieties of

salmon

(lo'q*)

are

The mythical

first

salmon of the spring

run.

It is

believed that no salmon will

the silversides with him.

come
[f]

into the river unless the First

Salmon comes, bringing

The transformer god. The

small, white-spotted variety of

[g]

mink {Lutreola

vison).

[h]
[i]

A one-holed flute. Sam Brown added this detail

Madrone berries closely resemble salmon eggs
Specifically,

later

(notebook

III,

page 43a).

in size

and

color.

[j]

my

(man's) daughter's children.

[k]
[I]

She did not

pull out the skewers, to prevent the ashes

from soiling the

fish.

A spoon carved out of a piece of elk-horn,

It

used only by men.

[m]

was proper

etiquette to put a basket-plate (q'ay'^-tc)

on the top of the eating

basket (xayc'a''), and to put the spoon in the plate, so as to keep

To hand
[n]

a spoon to

someone
of his

directly

it from getting dirty. would have been bad manners too much like

feeding an animal.

He

tells a pile

own excrement

to continue playing the flute so that

"^isca-rj"^

he can

spy on the woman.

excrement';

His use of "baby talk" (diminutive

70)
indicates

for

Wic''a-n?

'my
trick

Morphological Outline

that

he

is is

scheming
plotting
to

about

something.

Coyote similarly uses diminutive forms when he

someone.
[o]

Pacific

The further shore of the ocean, across from the mouth of the Klamath was believed to be a wide river that flowed toward the north.

River.

The

394
58.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Salmon's Grandmother and Timber Robin

Sam Brown. Notebook
k>aine--hi-i
III,

Narrated by
(1)
io-qi-c''o-

pp. 53-56.
to-norj'^a--dir] 2

c'idehic'e'

'

[Salmon's Grandmother]

Timber Robin
-

were living

by the ocean

(at

where

with, and

the water reaches).

(2)

haxahajid
'[Then]

yima-n-'^e'^iliw ^-mii whenever spring comes

c'ite'^ind'W
she starts to go

ioq'i-c'^o-

[Salmon's Grandmother]

yisin-c irj from down up, from the water up to the mountains,

"^isq'o-ji

'^

IcHna-da[to pick].

(3)

ia'^a

xonsil

berries

One

(=

all)

summer

c'e'^ida'^ 6

de'di-me'q''^
in this country.

(4)

q'ad

hay

"^isq'o-^

"^aht'in
all

she always stays

[As soon as]

[berries]

do--x'''e'^iliw^-mii
they have gone
-

na'^te'^ida-'W

'^aht'in
all

clne'^Hye^^
she eats them up[.]

(5)

hi^id
[Then]

when,

she always goes back,

de'di-q'eh
this

yimd-n
across, to the

na'^te'^ida-W
she goes back.

hi^id
[and]

way

cehqa-ni Redwood
Ridge

yimam
on the other
side to
it

ocean

na-'^alye'W

narpa'^-dirj

nUde^se'^indil

lo

kyaine--hii
she and Timber Robin

resting place

they meet each other

(6)

hayaha^id
[Then]

hayah
there

they

no'^ondil^^ c'ide'^ilwd-W sit down, they talk.

^'^

(7)

ioq'i-c'^o-

[Salmon's Grandmother]

haine[Timber Robin]

'^a^xoic'ide'^ine'^

iah-xo

xoW-'^aij'^
is

'^awe-ni'l

'3

she

tells

(Robin),

"Just for nothing,

just in vain,
it

you are doing

so right along.

(8)

hay
The

nit'anq'i-no-'^ondiP^^-ne'^in-dir) your acorn gathering places - that used to be

"^ahfiirj)
all

me'^winia'^n

15

they've become filled with people.

(9)

haye-heh
Even
so, but

diyWe'^eh
not at
all,

'^

do-

xine-W-hid
-

na'Wdal
I've been

(10) hayaha^id
[Then]

not talking

yet,

nothing

when
q'ad

going back."

haina-

17

'^a'^de-ne'^
[said].

xowarj
from them

Wa-ne'-heh
only,

[Timber Robin]

"Now
'^arj'^
I

anyway

naya-lc>ite-seMwi^
I'll

iS-za*

tip their

baskets over,

w/7/!"

Hupa
(11)

Texts:

58
io-q'i-c''o-

395
haineRobin
q'irP

hayaha^id
[Then]

q'a(d)

naPte^ida-'W
she goes back

now

home

[Salmon's Grandmother]

too

c'ite'^ina-W
[she comes]

de-c'irp
to this (country).

(12)

dig>an
Here

clne'^inaW-ey
she arrives

haine[Robin]

t'arjq'i-mii

(13) hayaha^id
[Then]

hay
the

with the

fall.

}i>a-da-ne--xosin^'^ ya'Xoq'ay'^timiP'^^ people who are their burden-baskets picking acorns

c'ite'^iiwi^

(14)

hayaha^id
[Then]

na^te'^idaW
she goes back

she tips them over.

yima-n '^e'^iliw-mU when spring comes.

io-qi-c'^'o-

(15)

to--no-rj'^a--dirj

na'^ne'^idd-W
she arrives

hijid
[and]

'^a-xatc'ide'^ine'^

[At the ocean]

she

tells

[Salmon's Grandmother]

"^aht'irj

xowan
from them
I

na-ya'lcnte'sehiwi^
have tipped their baskets over."

(16)

hayahajid
[Then]

"All (people)

'^a-xoic'ide'^ine'^

nirj

qin?
too

'^aya-nRc'in'^^
they are saying about you,

ioqi-c'''0'

(Robin) says to [Salmon's Grandmother],

"You

'Salmon's

Grandmother

'^arj'^
it

xoKa'^-c'irp
to her buttocks

minian
there
is

is

lots

(= even her buttocks)

nayxe'^ine'W'^'^ it always talks over and over

mil
with it, so doing

yenixa'^ day comes.'"

(17)

hayaha^id
[Then]

na'^denic'e'^^^-ey
they stay there
a while.

(18)

hay ah
There

no-nt'ilcy^'^
it

stretches

so

far.

Salmon 's Grandmother and Timber Robin

(1)

Salmon's Grandmother (to*qi-c"o-)

[a]

and Timber Robin (k>atne-)

[b]

live together

travels

on the coast. (2) up from down below to gather

as

When

spring comes, Salmon's

berries.

Grandmother
all

(3)

She

stays

summer

in

this country.

the berries have gone, she leaves for home, eating She goes back home across through here, and she and Timber Robin meet each other at a resting place (na*''alye*W-na-g''a'^-dir)) on the other side of Redwood Ridge (cehqa*n). [c]
(4)

As soon

all

everything up.

(5)

They sit down there and chatter. (7) Salmon's Grandmother Timber Robin, "What you have been doing is all for naught. (8) All
(6)

tells

the

places that used to be your

acorn-gathering
[e]

claims (t'anq'i-no-'^ondil) [d]

(9)
[f]

have become

filled

with (human beings),

However, I'm returning

without having said anything (to the people)."

396
(10)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Then Timber Robin says, "Well, I'll just tip their (pack baskets) over, [g] I will!" (11) Then Salmon's Grandmother goes off back home, and Timber Robin in turn goes off to this country. (12) Timber Robin arrives here when autumn (comes). (13) She tips over the pack baskets of the
acorn-gatherers.
(14)

Then she

returns

home when
tells

spring comes.

(15) Arriving back at

all their

the coast, she tells Salmon's Grandmother, "I have tipped over

(pack
'It's

baskets)." (16)

Then she

her,

"They're also saying about you.

talks

Salmon's Grandmother who (shows) her butt and

through the night.'" [h]
(17)

ceaselessly, right

Then they

stay there a while.

(18)

The end.
The Yeliowbreasted Chat
This bird
is

[a]

(Icteria

virens),

locally

called

"nightingale"

or

"mockingbird".

seen in the area only from late April and early

May

through August, which roughly coincides with the spring and

It is

summer

runs of salmon.

noted for

its

loquaciousness.
naevius), locally called "timber robin".
in the vicinity
It

[b]

The Varied Thrush (Ixoreus

is

nests in

the mountains in the winter, and

after the
[c]

normally seen
in the late

of

Hoopa Valley only

Yeliowbreasted Chat leaves

summer.

Contracted from ce--diq'a-n ('rock-ridge'), one of the names for

Redwood

Ridge.

[d]
[e]

Groves of acorn-oaks owned

by specific individuals or families.

Salmon's Grandmother had seen human beings using what Timber Robin

considered her private preserve.

[f]

This

is

said a

word

to the people

humorous remark. While Salmon's Grandmother claims not to have about their taking over Timber Robin's acom-gathering

camps,

in fact

she talked night and day, that being her nature.

tg] Literally, "I'll tip (their baskets)

away from them".

talk.

[h]

By

telling her

about

this

unkind

Timber Robin

is

getting back at Salmon's

Grandmother

for teasing her about her acom-gathering places.

Hupa
59.

Texts:

59

397

Water Dog and Acorn Sam Brown. Notebook

c'in^
they say

Worm
XI, pp. 17-26.
xoKinc'e'^^-hii

Narrated by
(1)
c'idehic'e-

GO--^iwol-^
[Acorn Worm]

They

(2)

were staying

together with her co-wife,

iiwarj one

ya'xoxaif ^
their

(2)

h\aya-\l
[Then]

t'aijqi
[fall]
[it

tehsyay
went
off,

(3)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

husband.

came].

'^oPde'ne^
[he said]

hay
[the]

xo^osday
[man].

kyohcid
'Pound ye acorns!

t'arjq'i-ya'te'seK ^-tewe'll

go camping."

(4)

h{aya-]i
[Then]

q'a(d) [now]

yaPUyiwincid
they pounded.

(5)

mina'^-dahnehsnoy-^
[Water-Dog]

ce'^eh^idi(n) ^-mii after a little while

daniarjWo'^
several

miito-y
buckets
(full)

c'idiwiice'K'^
she pounded off
into flour.

(6) h[aya-]i
[Then]

GO--jiwol-j
[Acorn Worm]

'^e-'^rj

[it

was]

ia^ one

miito-y-^
little

Waneonly
[she

c'idiwiice'K

bucketful

pounded off

into flour].

(7)

h{ayaha^i]

yisxaij-hid
[next morning]

yaPtehsde'K
they went off

t'arjq'

(8)

h[aya-]
i

d
[Then]

acorn-camping

[Then]
8

Uyita-ya^wUcid

niiwah

^-x"^

(9)

daharjWo'^-oW
In

lo

Mky'dw h
big

they soaked acorns

each (woman) for herself.

some way
(= extra large)

Uyita'lcid
[leaching pit]

c'isc'^e'^n

mina'^-dahnehsnoy-^
[Water Dog].

(10)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

'^arp
it

she

made

was

xolcyitaicide'^

(11)
was
little.

wan-io'^-c'isc'^e'^n 13

[Acorn Worm]

[her leaching pit]

She laughed

at [it].

(12)

Wde-ne'^
[She said],

yO'W
"That

Warj
only

Wa--wehsle'^
it

^"^-tehi

will suffice for

me."

(13)

wan-io'^-c'isc'^e'^n

(14)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

[She laughed

at

it.]

q'a(d) [now]

Icyada-fte- '5
to pick acorns

yoPtehsde'K
they went off.

(15)

ce'^eh^idi(n}-mii
After a
little

while

iaPa-xe-l 16 one basketful

ya^wirj'^an
she picked up

mina-'^-dahnehsnoy-j
[Water Dog].

(16)

GO--^iwol-ji
[Acorn

"^e-'^rj

KoM-xo

xehstan^'^

Worm]

[for her part]

reaching to the strap (of the burden basket)

c'inifjen 18
she packed home.

(17)

xowan-io'^-c'e'^iic'''e'^ 19

She kept laughing

at her.

398
(18)
ia'^a

XIV Northwest
xiXe'^

California Linguistics

^iwaya'^kyemiW 20
they cracked acorns.

(19)

ce'^eh3idi(rj)-mii
[After a short while]

"^aht'in
all

All night long

^iwa'^a'^aW
she always cracks them

mina'^-dahnehsnoy-3
[Water Dog].

(20)

[Acorn

Gc-^iwol-^i Worm]

'^ant'eh-ye' 21
[clearly in view]

q'ay'^te'-me'^
in the

xe^e-'^ile^n 22

(21)

hay

q'ay'^timii-me'^

xat'a
still

basket platter

they (lots of small

things) always
lie there.

In that burden-basket

'^a-'^aia'^n 23
it

(22)

yisxan-de"^
[The next day]

U>'iye-

xa'^aya'^aniw
they did in that way.

was always that many, the same amount.

also

(23)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

t'ariqi

na-na'dyay '^^-mii

kyiij-Uyit'oh

when

the fall of the year (= acorn

supply) began to go

down

again

(burden-basket) with a stick-nest, extremely full

ie-na'^niic''e'n 25

mina-'^-dahnehsnoy-^
[Water Dog],

(24)

GO'-^iwol-^
[Acorn Worm]

ia'^a-xei
[one load]

she

made

it

all

around

(in the house).

Wane[only]
it

sile'^n

xowan-io'^-c'e'^Hc'''e'^
[she kept laughing at her]

hay
when

ta-ya'^Uye'^imil

(acorns)

they stirred the acorns.

became.

(25)

hay
[The]

Mtasd
soaked, leached acorn flour

misgiy'^i^
a small piece

mii-te-wina'^kyiGodi-mH
acorn paddle
-

with

tehce'^icod
she poked into the water

GO'-^iwol-^
[Acorn Worm.]

(26)

la'^a

miitoy-j
little

One

na-'^adliw 26 it always
turns into.

bucketful

(27)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

he said,

namaya'Uyisdiwe'^ 27./^"We will pack them back home."

(29)
daniarjWo'^
Several

(28)

h[aya]l
[Then]

xiKe'^-darj'^
[in the

morning]

ya'^kyiwincid they pounded

acorns.

Uyiwad
panfuls

c'e'^nifjxd'n

she brought out (for pounding).

mina'^-dahnehsnoy-j
[Water Dog].

(30)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

GO'-^iwol-j
[Acorn

ia'^a

micin'^-q'is^^
half of the meat of

Worm]

one

(one acorn)

me"^
she laid

no'^nirj'^a'ni
it

q'ay'^k.yisd

(31)

hay
That

c'iwincid
she pounded.

ia'^a

down

in

it.

basket-hopper.

one

q'ay'^Uyisdi

basket-hopper

nahsdile'^n 29 it became.

Hupa
(32)
"^aht'irj

Texts:

59
^^-mii
finished,

399
ia7a miito-y one bucketful

Uyite-wa-d
she fanned out;

lc>'e'^niixe'^

All

when she was

sile'^n
it

(33) min[a''^-dahnehsnoy]-^
Water-dog

'^e-'^n

ia^a
[one]

me'^-UHiwal
seed-leaching basket

became.

[however]

c'idiwUce'K
she pounded
off.

(34)

h[aya]l
[Then]

xowan-to'^-c'isc'''e'^n
[she laughed at her]

GO--^iwol-^i-ne'^in (at) [Acorn Worm used to be],

'^aPde-ne'^

yo-w
"That

Wa^neonly

tan
many
people

she said,

they must

xaPso-yaP^^-ne'^ come up

(woman)

xoc'itf
to her.

(35)

h[aya]i
[Then]

"^aPdene"^
[she said],

minian^^
"Ten people

xa-so-yaP^^-ne'^ must come up

WeI

Wic'iif to me;

yo'w
that

'^e-^(n)

nahdi(ij)-minian
20 people!"

34

(36)

haya'i
[Then]

one

but

GO-;^iwol-^i [Acorn Worm]

'^aPde'ne'^
[said,]

xa>
"All right!

nahdi{r])-minlan
20 people

xa'so-ya^-ne'^ must come up!"

(37)

h\aya:\i
[Then]

all

ia^a-^e'nis day long

Uyita-ya^wiicid
they soaked acorns,

daniarjWo'^
several

kyita'lcidi soaking places

c'tsc'^'e'^n

she

made

min[a'^-dahnehsnoy-]^ GO-^iwol-^i V^/i ia^ays-^^^ [Water Dog,] [Acorn Worm] [however] just one.
q'a(d)
[now]

(38)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

Icyiwilxa'^ni^^-mii

iaPay-xo
at

ia'^a

taPUyime-K
she [cooked]

when

it

got sweet,

once

one (whole soaking place)

min[a'^dahnehsnoy]^
[Water Dog.]

'^e'^n) (39) GO--^iwol-^i [Acorn Worm] [however]

miq'is

misgiy'^^
little

one side of the a (cooking basket)

piece

tehc'iwifjGod
she put
it

(40)

miitoy
The cooking
basket

into the water

na'de'wime'^n 37 became full again,

nahdi(rj)-minia(n)
20 (baskets)

(of a cooking basket).

me"^

na^Uyidehiwa'K

38

400
(42)

XIV Northwest
h[ayahaji]d
[Then]
xa'^site-de-K'^'^

California Linguistics

(43) h{ayaha^i]d
[Then]

c'e^texa-n'^^
she brought them out each one

hay
[the]

people came up (to pack her stuff).

hiij-UHt'oh

minian
ten people

ya-naylc>'ifje-n

^'^

X^afor her

mina'^-dahnehsnoy-^
[Water Dog.]

[burden-basket with layers of sticks]

packed

(44)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

GO'-^iwol-^
[Acorn

xoc'irp
to her

Worm]

they

xa^sitede'K came up each one (of her 20).

(45)

hayi
That
(crew)

na'^diwilc'^a'^n
they ate.

"^^

(46)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

c'e'^nitjxa'n

hay
the

she brought out

lc>'iwinya'^n

mine-^idi-xehstarj
a half-filled

q'ay'^timi-i

(47) h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

hay-yo'w
those

acorns

burden basket.

ya'xoq'ay'^timil'^
their burden-baskets

la"^

c'iwahslay
shelled acorn

me"^

no'^ta-'^a'n'^

ia'^a

xel

one

she put one in each;

one basketful

na-te-dile'^n'^^
it

{A^)

ia'^ay-x'''

mina'^-dahnehsnoy-^
[Water Dog]

xona'^
her eyes

c'exo-nirj'^a-n'^^
ran out,

became.

[At once]

popped

out.

(49)

daniarjWo'^-di(tj) yisxa-n Several days passed

x'"a-

nanakyiwe'-xosirj-x'^
as several people packed.

for her

(50)

h[ayaha3i]d
[Then]
they

naya'^tehsde-K all started for home.

(51) hay xay

That winter
(= that

na-tehsdiyay
which again

^"^

set off

same winter)
tahnaysya'^n
'^^

tima"^

c'isc'^e'^n

famine

she

made

GO--jiwol-j [Acorn Worm];

na-nde-K'^^
it

donot
it

snowed

heavily,

ate out of the water

(= thawed out)

minian-din
ten times
it

ie'^-no-naynirj'^a-n ^^

(52) mine-^ixomii
After a time

again put it down inside of each other (= there were 10 storms one

'^aWte-ne'^^^ she began

Hupa
(55)
U>'[iwinya^nya-n] People

Texts:

59
do--xolirj

401
xa^axoic'ine'
that to one.

na-nde'^K-de'^

when

they get to live

one would not say

(56)

iah-xo
Just

gya?
merely

UyUgyide'^-me^-tah
in rotten

wood
(57)

Wa(fj) only

nanya--teyou'll live,

mina-'^-dahnehsnoy-^
['its

nolye--teyou'll be called.

We'
I

eyes stick up']

V^// but
nohxaij'^ our husband

xadi-qad
right

kyiwinyoPni-me'^
in

na-nayya?
I'll

^^-te-

(58)

hay-yo'w
That

'^e-'^rj

acorns

live forever

[however]

xoic'^ili^'^-q'eh-tah
in

Warj
only

na'^wa--tewill live.

(59)

swampy

places

In a

niWorj-xo good way

^adafor them-selves

wa(rj)-na'dii ^^-tethey will be occupied with

Uyiwinya^niya'n
[people]

kyiwiyal
food (= acorns).

(60)

do-xolirj

xona^silay

(61)

de-qa
In this

"^a^xolah-te-

One should

not make fun of one.

way

one

will

do

to

him

if

xond?siwila?-de'^ one makes fun of one.

(62)

hayah
[There]
[it

no-nt'iUy^^
stretches to.]

Water Dog and Acorn

(1)

Worm

[a]

Acorn

Worm
[c]

(GO*-3iwol-3), [b] they say, was living

their

her co-wife

and

one husband.

(2) [Then]

somewhere with autumn came. (3) The

man

said,

"Pound acorns, you two!

We

are going off to our acorn-gathering

claim." [d]

Immediately, they pounded some acorns. (5) It took just a short while for Water Dog (mina*'^-dahnehsnoy-3) [e] to finish pounding (enough
(4)

for) several

cooking baskets.
little

(6)

Acorn Worm, however, finished pounding

to their

only (enough for) one

(7) [Then] the next

cooking basket (mitto*y-3).

acorn-gathering claim.
[f]

morning they went off

(8)

When

(they got there) each (wife) separately leached her acorn flour,

(9) Water Dog made an extra large leaching pit (kita'lcid). (10) However, Acorn Worm's leaching pit was tiny. (11) (Water Dog) laughed at it. (12) (Acorn Worm) said, "That one's big enough for me." (13) (Water Dog) laughed at it. (14) [Then] they went off to gather acorns.

(15)

It

took a short while for Water

Dog

to pick

up a

full

load (of acorns).

to the

Acorn Worm, however, arrived (at camp) with a load reaching packstrap. [g] (17) (Water Dog) kept laughing at her.
(16)
(18) All night long they
for

Water Dog

to crack all of hers.

would crack acorns. (19) It took a short while (20) As for Acorn Worm, there would be

402

XIV Northwest
in

California Linguistics

some (cracked acorns)

be a great
(22)

view on her basket

day

plate.

(21) There

would always

many

still in

her pack-basket.
it

They would do

like this

gathering season was over, Water

baskets (kyii]-k>it'oh). [h]
(24)

after day. (23) By the time the acorn Dog had surrounded herself with "nested" As for Acorn Worm, only a single load had
at

accumulated, and (Water Dog) would laugh

acorn mush.
flour (k>itasd)

her whenever they

little

cooked

(25)
[i]

Acorn

Worm would

poke

into the (cooking basket) with her

na'^k>iGod).

(26) This

would always
said,

turn into

piece of leached acorn mush-paddle (mit-te*wi(enough acorn mush for) a

small cooking basket.

(27) [Then]
(the

husband)

"We're going

to

pack

it

all

back home."

(28) [Then] in the morning they pounded some acorns, [j] (29) Water Dog brought out several pans (k^iwa'd) of (acorns for pounding). (30) [Then]

Acorn

Worm

placed half of the meat of a single acorn

(31)

in

her

hopper

(qay'^k^isd).

(of flour). (32)

a

As she pounded it, it turned into a whole hopper's worth She winnowed it all, and when she was done, it had become

whole cooking basket full (of flour). (33) Water Dog, however, finished pounding only one seed-basket (me''-k>'ilwal) [k] (of flour).
(34) [Then]

(Water Dog) laughed

at

Acorn

Worm
[1]

and

said,

"A

lot

(of

helpers) will have to

come up

just for that one!"

(35) [Then]

she said, "Ten people will have to

come up

for

me, but
Let

twenty people (for) that one!" (36) [Then] Acorn twenty people come up for me!"
(37) [Then] they leached acorn flour
all

Worm

said, "All right!

day. Water

Dog making
as

several
as

leaching pits but Acorn

flour) got sweet,

Worm

just

one.

(38) [Then]

soon

(the

of flour).

(39)

Dog at once began cooking a whole (leaching pit Worm, however, poked a little piece in on the side (of Acorn
[m] Water
(40)

her cooking basket).

The cooking basket

filled

and she poured

other.

it

into twenty (eating baskets), setting

up (with acorn mush), them one on top of the

(41) [Then] she baked

some acorn
still

flour, getting

twenty (loaves of acorn

bread) cooked, [n] and there was

(42) [Then]
(43) Water

a lot of acorn flour remaining.

village)

(people

from

the

came

up,

one

after

another.

Dog brought

out each of her "nested" baskets, and ten people

(44) [Then], one after another, (people) went

packed them back for

to (help)

her.

up

Acorn Worm.

(45)

They had

a feast! [o]

(46) She brought out

her acorns in a half-filled pack basket.

(47) She put a single acorn-meat

(c'iwahslay) into each of their (empty) pack baskets, and each (acorn) turned
into a

whole

load.

(48) Water Dog's eyes

popped

right out.

(49)
all

They

were carrying loads for her for several days. back home.

(50) [Then] they

went off

Hupa
(51) That winter Acorn
heavily,
it

Texts:

59

403

caused a famine (tima'^); [p] it snowed didn't thaw (before snowing again), and ten layers of snow
(52) After a while, (Water
fell

Worm

accumulated.
I

Dog)
the

said things like,

"Why

didn't
[q]

pick up the (acorns) that

among

weeds (kyitmaqi-kyoh)?"

(53) Finally, she collapsed from starvation.

(54) [Thenl

Acorn

Worm

said,

"Make fun of me now!

to

(55)

When human

beings

come

into existence,

one won't say such things

anyone.

(56) You'll only live in rotten wood, and you'll be called "Its-Eyes-Stick-

Up." (57) But

will

will

still

be living right inside the acorns.

(58) That

husband

of ours, for his part, will only live along in

swampy places, [r] (59) People go about getting food for themselves in a good way. (60) One should not make fun of anyone. (61) This is what will happen to someone who
[s]

makes fun of anyone."

(62)

The end.

[al While this story Brown's opinion. If you

is

not a medicine formula (kyima*w),

a story about

it

almost

is,

in

Sam

tell

Acorn Worm, then her acorns, or any other

food, will last a long time.

[b] GO*-3iwoI-3
[c]

('worm

round

- little'),

a small white

worm found

in acorns.

Her husband's other

wife. In traditional times the

Hupas and

the other Indians of

northwest California condoned polygyny, but usually only wealthy

men had more

than

one wife.
Id]
[e]

The wives had

Acorn

to prepare acorn

meal

to take along

on the journey.
salamander
(Chondrotus).

Worm's

co-wife,

the

large

redwood

Salamanders are locally called "water dogs."

[f]

By pouring

cold water over the acorn flour spread in a shallow leaching pit lined

with sand (kyita'lcid).

[g]

This means that only one-third of her basket was

filled.

[h] Pack-baskets filled to capacity with several layers of acorns, separated by

sticks.
[i]

woven

This was an economical way of carrying an especially abundant

harvest.

Acorn

flour after

it

has been leached of

its

tannin and

is

ready to cook.

[j]

Again, as food for the journey.

[k]
that
it

A
She

small wicker basket for gathering seeds.

took to contain Acorn

is

Worm's

flour

The large cooking basket would have held ten times as much.
of people to carry
to carry.

(mifto'y)

[I]

being ironical:

"It will take lots

down her

loads, won't

it!"

But she had only one basket of unpounded acorns

It

was

the

custom for
to

the

men

of the family to

come up

to the

acorn

camp

at the

end of the gathering period

help the

women
is,

carry their pack baskets back to the village.

as soon as the bitterness of tannic acid
(de-diwitiq*)

[m] That
[n]

was leached out of

it.

She made acorn-bread

by putting acorn dough on hot rocks.

404
[o]

XIV Northwest
As Acorn Worm had

California Linguistics

men came up to carry home her shelled empty pack-baskets to be filled. When they acorns from the camping place, bringing arrived she fed each of the carriers one of the twenty baskets of mush she had made.
requested, twenty
[p]

She magically affected the weather, bringing on storms,

to

punish Water

Dog

for

her teasing.
[q]

A specific

weed

is

named

(see the following note).

While they were gathering

acorns she had not bothered to pick up those that were hidden under weeds. Now she regretted it because of the famine. Her rival, Acorn Worm, was not sharing her acorns

with her.
[r]

kyoh).
[s]

The husband apparently becomes the swamp weed named Sam Brown could not identify this plant any further.
That
is,

in line

52 (k>i)maqi-

he will starve.

Hup a
60. Iris

Texts:

60

405

and Panther
Notebook XI,
nasa^a-n-tac
[at

Narrated by Oscar Brown.

(I)

pp. 27-31.

mehsc'iPen
Blue-flag (person)

c'isday
he stayed

(2)

na-sa'an-tciG].

dah-c'e'^d^aW He set a snare.

(4)

(3)

de-di

xciKe'^-daf

W
one
3

lc>emoy'^2
he used to snare

UyiHxan
deer.

hay P)atp
That is, it is because of

morning This (= every morning)

hayi
the

^a'diqi{d) on himself
(= squeals

Uya'te-lc'Hw
it

mini(r)P-mH''te'diliw x'^e'dd^ay ye'^e'^ind'W '^

Panther

cries out,
in snare)

always hears.

when caught

(5)

mine-^ixomii
[After a while]

mini(rjP-mi-t-ie-diliw
[Panther]

'^a-c'ondehsne'^
[thought],

dandi gya'^aW
"Who,
I

wonder,

'^ajj'^

hayi
the one

'^a'i'aniw

is

it

who always does

so!

(6) na-sey(aP^-teI'll go there."

(7)

haya'i
[Then]

q'ad

now

Icya'teMc'^eh-c'iw
he heard
it

xaKe'^-darj'^
in the

(8)

hayai
[Then]

'^arp
it

c'itehsyay
he went along.

cry out

morning.

was

(9)

c'ical-id While going along

'^arj-gya'^

xontah
a

sa'^arj

(10)

he saw

house

standing.

mida'^ninyay ^ To the door he came.

xowina-'^
belly

(II)

yehc'iwinya'-hid

'^aij-gm'^

ya'^wirj'^asitting there

When

he had gone

in,

he saw

(one)

xomit' whose

around him
de--q'i-xos
like this
^^

c'eya-nXe't'^

mehsc'iPe-n
[iris]

k.yigyehs'^
[he

xok'a-rj'^ay ^^
his

was bulging out

on both sides;
"^Q-yah'ik' 12
they were so slim,

was

scraping],

arms

(diminutive)
xoc'ine'^-tah he legs also

de-q'i-xos '^aya-it'ik' were as slim as this

xocot' Warj yasilay

only - they lay (= nothing but joints showed).

his joints

(12)

haya'i
[Then]

mini(ijP-mU-ie'diliw
[Panther]

'^a'^de'ne'^

[said],

dig>ar} "Here

xoW
[I

guess]

do'rP
is it

sinday
you
stay."

(13)

heyatj
"Yes,"

c'lde-ne"^
[he said]

mehsc'iPe-n
[Iris].

(14)

hayai
[Then]

not?

mini(r}P-mii-te-diliw
[Panther]

'^a'^de'ne'^

[said],

nin "You

de--g>a'^

hay
the

Uniixan
deer

come

to

one

find out

(with

whom) mehsc'iPen
[Iris]

'^a'diq'i(d)
I

Uya-te'^ilc''eh-c'iw
it

(15)

hayai
[Then]

'^atf
[it

always hear

squealing."

is]

'^a'^de-ne'^

diye'
"Yes,"

c'ide-ne"^
[he said,]

We"I

do-tj"^
it

[said],

is

'^a-'^aWniw always do so."

'

406
(16)

XIV Northwest
hayai
[Then]
"^arf
[it

California Linguistics

mini(ijP-mii-ie'diliw
[Panther]

Uyo'^wila'^n ^^

'^axoic'idene'^
it,

is]

he didn't believe

[he said to himl,

do- "^an-c'eh "Not quite. it seems like

niwan-noyt'ah
I

^"^

(17) daydi

na'^
it

xoW

x"'eda'^a''^aleh

believe you.

What can

be?

(that

what can you do? you can manage)?

(18)

hay-yo-w
[Those]

nik'a-tj^ay
[little

'^ayait'ik'
[they are so slim,]

nic'ine'^-tah

"^aya-tt'ik

arms

[your legs]

[they are so slim,]

of yours]

daydi
[what]
[I

xoW
wonder]

x'^e-di

"^alah-te-

(19)

haya-i
[Then]

"^arp
[it

mehsc'iPen
[Iris]

what can you do to it?"

was]

xohalah

"^a-Ryidyaw

15

'^a'^de'ne'^

daydi
"There

na'^

xoW
in

opposite to his mind - something happened (= he got angry).

[he said],

isn't

anything

x'^eda what way

'^amah-teI

(20)

ia'^ay-x^'

can do to

it."

Suddenly

'^ina-'^asiad he jumped up

xoc'irf
to

him

mini(rjP-mii-le-diliw-ne'^in
Panther
-

[used to be],

his

xokyarj'^ay arms (wrists)

c'Uknd
he caught him by.

mehsc'il'^e-n
[Iris]

'^a'^t'ifj

(21) yidaca

no'^tehic'^a'^n

^(>

mini(rjP-mH-ie-diliw
[Panther]

did so.

Up

he squeezed his flesh to that point (so it bulged at upper place)

xokmrpay
[his

-ne'in

xoc'in'^-tah
also his legs

xa-'^a'^teiaw 17
he did in that way to each of them.

(22)

h[ayaha3i]d
[Then]

arms

used to be]

c'ehdiwice'^

^^

upside down,

head-down

kye-na'^xoicoc' ^^ he raised him and shoved him down

xonin'^-ne'^in
his face
-

-te'^-yehna-dc'^a'^n 20
into each other - he crushed it by bumping.

[used to be]

(23)

'^axatc'ide-ne'^

de-q'i
"This
is

dorp
the

'^a-'^a^liw
I

(24)

[He said

to him],

way

always do

it."

That

hay-arp is how

dedi
right

xa-'^a'^ant'e-

mini(rjP-mii-iediliw
Panther,

hay
[the]

mehsc'iPen
[Iris]

now

he

is

that

way

xokya-ij'^ay
[his

yidaca
[up]

no'^tehic'^a'^n
[he squeezed

xonirj'^
[his face]

ie'^-yehna'^tehice'K'^-^

arms]

them

he

bumped

it

into each other.

to that point]

(25)

haya-h
[There]

no-nt'iUy'^'^
[it

stretches to.

Hupa
Iris

Texts:

60

407

and Panther
(mehs-cilVn)
[a] lived at (the resting

(1) Iris [b]

place called) na'^sa'^a-n-tac.

to snare a deer.

(4)
it.

(2) He would When the deer

set snares.

(3)

Every morning he used

cried out, Panther (minin'^-miWe'diliw) [c] always heard

(5) After a while (6)

I'll

Panther thought, "I wonder

who

it

is

who

is

doing

this?

go over there."

(7)
off.

(9)

door.

Then he heard it cry out the next morning. (8) He immediately set As he was going along he came upon a house. (10) He went to the (11) When he went in, he saw someone sitting there with a belly
all

bulging out
asked,

around him, scraping

thin,

iris,

[d] with little

joints.

arms so very
(12)

thin,

and legs so very

that

he was nothing but

Then Panther
said, said,

"Do you live here?" (13) "Yes," said Iris. (14) Then Panther "Are you actually the one who makes the deer cry out?" (15) Then Iris "Yes," he said, T am the one who does that."
(16) But Panther didn't believe
it,

and he said

to

him, "I don't think that

(18)

believe you.

(17)

What can
got

it

be that you can do?

Those
be

litde

arms of

yours are so thin, and your legs are so thin, what would you be able to do?"
(19)

Then

Iris

angry

and

said,

"What would

able

do?"
Iris

(20) Suddenly he leaped up toward Panther and caught hold of his arms.
did.

(21)

He squeezed

(both of) Panther's arms until they bulged out above,

of) his legs.
his face

and did the same

to (both

(22)
in

Then he
on
itself.

stuck

him

into the

ground upside-down, and him, "This is how I do it."

(24) That
until they
is

squeezed

(23) (Iris) said to

why

Panther looks that

way now,

for Iris squeezed his

in together.

arms

bulged out above and pounded his face back

end.

(25)

The

la] Iris, or

"blue flag" grass

place on the

(Iris
trail

macrosiphon), used for rope or twine.

[b]

A resting

between meMil-dig and ta'^kyimit-dirj, on the east

side of the Trinity at the foot of the

[c]

mountain opposite the Hoopa school.

The mountain

lion (Felis hippolestes), locally called "panther."

iris

[d] He was scraping make twine out of.

with his thumb and a mussel-shell, leaving only the core to

408

XIV Northwest
61.
Narrated by

California Linguistics

Coyote and Frog

Frank.

Emma
Coyote

Notebook V,
mine'^ixomii
[After a while]

pp. 48-51.

(1)

c'idehic'e'

xontehitaw
(and Frog).

(2)

da'yWo'^-xo-xoW
to

He and

she lived together

some

place (unknown)

c'itehsyay he went off.

(3)

sa'^a-

'

hi^id

For/after a long time,

na-'^andiyay he came back.

(4)

mine'^ixomH
[After a while],

c'ixowHwe'^he beat her.

(5)

haya'i-qad
[Then]

U>'iye-

again

c'itehida'W^ he ran away in

a hurry.

(6)

hayai
[Then]

c'ahli

Frog

c'itehsyay went off,

c'icai went along

iah-x'"
just

do-

she did not

c'oMc'ide-heh ^ know - although.

(7)

cicai-id^ As she was

going along

'^arj'^-g>a'^

de-di-yethis

she saw,

perceived

(from) off distance

-

there

'^a-Ryine-^-xoliW-c'eh was a sound - evidently

(she) heard.

(8)

nin'^sindii^-diw

de'di-de'

xon"^ naC^jwe'-c'iij'^
to the

na'^way
he had been

They

are dancing

she heard,

come

to find

Brush Dance

out for herself;

going

xontehitaw
Coyote.

(9)

haya-i
[Then]

c'ahli

na'^tehsdiyay
started

Frog

home

again.

(10)

na-'^andiya-wint'e-^
Just as she got

kya'^

home

dress

wa(rj)-na''^asya'^^ (11) she got busy

h[aya-i]-'^ari'^-q'a(d)

[Then immediately]

making

it.

tehs'^irp
to look
(at the

on

[c'i]tehsyay "^^ she went off

c'ahl
Frog.

(12)

c'iniij>a--ye-y

hay-yi'd
yonder

She arrived there

dance)

nin'^sindii-dirj
at

(13)

xontehitaw
Coyote

q'ad
already

c'iwiltoij'^il^^

where they dance.

was dancing.

(14)

haya'i

-'^aij'^

cahla
Frog

[Then]

'^a'c'ondehsne'^ thought,

xotaca

^'^

c'eneya--te-

"Between them
(Coyote

I'll

come

out."

&

partner)

(15)

h[ayaha^i]d-ari'^-q'ad [Right away]

xotaca
[she

c'e'^nirjyay

came

out between them].

Hup a
(16)
ce'^eh^idin-nehwd-n
For a
little

Texts: 61

409
iaPay-x'"
right at once,

niij'^isde-K-mH

q'ad-c'eh

while - as just

it

were,

when

they had

now

he

felt

danced
^^

really

ti{rj)

nikyah-x'"
greatly

c'ixowehsyo^
he loved her

[very]

that

hay-yo'w one who

(18)

c'e'^ninyay xotaca had come out between them.

(17)

h [ayaha^i^d-atj'^ [And then]

tahc'ixohste-n^^
he got her away from the crowd.

hayai
[Then]

^axoic'inden^
he said to her,

dig>'an "Here

let

no-ne'i '^ us sit down."

(19)

hayah
There

no'^nindeX
they sat down.

"^ac'one- '^ dohe never thought (it was she)

is

xontehitaw
Coyote.

(20)

'^a'xatc'ide'ne'^

nik>'a''^ 17

IcyiiteM

He

said to her,

"Your

dress.

spread it out for bedding."

(21)

hayaha^id
And
then

c'ixo-ic'id ^^

(22)

daw
"No!

diwidwa'sh
The abalone
shell pieces

he found her out.

"^o-Icyiin^o

(23)

haya'i
[Then]

'^a'xoic'ide-ne'^

c'indin-tah-dirj
"Hell

nanyay
you go
around!

might break!"

he said to her,

(24)

nin-da-'^ar}'^
I

UyilUye-xe'^

"^ant'e-n

(25)

see

it is

you.

kyilUye-xe'^

you doing

so!'

clxowUwe'^ He beat her up.

(her name).

(26)

c'ixosehiwe-n

xo^^ikoh
thoroughly.

x'^e-da^ay-ne'^in
her head -used to be

c'iwincid
he pounded.

He
(27)

(almost) killed her

h[ayaha^id]
[And then]
na-'^aldiia'd-e-y

na-'^tehidida-W
he ran back

xontehitaw
Coyote

nirPsindii-din
they dance-place,

(28)

hayah
There
it

no'nt'iky
stretches to.

he arrives back there running.

(29)

san

21
in

sa-n!

back of

Wene'^ me

c'eiicow-nehwan-te'
stone-blue-like
it

shall be.

Coyote and Frog

(1)

[a]

Coyote (xontehl-taw) [b] and (Frog, cahl) [c] were living there. (3) It was a long time before he (2) One day Coyote went off somewhere. came home. (4) A while later, he beat (Frog). (5) Right away he ran off
again.
(6)

Then Frog

set off

she was going).

(7)

and traveled along without knowing exactly (where As she was going along she heard a sound off in the

XIV Northwest
(8)
to a
It

California Linguistics

distance.

was

the

sound of people dancing, as

[d]

it

turned out;

Coyote

had gone

Brush Dance (xon'^-na'^we*).

(9) Then Frog returned home. (10) As soon as she got back, she went to work making a dress (k>a''). [e] (11) Then Frog hurried off to attend (the

Brush Dance).
(12) She arrived there at the place where they were dancing. (13) Coyote was already jumping along. (14) Then Frog thought, "I'm going to dance next to Coyote." [f] (15) Then she went right in between them. (16) After they had danced just a short while, Coyote
great desire for this (girl)
all

at

once
(17)

felt

who had come

in to

dance next

to him.

So he

led her out of (the danceground).

sit down here." (19) They sat down. was Frog), [g] (20) He said to her, "Spread your dress out (for a bed)!" (21) Then he recognized her. (22) "No!" she said. "The abawone pieces (diwidwa*s) [h] might bweak!" (23) Then he said to her, "Go to Hell! (24) I see it's you doing this, lc>illc>e-xe'^V' [i] (25) He beat her up. (26) He all but killed her, pounding on her head.

(18)

Then he

said to her, "Let's

(that
it

Coyote not thinking

(27)
at

The Coyote
The
end.

trotted

back

to

where they were dancing, arriving there

a run.

(28)

(29) sa-n\

My
is

back will be

like blue-stone!

[j]

[a]

This text

discussed

in detail in

GoUa

(1977).

lb]

Coyote

is

a mythic figure throughout Western North America, and frequently

is

plays the role of "trickster" (Bright 1978, 1993). Although Coyote

figure in

not as prominent a

Hupa

or

Yurok

oral literature as he

is

elsewhere in the area (among the Karuk,

stories

for instance;

see Bright 1954), there are

many Hupa

about Coyote, most of

them, like
Ic]

this one,

decidedly ribald.

In the traditional literatures of northern California,

Frog (or Toad)

is

woman,
her

and usually paired with the licentious Coyote.

The

story of

how Frog duped

(cf.

husband
237-44).
11).

at a

dance appears to be one of the favorites of the Coyote genre

in

the

two
(text

Maidu versions

Shipley 1963: 38-43, and the two Wintu versions in Shepherd 1989:
in the origin

Another Hupa version occurs

Frog
is

myth of

the

Flower Dance

is

not actually mentioned by

name

in this

introductory sentence, which

there."

more
wife

literally translated is

"Coyote (and someone) were living

That Coyote's

Frog

is

specifically stated for the first time in line 6.

to

[d]

She had reason

be concerned.
is

The Brush Dance, while ostensibly

at

a curing
for

ceremony
flirtation

for sick children,

basically a social

dance and often the occasion

the

and sexual escapades, something unthinkable

12).

solemn World Renewal

dances (see text

le]

That

is,

a dance dress, with shells and beads sewn on.

Hup a
[f]

Texts: 61

411
Frog was going to
dance side-by-side
insert herself

Literally, 'I'm

going to go out between them'.

into the circle of dancers lining the side of the dance-pit in

between Coyote and the

in

dancer next to him.

Men

and

women
at

are allowed to

the Brush

Dance.
[g]

Since the dance takes place

night Coyote can't see

to a

who

she

is.

[h]

Long

pieces of abalone shell

is

sewn

fancy dress. The term

in this

is

diwidwa's, but
if

what Frog says

diwidwa-s. Frog always talks

s for s).

"broken" fashion, as

she had

syrup in her mouth (using, for example,

[i]

This
It

is

how Coyote
"I

recognized her.

This

is

apparently what Coyote calls Frog.

has no obvious analysis.

U] This

is

an old formula for ending

stories,

and means,

shall

be straightthe

shouldered, not stooped." ce--Jicow ('blue rock') was the hardest rock

known by

you don't end a story with become stoop-shouldered or hump-backed.

Indians, apparently serpentine.
If

this

formula, you will

412

XIV Northwest
62.
Narrated by

California Linguistics

Three Tales of
Frank.

Little

Woodpecker
pp. 46-60; V, pp. 1-11.

Emma

Notebook IV,
/.

(1)

Vski(r})-mina-k'iwilddi c'idehic'eHarris Woodpecker they (family) stayed

there.

miniarj Ten

xoWxe"^^
their sons, his sons.

(2)

mine-^ixomii From in the middle,

after a (long) while

x'^a'^ad
his wife

xohsle"^-

nahninc
them

nahx hay xoWxe"^

two
his sons

there got to, both of

(son's wife)

x'^a'^ad

they

yaxohsle'^ became (having wives).

(3)

iah-xo
Just

Jcyiwa(rj)-na-yayW-t^-wint'e-'^ hunting they always were.

(4)

mine-^ixomii
[After a while]

xota^
their father

'^ayaMc'ide-ne'^
they told him,

nohld'n
"Help us

lc>'iwa(fj)-nay'^inda-

hunt!"

(5)

iah-xo
Just

wint'ealways it was

na'^lc>a'^ah-wint'e' he was always singing.

(6)

Wirj

Waneonly, always

Song

mii
with

na'^wa- -wint'ehe always goes

around.

(7)

dilco-

Summer

deer (or elk) hide

me'^-lcyiiwal seed-beating burden basket

na'^we'
he was always packing around.

(8)

haya'i
[Then]

xa"^

c'ide-ne'^

lc>iwa(rj)-nayda"(let's go)

(9)

haya-i
[Then]

"All right!"

he said,

hunting!"

q'a(d) [now]

c'itehsyay
he went
off, started off

'^iski(rj)-mina-k' iwildd-l
[Little

Woodpecker]

[he

c'itehsyay went off.]

(10)

haya-i
[Then]

c'itindi-i-ne-^i-x'''

ya-'^aica-n
-

hay
that

kyilixan
deer.

they are going along

in the

they saw, perceived

midst

of.

(11)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^a-xoic'ide-ne'^

yo-wi
"There

nahi'^aW^
they are walking around,"

kyiwa'^aM
he was still singing

he told one (of them).

hay Wirj
[the song.]

(12)

TTiis

de--qa way

'^a'^n 8

"^eno'"^eno-

we-nawe-na,

'^eno'
'^eno-

wiy
wiy

he was saying,

"^eno"^eno-

wenawe-na,
'O

'e-no"^eno-

wiy
wiy."

(13)

hayi
"That

is

^ana-rf ^ not what

WeI

kyUixan
deer

niWsin
1

hay-yo-w
that one.

(14)

daniaijWo'^
Several

dahnasixd-n "
flats,

think,

benches

xa-'^asyay he went up
(they too).

consider

those."

of earth

(15)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hayah
there

nin'^i

me'^wilcil

^^

ground

he squatted down.

Hupa
(16)

Texts: 62

413
ye'wi
"Over there

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

'^aya'xoic'ide-ne'^ ^^
they told him,

nahPaW-e'
are (deer) walking

along

(in sight)!"

(17)

kyeh
"Let

wa(rj)-nay'^iWdaP

'^'^

(18)

haya-i
[Then]

xe^e'winya--ye-y
he went off that way.

me

sneak up on them, hunt them" (said the old man).

(19)

do- hayi-x^ Not of that

naya'c'ondehsne'^

^^

(20)

haya-i
[Then]

hayi
that

they thought any longer.

one

xe'^e'^winya--ye-y

[who went off

there]

h[aya-i]xona-na-ya'^wili'W ^(^ after a they thought of him

while
again.

(21)

ya^te-rpe^n

ye'wi
off yonder

They looked,

'^arj-g>'a'^

hay
the

lc>'Hixan-ne'^in
deer that had been (walking about)

xoi
with him

na-mis-x"^
in a circle

^'^

sure enough they saw

widgyil

i8--

(22)

'^e-+

ya^de-ne'^
they said,

yixosehiwin-tehi
"they
(it)

'9

they were running about (around him).

"V+"

are going

to kill

him."

(23)

hayi-x"^ doNot about him

na-ya'd'ondehsne"^
they thought any further.

(24)

haya-i
[Then]

hay
the

one

do-

hayi-x'"

na-ya'c'ondehsne^
[they thought]

hayai
[then]

'^arj-gya'^

[not] [about

whom]

they saw

na-'^andiyahe returns.

(25)

hay
The

xo'^(^i)-c'inkya-w^^-e[very]
-

xonist'e'^
his (oldest son's)

xo^e-"^

yiiwe-'^^
-

oldest of

them

body

his

mind

fights

it.

(26)

haya-i
[Then]

'^axoic'ide-ne'^ he (man) told him

(his oldest),

kyeh "Now!

Wina'ce'se'^ my arrow

xa-na'tcsiifirp'^'^

you look

for

it

again!"

xoic'ide-ne"^ he told him.

(27)

hayah-mii
[Then]

the (oldest)

c'itehsyay went

xa-na-ytehsVrj'^'^^
off,

hay
the

he looked for

it

da'^n'^^

xoi
with him
(old

yic'ilan^^-diij
place where they (animals) had been playing.

(28)

hayah
[There]

formerly

c'ininyay he came

hay
the

man)

xoda-dgyid^(>-e--dirj place where they had gone over (mt. ridge).

(29)

c'ite-rpe'^n

(30)

He

looked.

dax^'edi What

gya"^

"^ant'e-

(surprise)

they are

Uyiiixan
deer!,

ia'^a-dikyin^'^-dirj

kyitiyahW^^
bands of deer.

100 times

414
(31)

XIV Northwest
UnUxan
Deer
-

California Linguistics

iicay
white
it

"^ant'e'-xolarj
is

he was

as he

saw

no-nirjxic'^^ he had fallen to the ground.

hay
the

naceh-din
ahead, in the
lead
-

one

diwilda-l 30 was running.

(32) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

yino'da'^ay^^-ey it was sticking

to
it

who

way

(leading deer)

hay
the

dinday
arrowhead.

(33)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

"^i-iqid

no-na'^(a)nime-K 32
he threw them, piled them.

on top of each other

(34)

h[ayaha^id]
'[Then]

hay ah
[there]

iinyay
they
all

33

(35)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

(boys) came.

nifjk'iPai-xowinse'^n 34 they cut it up into meat - they all started.

(36)

haya-i
[Then]

'^aya'xoic'ide-ne'^
they said to him,

do-xolarj
"Not
- it

seems

xoW
perhaps

so

iani sesiiwir) many you have killed.

(37) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

xehi
burdens

wa(r})-na-'^asdeX
they went around for = they fixed up.

(38)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

q'a(d) [now]

they

sahna-nde'^n 35 left for home,

sahna'nde'^n-ey
they started off really.

(39)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

hay
the

dilco-

me'^kniwal
seed-gathering basket

ya'^wintd'n
he picked up.

summer

hide

(40)

haya'i
[Then]

hay-yo'w
those (fellows)

yaya'^wiije'n 36 they all packed

the deer;

hay meiah
some of
it

nondiya'^n 37 which was

left

over

yehc'iwime'K

Hupa

Texts: 62
//.

415

(47)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay
the

camehsK&n
women
xinay^^ "O friends!
c"(5

c'i^

do-ya-xohsle"^^^
got to be out of.

firewood

(48)

haya-i
[Then]

'^a-yoPdene'^
they

c'^i^

xo-dil&^eh^
let's hire

(women)

said:

wood

him

to get!"

(49)

haya-i
[Then]

'^aya-xoic'idene'^
they said to him,

nic'^e-^^

(50)

na'^kya'^ah

"Wood
get

make
it

it.

He

sang,

for fire!"

donot
-

to

them

hayi-x'" c'o-ne'^^^ - he paid attention.

(51)

mine-^ixomU
After a while

c'ima'^-xowinse'^n
(it)

hay
the

became

quiet,

na'^lc>'a'^ah-ne'^in

(52)

one who had been

singing.

doNot

hayi-xo
to
it

na-ya-c'ondehsne'^
they paid any attention.

(53)

min^day'^
Outside

no'^ninde-K
they sat down.

(54)

haya-i
[Then]

iiwa(r)) one (woman)

na'^te-rj'^e'^n

(55)

Uyikyine'^

looked back.

Dried fir-snag, dead standing fir

'^e-^n

na-da^ay
standing

ye-wi
there

'^arj-gya'^

milay'^
its

hay ah
there

'^arj-gya'^

there

was

they saw

top;

they saw

xonin^
his face

na-'^aiwai
he's shaking it side to side

hay
that one,

'^e-no'"^e-no-

we-na-

"^e-no-

wiy

c'in

we-na- "^cno- wiy"

he said

(singing:)

(repeated)

'^arj-gya'^

(56)

haya-i
[Then]

ia'^ay-x'"
at

c'isgyas
he broke
it

ia'^ay-x'''
at

sigyas
it

they saw.

once

off,

once

broke

off.

(57)

^'^

hayi
That (way)

'^arp
it

c'isc'^e^n

hay

c^^'i^

(58)

haya-i
[Then]

hay
[the]

is

wood he made the (= how he gathered wood).

"^e

camehsKo-n
[women]

"^a-yd^de-ne^
[they said,]

de-d-P)e-na'^rj
this

xosehiwirj
[something killed him]!

'"^e +.'

may

(59)

nirj

'^ade-ne'^-mii
said
-

xo-dilc^'eh
'Let's hire him!'

hayah-ditj
this is

xosehiwirj
it

You

since, as

why

has killed him.

(blaming each other)

(60)

r'e-ya-nehsdilgyi(d)'^^-c'eh

{6\)x'''e-ya'^nehsg''id^'^

hay
(oO
the

ya-xoxarj'^
their

We

are afraid of them,

we

feel."

They were afraid of them

husbands.

(62)

kyeh "Come!

xoxa-na-teside'^irj'^^^
Let's look for

iahxo-heh
anyway, even if (we can't find them)!"

him

416
(63)

XIV Northwest
xoxa-na-ya'^terj'^e'^n^^

California Linguistics

hay-yo-w
[that]

c^^i^

"^aht'irj
all

They looked
no'^nilwd'X ^^
they threw it over (looking for him).

for him.

[wood]

over, upside

IcyicW^^ down
ya'^winc'^iw
they cried,

(64)

do-heh
Not even, not
at all

naya'^xoica-n
they found, saw him,

(65)

xona'^-ne'^in
Their eyes - used to be (no longer normal size)

deq'i-xoW
in this

"^a-na-ya'teMkyow ^^
they got to be that big

ya'^c'iw-mii
because of their
crying.

way,

this

much

(gesture)

(66)

na'^tehsde-X

xontah-citj'^
to the house.

(67)

They went back

When

na'^widil-id they were coming.

in the

ta'kH'W-me'^ sweathouse

na'na'^lcya'^ah-c'eh
they heard him singing again.

(68)

haya-l
[Then]

'^a-dixaya'^niwidya'^n ^^ they got ashamed,

xontah-dirj
in the

house

ya-na'^wehs'^e-K 56
they (2 women) sat down again and remained seated;

ye-w-x'^e

'^e-'^rj

xoW
it

na'kyidH

57

way

off

for their part

seemed

they (boys) were walking about.

(69)

haya-i
[Then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

she said,

xinay + "O friend!

xinay
[friend!]

^sdo^
I

xoV^
[perhaps]

wish

in

daxo--heh some way

tin-c'eh
I

"^a-xodilah 58

hayi
that

'^a'dixadyarj
(we) be ashamed

nohc'isc'^e'^n 59

we

(2)

do with him

he made

us.

(70)

feel that

'^a-dixa-niwediyarj'^^^ we became ashamed.

(71)

dax'''e-d-('^)e-'^n-te-

nohXa"^
our buttocks

How, what

will be

awfully

minaaround
it

Jiyisdilmac'^^-de'^
if

iiWini-mii
with black (paint)?

(72)

haya-l

we made,
a circle

And

then

xoq'id on him, at him

drew

we

shall stick

yehwidiPe^K-tethem in (at smoke

at

nohXa'^
our buttocks."

(73)

xoKa'^
Their buttocks

yehya'^wii'^eK
they stuck
in.

-hole

&

door of sweat-house)

(74)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

yo-w
that

Uyiwarjxoya'n
old

ni-f^in

(75)
it

haya'i
[Then]

man

looked

at

(= buttocks).

na'^te-ij'^e'^n

(76)

x'^e'di-gya'^

"^ant'eit

min'^sowat-c'iij'^

he looked back.

"Oh how

looks

house
(=

throat

toward,"

at the

round door)

na'^te'ij'^e'^n

(77)

hay ah
There

'^arj-gya'^

irP
also, too
it

xa'^ant'e'

he looked back.

he saw

looked the

same way.

Hupa
(78) haya'i
[Then]

Texts: 62

417
me'^nehsgyid^^
he was frightened of it.

ta-k>iW-me-q' sweathouse inside of

na-'^asia-d he ran around,

xa-'^aikyoh-x'^^'^
to that extent

(79)

yiwidirj-hid At last, finally

de'^diwilia'd
he ran into the
fire,

noPwilid^'^
he burned himself.

(80)

hayai
[Then]

'^anaPde-ne'^
she said again,

xinay +
"Friend!

niij

Since

it

'^a'de-ne- ^^-mii was you who said

hayah-diij
it,

naPwilid
he burned himself."

that is

why

(81)

xo'^j/66
Really, in a good position

no-na^xoniiten
they laid

(82)

hayah-mU
[Then]

q'ad

wilwe-X
night came,

him

now

down

again.

xa^aikyoh-x'"
greatly to that

ya^ne-lgyid^'^
they were scared.

(83)

ienandiyay
They
all

haya-i
then,

hay
the ones

came home,

who

extent

ye-w-x"^
off yonder

na-Uyidil-ne'^in had been walking around.

(84)

hayai
[Then]

'^d^dcne'
(one of them) said,

da-ydi-x'"-P)e-'^r]

"Where

is

kyiwarjxoya-n the old man?"

(85)

do-

ya?xe-ne-W
talk,

(86) danlarjWo^-dirj
Several times

xoW
[perhaps]

They did not

answer.

xoh
in vain

'^a'na'xoic'ide-ne'^

(87)

he asked her several times.

yiwidirj-hid At last

q'ad

ya'^xowiligy^^
they told [the story].

now

(88)

'^a-ya'^dcne'^

They

said,

nehe"We

%-?/2
for our part
it

dofj"^
is

hayi-q'i
did.
in that

so,

we

way

(to get

wood)

'^a'xoidiwidine'^

hay
that (reason)

dorj'^
it

war)
for

widic'^iw

hay
that

doij'^
is

we

told him.

is

we

cried,

why

'^a'dixa-we'diya'^n

hay
that

we

got ashamed.

dorp waij is why

xa'^a'xodilaw

hay
that

don"^
is

we

did so to him.

how

nehe-nehsgyid
he got afraid of us.

deWwinia-d
he ran into the
fire.

(89)

'^a'xoic'ide-ne'^

xolis^i

He

said to her.

"Quickly

na-xoM&''e-^^-ne'^ ye (2) must fix him up again."

(90)

c'e-xo-nirj'^a-n'^^

They

ran out,

into the

ta-kyiW-me"^ sweathouse

yehxotj'^a-n
they ran
in.

7i

(91)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

naya'^xosc'^e'^n
they fixed him up,

na-xoxinay'^

'^^

(92)

naya'^de'lc'e'^

he got well again

They stayed
again.

there

418

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

III.

(93)
The

'^aya-xoic'ide'^ine'^
(old

'^e-'^rj

hay-ye'wi
"That yonder

diqan
ridge

hayah
there

man) always

told

them

it

was

so,

dodon't

c'ininahW come there!"

(94)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^arp
it

iiwarj
one of them

is

'^a'c'ondehsne'^ thought,

daydi-gya'^aW-'^arj'^-warf

'^aWiic'inehe
tells

hayah
'There

do-

c'ininahW

"What

- 1

wonder

- it is -

for

me,

don't you go!'"

(95)

c'tehsyay

do-

na-'^andiyay

(96)

He went

off,

he did not

come

back.

yisxaij-hid Next day

xoxa-naytehs'^irj'^''^
to look for

citehsyay
he (another) went
off,

hayi
[that

IcHye[also]

do-

na-'^andiyay

him

one]

[he did not return].

(97)

yiwidine--mii
Finally

c'^ola^n'^^
five of

do-

them

did not

nandiyay"^^ come back,

hayi-x'"
in that

'^a-ya'^t'irj-x'^

way

they (so) doing

minian
ten

76

do-

nandiyay

(98)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^aif
[it

lc>iwar}Xoya-n
the old

did not return.

was]

man

c'itehsyay went off,

hayi
those

xoWxe'^x'^'^ xa-naytehs'^irj'^'^^ his sons to look for.

(99)

me'^kyiiwdl
Seed-gathering basket

no'^RyitiW

yehc'iwiiq'as
into
(it)

me"^
in;

no'^kyitiWi-ce-'^

mii-kyidi-twis
fire drill

wedge

he threw

it

into

it

wedge-rocks
(mauls for wedging),

yehc'iwiiq'ds
he threw them
in,

mii-na-na^UyiWa-l hook

yehc'iwiiq'as
he threw
in,

xoc'ine'^-yehlc>iwilt'ow
[&] his leggings.

(100) h[ay a ha^i]d- a rj'^

[After that]

q'ad
[now]

[he

c'tehsyay went off]

in this

deq' way

c'ite-cHw'^^
he cried along:

'^ena''ena-

''aneyya- ''aneyya- ''an "^aneyya^ane-yya- fan."

(101)
He

c'ininya'-ye-y
arrived there indeed

'"^end^ena-

hay-ye-w
yonder

diqan
ridge

sita-n

miijq'i

sixan
which
lies.

(102)

hayah
[There]

which

lies,

lake

c'inehsday
he sat down,

ya'^wehs'^a'^

'^ant'eh ^^-xolatj

nana'^xehsdindw

81

he remained
sitting there;

evidently there was, he noticed that it was sign of

one has been moving back and forth.

Hup a
(103)

Texts: 62

419
hayi-x'^
there-from

hayah-mii
[Then]

do--winsa^ay^'^
not long after

c'icahi one came along

yinah-c'irj ^^ upriver way,

from South.

(104)

xoxehstan^-dirj 84 Alongside of him (Woodpecker)

nin^-mc'^ilcil 85 he (giant) flopped down

c'idiwilwa'W^^
he entered into conversation.

(105)

'^oPde-ne^

He

said,

de'sxa-n^i "Today

'^iski(rj)-mina-k'iwilda-l
[Little]

c'ininya-te
will

Woodpecker

come."

(106)

hayah-mii
[Then]

"^iskiirjj-mina-k'iwilddi '^a'xoic'ide'ne'^ said to him, [Little Woodpecker]

miq'i(d)-da'^arjiW^^

"Smoke!"

xowa^Uyinta'ti
he (Woodpecker) gave him a long object (=pipe) to smoke

hay
the one

yinah-c'in from upriver

c'ica'l

was coming along.

who
sehicoc'^^-te' break it between
teeth,

(107)

'^ac'ondehsne'^

hay
the

kyirj'^a-g>a-n
[pipe."]

He

(giant) thought,

'I'll

my
(108)
xowa'na-'^aiq'as

crunch

it

do'-heh
not at
all

CISGOC
he could crack
it.

He threw

it

back

(to the old

man)
'^a'xoic'ide-ne'^

(109)

haya-t
[Then]

midiiwa-^^
in his turn

miq'i(d)-dahc'iwitje'n
(and) he

he (giant) said to him (to smoke);

smoked

nahxi-U>'iq'os-na-diwal Two-neck.

(110)

iah
Once

Waneonly

c'ite-t'ot'i'^^-mii

3e-]jk>il^^
[it]

he (Woodpecker)
puffing at
it,

split

it

in

two

'^iski(ri)-mina-k 'iwildai
[Little

'^a'^t'itj

xowana-c'ime-K^^
back to him he threw the (pipe).

(111)

haya'i
[Then]

Woodpecker]
xoc'irp
to

he did

it,

ia'^ay-x'''
at

yehc'iwinia'd^^
the (giant) ran into him,
at

yehxo'fj'^a-n

once

him

each other

(they) ran into

seized

him
sa'^a
for a long

Uyii^ixa-nyay 95
they fought.

(112)

na'^niisdite'^ 96

(113) mine'^ixomii
After a while

They

carried each other

around = wrestled

time.

c'ite'c'id^'^ -sile'^n

'^iski(r/)-mina'k' iwildai
[Little

(114)

hayai
[Then]

'^a'^de'tie'^

he became weak

Woodpecker.]
?a-W/'e-98 am, carry on.

he said.

ninai
"Before you, in your presence.

'^ana'^

tilte'^-r''

take notice!

strongly

420
(115)

XIV Northwest
no'^lcyitiW

California Linguistics

Wedge,

Wiq'id-'^indineh99 on me do yourself! (= help me!)

(116)

hay-dedi
This

fne'^UyHwal-me'^
seed-beating basket - (from) in it
it

c'e-'^inia'd ^^^

(117)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

(wedge) ran

out.

nayxoniteh-tt'iW ^^^ it hit him at its sharp

end
[in several places],

hay-de-di
this

micin'^
flesh of his

miUya'tedilay ^^'^ began to come off of him in chunks.

(118) haya'i
[Then]

'^a'xoic'ide-ne'^^^^

he spoke to him

no'^UyitiW-ce-'^

nina-t
["In

'^ana'^

tilte'^-x'^

'^a-Wt'e[I

wedge-rocks,

your presence]

[take notice!]

[strongly]

am

so].

(119)

dahx'"'e-di-ya-rj'^

What

is

the matter,
that
it is

that

"^a'Wilaw you did to me?"

(120)

mii-na-na'^lcyiWa'l The hook

how

is it

hay-de'di
this

xolcya'fj['^]ay-ne'^in
his (giant's)

yidite-Wai
it

^^'^

(121)

xa't'a

arms

used to be

hooked

it

all off.

But yet

'^a-na-ne'^it'e'^ ^05

(122)

ninai
["In your

'^ana'^

tilte'^-x

'^a-Wt'e[I

he always got to look as he was (his arms grew on again).

[take notice!]

[strongly]

am

so],

presence]

mii-Uyidiiwis

(123)
It

yehxoditeMwis
cut

y[ehxoditehiwis]
it

^^^

fire-drill!"

him

to pieces

by

cut him...

drilling itself into him,

(124)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

g'ci(d)

now

in a

do--wile- ^^i-xo poor way, weakly

'^a'^niwehst'e'^

he (giant) became and continued so.

(125)

xoc'ine'^-yehUyiwilfdw
"Leggings,

"^ana"^

nina'-t
[in

tilte'^-x'^

"^a'W'te'
[I

[take notice]

your

[strongly]

am

so]."

presence]

(126)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

ia'^ay-x'^
at

yehna'Uyixotehh'ow
it

^^^

ia'^ay-x'^
at

once

slipped over him here and there (both legs);

once

hay
his

mic'ine'^

Wa'neonly

niwirpe'K^'^'^

(127) hayai
[Then]

'^axoic'idene'^
[he said to him,]

bones

long objects remained,

were

lying.

nina-i
["In your presence]

"^ana"^

tilte'^-x'''

"^aWt'e[I

c'i(rj}-mii-c'icid

[take notice!]

[strongly]

am

so],

small maul."

Hupa
(128)
xo^ikoh
Thoroughly, nice and thorough

Texts: 62

42
mic'ine'^-ne'^in

ta-nayxohsce-X ^^^ it pounded him

to pieces,

hay
the

bones

left

on him

laPay-x"^ at once

tanaysceK,
it

(129) h[ayaha^i]d-ar}'^ xe^e^te-me-X^^^

[Then]

hay
the

pounded

(them) to pieces.

he threw the (remains) away

'^a-t'e-ni-Wan-te- ^^^

little

diyWo'^^i-ne'^in something that used to be.

(130)

do--g>'a'^

hayi-qa
in that

"Not

come

way

do, be so

[only]

will be.

(\3\) iah-xo-gya'^ Just, come

to find out

to find out

Icyiwinya'^nyd-n people

[just,

iah-xo-gm'^ come to find out]

in a

xo^^i good

will

na-dii-tego about

UHwinya'^nya-n
[people]."

way

(132)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

[he

c'itehsyay went off]

yinac
upriver,

xo'^^i
really

miisah-^
a
little

'^atj-gm'^

far

he found

Southeast,

(= not too far away)

xontah
a

sa'^arj

(133)

house

lying.

yehc'iwinyay He went in.

q'irP

(134)

nahx
Two
(135)

mi^e'^^e'din

children

sidawere staying
there.

camehsXo-ni woman

c'ida-

hayah-mU
[Then,]

too

[was staying there.

de'sxa-na "Today

'^iniwe'na-c'a'xe'^
it

'^arp
it

de'sxan
today

c'ixonitjin-te'

is

"^iniwenac'axe^

is

he (father)
to bring

is going him,"

xa'^ayayxoidiwene'^

ii3

(136)
"Yes?"

c'ide'ne'^

(137)

the (children) had told him.

he said.
na"^
please notice!

"I

Vsdo'^ wish

xolis^i
in a

c ixomrjirj
he'd bring him.

(138)

yo'wi
There,

hurry

dah-silalie on top
x'^'e-da'^ay
their

yo'^n-yinac
East side of house,

hay
the

'^iniwena'c'a'xe'^
"^iniwenac'axe^

xoWxe"^
his children

heads

dah-sila
lie

(139)

mini an
Ten
x'^e-da'^ay

on

top.

dahsa'^aij lie on top

hay
the

'^iniwe-na'c'a'xe'^
'^iniwenac'axe'^

xoWxe^
[his children]

(140)

[their heads."]

"^an "Yes?"

c'ide'^ine'^

he always said.

(141)

haya'-t [Then]

meyayxowinya'^n^^^
they had suspicion of
[it]

(142)

xa'^ayadiwinehi-x'^
While they (children) were
saying so,

xoc'iif
to

yehxo'ij'^an
they ran in (= they attacked him).

(143)

him

nin-ca-rf^^^ "You might be it

ant'en doing so!"

'^

422
(144)
xo-l

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

lc>ii^ixayaywiij'^a-n^^^
they fought.

(145)

xoh
In vain

'^aht'irj-q'a

With him

everything-ly

'^a'ya'^aliw ^^1

(146)

mine-jixomii
[After a while]

'^aya'^diwe'ne'^
they said,

he did to them.

nehe"We

V^n
for our part

do-xolitj
it

Vdic'id^^^
that

(\47) yo'wi

na"^

xoiijP

nayniiwai

^^'^-dirj

is

not possible

we

die.

There, notice!

where the fire always blazes up (over the fire-place)

^enah
up, above,

hayah
[there]

na"^
[notice!]

nokkmnsa'^an
our hearts,

'20

ye-wi
[there]

na"^
[look!]

^e-nah
[above]

nohkyansa'^am
our hearts

dah-neino'^

^^^

(148)

mic'i(>j)

yehc'iwiliad
he rushed

hay
[the]

are standing up on top."

After them

dahne'lno"^
[(hearts) standing there,]

de'^diwime'K he threw them

into the fire,

iah-xo
just
as

U>'e'^wime'K
if

^'^'^-sile'^n '23

one had thrown them down, flopped them down to the ground.

(149)

hayai
[Then]

hay
[the]

camehsKo-n
[woman]

'^a'^dcne'^
[said,]

We'
"I

^e'n-a'rj'^

for

my

part,

it is

donot

U>iWa-n
I

Icyiwinya'^nyd'n

"^e-n-a-tj"^

We'
[I]

do[not]

IcyiWWan
[I

eat

human

beings,

[for

my

part]

eat].

(150)

do-

Wise-lwe-ne-heh
Don't
kill

^^"^

me!

il5[)nii-na-yya'^^25.te' I'll marry you."

(152)

hayi-heh
In spite of that

q'ad

c'ixoseh-twe'n
he killed her.

(153)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

xehi
load

wa(r))-na-na-'^asya'^
he got
it

now

ready,

hay
the

xomije-'^e-din'^-ne'^in
his children
-

me-da'^ay
their heads.

(154)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

who had

been

na'^tehsdiyay he went off home,

hi^id and

q'a(d)

na'^te-dic'^iw

^'^^

(155)
He

na-'^andiya--ye-y
arrived

now

he cried as he went along

home

in truth

back home.

hay
the

mii
from
it

c'itehsya--dirj

(156) h[ayaha^id]
place.

xoyaW^ad
in-law

^'^'^

he had started to go

[Then]

his daughter(s)-

'^aic'ide-ne'^

xiKe^darp
"In the

ta'^nd-n

he said to [them],

morning

water

nohq'i(d) on you (2)

na-PiW^'^^-teit

will drop,

haye-heh
in spite

do-

te-soh'^e'^ni-heh-ne'^ ^^^

(157)

minian-din
Ten times

naPiW-teit

of

it

you

(2)

must not look!

will drop.

f
Hupa
(158)
haya-i
[Then]

Texts: 62
'^inasohdii 130.^^? you (2) must get up,

423
nahmeyou
(2)

iaPay-x"^ at once

'^i-ne'?

must bathe.

(159)

hayah-de'^-j
After that (not before)

xotiwah

'32

ya-te'soh'^irP-ne'^

(160)

amongst
the (boys)

you may look."

de-do Now is
it

so

q'ad
at last

niWorj-xo
well

na'yaPdelc'e'^
they lived, stayed

hayah-mii
from
there,

henceforth.

(161)

hayah
There
it

no-nt'iU>'
stretched to an end.

(162)

sa+n
sa+n!
In

We'ne^
back of me, on my back

ce'-Ucow'^
stone-blue

nehwan-teit

will look like.

Three Tales of Little Woodpecker

I.

(1) Little

Woodpecker
a while

C^iskin-mina'kyiwilda*!) [a]
his
all

sons.
(3)

(2) After

son got a wife

the time.

was living with his ten two of them got wives.

hunt with us!" (5)
(me'^-k>'Uwal)
said,

They were

off hunting

(4) After a while, they said to their father,

"Come
basket

He

was was constantly singing.

(7)

(6)

He was always going around

(8) [Then]

with a song.

He would always pack a summer deer hide (dilcow). go) hunting!' (9) And then he
"The (herd)
sang like
is

seed-beating
[b]

made of
(let's

he

"All
did.

right,

set off, Little

Woodpecker
a deer.

(10) While they were going along, they

saw

(11)

He

told his son,

grazing over there," and kept on singing his song.

'^eno'we-na-

(12)

He

this:

"^eno^wiy
I

'^eno-wcna

"^eno'wiy. [c]

(13) "That one isn't what

consider a deer," (he said), [d]

(14)

He

(and

the

others)

went
is

up

to

where

several

lakes

lay.

[e]

(15) There he squatted down.

the distance (a herd of deer)

(16) [Then] he said to them, "Look!

grazing!

(17) Let

me

There in sneak up on them!"

(18) [Then] he went off that way.

thought

They paid no more attention to him. (20) [Then] after a while they about him going off there. (21) They looked, and off in the distance they saw that the deer who had been (grazing in a herd) were now running around him in a circle. (22) "Hey!" they said, "they're going to kill him!" (23) They paid no more attention to him.
(19) (24) [Then] they saw that the one they had been paying

no attention to
the oldest (of
for

had come back.

his sons),
[f]

(25) (Little

Woodpecker) thought highly of

to him:

(26)

He spoke

"You should go back and look

my

424

XIV Northwest
said.

California Linguistics

arrow (na*ce*s)!" he

(27) (His son) went off and looked for

it

at

the
to

place where (the deer) had been playing with (his father).

(28)

He came

where (the deer) had stampeded downhill, [g] how (many) deer there were! A hundred herds!
(31)

(29)
[h]

He

looked.

(30) Oh,

He could

see that an albino deer (kyilixan-Hcay) lay fallen that

in the lead. (32)

had
pile.

been running off

The arrowhead (dinday) was

the
(all

sticking into a

him

there.

(33) [Then]
the

he
in

threw
the

the

dead

deer) in

(34) [Then]

(others

group) joined

him

there.

(35) [Then]

butchering began.
(36) [Then] they said to (Little Woodpecker), "Perhaps you should not have killed so many!" (37) [Then] they fixed up packs. (38) And then they all set off for home, they did. (39) [Then]
basket.
(Little
all

Woodpecker) picked up

the deerhide

seed-beating

(40) After

the others had loaded up their packs, he threw

some of

the left-over (pieces of deer-meat) into the deerhide seed-beating basket

he
He

flung them

all in.
all

(41) He ran off back, and ran dumped (the deer-meat he was
(xontah-mik>ine'^-diij).
first,
[i]

the

way back

to

the

house.

(42)

carrying) at

the back

(43)

The
(45)

(others in the party),

end of the house who had set off

got

has already

home afterwards. come running

(44) "Hey!" they said, "it looks like the old

man

back.

He can

be heard singing again inside

the sweathouse (ta-k^iW)."

(46) After that, they stayed living there (as a family).

n.
(47) After a while the

women

[j]

ran out of firewood.

get

(48)

"Friends! Let's have Little

said to him, "Collect

Woodpecker

some firewood!"

(49)

They said, So they

some firewood!"
(51) After a while his singing stopped.
attention to this. (53)

(50)

He

sang, paying no attention.

(52)

The women paid no

They

sat

down

outside (the

house).
(54) [Then] one of the

women

looked back.

(55) She

saw him,

at the

top

of a dead tree (kyiRyine*^) standing in the distance, shaking his face from side
to side there,

and V/iowena*

"^e-no-wiy"^

enowenathe
tree
[1]

'^e'no'wiy

he could be

heard singing, [k]

(56) [Then], (57) That's
the
all

at

once

he

broke

and
(59)

it

snapped
(each
is

off.

way he gathered firewood.

"Oh!

(58) [Then]
It
I

of) the

women

said (to the other),

He's been killed!

because you

said 'Let's get

him
(61)

trouble!" [m]

to do this' They were

that he's

been

killed!

(60)

think we're in

afraid of their husbands.

(62)

"Come
over

on!
the

Let's at least look for him!" (63)

(pile

turning

of) firewood,

[n]

(64)

They looked for him, They didn't find him

Hupa
anywhere, and they began
their crying.
to cry.

Texts: 62

425
grew ever so
large with

(65) Their eyes

They returned to the house. (67) As they were going back, they heard him singing again in the sweathouse.
(66)
[o] and went and sat down inside the house were off somewhere. (69) [Then] (one of them) said, "O Friend, friend! I wish we could somehow do something to him for making us embarrassed. (70) I think we have been deeply embarrassed.

(68)

They were embarrassed,

(the others)

(71) (72)

How
They

would

it

be

if

And

then we'll stick

stuck

on our buttocks with black paint? our buttocks inside (the sweathouse) at him?" [p]
circles

we made

(73)

their

buttocks

in.

(74) That
at the

old

man

looked.

(75) [Then]

he looked again. (76) "What's that

(77)

round door (min'^there, [q]

sowot)!" and looked again.

(78)

He saw

the

same thing

around inside the sweathouse, so frightened (79) Finally he ran into the fire and got burned up.
ran
(80)

He

did

he get.

(One of

the)

women

said again, "Friend,

said that he got burned up." [r]

(81)

They
really

laid

it was because of what you him down in a comfortable

position.

(82)

When

night

fell,

they

got

scared.

(83) That's

when

the

(men) who had been off somewhere returned home. (84) [Then] (one of them) said, "Where is the old man?" (85) (The women) didn't speak. (86) He said it to them several times, to no avail.
(87) [Then] finally they told the story.

(88)

They

said,

"We

told
it,

him

(to

do) that

(i.e.,

to get firewood),

and for

that reason

we

cried about

how we
(89)

got embarrassed, and for that reason

is

we
fix

did something to

which is him (to

even the score), which

how

he got frightened of us and ran into the fire."

He

said to them,

"You two must quickly

him up again."
sweathouse.
(91)

(90)
fixed

They ran out of (the house) and him up again, and he recovered.
They stayed
living there.
III.

into

the

They

(92)

Woodpecker) always told them, "Don't go to that ridge over one of (his sons) thought, "I wonder why it is that he tells me 'Don't go there'?" (95) He went off, and didn't return. (96) The next day (another) went off to look for him, and he didn't return either. (97) After a while five of them had (gone and) not returned; they did this
(93) (Little
there." (94) [Then],
until (all) ten (sons)

had (gone and) not returned.

(98) [Then] the old

man went

off to look for his sons.

(99)

He threw

wedge (no'^k>itiW) into his seed-basket (me'^-kyitwal); he threw in a maul for wedging (no'^kyitiWi-ce*'^) and a fire drill (init-k>idUwis); he threw in a hook

426

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

(mi!-na'na''k>iWa*l), and his leggings (xocine'^-yehkyiwilt'ow).

(100) [Then]
"^ane-ya

he went
'^an. [s]

off,

crying in this

way

as he

went along:

'^ena'^ena-

"^aneya-

(101) He got to where the ridge was (and) where a lake lay. (102) He sat down and stayed there for a time; there were signs that someone had been

moving

(his

body) around.

(103) [Then], not long afterwards, someone came along from upstream. (104) He squatted down alongside of (Little Woodpecker) and started
talking.

Woodpecker will be coming today!" (106) [Then] Little Woodpecker said to him, "Smoke (this)!" and handed (a pipe) to the one from upstream. (107) The (giant) thought, "I'll crack the pipe in my
(105)
said, "Little

He

teeth!" (108)
to)

But he threw

it

back

to (Little

Woodpecker), not (being able

crack

it

at all.

(109) [Then], in turn,

Two-Neck (nahxi-kyiqos-na*diwal)

[t]

told (Little

Woodpecker) to smoke, and he did. (110) Sucking at it only once, Little Woodpecker made it split in two and threw the pieces back at him. (Ill) (Two-Neck) immediately ran at him, they lunged at each other, and they began fighting. (112) They wrestled one another for a long time.
(113) After a while. Little

Woodpecker grew

tired.

(114) [Then] he said,

"Don't you notice that

am

strong in your presence? (115)

Wedge, do your

thing for me!" [u] (116) That (wedge) leaped out from inside the seedbasket. (117) It struck (the giant) in several places and pieces of that
(giant) 's flesh

came

off.
I

(118) [Then] he spoke to the wedging maul, "Don't you notice that
strong in your presence?
[v]

am

(119)

How

is it

that

you've treated

me

this

way?"

(120) The hook pulled off both of that (giant)'s arms.

its

(121) But (the

giant) kept returning to

former shape.
that
I

(122) "Don't you notice

(123) The
(the giant)
fire-drill drilled

am

strong in your presence, o fire-drill?"

and

drilled into

him

all

over.

(124) After

this

became weak.
I

(125) "Leggings, don't you notice that

(126) [Then],
(legs),
all

am

strong in your presence?"

its

at

once, (the leggings) slipped over (the giant) on both

its

and soon only

bones lay

there.

(127) [Then] Little Woodpecker said, "Don't you

in

know

that

am

strong

your presence, o bone-maul (cin-mit-c'icid)?" [w]

(128)
It

pounded
bones up

him up
fine.

into

thoroughly

fine

pieces,

and

quickly

pounded

his

(129) After that, (Little Woodpecker) threw

bits

away

in all directions the little

of him that remained.

(130) "Something that does such things simply

should not exist.

(131) Just people

just

people

who

live properly."

Hupa

Texts: 62

All

(132) [Then] he went off upriver, and after not too long a

way he came

upon a house. (133) He went inside. (134) A pair of babies was there, and also a woman. (135) "Today's the day he's going to bring home
'^iniwena-c'axe'^V'' they told him. [x]

(136) "Oh?" (Little Woodpecker) said.

(137) "I wish he'd hurry up and bring him!
na-c'a-xe'^'s children are lying there.

(138)

Look

there at what's

lying up in the back of the house (yo'^n-yinaG) [y]

the heads of '^iniwe--

(139) Ten of

'^iniwe-na-c'a-xe'^

children's

heads are lying there."

(140) "Oh?" (Little Woodpecker) kept on saying.

(141) [Then] they grew suspicious.

things, they lunged at him.

(142)

As

they kept on saying these

[z]

(143) "It seems like you did something!"

(144) They fought with him.

but with no result.
die.

(145)

He

kept doing everything to them,

"It is

(146) After a while they said,

there,

impossible for us to

(147)

Look over

hearts there, look up there at

above where the fire is blazing! where our hearts are standing up
to

Look
(in a

at

our

row)!"

(148) (Little Woodpecker) rushed

there,

(the
it

hearts) that

and threw them into the

fire,

(and)

was

like

were standing up someone had thrown

(the babies) to the ground, [aa]

(149) [Then]
(150) Don't
kill

the

woman
(151)

said,

"I

don't

eat

people,

really

don't.

me!

I'll

marry you!"
(153) [Then] he fixed

(152) Nevertheless, he went ahead and killed her.

up a pack with the heads of

crying as he went along back.

his

dead children.

(154)

He

started for

home,

(155) [Then]

he

arrived

back

at

the

place

he

had

started

from.

(156) [Then] he said to his (two) daughters-in-law, "In the morning,

some

water will drip on you.

You must

not look.

(157)

It

will drip ten times.

(158) [Then] you must immediately get up and bathe. (159) Only then

may

you look
(160)
[cc]

at

them." [bb]
at last,

Now,

they stayed living there in good fortune, from then on.

(161)

The

end.

(162) san\

My

back

will

be like blue-stone! [dd]

428
[a]

XIV Northwest
Sapir's gloss "Harris

California Linguistics

Woodpecker"

is

presumably a misunderstanding of the

This species, and the

common name
closely related
in the region.

of the Hairy Woodpecker {Dendrocopos villosus).

Downy Woodpecker
"They often

(D. pubescens), are

among

the smallest woodj)eckers

cling to branches and

work around them, often upside down,

seeking insects"
[b]

(Yocom

&

Dasmann

1965: 90).

Seed-beating baskets are usually

made of

wicker, not out of hide.

Hide baskets

are mentioned only in stories and myths.

lives in the forest

man-eating monster (Xoh-k>a''-t'e*n),

who

around old camp grounds, always carries one of these leather seed-

baskets.
[c]

The words
That
is,

to Little

Woodpecker's song, which

Emma Frank

sang

at this point.

[d]
[e]

dismissing the single deer as not worth pursuing.

is

The

translation of this sentence

not certain.

Sapir's gloss

is

"up

to several

flats,

benches" (see linguistic note 62.1

Literally, 'his oldest son's

1).

[f]

the

body (i.e., his personal characteristics, see General Glossary) attacked his mind (i.e., impressed him)'.

xonist'e'' in

[g]

They had stampeded over

the ridge

and

fallen to their deaths.

[h]
[i]

He was

surprised at

how many

deer had been killed.

Traditionally, a butchered deer couldn't be taken into a house through the entrance
rest

It was dumped at the back of the house, where the wall-boards They would take out a few boards and haul the carcass in that way.

door.

on the ground.

[j]

The wives of the two married

Here

sons.
[c].
at.

[k]
[I]

Emma again
in

sang Little Woodpecker's song. See note

He succeeded

topping the dead tree that he had been pecking

[m] Literally
to fear them."
[n]

"I feel that

we

(should) get afraid of them" or "I feel that

we have

cause

That

is,

the fallen pieces of the dead tree,

which had turned into a

pile

of

firewood.
[o] They were ashamed of having been him dead.

tricked

by

Little

Woodpecker

into thinking

They wanted to frighten him and get a laugh out of him, making them ashamed, but they had no intention of killing him.
[p]
[q]

to get

even for him

One woman
That
is,

stuck her buttocks in through the smokehole while the other did

it

through the small circular door (min''-sowo}) near the floor of the sweathouse.
[r]

"You're

to

blame.

If

you hadn't spoken of

it,

he wouldn't have burned

himself."
[s]
[t]

Sapir indicates that these song words are repeated.

The

first

mention of the name of the

giant,

literally,

'two necks swinging

around'.
[u]

He has two heads.

is

He
That

talking to the magical objects he brought in

his

leather seed-basket,

querulously asking
[v]
is,

why

they are not coming to his aid.

He

calls to his

wedge

first.

"Why

don't you help

me?" The maul presumably responds

to this call,

but

Emma

Frank does not say how.

Hupa
[w]
before.
[x]

Texts: 62

429
this

small maul for pounding bones.

Emma

Frank had forgotten to mention

These
in the

are

Two-Neck's wife and babies,

It

'^iniwe-na-c'a-xe'^ is

Little

Woodpecker's

name
[y]

language of the giants.

cannot be interpreted.

On

the storage platform at the rear wall of the house.

[z] I.e., "It

might be you

that

played a trick on our father!"

[aa]

The

giant's children immediately fell

is,

down

dead.
to life

[bb] That

look

at Little

Woodpecker's ten sons, restored

by

their father's

magic.
[cc] I.e.,

"They

lived there happily ever after."

[dd]

An

old formula for ending stories.

See

text 61, note

[jj.

430
63.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Salmon-Trout

is

Doctored by Bluejay and Hummingbird

Notebook X,
pp. 46-49.

Narrated by Jake Hostler.

(1)'

io'^yahWcay
Salmon-trout

c'ideh-tc'e'^

xoxatj'^-hii
with her husband

tehxa-c'e"^
crawfish.

was staying

(2)

h[aya]-l
[Then]

hay xo'^osday
the

c'idiwinc'a'd'^
got sick.

(3)

h[aya]i
[Then]

man

liHst'ay'^&'in

c'ixoniite-n^
they brought him,

Bluejay

x'^e^diwiifa'^ ^ he doctored him.

(4)

h[aya-\i
[Then]

ce'^ehjidin^
for a
little

niWorj-xo
well

'^a'na'^ne'^it'e'^^

(5)

h[aya-^l
[Then]

xo'^^i-x''

while

he would

feel.

worse

na'^de'^ic'a'd'^

(6)

de-di-de-

na'^x'^e^icod^
he would poke him, "devil" him.

(7)

haya-i
[Then]

he would get sick.

Come

to

find out

k'oso-s

midHwa-^
in his turn

c'ixoniite-n
they brought him.

(8) haya-i
[Then]

hayi
[that

x'^'e'^diwirj'^a'^

Humming

bird

[he doctored him].

one]

(9)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

We[I -

'^e-'^rj

hay-y&w
that (pain)

do--xolirj

yaW^aW^^
I

[he said,]

for

my

part]

not

can take

it

out.

Wida"^

dois

meMk>'oh n

(10)

sintil-de'^

ya'^wirj'^an-te-

hayi
that

my mouth

not big enough for.

Sucker,

it

may

be

he will take

it

out,

one

'^arj'^
it

is

xoda'^-nikya-w whose mouth is big.

(11)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

hayi
that

cininyay
came

sintil

one

sucker.

(12)

xal-c'iwidye'^n

^'^

'^a'^de-ne'^

apso-sin
"apSo'sin

apsoSin
apso-sin

ha'^e+y'^eh
ha'e+y'^eh."

He

started doctor-

he said,

dancing with him.

(13)

haya-i
[Then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

Unq'aylosc'e'^
"Eel-liver

hayi
that

warj
for

ya-y'^an-teI'll

he said,

take out

hay
the

sinsirj
'pain'."

(14)

haya-i
[Then]

'^a-xoicide-ne'^
they said to him,

q'ad
"Already
it

sila-^^
lies there.'

Hupa
(15)

Texts:

63
ya-na?wirj'^an
he took
it

431

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

q'ad

xodaP
his

no'^niij'^a-n

hay
the

now

mouth

he put

it

down,

out

sinsirj
[pain],

xolaP-me'^ in his hand

no-na^nirj'^a'n

hijid
[and]

'^a^de'ne'^
[he said],

yo'w
"That one

he put it down (after it was taken out of mouth),

ya^wirj'^a-

^'^

hay
that

na^xocod-xolan
has been bewitching him, evidently."

(16)

xocida'^

na-nawiloy'^
he had his
hair tied

^^

who

is

sitting

one

On
his

top of

there

head

kyist'ay'^c'ir)

432
(15)
it

XIV Northwest
So he went ahead and put

California Linguistics

his

mouth down, took out the

pain, placed

in his

hand, and said, "That one

who

is

sitting

over there seems to be

deviling him." [d]

(16) Bluejay pushed the hair tied on top of his head straight up with his

"Speak properly about me!" up through the smokehole.

spit

and

said,

[e]

(17)

And immediately he

ran

why, nowadays, a person will always say, "Speak properly about me!" even when he has done (what he's accused of).
(18) That
is

(19) (Bluejay) always doctors people for a load of rotten acorns (tolg>id). (20)

When

he eats
is

it

up, he devils the person again.

(21) This

the end.

[a]

That

is,

practicing black magic, or "Indian deviling."

As

transpires below,

Bluejay was bewitching Crawfish so as to get more of the "rotten acorn cheese"(totg>id)
that

was

his doctoring fee.

is

[b]
[c]

These are not Hupa words, and the phonology

distinctly

un-Athabaskan.

A special term

used only for the liver of an

eel.

[d] Indicating Bluejay.

[e] In

other words, "Say only the truth about me!"

Hupa
64.
Narrated by
(1)

Texts: 64

433

Story of the South

Wind
VII, pp. 53-57.
ieWe'fiiye-c"2one always ties it together.
yayx'^e'^it'as ^
it

Sam Brown. Notebook

Xoh-teM
wild grass

xay-hid
In winter

te'Vc'e'^^-hid

when

it

blows

(2)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

na'^Icyine'^iit'ilcy ^

tehsc'e- ^-ne'^ini

one stretches

it

across

wind

(that

was)

always cuts him.

(wind's path),

(3)

c'ixol&'e--dar]'^
In

na^teMdic''e'n^
he grew up

tehsc'e[wind],

myth days
no-r)'^a--dif]

digyarf-yide"^

ninis'^a-ni
-

(4)

xona'^

dehslin

here-downstream

world where it reaches to (= as far north as one can go).

His eyes were flowing out (= He was cock-eyed).

(5)

yimdm

'^e'^iliw^-mii

na^te'^ida-W
he goes back (south)

mine-cij^
(blowing) easy

digya(rj)-yinaG
here
-

Whenever spring came

ninis'^a-n
no-rj'^a'-c'irj'^

upriver

(6)

hayah-mii
[Then]

digya(rj)-yinaG
[here
-

ninis'^a-n
[world]

world

to

where

it

reaches.

upriver]

no-rj'^a'-dir)

na7ne'^idd-W
to]

[where

it

reaches

he [gets] back there,

ia7 xonsil one (all) summer

na?daP

lo

hayah
there.

he stays

(7)

xay
Winter

te'^ina-Wi-mH when it comes,

(8)

na'^teVda-W
he goes off back,

digyaiij) yide"^ [here-downstream]

ninis'^a-n
[world]

no-rfa--c'irp
[to

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

hay

na^te'^idaWi-q'eh

diyWo"^
something:
xoye'^c'^^

where

it

reaches.]

along the

way he

travels

back

niskyin-ne'^in
fir tree

Uyinehst'an
tan-oak,

'^aht'in
all

c'e'^iwa^n^^
he breaks to pieces;

hay

his breathing

'^a-'^aniw

(9)

hayah-mR
[Then]

digya(ij)
[here
-

yide"^

ninis'^an
[world]

always does

that.

downstream]

no-ifa--dirj [where it reaches]

na'^ne'^idd-Wi-mH [when he returns,]

'^a'^de-ne'^

Wic'in?

nahiyohi
you
(pi.)

13

"^isyah i^

he says,

"Tome
na-ya'^aiy&l
they blow.

blow;

I'm cold."

(10)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

xoc'irP
to

(II)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

'^a'^de'^ine'^

him

he says,

xonsili-qid
"Heat
-

on

Wafor me
'6

'^ai&'e-

^'^

(12)

make

it."

xojiwe'^-ne'^in His ears

iah-xo
just

wa(ri}-na-nayarfeK

xona'^-ne'Un
his eyes

they were hanging on to him,

na'dite'Ryii ^^-xolan were seen to break off (skin broken, so matter ran out.)

434
(13)

XfV Northwest
hayai
[Then]

California Linguistics

hay

xoiirj

'^aya'^de'^ine'^
said.

dax'^e-di-q'

Waij
[only]

his brothers

"Anything, any damage

"^andiyah
did you do?"

(14)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^a'^de'^ine'^

hay

[he said,]

na'tesdiyay-q'eh ^^ "Along the way I came back

"^ahfiij-xo "^ant'eeverything there was

kye'yica's ^^ I threw down

wrestling.

(15)

xontah-ne'^in House even

mii-ya-kyite'c'e^'^^
it

was thrown over in blowing

Wilc>'a--c'irj'^

(16)

haya'i
[Then]

nandil'^^

hay

xoiirj

from me, because of me.

Snow

his brother

c'ite^ina-W goes out (to see what

damage

he's done).

(17)

kye[h]
"Let

RyiniW me hear

'^a-diWc'^e'^ ^^
the news,"

c'ide'^ine'^

(18)

haya-i
[Then]

he says.

c'ite'^ind-W

he goes along

nandil Snow

c'ima'^-xosirj-x'^'^^

(19)

'^aht'iij-xo

"^ant'e'

very quietly.

Everything

c'e'^Hgya's

Jcyicoc'
a cracking sound

Wan
nothing but

te'^inaW
[it]

hay
along the

he breaks

off,

goes along

c'icaii-q'eh way he goes.

(20)

haya'i
[Then]

na'^ne'^idd'W
he comes back,

tehsc'e-

'^a'^de^ine'^

dax'^e'di-Watj

Wind

says,

"How
(22)

is it?"

(21)

haya'i
[Then]

nandil
[Snow]

'^a'^de'^ine'^

c'ima'^-xosirj
"It's quiet."

dcdi-de'
In fact

[says],

kyi(rj)-ne'^in
trees

"^aht'in
all

c'e'^iigyas

(23)

haya-i
[Then]

nirjxostiij'^^
Ice

he breaks.

'^a'^de'^ine'^

kyeh
["Let]

We[me]

UyiniW

'^a-diWc^e'^

(24)

haya-l
[Then]

says,

[make myself informed!"]

nirjxostin
[Ice]

c'ite'^ind-W

(25)

ia'^ay-x'^

hay
[the]

ta'^na-n-ne'^in
[water
-

[would leave].

[Suddenly]

used to be]

"^ahfirj
[all]

na-'^aXid
it

ky[iwinya'^nyd-n]-ne'^in
[people
-

de'^minedeVyo'd 25
he cha.ses the (people)
into the fire.

gets hard,

used to be]

(26)

hayah-mii
[Then]

na'^ne'^idd-W
he comes back,

'^a-ya-xoic'ide-ne'^ they say to him,

x'^edi-Warj '^andiyah "Did you do anything?"

Hupa
(27)

Texts:

64

435
}iy[iwinya?nyd-n\-ne'^tn
[people
-

daw
["No, nothing"]

c'ide'^ine'^

(28)

de-di-de[In fact,]

[he'd say.]

used to be]

UyidW'^(> c'enic^e'^ he makes them freeze.

(29)

hay ah
[There]

no-nt'ilcy2i
[it

(30)

sa-n^^
[san!]

We-ne'^

stretches to].

[my back]

ce'iicow-nehwan-te[it

will be like blue-stone].

A Story of the South Wind

( 1 )

In the winter,
(2)

when
it

it

blows, one makes a string of bear grass (Xohit

tehl).

One

stretches

across the Wind's path, and

cuts

him

up. [a]

(3) In myth times (clxolc^e'-dag*^) a Wind came into existence at the downstream edge of the world (yide''-ninis'^a'n-no*gV-dir)). [b] (4) His eyes were running out of his head, [c] (5) When spring came he would move gently back toward the upstream edge of the world (yinaci-ninis'^a'nno*g'^a*-dir)). [d] (6) When he reached the upstream edge of the world he would stay there all summer.
(7)

When

winter came, he would

(8) [Then] as
(niskyirj)

start

back toward the downstream edge

of the world.
pieces

he went along back he would break things to

say,

firs

and tan oaks (kyinehst'a-n) I'm cold!"

it

doing

so

with

his

breath, [e]

(9)

When
(10)
a

he got back to the downstream edge of the world, he

(10)

would
say,

"Blow
[f]

the fire toward me.

toward him.
hanging;

They would blow

on him.
[g]

They would blow it (11) [Then] he would

ears

"Make me

'heat bed'

(xonsil-q'id)."

(12) His

were

just

both his eyes looked like they were bursting.

brothers

would ask him, "Have you done any (damage)?" (14) He would say, "Along my way back, I threw everything down. (15) Even the houses were blown all over the place because of me."
(13) His

Snow, would go off. (17) "Let me find out what's happened," he'd say. (18) He would go along very quietly. (19) (But) he would break everything; there was nothing but the sound of
(16) [Then]
his brother.
(tree branches)

snapping along his way.

(20) [Then] (21) [Then]

all

(Snow) would come back, and Wind would

say, "It's quiet." (22)

ask,

"How

is

it?"

Snow would
Ice
[h]

But

in fact

he'd have broken

the trees.

(23) [Then]

would

say,

"Let

me

find

out

what's

(24) [Then] Ice would go off.

(25) Suddenly the water

happened." would harden; he

would drive people

into the fire.

436

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

(26) [Then] he would come back, and they would ask him, "Have you done anything?" (27) "Nothing," he'd say. (28) But in fact he'd have made
the people freeze.

(29)

The end.

(30) san\

My
is

back will be

like blue-stone!

[i]

[a]

The wind
Where
the

referred to with the 3rd person object pronoun, like a living being.
(i.e.,

[b]
[c]

"downstream"

northern) ocean borders the world.

Sapir says this

means he was cock-eyed.

(i.e.,

[d]

Toward

the "upstream"

southern) ocean.

In

the

spring the winds

in

northwest California are prevailingly from the north and west.

[e]
[f]

The most

destructive winter storms

at a fire to

come from
it

the south.

When

people blow
it

make

blaze, they are symbolically

blowing

at the

wind, to heat
[g]

up.
in the

A pit dug

ground and heated with rocks (see

text 26, note [ff]),

and used

as

a steam-bath for treating bruises.

The South Wind needed a "heat bed"

to cure the

bruises and lacerations he had received in fighting with the trees.

[h] Ice or frost, the
[i]

youngest of South Wind's brothers.

stories.

traditional

formula for ending

See

text 61, note

[j].

Hupa
65.
Narrated by
( 1 )

Texts:

65

437

The Lake Whale

XI,
p.

Sam Brown. Notebook

c'in
1

16.
2

tahyidiikyidi-me'^
In tahyidiikyid

xoi
with him (whale)

nonaxolcay
it

they say

got dried up to that place

5

tehla-n Whale.

(2)

hay-arj'^ That is why

W-q'i-c'ifj'^ 4
for the ocean

do--naPalde'^ni-mH
whenever he gets lonesome (again)

xoky'e'^-mU
with his
tail

ta^nan
the water

na^ne'^iiwal-mii
he always
hits at
it -

Uye'^idol 7
there
is

a hollow,

(3) h[aya-]i lc>'[iwinya'^nyd-n] [people] [Then]

when
x'^e'dd^ay yehya-'^and'W ^ (when) they hear it

booming sound.
'^aya'^de'^ine'^

they always say,

tehla'n-c'eh "The whale is heard.

for the

W-q'i-c'irP ocean

do'-na^wUdirj'^
he's got lonesome.

The Lake Whale

(l)They say
ocean,
(3)

[a]

that (tlie flood waters)

receded and

left

a whale (tehla*n) in

(the lake called) tahyidiikyid. [b]

(2)

Whenever she
tail

gets
is

lonesome for the

loud
sound,
[c]

she hits the water with her

and there

When

people hear

this

they

say,

"There's the whale!

She's

gotten

lonesome for the ocean."

Yurok
See Spott and Kroeber

[a]

This

is

a synopsis of a well-known

story.

(1942:224-27) and T. Kroeber (1958).

[b]

lake at the head of Horse Linto Creek (xahslindin-nilin), situated in a deep

all

basin or hollow and surrounded by rocks on

sides (see text 74).

In the

Yurok

version of the story narrated by Robert Spott (Spott and Kroeber 1942:224-27) the

whale
[c]

is

stranded in Fish Lake on the mountain above Weitchpec and Bluff Creek.

Sapir glosses the ideophonic verb theme here {kyidol) as 'a hollow,
it

booming

sound'. Elsewhere

seems

to refer to a loud, crashing noise.

(Morphological Outline

32.)

438

XIV Northwest
66.
Narrated by

California Linguistics

The Rival Wives

Marshall.

Mary
(2)

Notebook IX,

pp. 27-39.

( 1 )

nahxi xo^ad He had two wives.

'

haya-i
[Then]

hay
the

ia"^

xo'^ad
his

Wane'
only
^

one (oO

wives

his

yiiwe' 2 xo^e'^ mind - it was fighting

(= he cared for her)

hayi
it,

'^e-'^irj)
it

mi^e-'^e'din
child

donot
-

c'ixoilen
lots,

that

one

was

she had

any.

(3)

haya-i
[Then]

hay
the

ia"^

one

(of)

his

xo'^ad wives

'^e-'^n
it

nahxi
two

xomi^e-'^e'din'^
her children.

was

(4)

hayi
That one

'^atp
it

Rye'^icid

(5)

sa'fxa-W

xoc'i(ijP
to

was
children)

she always

Mush

him

(who had

pounded

(acorns).

yehc'e'^ixdW
she always brought
it

hayi
that

t'ehxi^i
girl

'^a-'^aneh^

(6)

hay
Her

mita"^
father

mic'i(riP
to

always did

so.

in,

yehye'^ixaW
she always brought
'^ina'^se'^inia'd 5
it

(7)
in.

haya'i
[Then]

hay-yo-w
that

iiwan
one

camehsKo'n woman

(8)

'^a'^de'^ine'^

kye[h]^
"Let

Wo^
me

VWc-/^8
go and get
it!"

she always jumped up.

[She would say] (to him).

(9)

haya'i
[Then]

sa'^xa'W [mush]

xoij
she herself

saWye'^ixaW^
always eats the mush

hay
[the]

camehsKo-n
[woman.]

(10)

haya-i
[Then]

'^a'^de'^ine'^

do-c'eh iixarj
"Not
it

lo

(11)

haya-i
[Then]

[she

would

say].

tastes

good."

do-

wa'^xa-W^^
him mush

hay-yo-w
[that]

xoxarp
her husband.

(12)

haya-i
[Then]

she never gives

early in the

xaXe'^-dan'^-din morning

d'ite'^ina-W

kyiwan-naydahunting.

^^

(13) haya-i
[Then]
[as
it

'^e'^ilwil-mii

Uyiiixan
[deer]

he goes off

was getting dark]

Uyine'^iwiVi/ ^^

(14)

haya-i
[Then]

^fl/;?
[it

'^a'^deVne'^
[she

hay
the

ia"^

he brings

it

home

was]

would

say,]

one of

on

his back.

xo'^ad
his wives,

sa'^xa-W "Acorn mush

rw? xocirj
to

yo'^ohxahW-ne'^
ye must bring
it

14

(15)

haya-i
[Then]

him

in!"

yehya'^axa-W
they always bring
it

in.

Hupa
(16)
haya'i
[Then]

Texts:

66
'^ina'^se'^iniad
[she always

439

hay-yo-w
[that]

Uwan
[one]

camehsKon
[woman]

jumped

up,]

'^a'^deVne'^

kye[h]
["Let]

Wo[me]

'^o-Wc^id
[go and get
it!"]

(17)

haya-i
[Then]

sa'^axa-W^^
she always eats
the

[she

would

say,]

mush

xotj
[she herself]

hay
[the]

camehsKon
[woman.]

{lS)h[aya-]i
[Then]

'^a'^de^ne'^
[she

would

say.

iixarj ["Not - it is good, sweet].

do-

WeI

sa-Rye-xan-teI'll

(19)

h{aya-]i
[Then]

c'e-na'^andil
the (2 girls) always

myself

eat

it."

go out again

hay

xanc'^in-diij 16

(20)

haya-i
[Then]

'^a-ya-xoic'ide'^ine'^

to their mother.

she always asks them,

dandi "Who

c'o-nc'^id

(21) h[aya-]i
[Then]

'^a'^de'^ine'^

hay
the

camehsKon lah-xo
(good) woman,
"Just

reached for the (soup)?"

[she

would

say,]

wint'ealways it is

hayi-q'a
in that

"^a-ya^xoVe-n

17

(22)

h\aya-\l
[Then]

'^a^de^ine'^ [she

hay
[the]

way

they treat him."

would

say,]

camehsKon
[woman,]

440
(28)
[Then]

XIV Northwest
q'ad
[now]

California Linguistics
h[aya-l]
[Then]

'^arj-gya'^

she saw

ta'^kyimil she was stirring

the mush.

(29)

xo'^^i

very

sd^along (time)

in the

tewi-na'^lcyisGod'^^ water (=mush) - she poiced around with her paddle.

(30) haya-^id-an'^
[Then]

cethe rock

ya'^wirfd-n
she picked them up.

(31)

h[aya-l]
[Then]

xocic
her elbow

na'^nehice'K 26
she hit it (once) with a rock.

Icye'we"^

marrow

c'e'wehsle'^n 27 flowed out

do--ia-n3^^
a
little

(32)

h[aya'i]
[Then]

(for flavoring).

"^a'd'ondehsne"^ [she thought]

hay-yo'w
[that

c'itehs'^e'^n

Rya'^arj-q'eh

(33)

'^ac'ondehsne'^
[She thought],

one]

who was

looking

through the hole.

xa'^aWdiyah-te"I'll

(34)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

hay

xoxontaw'^-c'iij'^
to her

yehna'^widyay
she returned into
it.

do

that

way."

house

(35)

h[aya-i]
[Then]
29

ce[a rock]

dah-c'iwirj'^a-n
[she put

(36)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

on the

fire].

q'a(d)

winsel
it

h[ayai]
then

ta'^Ryime-K
she stirred the acorn mush.

(37)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

ce'
[a rock]

when

got hot.

ya'^wirj'^a-n
[she picked up].

(38)

h[ayai]
[Then]

xocic
[her elbow]

na'^nehiceX
[she struck
it].

(39)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

tehna-wehsle'^n^^
there flowed
into the

ceiirj

Wan
only

tehna'wehsle'^n
into the

down

blood

mush.

flowed down mush,

^'^

ya'^wirjxic'

la'^ay-x'^
at

(40)
She

c'iwehswa'K'^^
lay there (after falling),

c'idiwinc'a'd
she got sick.

she

fell

over

once.

(41)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

na-'^andiyay
[he returned]

hay
[the]

xo'^osday
[man,]

[she

c'idiwinc'ah-xolarj was sick - evidently]

'^arj-gya'^

(42)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

de-q'arjhid
after a while

yehc'iwinde'K
they went in

[he saw.]

with acorn

sa'^xaWi-mii mush

hay
[the]

t'ehxic'e-^^
girls (pi.).

(43)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

hay-yo'w
[that]

xo'^osday
[man]
ia'^ay-x''
at

'^ina'^asdice'^
[got up]

mixa'
after
it

hay
[the]

sa'^xa-W
[acorn mush.]

(44)

h[ayai]
[Then]

once

sa'^kyirjxa-n

he started eating the mush.

Hupa
(45)

Texts:

66
xo^osday
[man],

441
'^a'iixan-c'iw sweet it tastes!

h[ayai]
[Then]

'^a-c'ondehsne'^ [he thought]

hay
[the]

"How
iixarj

(46)

hayi-de'
For
this, that

man
reason

'^a'Wiic'ide'^ine'^

do[it

c'ondehsne'^
[he thought.]

she always

tells

me

isn't sweet,"]

(47)

h[aya'i]
[Then]

yehna'^winde-X they came back

in (to

hay

ya-x'''anc'^i(rj)^'^
their

mic'iif^^
to.

mother

mother)

(48)

h[aya-l]
[Then]

'^a'^de-ne^

[she said],

dandi "Who

c'oncHd
reached for
it

hay
[the]

sa'^xdV^
[acorn mush]?"

(49)

h{aya-l]
[Then]

'^a'^dene'
[they said,]

hay
"The

xo'^osday

c'onc'^id
[reached for
it],

sa'^Uyiijxarj

man
'^a'^de-ne'^

he ate

it

q'ina'^
also, as well."

(50)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

"^a+rj

[she said,]

["Good!]

naya'^tese'X-te[we will return."]

(51)

h[aya'i]
[Then]

yisxa-rj

xaXe'^-darj'^
[in the

next day

morning]

c'e'^ninyay he went out

hay
[the]

xo^osday
[man].

do'
not

'^aij-gya'^

he saw

that

xolen-e' it was there

hay
the

xontah-ne'^in
house
that was.

(52)

h{ayai]
[Then]

hay
the

ia'^a

xo'^ad-ne'^in
wife of his that was

q'ina'^

dahxo'^-C^jahdiyaw ^^-e-xola'n
she had died
-

one

also

he noticed.

(53)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

iiwanirj one person,

all

na'^winda'^ 37
he lived.

(54)

'^aht'irj-x'^a "^ant'e-

All kinds of (food)

alone

hay
that

c'iPan ^^-ne'^in
he had lying there

c'inehiya-n
he ate
it

hay
he

xoh
in vain

up,

who

knwanay'^ida'^ 39 went hunting.

h[aya-l]
[Then]

mixe'^
their tracks

mini an
even

donot

na-'^aican - he saw

Icyiiaxan
[deer.]

(55)

q'a(d)

now

he

no-'^ondiceh-te'-sile'^n^o felt as though he would starve,

hay
the

kyisic'^^

minian
even

c'inehiyan
he ate up

hay
the

(deer)skin

diwan
dried (hide).

(56)

kyic'ine^

Waneonly
min'^day'^
[outside of.]

c'isle'^n

(57)

h{aya-i]
[Then]

iah
one time

Bones
ta-kyiW
[sweathouse]

be became.

ya'^wiij'^ay

(58)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

he was sitting

'^axoic'iden'^ one said to him

dahx'^e-da'^andiyaw "What has happened to you?"

442
(59)
h[aya-i]
[Then]

XIV Northwest
^a'^de-ne'^

California Linguistics

WeVeVn
"1

do-n"^
it

noWdiceh-tewill starve.

[he said,]

myself

is

kyiiixan-ne'^in deer

do- wilca-n have not been found,

hayi Wimi^e-'^e'din'^-ne'^in

donot

niWca'n
- I

^2

my

children

had

could find

hay
the

daydi-dirj-xoW
wherever
it

c'itehsdeK
they went
off.'

(60)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

be

'Wxalc'ide-ne'^
he (stranger) said to him,

de-

nohoi yinaci-yidac
to the East

hayah
there

c'iiwa'l-ethey are flower-

xo{i)
with her

"Here with us

dancing over there

iiwaij one (of your daughters)

hay

knnahidarj-winfe'-dirj
at the

(61)

place of eternal

nitesehitin ^^-teI'll take you along

knnahidaij dancing.

'^ayniwinse'^n-de'^
if

(62)

mixac'e'^-xolen
[Incense root]

Wa-ne'
only

you want

it.

'^a-diUiliW-ne'^^5 with yourself - you must take along."

(63)

h[aya'i]
[Then]

'^a'^de'ne^

xa'f

(64)

h[aya'i]
[Then]

q'aid)

[he said,]

"All right!'

now

c'itehsdeK
they went off.

(65)

h[aya'i]
[Then]

de- no hoi -yinaci-yidac

[Heaven
in the East]

they

xa'^asdeK came up to

it.

(66)

h[ayahaji]d
[Then]

c'iwincid
he pounded

mixac'e'^-xole-n
[incense root],

mito-'^
its

c'isc'^e'^n'^

juice

he made

it

xaniscWe'ni-me'^
in a dipper.

(67) h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

mi-f

with

it

na'^wime'^ ^"^ he bathed.

(68) h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

c'itehsdeK
they (2) went off.

(69)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

'^arj-gya'^

c'Hwahi-c'eh
sound of beating time in menstrual ceremony.

he noticed

(70)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

q'ad
already

c'ohic'id
she

hay

xoxarj'^

hay
that

c ininyay
he had come.

knew

her husband

(71)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

hay
the

ia"^

xoya'c'e"^^^
her daughter

'^ahic'ide-ne'^

yehxol'^a'n'^ ^^

one

she told,

"You must
him
in."

ask

(72)

h\aya-i\
[Then]

'^axoic'idene'^
she said to him,

ye'^inyahW^^ "Come in!

(73)

We[I]

do'if
[it

is]

hay

nimi^e-'^e-din^

"^a-Wr'e'Si
I

your child

am.

Hupa
(74)
hayi Wanc'^irj

Texts:

66
c'isdais

443
(75)

xontah-me'^
in the

hayah-mii
[Then]

My
yehc'ixatte-n
she brought him

mother

house

living."

(76)
in.

haya-i
[Then]

'^a-xalc'ideme'^
she

'^o-na-niwinc'^i(d)^'^-te-

(woman)

told him,

"You

will

go back

to get

it

hay
your

ney^^
things.

(77) dig>a(ij)
Here

na-na-nya7
you

^'^-te-

(78) h[ayat]
[Then]

will live."

na'^tehsdiyay he went back home.

(79)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

hay xoxontaw'^ me'w nana^UyisGod

his

^^

hay
[the]

ta'kyiW
[sweathouse]

house

under

he poked again,

q'tna"^
also.

(80)

de-

nohoi yinaci-yidaG
[Heaven
to the East]
it

wiPa'^-e-y^^
stays there

hayi xoxontaw"^
[his

now

house]

ta-kyiW
[sweathouse]

q'ina'^
[also,]

kyinahida(jj)-wint'e--dirj
[at

(81)

hayah
[There]

no-nt'iky ^^
[it

the place of the eternal

stretches to.]

ky'inaMdarj dancing.]

The Rival Wives

[a]

(l)He had two wives.

children.
(3)

(2)

He was fond

of one wife, but she had

(4)
It

His other wife, however, had two children.

acorns.
(5)

no was she who

would pound
their father.

(sa'^xa'W) in to him, the girls would.

They would always bring the acorn mush (6) They would always bring it in to
up.

(7) [Then] that other

woman would jump

taste the

(8)

take
"It

it!" (9)

The woman would

mush

herself.

She would say, "Let me (10) She would say,

it

doesn't taste sweet." [b]

(11)

And

she didn't give

set off

to her

husband.
(13)

(12) Early in the morning

he would

hunting.

growing dark he would come home with a deer. say to (her girls), "You must take the acorn mush would bring some in to him.
(16) [Then] the other
(17) She would taste (the mush) any good; I'll eat it myself." (19) [Then] the girls

was (14) The one wife would

it

As

in to

him."

(15)

They

woman would jump up and

herself.

say, "Let

me

take

it."

(18) [Then] she would

say, "It isn't

would go back out

(21) [Then]

to their mother.

(20) She

would
"She
acorn

ask

who

took the mush.

the (good)

woman would

say,

always

treats

him

that

way!"
say, "Only when your father home." return eats the

(22) [Then] the

woman would

mush

will

we

(be able to)

(23)

One day he went

off hunting in the morning, just as he always did.

(24) [Then]

that other (bad)

woman

thought,

"How

is

it

that

she always

444
makes
the acorn

XIV Northwest
mush
so sweet?

California Linguistics
(25) I'm going to watch her as she cooks

the mush."
(26)

As soon

as

it

grew dark,

(the

good wife) put some rocks on

(the fire).

(27) (The bad wife) went outside and looked in through a hole.

(28) She

mush. (29) She stirred it for a very long [Then] she picked up a rock. (31) She struck her elbow, and a time. (30) little marrow flowed out.

saw

(the

good wife) cooking

the

The one who was looking through the hole thought about it. She decided to do it the same way. (34) She went back into her own (33) house. (35) She put a rock on (the fire). (36) When it had become hot, she began cooking some mush. (37) [Then] she picked up the rock. (38) She struck her elbow. (39) It poured out into the mush, but it was only blood that poured out, and she immediately fell over (in a faint). (40) She lay in a heap and became sick.
(32)

(41)

When

the

man
(44)

returned he found her sick. (42) After a while the

in

(good wife's)
thought,

girls

came
it

with acorn mush.

(43)

The man got up

it.

to get

the acorn mush.

He immediately began
tastes! (46)

eating

(45) [Then] the

tell

"How good

Why

did (the bad wife) always

man me it

wasn't sweet?"
(47) [Then] the girls went back in to their mother. (48) She said,
it,

"Who
too."

took the acorn mush?" (49) They said, "The

(50) She said, "Good!

man

took

and he ate

it

We

will

go home!"

(51) The next morning when the man came out, he found that the house was no longer there, [c] (52) He also found that the other of his wives, the bad one, had died. (53) He was living there all alone.
(54)

He

ate

up everything
ate

that

he had, and whenever he tried to hunt, he

(55)
It

didn't even see the tracks of a deer.

starve,

began

to

look like he would

(56)

and he even

up the skins and dried hides.

He became
sweathouse.

nothing but (skin and) bones.

(57) [Then],
(58)

one

day,

Someone

said to him,

he was sitting in "What has happened

front
to

of

the

you?"

(59)

He

said,

"I'm

surely going to starve

children,

there are no deer to be seen,

and

can't find

my

off somewhere or another." (60) (The other) said to him, "There in the Heaven to the East (de--nohol yinaci-yidac) they are dancing the Flower Dance (c itwa'l) with one of your daughters in the eternal k>inahtdai) place, [d] (61) I'll take you there if you want. (62) The only thing that you must take with you is some incense root (mixa*c'e''-xole*n)."
(63) (The husband) said, "All right!"

who went

(64)

They immediately
(66) [Then]

set off.

(65)

They climbed up

to the

Heaven

in

the East.

(the

husband) pounded some incense root and

made

Hupa
an infusion of
with
it.

Texts:

66
(67)

445

it

in a

dipper-basket (xanis-c'iPe*n).

He

bathed himself

[e]

(68) [Then] they went on.

He heard them beating time in the Flower Dance. (70) (His wife) already knew that her husband had come. (71) She told one of her
(69)

daughters to invite him

(72)
(74)

in.

The

girl

said
is

to

him,

"Come

in!

(73)

am

indeed

your child.

My

mother

living in (this) house."

(75) [Then] she took

him

inside.

(76) (The

belongings.

(77)

woman) told him, "You will have to go back and You are going to live here again."

get

your

(78) [Then] he returned home. (79)

He

(magically) transported his house

and his sweathouse.

[f]

(80) His

house and sweathouse are

now

in

the

Heaven
(81)

to the East, at the eternal

kyinahtdag place.

The end. Sam Brown's

version of the Origin of the

[a]

This story contains some elements of

(text

Flower Dance

11)

and may be another version of the same myth.

See also

Goddard (1904: 237-9).

[b]

That

is, it

hasn't been fully leached of

its

tannic acid

implying that the other

sweet.

wife had done a poor job of processing the acorns. In

[c]

fact, the

mush was very

away

He had

spent the night in the sweathouse.

sticks

During the night the and had taken

it

woman
(see note

had
[f]

poked under her living-house with magical

below).
[d]

The Heaven
over a
girl

to the East (de'-nohol yinaGi-yidac)

is

one of the Ryixinay worlds

that lie

on the periphery of ours. There the k^ixinay perpetually dance a Flower Dance

(c'itwa*!)
[e] It

who

is

eternally having her first menstruation (kyinahtdarj-wint'e*).

was necessary

for

him

to purify himself in this

manner before entering

(the house)'.
air,

the land

of the k^ixinay.
[f]

Literally, 'he

poked something around again underneath

This idiom
as related in

refers specifically to the magical transportation of a

house through the

myths. In real

life

carry these to the

new
are

one would remove the planks from the superstructure of a house and site, where they would be re-erected over an existing housepit. In

myths, the
described).

pits

moved

as

well,

by means of magical

sticks

(not

otherwise

446

XIV Northwest
67.

California Linguistics

The Two Brothers

Notebook IX,
xok>ili-hH two brothers,
pp. 14-18.

Narrated by John Shoemaker.

(1).
Go^ita-fj'^ayme'^
GO^itarj'^ayme'^

ya^tehic'^e-n they grew up

x'^a'^ad-xolen
having a wife, he was

hay
the

c'irjkyaw-eolder one.

(2)

xiXe'^-dan'^
[In the

morning]

ninis'^an mountain

me'^se'^ind'W he went up

hay
[the]

c'ink>aw-e- lc>iwa(r})-nayda-'^ hay

[older one]

c'imisciy'^^i^

'^e-'^ij

hunting;

the younger one,

however,

setting (1 or

na-Kyiicot' more)
snares

c'e'^inaW
he always

(3)

Wa-

na-na-'^adaWi^-mii
the sun goes
to the earth,

nahxi
two

niiq'i(d)

dah-nasa'^a'n^
lying

Whenever
back

down,

went

out.

on each other (= two deer)

na'^ne'^idd-W
he (cust.) comes back (with it)

hay

c'irjkya-we-

(4)

hay

c'imisciy'^^i

'^e-'^rj

ia"^

older one.

[The younger one]

[however]

one

tehmiP
sack (of birds)

c'ine'^iwiW he always packs home

'^e'^ilwil-mR

(5)

ninis'^a-ni

mine'^i(d)-x'^ sile'^ni-mii

when evening
comes.

When

the world had half-way

become

Icyiwa(fj)-nayda' hunting

c'e'^ninyay
he (the younger)

(6)

haya'i
[Then]

'^a'xalc'ide'ne'^

hay
his

she told him,

xokyil younger

went

out.

brother,

de'Sxani'^-xoW-'^ar)'^

"Today

- 1

guess

- it is

(=

Why

do- kyiwa(r))-naywinda'^ you did not go hunting don't you go hunting?)

nirj

(7)

Wila'^-gya'ij'^

you.

My

fingers

- it is

'^e^yah^-tewill get hurt

it

'^emtw
becomes,
looks like
it

IcyiWkyili-mR^
from my breaking the (birds) open (to take out guts)."

(8)

hayah-mii
[Then]

c'e'^ninyay he went out,

na-kyiwilcot'-dirj ^^

c'ininyay
he arrived
at.

(9)

hayai
[Then]

nana'^wilay
down.

^^

where snare was

he took the (snare)

(10)

"^aht'in

nana'^wila-yey
he took down.

ia'^

tehmiP
sackful

c'isle'^n

kyiya-W
birds

All (of

it)

one

he became
(with
it)

xa'^anian^'^
that

c'isloy'^^^-xolarj

(11)

haya-i
[Then]

c'itehsyay
he went
off.

many

he snared,

it

evidently was.

Hupa
(12)

Texts:

67
c'ininyay
he came there.

447
(13)

Wa-

na-na-dya--yey The sun had gone down,

caWi-me^
caWi-me'^

hayah
There

x^^eiwe'X^'^ he camped.

(14)

c'ehdiyah^^
"I'm glad

UyiwidiyaPn

Icyiwarjxoydn
old man,"

xo'^ad-hH
he and his wife

we have

eaten,

ya?dehic'e'^

^^

(15)

hayah
[There]

x'^eiwe-K
[he camped],

were living

there.

yisxa-n-e- ^'^ [next day]

xiKe^-datf
[in the

morning]

na-la'^-c'in^
to a different place

c'itehsyay he went off.

(16)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

hay xorjwo^
his older brother

xoxanayniwinte'^
"it",

^^

(17)

'^axoic'idene'^

dahxo'^-c'a'ij

^'^

he looked for him.

He

told her,

"Something

it

is?

'^axoidiwe-ne'^ you told him?"

(18)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay
the

na-ia'^a-c'irj'^
to a different place

c'ica-l

dilc'^eh-Uye'^ildilme'^
dilc'^eh-kye'^ildilme''

one

who was
going along,

c'ininyay
he (younger one)

(19)

haya-l
[Then]

hay

x'^eiwe'^X-dirj

xoq'eh
after,

the [place]

where he

following

came

to.

had camped

him

c'ininlad
he ran there.

(20)

qa(d)
Already

da'^ni he had been (and gone)

yeit

xolan
evidently was.

(21)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay
the
old

Uyiwarjxoyd-n

c'oyadiwiixid^^
he asked them.

(22)

'^a'diwe-ne'^'^^
It

digyan
"Here

man

(and his wife)

(old

man)

said,

do'^01]
it

is

that he

x'^eiwe'K camped."

(23)

hayah-mii
[Then]

de-xo
this

c'ioa'l

way

he travelling

xoq'eh-din after him

c'itehsyay
he went
off.

(24)

hayah
There

after

xoq'eh him

c'ininya--ye-y he came to

dilc'^eh-fcye'^ildil-me'^
dilc''eh-k>e'^ildil-me'^

(25)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hayah
there

c'ixo-diwiixid he asked him (why he had left).

(26)

heyatj
"Yes,"

c'idene'^ he said,

'^aWiic'idene'^
"she said to

dorj'^
it

daydi-'^e'na'ij'^-warj

me

is,

'What for

is

it

nin you

donot

kyiwa(tj)-nay'^inday you ever hunt?

(27)

meycahs-c'eh'^'^
I've got lazy,
I

Kyiifiyil'^^

(28)

hayah-mii
[Then]

feel

breaking

&

ripping.'"

na'^tehsdiyay he (older) went back home.

448
(29)

XIV Northwest
hayah-mii
[Then]

California Linguistics

'^a'xoic'idene'^

xode'sila'^n^^

he said to her,

"You growled
diyWo'^-gya'^ "Whatever you please
mic'irp
to

at

him

dafound

"^arj
it

out."

(30)

c'ixowiiwe'^

(31)

(VHeh^S-ne'^
you must turn
Uyiye'
into!"

He
(32)

beat her.

hayah-mii
[Then]

xok^ili
his [younger] brother

na'^tehsdiyay
he returned.

again

(33)

dilc'^eh-kye'^ildil-me'^
dilc''eh-kye'^itdil-me'^

he

na'^andiya-yecame back to it.

(34) hayah
There

na'^winde'K'^^-e'
they (2) got to live there

hayah-mii
then.

(35)

hayah
There

no'nt'iUy
it's

come

to

an end.

The

Two
(2)

Brothers

[a]

(1)

Two

wife.

brothers grew up at co^i-ta-rj'^ay-me'^, [b] and the older one had a Every morning the older one would climb the mountain to hunt,
(3)

while the younger one would go out to set snares.

older one would
(4)

When

the sun set, the

come home with two

birds.

(deer),

one piled on top of the other.

in the

The younger one, however, would come home

one sack (tehmil) of

evening carrying

(just)

(5)
[c]

(One day) when

the world

was half-finished (ninisVn ne*3ix*

to hunt, [d]

sile'^n),

(the older brother)

went out

(6)

(The older one's wife) told

younger brother, "Why don't you go hunting today? (7) My fingers are starting to get hurt from ripping up (birds)." (8) He went out to where his snares were set. (9) He took them down. (10) When he had taken them all down he saw that he had snared enough birds to make a sack-load.
the

(11)

Then he

setoff, [e]
the sun

(12)

When

went down, he came

for the meal.

to GaW-me'^.

[f]

(13)

He camped
who
lived

for the night there.

(14)

"Thank you

Old Man," (he said

to the

one)

there with his wife, [g] early the next

(15)

He camped

there for the night and

went off

morning

to a different place.

(16) His older brother started searching for him.

(17)

He

said to his wife,

"Did you say something to him?" (18) (Meanwhile) the (younger brother), who was travelling on to different places, came to Horse Mountain (dilc^ehkye'^ildil-me'^). [h]

(19) (The older brother) ran after

night. (20)

him

He had
Then

already

left,

it

seemed.

(and his wife).

there.

(22)

He

said that (the

he had camped for the He questioned the old man (21) younger brother) had indeed camped
to the place

(23)

(the older brother)

went on, following

his track.

Hup a
(24)

Texts:

67

449

followed him to Horse Mountain. (25) He questioned him there. (26) "Yes," the younger brother said, "(your wife) did say to me 'Why don't you ever go hunting? (27) I've gotten tired of ripping up (birds)'."

He

(28)

Then

(the older brother) returned wife), "I

home.

(29) (30)

He said to (his He beat her up.

tj]

else!"

found out that you growled at him." [i] "You're going to have to become something (31) (32) Then he went back again to his younger brother.
to

(33)
there

He went back
The
end.

Horse Mountain.

(34) (The two brothers) stayed

from then on.

(35)
[a]

John Shoemaker's

telling

of this story

is

considerably abbreviated and

is

hard to

follow in places.

Sam Brown

believes that the characters have animal names, but he can

is

remember only

that the older brother

Panther (minin'^-miWe-diliw).

[b] Go^i-tarj'^ay-me'^ ('coji-point of land-enclosed

by

it').

An unknown

location.
in

The

other events related in the story take place upstream from

Hoopa Valley
its

the

vicinity of
[c]

Willow Creek. (See notes

[f]

and

[hi below.)

the

The time during which the world was being transformed from present one, in order to make it suitable for human beings.

former state to

[dl

Sapir glosses this clause as "he (the younger) went out", but this

is

probably a

misinterpretation.
[e]

Taking along the sack

full

of snared birds for provisions, he went off to hunt

deer, as his sister-in-law had suggested.

[f]

A mountain back of Willow Creek,

am
glad that

little

to the

southwest of

it.

[g] Literally, "I

we have

eaten". Apparently the

younger brother brought

his birds to this

eat.

house on the mountain and gave them

to the old

man and

his wife to

Near Berry Summit, where the highway from Willow Creek to Eureka crosses (Sapir calls it "Redwood Summit" on "Redwood Ridge", over the Bald Hills.
[h]

apparently the local terminology in the 1920s.)

[i]

That

is,

she had been abrupt with him.

[j]

Some

(other) animal, as a punishment. (See note [al above.)

450
68.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

The One Who Established a Medicine at Miyimida-q'id, and his Grandmother

Narrated by

Emma

Frank.

Notebook VI,
xoc"-o-hii
and his grandmother.

pp. 35-59.

(0)

miyimidaq'id-'^a-nac'idydw The one who established the

medicine
(at)

miyimidaq'id

(1)

iah-xo
Just
it

wint'ealways was,

nahxi
is

two

Viq'id dah-nasa'^a'n^ on top of each other - lying there still (= 2 deer piled on each other)

he packs

kyiniwiW^ it home

wint'ealways.

(2)

%rfe-w/-c"'/fe^4

yidaca-din

Madrona wood

on top of the load

dah-nana-}c>iniij'^e-X^
he again had lying across, horizontally,

iah-xo
just

xa-lcot'i
(whole tree) was pulled out by bending to one side
.

(3)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

xontah-dirj

hi^id
house

when

at the

he breaks

na'^awa'^n^ it up
into pieces

iah-xo
just

xola'^-mii
with his hands

na'^tiig>'a-s'^

he breaks the
pieces off.

(4)

mine-^ixomii na-'^andiyay lcyiwa(rj)-nayda- 'O na-'^andiyay [After a while] he came back, he came back from hunting.

(5)

hayai
[Then]

'^a-xoic'idene'^

"^iskyay

ky[iwinya'^nya-n]
People,

c'in '2

do-

she said to him,

"My

grandchild! (dim.)

they say

never

nandiya- '3 come home

miq'eh-nadiwal-dirj
[at

hayi
that

xolan'^

14

Requa]."

Hupa
(10)
lcy[iwinya'^nya'n] People

Texts:

68
donot
-

451
wilcan-tah-xolen
seen
-

q'irP
it

19

is

also

places

plentiful.

(11)

haya-i
[Then]

'^arf
[it

yiwidin-e--mii
finally

taUyiwe'lcili-q'id
[taknwe-lcili-q'id]

'^ahic'idene'^
she said, mentioned.

was]

(12)

haya-l
[Then]

qad
now

xorj he himself

xonya-^^-te'-sile'^n
his turn
it

(13)

sa-U>iditj

would come

next,

[Surprisingly]

came

to be, he felt.

'^arj-gya^

Wa
sun

she saw

na'na'widahi-dirj when it goes down again = just at sunset

do-heh
not at
all

na'^andiyahe came home;

xorj
she herself

'^''^1]

q'ci(d)

it is,

for

already

she

c'oMc'id knew it

hay-yo-w
that

doU>iwile'^^
old

hay dax'^edi-q'
in

woman

what way

(it

had

her part

happened).

(14)

iah-xo
Just

hay ah
there

c'lcaM-ne^id'^^-xoW
he was going along
-

while

probably

xokHwiija'^n'^^ he had gone to sleep.

(15)

c'e'^insid

452
(22)
ia'^adirj

XIV Northwest
hay ah
that far, there

California Linguistics

'^a-tcah
to (that) distance

Waneonly

c'ixone'^iwiW-mii
he packs them - having (done so)

Sometimes

q'a(d) then

c'ixose'^i-lwe'^^^

(23)

haya-i
[Then]

hay-ydw
that

c'ix^e-we-l

he

kills

them.

one

he was packing along

whom

'^ac'ondehsne'^
thought.

'^isdo'^

xo'^^i-nehwan
slow, easy

32

noWinirjen-e'
you put

33

"Would

that

me

(pack) down.

(24)

xo'^^i-nehwa-n Easy

no'^xonirje-n
he put him

(25)

nikyah-x"^
Greatly, with violence

no'^xoniijin-de'^
if

down.

he had set him (pack) down

it

dahyiUyixont'a^c' ^^-te(floor) would cut him in two

ce'xahite-l
flint-rock, flat
it

de'

hay
the

kyiwiltei
flooring (in front

was found
out to be

and round

of sweathouse).

(26)

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

c'ixotehitem
he took him along

hay
the

kyiwiltei-q'i(d) flooring - on

yinac
upriver. South,

ye'wi-yinaG-xoliW-din-dirj
yonder
-

35

(27)

hayah
There

c'ixoniiten-ey
he arrived with him.

upriver

to quite a distance.

(28)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

xoce''^
his daughter

mixa'-c'ixe'ne'W
he called for her,
it,

de-d
"This

jco'^j

no'xoitiW
lay

in a

one

nice

way

him down,"

c'ide-ne'^

(29)

hayai
[Then]

'^a'^dene'^

xo'^^i

no-xoWtiW
way
I'll

he said.

she said,

"In a nice

lay

him down.

(30)

'>ana--xoW-kya'^ay^(> It must be, I suppose

(ironical)

ian-diij

WU

x^elwe'^K-te-

(3 \) haya-i
[Then]

many

with me he'll spend the night (= camp many night in my care)!"

yehc'iwinyay
he went
in.

Hup a
(35)
nahdiij yisxa-ni-mii '^^ When two days had passed

Texts:

68

453 hayai
then
"^aij-gya^

hay c'ixonirjen from the time he had brought

him (pack)
there

they saw

min^dayi-q'
outside of

yinac
(going)

xe^e^winya--yehe (father) went past there (in view);

mirPdayi-q
outside of

na-yde'^^
(coming) back

ye'
in view.

house

upstream

house

downstream

(36)

haya'-f [Then]

'^a-xoic'ide-ne'^

she said to him,

desxa-n^'^-xolarj "Today - 1 see!

(37)

dotan-dirj Not many (nights)

with

Wii me

yide-lwe'^K^^
it

(38)

yo-w
There

Uyit'aPalc''e--kyine'^-diri
at the foot

has day-ed!"

of the doorposts supporting

the inner door

xa-kyaPa-n'^
a hole comes out of the ground.

niima'^n-e- ^^ on each side (= at the foot of each post).

(39)

yo-d
At
that

Uyit'a^ai&''e--kyine'f-diri
[at the foot

of the door posts]

place

can-c'^in-^^^nHq'i(d) dahwilin^'^ old aprons lie piled on top of

each other.

(40) haya'-i hayi

[Then]
the

nahxi
two

ya^wirj'^d-n

she picked them (bundles) up (bundle-form),

hi^id
[and]

niiwah
one
in

yehc'iwiiq'ds
she threw
it

hay-yo-w
those

xa-kya^a-n
holes.

(41)

hayi
That
(aprons)

each

in

(hole)

xota"^
her father

ma'^kyHkyid ^^
she fed
it

(42)

&''i(rj)-me'^do-wehsle'^^^ '^arp

hay
(because of
that) the

to him.

He

got hungry

it is,

for

that reason

ce'-xahite'l flat rock

na-'^aslos ^^ he dragged around

(to kill person).

(43)

haya't
[Then]

wilwe'X
evening came,

c'inehste-n-ey
he (cannibal) lay

down
mitis-e-xo^^-hid
"If

xotakyiW-me'^
in his

sweathouse.

(44) h[ayaha^i]d-aij'^ xoi-c'ixowiligy [Then] she told him

(young man),

one of the luckiest of

all

nahdirj

Wii-yide-'^ilwil
in

(45)

haya-i
[Then]

q'a(d)

c'ine'^iiye'^

^'^

he camps two nights

my

care.

now

he always eats them up.

(46)

na'te'sindiya-teYou will go home

hayi
the (way)

'^ana-'^do-

hay
that

xanic'iswin
place,"

^^-dirj
-

where first, didn't you notice.

he brought you up

xoic'idene"^
she said to him.

(47)

hay ah
"There

dahkyisxarj^^
there stands up

'^iitaca-yaW
a

young black-oak.

454
(48)
ia'^adirj

XIV Northwest
^arf
it

California Linguistics

hayah
there

Wa-neonly

nane'^idaW
one,
it

lc>[iwinya'^nya-n]
people,

Sometimes

is

gets back

as far as

jco'^j/

M>itis-e--x'^^^

a really

smart one

'^ant'e-hi^id if he is.

{A9) yisxande'^-yisxd'n^^ na-te'sindiya'-teDay after tomorrow [you will leave.]

(50)

de'di-qeh This way

yidac
up

you'll

na-te-sindiya--tego back home.

(51)

'^aniarj-x''e--xo

'^ant'e-

There are

all

kinds of beings

n(i)de-nahsdiya--te' 57 will meet you,

mis^eh
it's

"^arp

cirp '^arf
it's

xoiicay

tinaW

'^arp

Fog,

Star,

Whiteness - goes along (= Dawn),

minian-dirj
ten times

nide-na'^asde'^K-tethey'll

(52)

hayi-heh
Nevertheless

do-

x'^eya'^nilgyid ^^

meet you

don't be afraid of them

(= ten different beings).

(53)

yisxande^-yisxan-arj'^ Day after tomorrow - it is

natesindiya--te[you'll leave],"

xoic'idene'^
[she said to him].

(54)

dinUyi-dirj

Wa-neonly

x'^elwcK
he spent the night.

(55)

Four times

c'ixosohiwe'^ni-ma-n^^ Lest he kill him

'^aht'iij

all

xoic'ixowiligy she told him

hay
the

dax'^edi-q' in what way

'^ahdiyah ^-te' it would happen.

(56)

niwa(rj)-ne-ya-^'^-te- xosesehiwin-de'^
"I shall

hay
that

Wita"^

niwa(rj)-ne'ya'-teI'll

come

to

you

when

I've killed

my

father,

come

to you.

(=

I'll

marry you);

him

(57)

"^ah

iiwin
black
will

cloud

tehsdiceh^'^-te' come shoving along,

hayai
and then

'^ayninsi(r))-ne'^

you must

think,

q'ad xolarj

c'ixoseMwirj
is

yo'wi
yonder
it

'^e-'^rj

"^ah

cel-nehwa'n
red

'Now

- it

clearly

she has killed him';

is

(but)

cloud

xonseli^^-mH
with the heat, bringing warm weather

dah-Undiwehsc'e'^ ^-tea breeze will

hayi "^ena-rf
that

We-

blow up above,

for
it

its

part

me

(=

is

that)

c'iWisehiwin-de"^
he has killed."

(58)

hayai
[Then]
in

hay-ye'd
yonder place

tini xahs'^a- ^^-dirj

where the

trail

comes up
dorjq'a'^

dahlc>isxd-n
(where) there stands up

hay
the

'^iitac

xolis^i
in a hurry,

xo'^^i-xo
in a great

xolis^
hurry,

black oak,

before

xoiicay dawn

tinaW
[comes along,]

hay
that

na'^tehsdiyay
be went off back home.

one

Hupa
(59)

Texts:

68
'^anlaij-x^e'-xo all kinds of

455
^ant'ecreatures

hay xoiicay tehsydy

It's

'^arp
that

when

the

dawn came along

xode'nahsdiyay
came
to

meet him

(60) na'^wildidai(>(> He was running

along back home.

(61)

milay'^
Its

summit

xana-'^asdi-ia-d-e-y he ran back toward

(one after another).

67

home
xo'^^i-xo more, faster

uphill to

xow(i)yeh

a steep place

nayce'^ni ^^-mii back downhill -

dahna^diwinlad ^9
he ran back home.

when

(he started)

(62)

tint

xahs'^a'-difj
the
trail

na-'^andiia'd-ey
he ran back to there.

(63)

'^axoic'lde-ne'^

Where

come up

She had

told him,

from

(his

house)

naididahi-x''

70

maPadiloy'^ 7i .^^?
you must
tie
it

mUxowiloy'^-mH
a belt
-

hay-yo'w
that

"^Utaci

"On running back home

ma^a'diloy'^-ne'^
to
it

yourself

with

black oak

to

(64)

you must

tie

naPwildidaM-x'' As he was running

along

ma^aPdisloy'^
he tied himself to
it,

xolis^i

quickly

yourself."

"^a'diwan
to himself

na^RyisW'^
he
felt

(65)

hayi-xosin
Just then, at that

kyiwic'e^il 73
a wind was blowing along

around (= he acted hurriedly about himself)-

very

moment

nisah^i-nehwa-n
quite a
it

74
-

xoi-yaUyiwehsc'e'^
it

75

hayi-xoW-do'^orj'^
just as if

hayi
that

ways from
looked

(tree)

(wind) blew upward with him

like.

Uye'^xoicahs'^^-te-q' one were throwing him down

in wrestling
-

"^ax'idyaw
he acted
so.

(66)

minian-dirf-xoW
Ten times perhaps

ly

xoda-Ryiwehsc'e'^'''^
the

(67) hayaha^i(d) no-nalc'id'^^-sile'^n

[Then] (wind) quits blowing
it
-

(68) h[ayahajid]
[Then]

wind blew down.

became.

da^a'naPdilaw

79

he untied himself.

(69) dahna'^adiwil-ta-d He ran back towards

home,

miyi-midaq'id
miyimidaq'id

na-'^aldiia-d-ey he arrived back

running.

(70)

"I

na-Wdiyacame home,"
(72)

c'ide'ne'^

Wic'^o-

naWdiya[I

(71)

he said,

"[my grandmother]
naPUyisle"^
'

came home!"]

'^iskya+y

de-xo
This way

(73) dahaijWorf-daij'^-xoW^^

my

grandson!"

she felt around with her hands.

long time ago

perhaps

c'inehsten
she lay down (when she lost him).

xona'^
her eyes

miniarj-xoW

"^enande'^n

she again became without (=she got blind from crying)

456
(74)

XIV Northwest
de-xo
[This way]
na'^kyisle'^

California Linguistics

cea rock

c'e'niij'^an

(75)

h[ayaha^id\
[Then]

[she felt around with her hands,]

she brought out.

xon'^-din
in the fire

de'^diwirj'^an
she put
it

(76)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

xayc'a'^-me'^
in the

into the fire.

mush-

basket

tehc'iwirj'^a-n

(77) h[ayaha^i]d-arj'^
[Then]

hayi
[the

xona"^
[in]

me'^wilaw^'^she dropped the (water) into them (in handfuls)

she put it (heated rock) in the water.

(water)]

her (eyes)

hay sisei
the

(78) h[ayaha^i]d-arj'^
[Then]

c'ite-rj'^e'^n^^

warm

water.

he looked
(to see sign).

(79) nahdi(ij) yisxarj'^ "Two days from now

ne-ya--teI'll

c'ide-ne"^

hay
[the]

camehsKo-n
[woman]

hay
the

come,"

she had said

Jiy[iwinya'^nya-n\-c'ita-n man-eater's

xoce-"^

(80)

nahdi(rj)

yisxani-mH

Wixa'
for

tesiifin'^-ne'^

daughter.

"After two days have gone by.

me

you must look,"

c'idene"^
she had said.

(81)

sa-Ryidirj

'^arj-gya'^

[Suddenly]

[he saw]

nahdi(ij) yisxani-mii [when two days had passed]

"^ah

UWin
black

tehsya-

cloud

came

along,

now

qad-xolarj - it was evident

c'ixosehiwiij
she had killed

hay

xota'^-ne'^in

her former father.

(82)

yice'^ni-^i-nehwa-n

When

it

(sun) had nearly

nonyay-mii gone down

camehsXon
the

ya-na'dceh
"poked up"
there,

84

woman

there, arrived

(= late afternoon)

showed

up.

(83)

nahdirj x'^eiwe'K

dedi-dereally
it

Two

nights she stayed,

was

nahdirj two

menandiyay

85

c'isda'-x''

years went by.

she stayed
there.

(84)

hlayaha^id]
[Then]

na'^tehsdiyay she went off back

(to her

(85)

haya-i
[Then]

na'^deic'e'^ 86

former home).

they 2 stayed there (again)

xoc'^O'-hii he and his grandmother.

(86)

haya-i
[Then]

'^a'^dene'^

Wic'^o-

he said.

"My

grandmother

xontah

naseya'^-te-

(87)

daw
"No!"

xoic'ide'ne"^
she said to him,

"^iskyay

me'cah-xosin^'^
there
is

house[s] I'll go around (= I'll go visiting)."

my

grandson

danger

dorj'^
it

(88)

daw
["No!"]

c'idene'^
[he said,]

xontah naseya'^-te["I'm going to go visiting."]

is."

Hupa
(89)

Texts:

68
xd^
(90)

457
h.{ayahayd\
[Then]

h[ayahajid]
[Then]

'^axoic'ide-ne'^
she said to him,

"All right!"

xoi-c'ixowiligy she told him

hay
the

in

x'^edi-q'a what way

'^ant'e-

(91) h[ayaha^id] xoc'irP

[Then]
to

was, looked like (where he was to go).

it

him

c'e'^nilay

(92)

'^a-xoic'ide-ne'^

hayi
"Where

winyahi-teyou'll be going

she brought out the (headdress).

She said

to

him,

along

mine'ji(d)-xo
half-way

yice'^n

dahRyisxarj
there stands a tree."

(93)

xoc'irf

c'e'^nilay

down

To him

she brought out

hay

c'ite-wehsc'''e-n-e--darj'^

x'^e-'^n 88

the thing that ever since he

grew

up,

even with him,

at the

natehidic'^e-n 89 grew up again

hay
the

same time

that

he

x'^e'de'^illoy^

(94)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

headdress with sharp bones.

c'itehsyay he went off.

(95)

min^day'^
"Outside

yd^oPa'^^
he always
sits,"

xoic'ide'fie'^

she had told him;

"just, right

winyahi-ne'^ you must go along (=don't stop to talk to him)

ia'^ay-xo
-

i[a'^ay-xo]
[just, right]

xontah-me"^
into the

ye'^inya'^-ne'^

UyiwiXoM^^-te'
she'll

(96)

house

you must go

in,

be weaving baskets (there)."

do'-winsa'^a-y^'^-mH Not long after

he will

yehna'^widya-tecome back in,

haya'i
[then]

ia'^ay-x'^
at

yow-xo
yonder
-

Uye-'^isya-^^-ye'-tehe'll
in

once

at

go up (from dug-out) view on the (platform).

(97)

hayah-mil
[Then]

'^anlarj-x'^e-xo '^ant'eevery kind of thing that there

nic'irP
is

c'e'^nitj^an-tehe'll bring out

(to

to

you

show you)

diniW

"^arj"^
- it is,

Uyila-^onde-

"^arp

mi^e'w-xoleni

'^aif

Kohday

"^atp

manzanita berries

hazel nuts,

sugar pine nuts,

tarweed flour,

io^c'^iVJ "^aif
(edible seed-flour var.),

'^aniar)x'''e--xo

'^ant'eis

hay
which

Hxan
is

hayi-heh
but

every kind of thing that there

good
to eat

do' c'itarj one must not eat

(98)
it.

hayah-mU
[Then]

^a^de'rf-tehe'll say,

daydi-ye-xoW-'^arf-watj
'What, after
all,

perhaps

it

is

for

lcy[iwinya'^nyan] people

Wiwa(rj)
to

nadil
they go about,

me

come?'

458
(99)

XIV Northwest
lc>e-'^isya--de'^

California Linguistics

ye-w-x""

meneq
behind,
in the rear

na'^kyisle'^-e'-te'
he'll feel

When

he goes up the (ladder)

yonder

(for

around something else).

(1.00)

haya'i
[Then]

c'e^nirpan-te[he'll

haya'i
[and then]

yarj'^aW-ne'^

bring out]

you must take

it

up.

doit

"^a/j"^

xolis^i

xon'^-na'^kye'^ilaw 94
he is wont to arrange things as before (= he is slow in putting things back).

(101)

hayal
[Then]

is

not quickly

dahna'diniah

'^^-ne'^

la'^ay-x'^
at

(102)

you must run back home

once.

ia'^ay-x[At once]
97

dahna'diniah-ne'^
[you must run back home,]

ia'^ay-x'''
[at

naididai

^^-e'-ne"^

Koci-yinac
the prairie.

(103)

ia'^adirj

"^af
it

once]

you must be running back right along

south through

Sometimes

is

no'na'^a-ftiW 98 lc>[iwinya'^nya'n] he overtakes a man

Ko-Gi-yinaci-mii when he is part of the way

upstream along the
prairie.

(104) Mtis-e'-xo
Smart

"^ant'e-

hijid
in

'^af
it

mikyine'^-dirj
at its foot, at the foot

na-nda-W^^
that

he

is

case

is

of the (tree)

he comes, goes back

}iy[iwinya'^nya'n\ human being

hay-y&w
that

mine'^i(d)-xo
half-way

yidaca
up

dahRyisxd'n
which stands
(tree).

(105)

hayah
There

nandHah-de^
just as

ma'^a'diloy'^-ne'^

hay
it

x'^e-de'^Hloy'^-mii

you arrive running,

you must

tie

yourself to

that

head-dress

with.

(106)

hayah-mii
[Then]

fcyiwic'e'^ii-te-

'^iskyi(ij)-milay'^-di(rf)-mii
fir

ce-yaW
gravel, rock
little
-

the

wind will be blowing off

tree

its

top place

with

it,

ones

mii-kyiwic'e'^ii-te'
it

(107)

mine-^i(d)-xo
Half-way up

yida'c'irj

will be

blowing
it.

along with

[coming from downriver]

c'iwildal-mii

c'iwirjWil-e'-c'eh-te-

(108)

hay-arj"^

mil
with

when he

is

running

you

will hear

him shouting.

The one

- it is

along to there,

which

ky[ i

w inya'^nya-n]
humans

c itan
he
eats.

(109)

xo'^^i-nehwan-^i-nehwa'n Kind of easy way

hayah-de'^-ji
then
'Oi

it

natenc'e'^ -mii blew again - when,

hayah-mii
then

da'^ana-dileh-ne'^ 'oo you must untie yourself,

dahna'diliah-ne'^
you must run back home,"

'^a'xalcidene'^
she said to him.

Hupa
(110)
haya-i
[Then]
yide'^

Texts:

68
^^2

459

dahnaWwilM-d
he ran back.

(m)

c'ica-l-id ^^3

nisah^^^
far

downriver

As he was going

away

Ko'ci
along the
prairie

yide"^

'^atj-gyaP

xo'^^i

mine-^id
in the

sa^an
it

hayi xontah
the house,

downriver

he saw

right

middle

sits, lies

(112)

hayah
There

c'ininyay
he came
to,

mirPday'^
outside

ya^wirj'^a-

UyiwiKohi
she was weaving

^elo^
storage
baskets.

she was

sitting,

(113)

yaPwiij'^a-hid

/:>7wa'^a7 105
she was singing,

As she was

sitting there

in this

de-q'a way

'^aPne-

he-rj "^ay

she said,

"herj

"^ay

he-fj "^ay

hetj "^ay^
her] ^a>'+

(3 times),"

c'ine-

(114)

ia^ay-xo
Right on

c'ica-l

herj

'^ay

she said.

he walked,

Id^ay-x'^
[right]

yehc'iwinyay [he came in]

xontah-me'^
[house
-

yd^wehs^a^

^^^

do- xolisji
not quickly

in]

he sat there,

yehna^widyay
she

(115)

do-winsa?ay-mH
After a short while

naPwidal

^^'^

yehnaPwidyay
she

came back

in.

she was coming back,

came back

in.

(116)

y&w-xo
There

la^ay-x'' na-na^UyisW-e-y me-ne-q' at once she reached over behind, back

there

hay
(for) the

da'^n
before

things which

hay
his

xoc'^oit

xoi-yixowiligy
had been

108

hayi
that

'^aht'irj

c'e'^nirj'^a-n

grandmother

told to him,

all

she brought out.

(117)

na-miq'eh-dirj ^^^

hi^id

'^a^dene^
she said,

Way

last

time

when
(it

was)

daydi-ye-xoW-'^arj'^-warj "What - else - perhaps - it is for (which people come)?

(118)

We'-C^e-pn
I

do'^orj
it

'^ayne^iV^sirp
I

myself

is

always think

food

lcyiwiyal-ye--xoW-'^a?j'^-war) - (and nothing else) - perhaps it is for (which)

ky[iwinay'^nyan]
people

de-q
in this

way

so to

me

'^ayWe'^iliw^^^-id when one always does (= when one visits me)."

-

{\\9) h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

Unyeagain

kye-na'^asdiyay
she went up again on (her ladder).

(120)

h[ayaha^id]
[Then]

c'e'^nirj'^an

yod
there

no'^nirj'^a-n

she brought
it

she laid

it

down,

out.

460
(121)

XIV Northwest
dedi-ye-xoW-dorj'^-waij
This
- I

California Linguistics

Wiwa(ij)
to

nadil
people come around."

(122)

dedi-de-

guess

- it is -

for

which

me

Come

to find
it

out, this

is,

nahdiyaw

Icyiic'^e-

de-

(123)
to

h[ayaha^]i(d)
[Then]

ya'^witj'^a'n

"Indian money's mother,"

come

find out.

he took it up, grabbed it

c'ena'^andiyay
he went out on his

hayi

the

way home

xoij xodahdiUade'^ - himself his running (= as fast as he could run)

dahna'^diwiliad
he ran back.

(124)

He

me'na''^asdHa'd-e'y ran homewards up hill.

(125)

mine-^i(d)-xo yidac hi^id When half-way up

clwirjWil-e'-c'iw
he heard her shouting,

daniarjWo^-dirj
several times

na'^wirjWil
she shouted again.

(126)

q'ad

hayah
there (at the tree)

Now

na''^aldiia'd-ey he ran back to,

he

ma'^a^disloy'^ tied himself to

(127)
it.

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay q'ad
when now,
'^ena'rp
at last

kyiwic'e'^il
the

hay
the one

namiqeh
behind

c'iwildai

hay
that

wind blew along

who was
(128)

running

it

was

that (she)

xonahdiyaw"^ her money

c'imiwinyo-n^^
she was following
it.

hayah
[There]
if

do- ma'^a'^disloy'^-de'^ he had not tied himself to

it

xoi ya-na-lcnwehsc'e'^^^^-te'
with
it

(129)

hay
That

him

would have blown up back.

lcy[iwinya'^nya-n] people

mil
with

c'itan
she eats,

mikyowe'^
grizzly-bear

hayi
(is) the

"^aYe'n does so.

(130)

doijq'a'^

Not yet

mini(rj)-yidaG me^siliad uphill he ran up

(= before he ran up)

one who
xodelcyisiwehsc'e'^ 14 (when) the wind had met him on its way.
1

the

xoi-ya-Uyiwehsc'e'^ wind picked him up

ia'^ay-x'^
right off.

(131)

miq'eh

c'ic'id
it

hay
the

nahdiyaw- fcyiic'^e'-ne'^in
"Money Mother"
-

(Longing) for it (= she wanted

she died badly)

used to be.

(132)

He
nadii-tei
will

da'^a-na'^dilah-wint'euntied himself - when,

iah-xo-gya'^
"Just
-

it

will

liy[iwinya^nya-n] people
hayi-q'
in that

xo'^^i

properly

(133)

nil]

Vn"^
for

iah-x"^
just

'^ant'e'-te-

go around

You

your part

way

you

will be;

(no cannibals).

ky[iwinya'^nyan]
people

do- xoh "^oicis-te- ^^^ you will always be hateful to."

Hupa
(134) ye'w
That one
'^e''^rj

Texts:

68
xoc'^o-dirj where his grandmother was

461
na'^aldiiad-e'
he ran back
to.

q'ad

for his part

now

(135)

h[ayahaji]i(d)
[Then]

na'^deic'e'^

they 2 stayed
there.

(136) nahdi(rj) yisxa-n naPdeMc'e-x"^ When they had stayed there two days,

hayai
then

'^a-xoic'ide-ne'^

Wic''0'

xontah
house

me-na-lcyiseloy'^-te-

he said to her,

"Grandma!

I'm going

to tie

it

up."

(137)

xontah
[House]
^^^

me-na7Ryisloy'^
[he tied
it

(138)

xiKe'^ey-mH
Along
in the

xontah
house

miyeh
under
it

up].

night

na'^UnsGod

(139)

he poked about.

miyi-mida'q'id At miyi-midaqid

Uyixinay q'an-c'iwilc'^il lc>ixinay young man

haya-c'irj'^-yeto that place

'^aYirj

he did so.

(140)

digya(ij)

yinaci-yidao

na'^winde-X-e-y
they got to live
there (for good)

East to heaven

hay
the (girl)

xota'^
her father

she

na'^sehiwe-n who killed him

na'^wa'-c'irj'^
to

(141)

hay ah
[There]

where she

lives.

no-nfiRy
[it

^'^'^

(142)

sa+n
[5a+/j!]
[in

stretches to.]

V^e-ne' back of me]

ce--iicow-nehwan-te[blue
-

stone

like

it

shall be.]

The One Who Established a Medicine and his Grandmother [b]

at Miyimida-q'id, [a]

(l)He always brought home two (deer), one on top of the other. madrone wood extended across the top of the load, (trees) that had simply been pulled out by bending. (3) Back at the house, he would break them up, snapping off pieces with his (bare) hands, [c]
(2) Pieces of
(4)

Then one day, he came back from hunting.

[d] they
at

(5) (His

grandmother) said

to him, "Little grandchild,

say that a person didn't return (from

[e]

hunting)

Requa (miqeh-na'diwal-diij)."
this.

More

than once he

would
[f]

hear her say

(7)

(6)

She mentioned

all

the places downriver

from

here,

while later she said, "They say that a person didn't return (from
at

hunting)

Weitchpec
(it

(k-na-l-dir)),
at

little

grandchild!"

(8) [Then] (9)

to

she

mentioned
seen.

happening) over there

telling her this.

Matilton Ranch (meMil-dig).

He
be

wondered who was

(10) (Other) people were

nowhere

(12) It looked (11) [Then], finally, she mentioned ta-kyiwe*lcili-qid. [g] like his turn was coming. (13) (That night) he did not return by sunset, and
the old

woman knew what had

happened:

462

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

was walking along, he had fallen asleep. someone was carrying him somewhere on his back. (16) He was amazed to see that they were in the sky to the south, [h] (17) After a while (he saw) some houses and a sweathouse. (18) All around he could see where people's bones had fallen to the ground. (19) Sometimes (the monster) carries people only that far.
(14) For no apparent reason as he (15)

He woke up

and, to his surprise, he found that

(20) (The platform) in front of the sweathouse

is

(shiny black) just like a

water beetle.
[i]

(21)

It

looks like this because (the monster) eats people there,

kills

(22)

Sometimes he

them

after carrying

them only

that far.

(23)

The

(kyixinay boy) that he was carrying along thought, "I hope

carefully."
[j]

you

put

me down

(24)

He
flint

did put

him down

easily.

(25) If he

had dropped him down hard, the

sweathouse platform
(26) [Then]
(the
(kyiwilte*!)

blades (ce*-xahltei) [k] there on the

in two.

would have cut him

monster) carried

him upstream on

the

sweathouse
[I]

platform, to a place that could be seen upstream in the distance.

arrived there with him.
(28)

(27)

He
this
I

When

he arrived he called for his daughter; "Take good care of

said.

one!" [m] he

(29)

She

said, "I'll take

good care of him. (30) But

don't suppose he'll be spending

(31) [Then]
the

many

nights with me." [n]

in (the

young man went

house) and stayed (with her).

(32) (The daughter) had the overpowering thought, [o] "I wish we lived together, that human being and I," she thought. (33) ''Ah!" she thought, "I

wish there was some way

man) indeed, looked

(35)

just like

could kill (my father)!" madrone wood, [p]

(34) (The

young

Two

days after (the monster) had packed (the young man) home, he
(36) (The daughter) said to (her father), "(You're at
(37)
It

could be seen going by upstream on his stone platform and coming back

downstream on
again) today,
(38)
in the
I

it.

it

see! [q]

didn't spend

many

nights with
[s]

me!"

[r]

Down

at the

base of the doorposts (kifa'^atc^e*)

side.

there

was

a hole

ground on either
(cag)
[t]

(39) There,

at the

base of the doorposts,

some

dirty aprons

lay piled up.

in

(40) She picked up

two (bundles of
around
(one

aprons) and threw one

father.

each of those holes.

(41) She fed these to her

(42)

He had

gotten

hungry

from

dragging

of

the) circular flint blades, [u]

(43) [Then]

evening came and (the monster) went to

lie

down

in

the

(44) [Then] she explained to (the young man), "Only the luckiest stay with me for two nights. (45) [Then] he eats them up. (46) You will have to return the way that he first carried you up," she said to him.

sweathouse.

(47)
gets

"A young
back
(50)

black oak (niltac) stands there.

that far, if

he

is

really smart, [v]

(49)

(48) Sometimes a person The day after tomorrow you

(51) All sorts of creatures

will leave.

You

will

go back

uphill this way.

Hupa
will

Texts:

68

463

meet you

Fog, Star,

Dawn

(xoticay-tina'W)
to

ten of

you.

(52) Nevertheless,

they

are not

be feared.

(53)

them will meet The day after

tomorrow you
(54)

will leave," she told him.

He

spent only four nights there.

(55) Lest he be killed, she told

him

of

would happen (on his journey). (56) IThen] she said, "I will come to you (and marry you) when I kill my father, I'll come to you. (57) If a black cloud comes scudding along, then you should think, 'Evidently, she has killed him'; but if it's a red cloud there, and a wind blows above (bringing) warm weather, he, on the contrary, has killed me."
all

the things that

where the
(59)

(58) Then, before dawn, he went off in a great hurry toward the place trail starts up the mountain and the black oak stands.

As dawn

broke,

all

kinds of creatures
(61)

came

to

meet him

(60) IBut] he kept on running back.

He

ran back up to the summit,

side).

back down the steep slope (on the other reached the place where the trail starts up the mountain.

and ran even

faster

(62)

He

(63) She had told him:

"On your way

he
tied

back, you must

tie

yourself to
."

it

with your beh (mit-xowiloy'^), you must

(64)

tie

yourself to that black oak

to
it,

On

his

way

back,

himself

quickly

pulling

(the

rope) around himself.

from a distance, and it picked him up and) was going to hurl him to the ground, [w] wind blew down the mountain maybe ten times. (67) [Then]
blowing.
(68)

(65) At that very moment a wind came blowing as if blew him up into the air just like someone who (had

(66)
it

The

stopped

He

untied himself.

(69) [Then]

he ran

off,

and ran right back to

miyi-mida*-qid.
(70) "I've

come home!" he

said,

"Grandmother, I've come home!"

said.

(71) "Oh!

My

little

grandson!" she

(72) She felt around like this

with her hands. (73) She had been lying in bed for a long time and had lost her sight (from crying). (74) She felt around like this with her hands, and

brought out a rock.

(75) She put

it

into the fire-pit.

(76) [Then]

she put
the

(the heated rock) into

a basket of water.

(77) [Then]

she scooped

heated water into her eyes.

(78) [Then] he began watching, [x]

(79) "In two days

will

come," the

woman

had said, the daughter of the man-eater.

said.

(80) "After two days have

gone by, you must watch for me," she had

(81) Suddenly,

saw a black cloud coming When the sun was just She stayed two nights, which were about to set, the woman showed up. (83) really two years. (84) [Then] she went back home.

when two days had

passed, he

along, signalling that she had killed her father.

(82)

464
(85)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

He and

his

grandmother continued
I

to live there together.

(86)

(One

day) he said, "Grandmother,

(87)

am

going to go visiting."
dangerous,

"No!" she said

to him.

"It is

my

little

grandson!"

(88) "No," he said.

"I'm going

to

go

visiting."

(89) [Then] she told him, "All right." (90)

the situation (where he

And

then she told

him about
is

(92) She told

was going). him, "Along the way

to the river." [y]

(91) She got

that you'll

some

things out for him.

be travelling there

a tree,

half-way

down

(93) She got out for

him

the thing that

come

into existence at the time he

had grown up

a bundle of sharp

had bone

hairpins for a

war head-dress

(x^e'de'^iloy'^). [z]

(94) [Then] he went off. (95)

"She always

sits

outside her house," [aa]

(his

grandmother) had told

him, "you must go right on (past her), just go right on into the house, she'll be weaving baskets.
(96) After a
little

while she will go back inside and

(97) She'll bring out
all

climb right up
things
for

(to the storage platform).

kinds of

you
nuts

manzanita

berries

(diniW),
flour

hazel

nuts

(kyiIa*3onde*),

sugarpine

(mi3e*w-xole*n),

tarweed

(Xoh-day''),

seed

flour

(to'^c^'iW), all sorts

of things that are good to eat

it

but they are not to be

eaten.

(98) [Then] she'll say, 'What can

be that people

come

to

me

for?'

(99) [Then] she'll climb

up

(to the platform)

and

feel

around again there in

the back (for something else).

(100) She will bring something out, and this

must pick it up; she is not quick at putting things back. (101) [Then] you must run off for home at once. (102) You must run off at once, running upstream through the prairie. (103) Sometimes she catches up with a person when he is (going) up-stream through the prairie. (104) If he is smart, a person goes back to the base of the tree that stands half-way down to the river. (105) As soon as you run there you must tie yourself to it with the strings of your (bundle of) sharp bone hairpins, [bb] (106) The wind will be blowing (off) the tops of the fir trees, and gravel will be blowing
time

you

along with

it.

(107)

When
the

she

is

running

along
is

half-way

there

from

downriver, you will hear her shouting.

people.

(108) That

how

(the monster) eats

(109)

When

wind

is

blowing gently again, you must untie

yourself and immediately run for home," she told him. [cc]

prairie far

Then he ran off downstream. (1 1 1) As he was travelling along in a away downstream, he saw a house sitting right in the middle of it. (112) When he got there, (the monster) was sitting outside weaving a storage
(110)
(3e*lo'^).

basket

(113) She sang as she sat there, singing (words) like

[dd]

this:

""he-rj'^ay

on (past her) and went right into the house and sat down; she was not quick to go back inside. (116) Right away, she (1 15) Returning after a while, she went inside. reached around there in the back and took out all the things that his
he-rj'^ay he-rj'^ayV'

(114)

He walked

right

Hupa
grandmother had told him about. she said, "What can it be that they
food they're
after,

Texts:

68

465
(she took out) the last thing
I

(117)

When

are after? (1 18)

myself think

it

must be

when people

(visit)

me
it

like this."

(119) [Then] she climbed up (the ladder to the storage platform) again.
(120) She took something out and laid
they

down.

(121) "I guess this

is

what

come
It

to

me

for."

it was a "Money Mother" (nahdiyaw-kyRc^^e*). [ee] up and got out of the house, running back toward home (123) as fast as he could run. (124) He ran back up the hill. (125) When he was

(122)

turned out that

it

He

picked

half-way up he heard her shouting; she shouted several times.

soon as he got back

(128)
If

to (the

tree

that

stood) there,

(126) As he tied himself to it.

(127) Then the wind blew as she ran along behind, pursuing her money.

he had not tied himself to (the tree) there, the wind would have
(129)

picked him up.

right up. (131)

She

eats people this

hill,

way. Grizzly (mikyow'^) does.

(130) Before they climb up the

She was dying

untied

to

wind reaches them and picks them get her "Money-Mother" back.
the

(132)

As he
[ff]

himself,

he

said,

"People
that

will

just
will

have

to

live

properly.

(133) But you will just have to be

way, and

be hateful to

people!"

(134) (The

young

man) then

ran

back

to

his

grandmother's

place.

(135) They stayed there together.

(136) They stayed two days, and then he said to her, "Grandmother, I'm

going

to pack up the house!" [gg] (137) He packed up (138) During the night he poked around under the house, [hh]

the

house.

(139)

The

kyixinay young

man

at

miyi-mida*-q'id did

this.

(140) They came

(girl)

to live in

the heaven to the east (digyan yinaci-yidac),

father lives.

where the

who

killed her

(141)

The

end.

(142) san\

My

back

will

be like blue-stone!

[ii]

[a]

A place on the riverbank at the village of miyi-me'',

is

at

Campbell's Ranch on the

north side of the main Trinity River about a mile above Salyers.
this

The protagonist of

story
at

known

as

miyi-mida'-q'id-Vna'cidyaw
Several

('the

one who established

in

medicine
('the

miyi-mida'-qid'), or sometimes miyi-mida'-qid k^ixinay q'anciwilc"il

k^ixinay

boy from miyi-mida'-q'id').

elements

the

story

are

reminiscent of the

well-known "Dug-From-The-Ground" (xa'xowilwa'X) story

(see

Goddard 1904: 135-149).

[b] Specifically, his maternal
[c]

grandmother.

Madrone wood
She uses the

is

hard to break, so this illustrates his strength.

[d]

affectionate diminutive

form of 'my daughter's child (woman

speaking)'.

466
[e]
[f]

XIV Northwest
The
large

California Linguistics

Yurok

village at the

mouth of the Klamath River.

woods.
Every day she would mention another Requa and moving upstream, place by place,

People were disappearing

in the

place where this had happened, starting at

toward the upper Trinity River where they were.

[g]

One

of the cluster of villages

at

Salyers

(Je*l-diij), at

the confluence of the Trinity

River and South Fork, about one and one-half miles downstream from miyi-me'^.
[h] In the
[i]

knxinay heaven them

to the south (or southeast).

He

kills

for food

by dropping them on the

flint
it.

floor of the platform

(kyiwilte'l) in front
[j]

of the sweathouse and their grease polishes

Instead of dropping

him on

the rocks and killing him.

to

[k] Circular obsidian blades.

According

Sam Brown,

these were the size of the

ceremonial obsidians used in the White Deerskin Dance, but instead of being oblong
they were perfectly circular.
[I]

The stone platform flew through

'lay

the

air.

[m] Literally,
[n]

him down

carefully'.

The implications appear

It

to

be sexual.

As much to keep him alive."

thought and with
[p]

say, "You'll

soon eat him anyway!

won't be many nights you'll

[o] Literally, 'she

its

had the enormous thought'.

emotion.

That

is,

she was overcome with the

A
She She

stock metaphor for male handsomeness in

like the reddish color
is

Hupa

stories,

referring

to

complexion
[q]
[r]

of the

tree.

disgusted with her father.

apparently referring to the young man, although her use of the obviative
is

is

pronoun here

unexpected (see linguistic note 68.43).

the

[s] The two posts that support the inner door of a living house, between woodshed and the storage platform around the housepit (dahsH).
[t]

Buckskin aprons, a basic

tied
it

article

of women's dress.

Used aprons were always

bundled up and
[u]
[v]

around with

their waist-bands,
kill

ready to be washed.

He

carried

with him in order to

people.

Implying

that,

even then, he may be caught.

[w] See text 64, lines 14-15.

[x] [y]
[z]

For a sign from the monster's daughter.

See

line

104

ff.

below.

Worn by

warriors to prevent their hair from being seized by an enemy.

bundle

of these sharpened bones are woven together, put through the hair, and knotted tight,
either at the top or in the rear. In this case, the

young man does not wear the bones

but just carries the bundle along with him.

[aa] Grizzly

It is

his talisman or amulet.

Bear

(miks'Gw''), another

man-eating monster.
in a head-dress in

[bb]
will

He

will not be wearing the

bone hairpins

war fashion, but

be carrying them along tied

in a bundle, for

magical protection.

[cc]

He could

wait for her on the chance of killing her, but this would be hopeless.

[dd] Repeated three times.

Hupa
[ee]

Texts:

68
if

467
you possess one, weaUh
is

A mythical entity
in

that "gives birth" to dentalia:

It

magically produced

your house.

is

believed to be a shell about one-and-one-half

inches long. (See also text 47.)

[ff]

This

is

the style of a medicine formula.

He

is

instituting a medicine, as well as

magically transforming the man-eating monster into a grizzly bear.

[gg]

That

is,

dismantle the superstructure and

tie

up the boards,

in

preparation for

moving.
[hh]

formulaic phrase indicating that he used a magical pole to supematurally

site.

transport the housepit to another

[ii]

See

text 66, line 79.

[h].

The

traditional

formula for ending a story. See text 61, note

468

XIV Northwest
69.

California Linguistics

The Hated Suitor

Notebook X,
pp. 19-31.

Narrated by Jake Hostler.

(1)
yida-c'in-dinan-diij Weitchpec Buttes

Icyiwinya'^niydn
a person

c'itehic'^e-n^

(2)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

became.

kyiwi-ide'^n ^

xodnan-dirj
Bluff Creek

camehsK&n
[woman]

c'iwehsyo"^^
he liked her.

(3)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

he loved one

do-Uyiwilean old

siddy
was
living
there,

tirj

xoyi^ehsW'^
she hated him exceedingly.

(4)

h[aya--t]
[Then]

lcyiwa(ij)-nayda[hunting]

woman

[he

c'itehsyay went off.]

(5)

h[aya-l]
[Then]

xa-fi-q'a(d)
right (at) the

yidax'in-dinan-din-q'id
on Weitchpec Buttes

kyiiixan
a deer

same

c'iseMwe'n
he killed.

(6) h[ayahaji]d xa'di-q'ad

[Then]
right

hayah
there at the

xontah

wa(rj)-na-'^asya'^

house he went about

same place
"^istan

making

it;

minirj^ ya'ij'^ay^
its

mic'irp
against
it

kyiladosc'e'^

Rye^niwH'^e-Xi
he leaned
(for

a log

face end sticking up

in the air

bark

camping

hut).

(7)

h{aya-]l
[Then]

ie-nirjxen^

"^ah

sile'^n
it

(8)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

came
xiXe^
night

floating together

clouds

became.

hayi
that

na-nyay^-mii
when
it

(same)

started raining,

tehsde'X^^ snow started,

na-nde'K^^
(then)
it

started

steady snow.

(9)

h[aya-]^
[Then]

xiKe'^-dan'^
in the

c'e'^insid

^'^

'^atj-gya'^

daharjWo'^oW
to an

morning

he wakened

he saw

unknown

distance

na^xehsta-n-eit reached up

^^

hay
the

nandi^^
snow

xotis over him (his house)

ya-me-na'da'^ay^^
it

{\0) h[aya-]i
[Then]

piled up.

hayah
there

c'iwinda"^ he stayed (snowed

(11) h[aya-]-i
in).

hayah
there

[Then]

c'e^iycPn he ate

hay RyUixan
[the]

[deer],

hayi
that

mixin'^^ living on

c'iwindd^
[he stayed there].

(12)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

c'ineh-tya-n^'^-ey he ate it up,

xa^aicah
that long

c'iwinda"^
[he stayed there.]

(13)

h[aya]l
[Then]

'^a-dixin^^ c'isle'^n
with nothing to eat, he became

hay c'inehiya-ni-mii
when he had
eaten that up

Hupa
(14)
h[aya-]i
[Then]

Texts:

69
hi^id
[and]

469
Rye'^Uyiice-K ^^ he pounded it off, broke into it by pounding,

hay-yow
that

Icyic'ine'^

yaPwintarj
he picked

bones of
(deer)

up

hay
the

/:>'

we'^ 20

'^a'dilaP-me'^
in his

na'^asmas
he rolled
it

nilin-^i
the
little

marrow

hand

stream

mitis over it.

(15)

h[ayaha3i]d tehna-PiW^^
[Then]
it

(16)

sa-kyidirj

io'^ya-Wi'^^ xe'^e-wilw-e-'^^
trout
it

dripped

To

his

dove by,

into the water.

surprise

io'^ya'W
trout
it

sile'^n

hay
the

Uye-we'^
grease,

nahsde'X
they went about.
lived there.

(17)

became

de'wime'^n'^^ It filled up

hay
the

nilini-q'eh creek

io'^ya'W
(with) trout

hayi
[which]

mixin
[living on]

c'iwinda'^
[he stayed there.]

(18)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

c'iscay'^'^^

hay
[the]

lo'^ya-W
[trout]

Rye'^iina'^a'^^-mii

c'e'ilcay'^

he dried

it

when he had
cooked
it,

he always
dried
it.

(19)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

ia"^

one
(full)

kyi(rj)-naima'^c' storage cask

(< 'wood
-

siWn
it

(20)

mine-^ixomH
[As he was doing
this,]

became.

circled')

c'/reT/Vn
he looked,

diyWo'^oW
something

'^arj-gya'^

he noticed

there

diwine'^^i-c'eh was a sound came from it.

(21)

sa-Undirj [Suddenly]

'^aij-gya'^

Uyiya'W
a bird

dah-wirjxic''^^
flew (up) on to top (of house).

(22)

Jcyila-jonde'^

[he saw]

Hazel nuts

dah-yiwirjin'^^ it brought up to

^iwa-Uyisdixit'^^-xola-n
ripe nuts
-

(23)

dedi-de-

hay
the

xon

c'isda-dirj

as he noticed.

Come

to

find out

place where he himself was staying

Wa'ne'
only

silay
it

hay
the

lay

nandil snow

xa'^aikyoh-xo
that greatly

xoy^ehsla"^ she hated him (she caused the snow)

3i

hay

the old

dokyiwilewoman.

(24) h[ayaha3i]d
[Then]

na'^tehsdiyay he went back home.

(25)

ye'w
Those
(his people)

'^e'^rj

'^a-ya-c'o-ne'^'^

for their
part

were thinking,

q'ad-xoW "Now - it must

Msdiley'^'^
be

(26)

ia"^

xay
winter

he has frozen."

One
[= the whole]

c'iwinda'^ he had stayed.

470
(27)
xontah-dirj House - place

XIV Northwest
hayi
the one

California Linguistics

'^ad-t'e-n 34
as married

c'ininya'-dirj

man

where he had

na'^andiya'-hid when he came

back to
there,

(place)

come

to

midiiwasomething else

'^adiwe-ne'^
she mentioned

hay
[the]

doIc>iwile[old

'^isdo'^

woman],

"I

wish

micin'^-niXic' its meat hard (=fish of some kind)

Icyeyarj'^ ^^
I

(28)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

'^aht'irj-xo
all

"^ant'eh

xoh
in

might

eat."

kinds of things

vain

c'ina'^a'^aW ^(> he always brings

home.
"^ayine- 37
that she refers to?

(29)

mine-jixomii
[After a while]

'^a-c'ondehsne'^
[he thought],

daydarj"^ "What is it

(30)

kyeh
Let

kyoWkyis^^
spear for fish!"

(31)

h[aya]i
[Then]

c'icai-id

'^arj-gya'^

me

when he was coming

along there

he saw

na'le'^^

io-q
fish

do-niWorj-xo niWo-n"^^
extremely good, beyond ordinary quality,

them diving
around

mise'to'^X-tah ^^ the cheeks of it

iah-xo
just

ceiin

c'isc'^e'^n

nehwa-n'^'^
it

(32)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

hayi
that
(fish)

na'^nehikyis ^^
he
hit
it

painted red

was

as

if.

with his spear

hay
[the]

io-q'
[fish.]

(33)

h[aya-]l
[Then]

ia'^ay-x'^
[right

do-

c'e-na-kyinda'^a-n^^
toggle off,

away]

the (spear) did not get loose,

ia'^ay-di(r})
in

yixo-ntaP]n'^^
it

(34)

h[ayaha3i]d
[Then]

hay
[the]

ta'^nd'n
[water]

one place

(fish

&

spear) held him.

^e-nah-c'in"^

tehsyay
to

(35)

up
(=
it

- it

began

go

yiwidiij-hid [Then at last]

his

xoda"^ mouth

Warj
only

xa'wehs'^a'^ ^^ stuck out

(of the water).

started to rise).

(36)

h{aya-]i
[Then]

hayi-x"^ from there (where he was)

yidah-c'itj from above him

wixisil

kyiya-W
a bird,

was flying along

tehkyixis
kingfisher.

(37)

ia'^ay-x'"'

[Right]

xocida"^ on top of his head

dah-nehsday
it

(38)

^ayxoidiwene'^
It

settled

told him,

down

on,

lit.

q'ad

kyic'^a-n'^
its

"Now

excrement

(to)

Wame

kyiikyi(d)-ta--'^a-n 47
will

tahnanisehitin
if
I

^^-de"^

you feed

it

take you out of the

water (to save you)?"

Hupa
(39)
diye"Yes!"
c'ide-ne^ he said.

Texts:

69
iaPay-x""
[at

471
tahnayxohswa-X ^^
it

(40)

h{aya-Y
[Then]

once]

threw him out of

the water.

yowi
yonder

yidac
up

no-nayxoniiwaX
it

^^

threw him back

to,

laPay-x"^ at once

tahc'isl&s^^
he pulled it to the shore

hay
the

loq'
fish.

(41)

h[aya'l]
[Then]

q'a(d)

c'itehite-n

hay
[the]

io-q
[fish,]

yima-n
across the river

now

he took it along with him

nana-'^andiydy
he went backward and arrived across.

hijid
[and]

wan-c'iniite-n
to her

hay
it

he brought

[the]

do-Uyiwilc [old woman]

hay
[the]

io-q'
[fish].

(42)

ia'^ay-x''

nahs'^i^^'^
ran around (from surprise)

minist'e'^-x'^e'niW ^^
she got happy,

At once

she jumped up

&

hi^id
[and]

q'ay'^timii

c'iynirje'n^'^

to'-c'trj"^

hi^id
[and]

ce-

xayiswe-n
she packed up,

burden basket

she packed out of the house

to the river,

rocks

hi^id
[and]

xo(rjp-miitei-e' ^^
spread out over the fire

ce-

dah-yiwilay
she laid them

(43)

h[ayai\
[Then]

mirPday'^
outside the

rocks

on

top.

house

no'na'^nindeX they sat down

hay-y&w
he

cameh(s)Xo-ni-hH and the woman

(his wife),

in the direction

xontah-me^-c'iij'^ of inside the house

na-'^a^j 56.c7vv
he heard her running around

hay
[the]

do-Uyiwile[old

(44)

mine'^ixomii
[After a while]

'^a'diwe-n'^^'^-ctw
they heard her say,

woman].

xolis^ "Hurry up

Wiqo^ohdinehelp

^^

(45)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

hay-yow
[that]

camehsXon
[woman]

me

(ye)!"

'^a'^de-ne>
[said],

xat'e-heh
"Let her go

do-

xoq'owine'^^^-heh
don't help her!"

(46)

mine-^ixomii
[After a while]

xa'^widcot' 60

472
(48)

XIV Northwest
hay kyiwidmadi^^-mii When it started boiling

California Linguistics

wandiwinyay ^^
it

ia'^ay-x'^
[at

hay xontah-ne'^in
the house [that was]

went over the (top) (of cooking basket),

once]

mine-^i(d) half-way up
the (dug out)

xe-nta'^n^
it

hay
that

UyiwoW
foam (from
boiling)

hay
[the]

nahdiyaw
Indian

mito'"^
its

reached

money

water,

(49)

hayah

Hupa
(61)
wa(rj)-no'^niiGe-d He aimed at it

Texts:

69
(62)

473
ninc'inP

xoh
without
firing.

nona^nintan
he laid the (bow)

Down

to the

down

again.

ground

nd^te-rpe^n he loolced (after looking

at different places).

(63) c'iwinc'^iw ce--q'i(d) He cried, on the rock

na-PiW
there dripped

hay xonaq'ito'^
his tears,

(liquid)

(64)

la^ay-x'"
[At once]

ce-xayc'a^
"rock-bucket"

sile'^n-ey became.

hayah
there

hay na-PiW-dirj
where
it

nah-xoh
in

73

had dripped

two

places.

(65)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

xo'^j
really,

wa(r})-no'^niiGe-d he aimed at it,

mH

xoda'^kHrj'^i^'^'^

well

with the (bird) - he shot (= he shot at it and it

down
fell

down).

(66)

yima-ni-yidah-c'irj Across the river - downward

xohwirjxic'
it

hay
to

t'e'^-diydiik>'o-s

fell to

the foot
hill

where Wren

of the

ya'^wirj'^a'-dirj

(67)

ia'^ay-x'" [At once]

nahdiydw
Indian

daharjWo'^oW
for

was

sitting.

Money

some

distance,

quite a radius

no'wehsle'^n
scattered

hay
the

tit'awi-iicay
"floats white"

where

xohwirjxic'-dirj it had fallen

(68)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

down
miwa'^
its

to.

ya'^asc'^'e'^n

t'e'^-diydHkyo's

xo'^^i

lam
he picked,

t'e'f

fur

(= feathers)

they made (= picked);

Wren

very many (= the most)

blanket

c'isc'^e^n

(69)

h[aya]i
[Then]

'^aht'irj
all

x'"e-Uyine^ 75
it

hay

he made
(of them).

(people)

sufficed

the ones

for

them

tahsya--te- 76 who were about to depart.

(70)

h[aya-]l
[Then]

ta-kyiW sweathouse

they

yehc'ite-de-K all went into

hayi
it,

xiKe'^ yisxan-de"^
night

qad
now

that

when

it

dawns

(= next morning)

tahsya-tethere were going

to leave.

(71)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

t'e'^-diydUhos Wren

hayi
that

xiXe"^

xowarj
from him

night

Uyite-wehskyd-di'' were stolen

hay
the

kyicHle'^-ne^in
feathers he had had,

ia'^ayis-^i 78
just

misciy'^^
a
little

one alone

one

nanadiwal

79

xokye"^
his tail

was wiggling

mitah-ditj amongst.

474
(72)

XIV Northwest
mida-n'^sa'^an Timber Owl

California Linguistics

"^aht'irj
all

UyiteMkyo'd
he stole,

do-

x'^eniWn

80

(of Wren's feathers)

not enough there was for him.

(73)

xocida'^
His crown of the head

Waneonly

do-

me-UHne'^ was not enough for it,

there

hay ah
there

iicay
it

(74)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

is

white.

q'a(d) [now]

tahsyay
they
left

(75)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

'^a-ya^de-ne^
they said,

hayi
the

'^ad-t'e-n

each

married

man

to his place.

'^a-ya-xoic'ide-ne'^

niij

^e-'^n

dax'^eda
what

they said to him,

"You

for your

part

"^andiyah-teare you going to do?"

(76)

h\aya-\i
[Then]

^a'^de-ne'^

[he said],

nehe"We

'^e-^ij

xa-di-q'a(d)
right

dig>'ar}

na-yde'^K^^-tewill

for our part

here

become

living,

^ahda'-q'irj'^

we-syo"^
I

digyarj
here."

(77)

too well

like

it

q'ad [Now]

[in this

hayi-q' way]

Wa-ne[only.]

The Hated Suitor

(1)
fell in

A man
love,

grew up

at

Weitchpec Butte (yida*cin-dinan-dig).

[a]

(2)

He

and he desired a

woman from
(5)

Bluff Creek (xodnan-dirj). [b]

(3)

The old woman who

lived there hated

him very much.

killed a deer right at the top

(4)

(One day) he went hunting.

(6)

He

of

Weitchpec Butte.
(8) (In) the night

He

set

about building a shelter there, leaning (slabs

sticking up. [c]
(7)
It

of) bark against a log that

it

was

began

to cloud over.

rained, then

began

to

snow and snowed

steadily.

morning and found the snow reaching way up, piled (9) up above (his shelter). (10) He had to stay there. (1 1) He had the deer there to eat, and that kept him alive. (12) He had to stay there so long that he ate up all (the deer). (13) When he had finished it he began to starve. (14) He picked up the bones of the deer and broke them open, rolling the marrow in his hand over a rivulet (of melting snow). (15) (The marrow) dripped into the water. (16) Suddenly a trout dove by; the marrow had turned into a swarm of trout. (17) The creek filled with trout, which he subsisted on while he remained there. (18) He dried them; whenever he cooked a trout, he dried one. (19) Soon he had a storage cask (kyin-naima*c') [d] full of
in the

He awoke

them.
(20) After
a noise.

some

while, he looked and thought he heard something

making
be ripe

(21) Suddenly he saw a bird fly up on top of (the bark shelter).

(kyila*3onde'^),

(22)

It

was carrying up hazel nuts

what appeared

to

Hupa
ones, [e]
(23)
It

Texts:

69

475
the place

turned out that the

snow was lying only over

where he was staying, so much did

(24)
that

that old

woman

hate him!

Then he went back home.

(26)

(25)

he was frozen to death.

He had

Those (people) there had thought stayed (on top of Weitchpec

Butte) the entire winter. (27)

the old
flesh."

When he brought the woman from Bluff Creek home to be his wife, woman in her turn said, "I wish that I could eat something with hard
[f]

(28)

He

tried

bringing

her
is

all

kinds of things, to no
(30)
I

avail.
I'll

(29) After a while he thought,

"What

she talking about?

think

go fishing." (31) As he was going along he noticed some fish diving their cheeks looked like they around that looked extraordinarily good had been painted red. (32) Then he struck (one of) those fish with his spear. (33) The toggle did not come loose right away, and (the fish) held on to

him. [g] (34) Then the water began to stuck out above (the water).
(36)

rise.

(35)

Soon only

his

mouth

from above him. you feed me the (38) (37) fish's innards [i] if I take you out of the water?" (39) "Oh, yes!", the man said. (40) Then it threw him right out of the water and back up on the bank, where (the man) immediately pulled the fish out of the water. (41) He took

Then

a Kingfisher (tehkyixis) [h]

came

flying along

It lit

right

on top of

his head.

It

said to him, "Will

the fish,

went back across the

river,

and brought the

fish to the old

woman.

(42) She
the river

jumped and ran around for joy, and took a pack-basket down to where she got some stones and spread them over the fire. (43) The
his wife sat

(man) and
"Quick!

down

outside the house and listened to the old

woman
out,

running around

inside.

(44) After a while they heard

her crying

Help me!"

(45)

The wife

said,

"Let her alone

don't help her!"

It

(46) After a while she squirmed out, and flopped right into the river. (47)

turned out that she had (tried to) boil the

boiling
it

fish.

(48)

When

the water started

had gone over the top (of the cooking basket) and half-filled the house with the foam of Money water {nahdiyaw-miw'^). (j] (49) Money lay scattered around where the water had reached.
(50)

From

that time

old
[k]

woman
Then

stayed in the river

on the man and his wife lived peacefully. (51) The and became a water monster (tehkyixolxid).

(52)

(the

wife's
[I]

people) next

said,

"On

top

of

Hopkins
(53)

Butte

(xodnan-dig-milay'^)
take a shot at
it,

lives the bird tit'awi-ticay.

[ml
it

You should
(56)

married man!"

(54)

Then one

(of her relatives) said to him,

at

"There

is

a knoll

up

there.

(55)

You

can shoot

from there."

He

told him,

"You

are a smart

man!"

(57)

Then

the

man

told

Wren

(t'e'^-diyditk>o-s), [n]

place where (the bird) will

fall to

the ground."

(58)

"You must go to the Then they arrived at

476
the place

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

from which he was going to shoot. (59) He sat down, putting one knee down and the other up. [o]. (60) He raised his bow and pulled the string. (61) He aimed, but put (the bow) back down without shooting.
(62)

He looked back

at

the

ground.

(63)

He began

to

weep, his

tears

dripping on the rock.

came

(64) Right there two luck basins (ce'-xayc'a'^) [p] into being in two places where (his tears) dripped. (65) Then he aimed

for real and shot (the bird)

down.
across
the
river

(66)

It

fell

to

the

ground

where Wren
a great

was

sitting.
fell.

(67)
(68)

Money was scattered all They gathered its feathers;

into a blanket, [r]

over the area where the tit'awi-ticay

[q]

Wren gathered

many and made

them

was enough for all of the beings who were about to leave (the Each of them went into the sweathouse the next morning, just before they left. (71) That night all of Wren's feathers were stolen from him, except for one small feather that wiggled on his tail. (72) Timber Owl (mida'n'^-sa'^a'n) stole all of them, not having enough of his own. (73) (The feathers he stole) were insufficient only (for) the crown of his head, where it is white. (74) Then (the birds) departed (from this world). (75) They said to the married man (and his wife), "What are you, for your part, going to do?" (76) "We are going to stay right here," they said, "we like it here too
(69) There
earth), [s]

(70)

much

(to leave)." [t]

(77) That's the only

way

it is.

[a] Also called Burrill Peak, the high mountain north of Weitchpec. The mythical Yurok village of Kewet lies on its slopes. Many stories are told about this place, most of them involving a handsome and powerful young man (Yurok kewec). This is a Hupa

version of one of these.

[b]

The Yurok

village of Otsepor, at Bluff Creek, upstream

on the Klamath from

Weitchpec.
[c]

Temporary bark

shelters of this sort

were often built by hunters and others

who

had

to [d]

camp

in the

woods.
hoops, woven together with

A storage container made from two or three wooden

at the

hazel twine

bottom and

all

around

its

length, but

left

open

at

one end.

It is

used

for temporary storage

[e]
[f]

and transportation of dried venison or dried fish.

sign of spring arriving.

affinal relative

She was now an

and

it

Apparently the old

woman was

referring to a fish of

was necessary to satisfy her requests. some kind, but the term was her

own, and deliberately obscure

[g]

almost a riddle.

He
it

couldn't

let

held to

by the

fish,

go of the spear even if he had wanted to. He was being magically which was actually a water monster (see below).
medicine for such places.

[h] Feathers of the Kingfisher are a

You won't

get

drowned

if

you know

the Kingfisher's song.

Hupa
[i]

Texts:

69

477
fish,

Literally 'the excrement

its

from

it',

meaning the coagulated blood inside a

a delicacy to the Kingfisher.

from
[j]

neck half-way
fish that

to its tail.

This

is

The

he had caught was

in fact

Money (nahdiyaw),

not yet transformed

it

into

its

present shape.

When
filled

the old

woman

threw the hot rocks into the water

boiled

over and the house had

[k] Said to
[I]

with the foam of

Money

water, nearly cooking her.

resemble an

alligator.

mountain

to the south

of the Klamath River, opposite Bluff Creek village,

in

Karuk

territory.

[m]
[n]
[o]

A mythical
Wren
That
is
is,

(Ryixinay) bird

whose wings always

scatter

money.

the husband's helper on this expedition.

he crouched

down on one knee

to pull the

bow.

[p]

Shallow basins

in the surface

of a rock, used for luck training.

[q] Literally, 'they gathered its fur'.

[r]

Presumably a

partial explanation

of Wren's name (t'e''-diydHkyo*s

'it

throws a

blanket into the

[s]

fire').
all
it.

The

birds in this story were

k^'ixinay

who would soon be

leaving the world

so that
[t]

human

beings could occupy

They were human

beings, not k>ixinay that had been transformed into birds.

VII.

LEGENDS AND TRADITIONAL HISTORY

70.

How

Earaches Started at MeMildig

Sam Brown. Notebook
ya'^dehic'e-

Narrated by
(I)

XI, pp. 32-40.

iiiin^
brothers
ia'^

dahcHn^-diij
Gooseberry-place

minian
ten

were living

(and) one

ya-xoitisc'e'^^
their sister.

(2)

h[aya]i
[Then]

mine^ixomU
[after a while]

xoq'i(d) dah-ya'^lc>iice-X on them - one threw a rock on the roof.

"^

(3)

h[aya]i
[Then]

iiwan
one (of them)

c'idiwinc'a-d
got sick,

loPay-xo
at

once

daxo('^)-'^a-c'idyaw(> he died.

(4)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

yisxaij-hid q'ad
[the very next day]

no'y'^-yaPxosc'^e'^n'^
[they buried him].

(5)

h[aya]l
[Then]

daniaijWo'^-di(u)
several times

naysxani-mU^
when day
again

Ryiye[again]

came

xoq'i(d) dah-yaPUyiice-K [on them - one threw a rock on the roof].

dahxo-('^)-'^a-c'idyaw-e'y
[he died].

(6)

h{aya-]i
[Then]

iiwan
[one]

c'idiwinc'd-d
got sick,]

la7ay-xo
[at

once]

(7)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

iiwarj one (of them)

^^

'^a-c'ondehsne'^

he thought,
na'^aya'^^^ He always

c(ad-^dW-'^arp "I wonder if it's

lahx'^e-heh^
just for nothing

hay-dethis

'^ayaydiyaw
it

(8)

has happened
to us!"

dahcHrP-diiij) mida-q'i(d) yide"^ downstream from the bank of

Gooseberry-place

went around
'^aicah 12
that far, distance.

ye-wi yonder

[to]

na-sa^a-ni-meq' nasa^ani-meq'

(9)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

Uyiye[again]

xoq'i(d) [on them]

dah-yaPRyHce-K
[one threw a stone on the roof,]

ia?ay-xo
[at

dahxoP)-'^a-chidyaw
[he died]

Icyiye-

Hwaij
[one.]

once]

[again]

(10)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

"^aht'itj
[all]

do--yaPxohsle'^
they
all

^'^

xaPa-fitj-x''^^

died off

doing

in that

way.

(II)

h[aya]i
[Then]

Hwani
one (of them)

no'^ondiyaPn
was
left

^^

xo^osday
[a

xoitisc'e'^-hii

over

man]

[and his sister]

Wane[only.]

(12)

h[aya-]i
[Then]
ninte'^-ne'^ 17

q'ad hay

minyay

^(>-mii

'^axoic'ide'ne'^

as soon as the time

came,

he said to her,

dayWo'^-xo
"Some
place
(not in this house)

you must go and sleep.

480

Hupa
(27)

Texts: 70

481
iah-xo
just

saUndin
To
his

ce'li(ij)

na'diwilwa'^X^^
had been poured

donot

ceii(r})-nehwa-n
(real) blood-like. red like blood.
-

blood

surprise

down.

(28)

yide'^-ye-xolarj

yewi
yonder

yide'^

nasaPani-me'^
[at

was noticed downstream in view

It

downstream

nasaPa-ni-me'^]

yinahc'irj-ye--xolarj from upstream in view

there

na-sa'^a'n-taca
[to

c'icai-id

'^aij-gya^
[he saw]

na-sa^an-tac]

was evident
27

when he (living man) was going along.

'^a'^lcyint'e^'^

no'^wilwoPK

(29)

dahaijWo'^oW^i
Extremely

do- -ye'
not clearly,

he (stranger) was lying there dead.

he was

tall,

evidently

kyiwinyaPniya'n

c'inehwa-n
he looked
like,

mic'ine'^

Wa-neonly.

(30)

h[ayaha3i]d
[Then]

human

bones

hay ah
there

c'iwehswa-K^^
he lay there.

(31) na'^tehsdiyay He went back,

me'^dil-di(ij)
me'^dildirj

na'^ndiya--yey he came back to

remained lying.

dahc'^irf-dirj
[Gooseberry-place.

(32) h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

diyWo'^oW^^
"Something

seseMwitj
I

[he said],

have

killed.

do-

Icnwinya'^niyd-n not human.

dayWo-^oW
it

(33)

nohiVrj

32
at!"

is

something.

Do
misic'
its

ye look

(34)

hiaya-^-an"^
[Then]

sahwinde'^n
they went off

ya'^xone'Pe'^n
they looked at him,

Wa-neonly,

skin

xoGo(t')-tah
joint-places

Wan
only

silay
they lie, show (under skin).

(35) h[ayaha^i]d hayah

[Then]
[there]

c'iwehswa'X
[he lay there,

remained

lying.]

(36)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

mine-^ixomii
[after a while]

ya-'^asiiq'^'^

na-ya'^xone-'^iPe'^n

-^^

he rotted.

every now and then they looked at him.

(37)

mine-^ixomii
[After a while]

iiwan
one person
do-

c'ica-I-id

'^aij-gya'^

kyic'ine"^
the bones

when he went along

noticed

na-diwilwa'^K^^
were lying there scattered

niWorj-xo

niWon^^ {3S) h[ayaha^i]d

[Then]

me'^dil-di(r})
[me'^dildiri]

extremely pretty.

na-'^andiya--hid [when he got

back
to]

'^a'^de-ne'^

xa'^ant'e-

(39) h[ayahaji]d
[Then]

sahwinde'^n
[they went off]-

[he said,]

"They

are of that

appearance."

(40)

kyeh
"Let us

ya-ne-diPirj'^^^
look
at it!"

482
(41)

XIV Northwest
hayah
There

California Linguistics

when

ya'^ninde-X-id they came,

xa'^ant'eit

q'ad
really, as told.

(42)

"^6+
['"^e+f"]

was

like that

ya'^de-ne^
they said,

niWon-^i
"They
are nice

x'^'e-de'^K-sa'^a-n

(43)

hile-^^
Pals,

ya-lcyidiq'a"^^^
let's rub, file

ear-plugs.

them!"

(44)

h[ayaha^i]d-atj'^
[Then]

hayah
[there]

x^'ede'^K-sa'^dn ear-plugs

wa(n)-na-'^asde-X'^^ they were occupied in making.

ya'^Uyiwirjqay
they filed them.

(45)

h[ayai]-arj'^ [Then]

me'lah some (people)

x'^e-de'^iioy'^

hair-plugs (used in fighting)

ya-'^asc'^e^n
[they

hay
the

kyic'ine'^

do

-ye-

Uyic'ine"^

nehwa'n
it

made

(from)]

bones;

not like

bone

looked,

ia'^ay-xo
just

nii^e'n^^
they shone
(like pearl).

(46)

meda'^ay
heads (like pin-heads)
Its

Wan
only

yasilay
they
lie,

hay-dethis

xo^c'^-mic'irj'^-xo-yidaG up opposite his front (= at the upper part of his back)

his breast

xot'ahdiy'^-me-q'i-tah - all over - also.

(47)

hay a
That

"^ahfiij
all

ya'^wiijq'ay
they filed.

(48) h[ayaha^i]d sahna-nde'^n

[Then]
they went back.

(49) h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

in a

niWoij-xo good way

na'^deic'e'^ 42 he (and she) stayed

hay

xoitisc'e'^-hii

c'isehiwe'n-ey
he had killed
it

[together with his sister].

hay yayxowa(n)
what had been
them.

^^-ne'^in
killing

(50)

hay-arj'^

UyidoniW
harmful thing handed down by heredity

sile'^n

That

is

(how)

they (bones)

became.

water being

kyiiwe-de- come
to find out

'^a-t'i(rj)-ne'^in
it

(51)
so.

hayi-q'i
[In this

Wane'
[only.]

had been doing

way]

(52)

mi^e'^edin

nayde'^iixit'-hid

^'^

mi^iW^-q'eh
through
its

c'e'kye'^icod ^^
a sharp pain runs

child

when

it

is

affected by

ears

a hereditary ailment

through, out.

'^e'^ic'^iw
it

(53)

h{aya]l
[Then]

hay-ded
this (story)

wanayarj'^x'^'e'^iligy 46

cries.

they

tell

about

it

again to the child.

h[ayaha^i]d
[then]

nane'^iWo'^n'^i
it

(54)

ia'^a-ditj

xis

gets well again.

Sometimes

pus

mi^iw'^-q'eh through its ear

ne'^ile'^n^^

flows.

Hupa
(55)

Texts: 70

483
hayi
that one's

hay dand
Whoever
nayde^Hxit'

meWl-di(rj) mi^in'^^

'^a-'^ant'e-

belongs to me'^dil-dirj

xomi^e'^e-diri? children

(56)

haya-i
[Then]

hay dandi
whoever

c'ohic'id

hayi-wan
him
for

always become affected by tcndo-niW.

knows

the (story)

c'ixoyase'^ixaW ^0
they always pay,

wanatj'^xoligyi-mir}
so he

(57)

hayi
That

may
donot

tell

about

it.

wanari'^x'"e'^iligyi-mU when he tells about it,

it

no-de'^ic'a-d ^^ does not pain anymore,

Icyiye-

na-dinc'd-d
it

(58)

haya
That

"^alyeis

again

(ear) gets

called

sick again.

Icyido-niW
[inherited sickness.]

(59)

q'ad [Now]

[in this

hayi-q' way]

Wa-ne[only]

[I

"^oWc'id know.]

How Earaches Started at MeWldirj

(l)Ten brothers and their one sister were living at dahc*in'^-dir). [a] (2) One day someone threw a stone on (the roof of their house), [b] (4) They buried him (3) Then one of them got sick and immediately died.
the next day.
(5) Several

(6)

days later someone again threw a stone on Then another of them got sick and immediately died.

(their

roof).

Then one of them began to wonder if this was happening to them just by accident. (8) Someone had been going around ("deviling" people) along
(7)

the

bank

at

dahcMn'^-dii) downstream as far as na*saVni-me*q'.

a stone

[c]

(9)

Then someone again threw

died.

on

(their roof),
until

them
gone.

(10)

It

kept happening that

his sister

way

they

and again one of were (almost) all

he

(11)

Only one man and

the time

was

left alive.

came (for the unknown man said to (his sister), "You must go sleep somewhere come for (that person) who is after us." (14) Then
(12)

When

to

throw
(13)

his stone),

else.

The time has

off to

the

woman went

another place to sleep.

(15) (The man), meanwhile, tried to keep watch over the graves (c'e*y).
[d]

(16) (The

unknown person)
is

did
to

not

return.

(17) (The

man) kept
downstream

thinking, "I guess this

happening

me

by accident."

(18)

Then

the

(unknown person)

set off,

when

it

got dark,

(19) (The man) hadn't been sitting long (at the graveyard) when he heard the sound of footsteps, and suddenly he saw someone coming along. (20) Then (the unknown person) picked up a stone in order to throw it up on (the roof). (21) (The man) thought, "So!

along the

bank

at dahc^in'^-diij.

It's

not happening to

me by

accident!"

484

XIV Northwest
past

California Linguistics

(22) After he ran

him

a short distance

upstream, he shot

at

(the

unknown
off.

person).

(23)

He

hit

him.

(24) (The person) immediately took

(25)

Then

(the

man) went home.

see

(26)

person) was
(27)
like.

The next morning he went off, thinking he could who had come downstream along the bank at To his surprise, the blood that had been spilled was not
(28)

who

(the

dahc*in''-dir).

really

blood-

going
quite

He saw something down to na*sa'^a*n-taG

far

off

downstream

at

na'saVni-me*^, and
(29)

he found a person lying dead.

He was

tall,

but he didn't really look like a

human

being, only a skeleton.

(30)

He was left lying there. (31) He left and went back

have killed something.
It

to me'^dil-dii}, to dahc*'in'^-dig.
isn't a

(32)

He

said,

"I

human

being,

it

is

something

(else).

(33)

Come

look
all

at it!"
it

(34)

They

bone-joints.

went off and looked at (the person); (35) He was left lying there.

was only skin and

(36) After a while, he rotted away, and they

then.

(37)

One day

would look at him now and person who was walking by noticed that the bones that
pretty.

were strewn there were extremely

dig he said they looked
like that.
said).
it

(38)

When
all

he got back to me'^dil-

(39)

Then they
he

went

off.

(40)"Let's

all

go look
(41)

at

them!" (they

When
litde

they got there,

was

just like
[e]

said.

(42) "Hey!" they said,

let's file

"Nice

earplugs (x^e-de-X-sa'^a-n)!
to

(43) O.K., guys,

filing

them

down!" (44) They got

(45)

work making earplugs,

down

(the bones).
[f]

Then some of them made war

(like pin-heads)

hairpins (x^cde'^itoy)

out of the
(little

bones; they didn't look like bones, but really shone.

(46) There were

all

bones with) big ends

breast as well, [g]
for

on

his

upper back, and

(48)

over his
all left

(47)

They

filed all of

them down.

Then they
that

home.

(49)

Then

the brother and his sister lived

killed the thing that had been destroying

on undisturbed, now them all.

doing these things,

he had

(50) This

is

how

the

inherited

sickness (k>ido*niW) [h]

came
[i]

to

exist,

because

it

was

actually a kyitwe: that had been

(51)That
(52)

isall.

Whenever
it

a child
its

is

touched by
it

(this hereditary ailment), a

sharp pain

pierces through

ears and

cries.

whereupon
ears.

gets well again,

[j]

(54)

Then they tell it this story, Sometimes pus flows out through its
(53)

(55)

Whoever belongs
it.

to me'^dil-dig, his children are

always affected
(this story),
it

(by this inherited sickness).

(56)

They pay whoever knows

it,

so

he will
again.

tell

(57)
is

Whenever he
what
is

tells

the aching stops

and

doesn't hurt

(58) That
is

called an inherited sickness (kyidcniW).

I

(59) That

the only

way

know

it.

Hupa
[a]

Texts: 70

485

The downstream

(northern) part of the village of me'^dil-dig.

for a sorcerer or "Indian devil" (kyidogx*e*) to cause

[b]

typical

way

someone

harm.
[c]

A resting

place on the east side of the Trinity, about halfway between me'^dil-dig

and ta'^kymR-dirj.
[d] Literally, to

keep watch over the "brush", referring to the brush fencing around
in

graves.

He

did this

order to see

if

anybody came

to

get

"deviling

poison"

(kyidogx^e') from a grave. Graves were often watched this way, sometimes for ten days
after a death, to

keep sorcerers ("Indian Devils") away.

They would come and

each end.

lie

alongside the grave,

[e] Little

jump over

it,

and dig a shallow hole

at

plugs of about one-half inch length,

made from hard wood

or bone, and

inserted into the ear lobes to keep the holes open for ornaments.
[f]

Bone
it

hairpins with both ends sharpened that warriors thrust in

their hair to

prevent
[g]

from being seized by an opponent.

skeleton like a

He had no
all

human

being, but there were small bones, like pin-

heads,
[h]

over his body.

next,

k^idcniW, a sickness handed down from one generation to the believed to be caused by a sin committed long ago and never confessed.
[i]

and

malevolent water

spirit

(kyRwe*, see text 3

),

not a

human

being, had been

responsible for the "deviling."

creature's

bones

all

got ear

The people of me'^dil-dir) who made ear-plugs out of the aches, and this complaint was passed along to their
has the same virtue as one.

descendents.
[j]

This story

is

not a medicine formula, but telling

in the ear.

it

Ear aches were treated by doctors blowing

'

486
71.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

The Acorn Provider Saves Weitchpec

Sam Brown. Notebook
dahaijWo'^-darj'^'^
long ago

Narrated by

XI, pp. 47-51

(2) mine'^ixomii
[After a while]

(1)

ienal-din
At Weitchpec

c'in^
they say

tiwima'^'^
there

was

famine.

Uy[iwinya'^nya-n]-ne'^in [people-who were]

no'tedioed^
they starved to death,

(3)

Icyiwiyal food

do-

ninyay

did not come.

(4)

hay-aij'^

"^aht'in-dirj
in

xoh
in

Therefore

every place

vain

na'^aya'^ he went about,

Uyiwinya'^ni^
acorns

xa'^ne'^ite^^

he was looking
for.

(5)

yiwidifj-hid
[Finally]

q'a(d)

c'ite-c'id'^

(6)

ia'^a

wiiwe'X
evening

yima-n
across the
river

now

he got weak.

One

^aij-gya'^

c'iwitjWii-c'eh
he heard one shouting.

(7)

ya'^an-c'irj ^

'^aleh 9
it!

he heard

"From
(=

the other side

Come

do with with a canoe!)"

xoic'ide-n'^-c'eh [(someone) said he heard.]

(8)

h[aya']i
[Then]

yima-n
to the other

"^a'c'ilaw
[he treated
it

(9)
so]

xoh
In vain

side

(= crossed).

yehc'iwi-tce'd lo he came to the shore.

c'ite'te-'^e'^n

( 1

03

darjWo"^

do-

wilca-n
to

he looked around.

No one was

be seen.

(11)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

'^aVe-ne'^
[he said],

dandi-ya-ij'^

hay
that
is

c'iWil

(12) h[aya-]i
[Then]

"Who

is it

shouting?"

ta-na'^wiice'd

^^

(13)

yinwn
When

yehna'^wiice'd-id

'^arj-gya'^

ia'^ay-x'^
[at

he started back with the boat across the water.

he landed on the other side going back,

[he saw]

once]

lcy[iwinya'^nyd-n]
a person

tahdehsya-

13

walked out of the water = boat,

la'^ay-xo at once

dahc'idiwincehe pulled
it

1^

hay
the

up on

to land

me'^dil
boat.

(14)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

'^axoic'ide-ne'^
[he said to him],

iahx^'-d-n'^
"Just
it

niwatj
for

is

you

Wije-'^

my mind
(=
I

c'onda'^ ^^-hid c'iWohican"^ ^^ nese'^n^'^ got poor when, 'Let him see me!' I thought."

(15)

tehmil-ji

little

na'^wehe was
packing.

pitied you)

carrying sack

Hupa
(16)
deThis
xoje-'^-x'^i-yice'^n ^^
his front
(to
-

Texts: 71

487
xodaw'^
his beard,

"^a-lcyint'e- ^^

iah-xo
just

down

that long

was

kyisinto^ grease

below waist)

c'ixowin-tiw'^^ one had rubbed on him

nehwan
[it]

c'imisgiy'^^'^^

{\l)diyWo'^-md-n'^'^
Barely

xonitj'^
his face

was

like,

he was small.

xa-wehs^d^'^'^
stuck up, out from where he stood

me^dil
boat

mitis over it.

(18)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

'^a-xoic'ide-ne'^
[he told him],

yisxan-de'^

de-di-yima-ni-yidac
here
-

"Tomorrow

across

uphill

nanya--ne'^ you must go about.

(19)

ia"^

ya-silq'ahs'^^

One

acorn
here

is

lying
there

&

hayi-x"^
in that place

Uyiwinya^n
acorn.

(20)

haya-i
[Then]

hay-yo-w
that

yimani-yinaG
on the other side
-

upriver

xayah saPd-n
fishing claim
that lies

q'ina?
also

dah-nincah^^-ne'^
you must
fish there.

(21) hayah
[There]

io'q'

[salmon]

witjxan^^-te' you will

catch
in a net.

(22)

WaI

'^arp
it

'^aWt'e-n^'^

yinaci-c'isday
'He

is

lam
(24)

who

live upstream'.

(23) q'ad hayah-mii From then on

'^aya-xalc'ide-ne'^
[he told them,]

do-

naPxoicdn

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

xiKe'^-darj'^
[in the

he no longer saw him.

morning]

hay xoma-lyaw'^-tah'^^
his kinfolk,

xd^
"Let's go!

Icya-daya-dine"^
let's

^'^

(25)

doijq'a?

pick acorns!"

Before

lly[iwinya^nyd-n\

c'esid'^^

anybody

woke

up,

yima-ni yehyaPwHce-d-id when they landed on the

other side,

wa(rj)-na-'^asde-K^^ they were busy with

RyiwinyaPn
acorns.

(26)

hay
The

nista-ni
logs, windfalls

mit'a-w-tah

32

la'^ay-x''
at

places above, uphill side of

once

noya-wilin^^
(acorns) were piled
that far.

(27)

iah-xo yehya'^winsow ^'^ Then just scooped them into

qay'^titriH

[pack-baskets.]

had poured thereto.

(28)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

q'ad
[now]

winia'^ni-mii
the (acorns) got plenty -

"^aht'in

everybody

when
tenai-dirj
at

c'oic'id found out about it

Weitchpec.

488
(29)
'^aht'i(rj)

XIV Northwest
na'^tehidite'^ ^^

California Linguistics

melah
some

Waneonly

noya-'^andiced
they starved.

^^

Everybody

got strong again,

(30)

hay
[The]

-toq'i

q'ina"^

na'xohsdile'^^'^

(31)

}ly[iwinya'^nya-n]
[People]

[salmon]

[also]

became

lots again.

in a

niWoij-xo good way

na-nahsde'K
again they went about.

(32)

hayi-q'i

c'in

"^ahdiyaw
it

'^^

Thus

they say

happened

daharjWo'^-daij'^ long ago

iah
once.

The Acorn Provider Saves Weitchpec

(1)

Long
(A

ago, they say, there

(3)

was

a famine at Weitchpec.
[a]

(2) After a while

people began starving.

(4)

There was no food,

(5) Eventually he

man) was going around became weak.

everywhere,

looking

for

acorns.

(7) "Come (6) One evening he heard someone shouting across the river. across from there, " he heard (the person) tell him. (8) So he went across.
(9)

He

landed his canoe and looked

to

all

around, with no result.

that

(10) There

was nobody

be seen.

(11)

He

said

"Who's

shouting?" (12) Then he

shoved off back.

saw a person coming to shore and Then (the person) said to him "My heart just softened toward you, and I thought, 'Let him see me!'" (15) He carried a little string sack (tehmil-3). (16) His beard reached down below his waist; it looked like someone had rubbed grease on him; he was tiny.
(13)
across, he

As he was coming back

pulling a canoe up onto the bank.

(14)

(17) His face hardly stuck up over (the side of) his canoe. (18)

Then

(this little

person) said to him,

"Tomorrow you should

visit (the

(19) There are some acorns scattered about at that place. (20) You should also sit on (the platform to fish with a net) at the fishing spot (xayah) located upstream across the river. (21) You will net salmon there. (22) I am the Acorn Provider (yinaci-c'Isday)." [b]
place) uphill across the river here.

(23) After that he didn't see (the

(24) Then, in the morning, (the

little

person) any more.

told all his relatives, "O.K., let's

man)

go

gather acorns!"

on the opposite bank They had just streamed down (the hill) and piled up on the uphill sides of fallen logs. (27) They scooped them right into their pack-baskets. (28) Soon there were plenty of them, and
(25) Before anyone (else)
up, [c] they landed
(26)

woke

and got busy with (gathering) the acorns.

everybody

at

Weitchpec had found out about them.

Hupa
(29) (Almost) everybody

Texts: 71

489
(30)

got strong again, only a few starved.

The

salmon also became

(32)

plentiful again.

(31) People were well-off again.

say.

So

it

happened once long ago, they

[a] Literally, 'food

did not come', referring to the seasonal appearance of acorns,

salmon, and other staples.

[b]

A supernatural
is

being

who

looks after the acorn crop, as well as other foods.

The

Acorn Provider

not one of the k^ixinay

who

live across the ocean, but is a dwarfish

human

with a long beard

who

lives out in the

woods. He carries a small storage basket

it,

(3e'lo''-3), or a small sack (tehmiI-3), with tiny bits of every kind of food in

which

he scatters about to grow magically. used to dress

During the Acorn Feast

at ta''k>^iniit-dii) a

man

up as yinaci-c'Isday and watch over the proceedings.

also text 5, line 13
ff.

For details see

Goddard (1903: 77 and 1904: 157-159). See

[c]

That

is,

those people of Weitchpec

who were

not the man's relatives.

490
72.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Two Young Men Do

Indian Deviling
pp. 32-40.

Narrated by Jake Hostler.

xonsah-dirj

Notebook X,

( I )

q'an-c'iwilc'''il

xonsahdirj

young man

mis-q'i(d) amisq'id

q'an-c'i[wilc'^il]

young man

xoiilyaw'^e'^'^

(2)

had as

his

chum.

h[aya-]-t [Then]

xonsah-dirj q\an-c'iwilc'Hl] [the xonsahdirj young man]

'^a'^de-ne^
[said,]

yice^n-a-tp

te'seya'^-teI'll

(3)

h[aya-^i
[Then]

"Down

to the coast

go

off."

mis-q'i(d) qlan-c'iwilc'^il] [the misq'id young man]

'^a'^dene'^
[said,]

nii
["With you]

te'seya'-te'
[I'll

(4)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

xa'^

c'ide'ne'^
[he said,]

go

off."]

"All right!"

xonsah-dirj q\an-c'iwilc'^il] [the xonsahdit] young man.]

(5)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

^a^dcne"^
[he said],

dah-sita'ne'-q'i(d) "dahsitaneq'id

yidac
up, above

ie-ne'K^-tewe'll

come

together, meet,"

xoic'ide-ne'^ he said to him.

(6)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

mis-q'i(d) misq'id

na-'^andiya--wint'e' ^ when he came back to,

'^a'dey^
his

c'e'^teiay'^

own

things

he took them out, each from its place,

hijid and

that

xa'di^ xiKe'^ same night, when it was still night

c'itehsyay he went off

mis-q'i(d) q\an-c'iwilc'^il] [the misq'id young man.]

(7)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

hay ah
there

hayi
the

'^ahidiwine'^-dirj ^
place that had been spoken of

na'cefirst

^^

c'ininyay
he arrived there

xadi
when
still

xiKe"^
it

(8)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

was

night.

de'-qarj-hid^^
after a while

xo-wehs'^e'^ni-^i-mii

^'^

c'icd-l

when

it

began

to be a little

he came

xonsah-dirj q\an-c'iwilc'^il] [the xonsahdirj young man],

visible, daylight

along

(9)

ia'^ay-x'^
[At once]

niitaGa-q'i(d) on top of a black oak

yidac
up
(the tree)

Icye'^isia'd

^^-ey
it.

he ran up

(10)

de'-qarj-hid
After a while

nana'^widyay
he came back down,

hi^id
[and]

xowan
to

c'ininyay
he came.

him

(II)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

q'ad
[now]

c'itehsde'X
they (2) went along.

Hupa
(12)

Texts: 72

491
'^axoic'ide'^ine^ he {xonsahdirj man) would say to him,

h[aya]i
[Then]

dayWo'^-dirj at some place

hay naya^alyiW

^"^-dirj

wherever they rested

he+
"He+!
you

'^a'xah-xa'^a-nt'e- 15
are very light in weight,"

xoic'ide'^ine'^
[he said to him,]

hay
"that

ni-ttaGa-q'i(d)

on the black oak

Uye'silia'd

(13) h[ayahaji]d
[Then]

qad
[now]

c'itehsde'K
[they

(14)

c'e-wilin-di(rf)

you ran up on."

went

off.]

Orick

me'xandin
close to

16

c'iwidili-mii

hi^id
[then]

when they were coming along to

to

xoi-c'ixowiligy him - he told

'^a'^de-ne'^

[he said],

We"I

'^e-na-yp
for

my

part

it

is

xa'^a-'^aWniw I always do
that

(15)

na'ceFirst (before

you)

na'seya'^-te' I'll go around

there."

(= always)

way.

(16)

h[aya']i
[Then]

q'a(d) [now]

na'ce'
[first]

na-^asyd^
[he visited]

c'e'wilin-c'irj'^
to Orick,

mis-q'i(d)
[misq'id]

q\anc'iwilc'''il]

c'iwinda'^^^
stayed there
(in

(17)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

[young man]

q'a(d) [now]

na-'^andiyay he came back,

camp).

(18)

'^a'^de-ne'^

iiwarj

xoWcarj
I've seen,

iiwanin-^i
just

^^

'^iWcan
I've seen."

[He

said,]

"One person

one man

(19)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

yisxarj-hid next day

xiXe'^-darj'^
in the

c'itehsde-K
they (2) went along.

(20)

We"[I]

morning

'^e-na-rp
[for

my

part

- it is]

in that

hayi-xo way

'^a-'^aWniw always do,"

c'ide-ne'^
[he said].

(21)

ia'^ay-x'"

hay-dehere,

"As soon

as

on

this trip

ne-de-K^^

we

arrive,

in

many ways

larjxo-'^a-Uyidyah'^^-dirj - something happens

is

ne-K^^-te-

(22) h[aya-]i
[Then]

qad

we'll arrive."

[now]

place (= where there

a death)

wa(rj)-na-'^asde-X
they (Orick villagers) went about it, were busy with (a dead body).

(23)

"^aht'iitj)

no'^de-niPiW'^'^
he {xonsahdirj man) noticed

hay-diyd
whatever

All (things)

cHrP-da-nyay'^^
was spoiled (= was
destroyed
at his grave).

(24)

dedi-de-

q'ad
[now]

Come

to find out

xa'^a'^aniw he always did that,

492
(25)
h[aya-]i

XIV Northwest
q'ade'^
xiXe'^

California Linguistics

hayi
that

[Then] after a while

in the night

wa(rj)-na'^ne'^iddW'^^ he would go back for it,

(property)

xa-na'^aliW^^
he would dig
it

(26)

h[aya]i
[Then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

nateysdiya"I'll

26. ;e*

up.

[he said],

go back home."

(27)

dorjqa'^-ariY^] 27 Never, not yet - it is (= I've never come but)

it

xa'^a'^aneh happens that way.

ia'^ay-x''

just

iarj-xo

'^a-k>'it'in-di(tj)

nenWaW
I

(28)

nateysdiya-te'
I'm going back."

when

there

is

a death

always come.

(29)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

'^ina'^tehsde'K 28

hay
the (place)

they (2) started back.

x'^eyaiwe'^X-di(n) where they had camped

na-^andeX-ey
they returned to
it.

(30)

h{aya]i
[Then]

xonsah-dirj
[xonsahdirj]

q'[an-c'iwilc'^il]

'^a'^dene'^

[young man]

[he said],

Uyeh
"Let

We-

kyiniW

'^ana-diWc'^e'^^'^

(31)

digyan
Here

sinda--ne'>

me

hearing news - make myself back again (= go back and spy around).

you must

stay."

(32)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

na-na-'^asya'^ ^^ he went back to go about

haya'-c'iij'^
to there

c'e-wilin-c'irj'^
to Orick,

'^aht'irj

all

xana'^wiifa'n
he took out of
the earth

hay
the things

c'^in'^-da'nya'-ne'^in

(33)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

which had been spoiled

(because buried with a corpse).

na-'^andiya--had^^ when he got back there

"^aht'in
all

c'initj'^d-n^'^

hay
[the]

c''in'^da-nya--ne'^in
['spoiled' things].

he brought there

(34)

h[aya]i
[Then]

midHwa{in turn

'^a-xoic'idene'^

nirj

he said

to

him.

"You

for your

part

daydi-dirj-Warj
anywhere (around here)

nima-lyaw"^^^
your relation, you have relative?"

(35)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

'^a'^dene'^
[he said].

yinaca-notaKa
"Big Lagoon

Wane'
only

dorj'^
it

WeI

Wima-lyaw"^
I

(36)

h[aya]i
[Then]

is

have relative."

'^axaic'idene'^
he said to him (misq'id youth).

xa"^

"Come!

we-dii 34 let's go

haya--c'itj'^
to there.

Hupa
(37)
h[aya-]i
[Then]

Texts: 72

493
(38)
h[aya-]i
[Then]

hayah
there

Kyiye-

yaPkyisGod^^
they poked (= did devihry).

again

yisxaij-hid next day

^axoic'idene'^
he said to him,

xd?
"Come,

nedii
let's

hay nimalyaw'^-dirj
to

go there

your relative's place."

(39)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

c'ininde-K
they got there,

'^arj-gya'^

iarf-xo-'^a-lcyidya[h] ^^-xolaij
that

they discovered

he had died.

(40)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

hayah
there

Uyiye-

yaxonai'^'^
before them (2),
in their

diyWo"^
things

again

presence

c'^in^-da-nyay which had been spoiled,

hay
those

naya'^diwehs'^e'^n^^
they noticed.

(41)

h[aya]i
[Then]

q'a(d)

now

me'lxe'^i^^-mii

when

the (grave)

was

na'te-ysdiya-te["I'll go back,"]

c'ide-ne'^^^
said he (to
villagers)

mis-q'i(d)

q\anc'iwilc'^il]

misq'id youth,

all

finished,

^ahdabecause

do'-niWo-n^^
bad

'^ahdiyah-xolarj
has, as

(42)

h{aya]i
[Then]

we

see,

happened."

q'a(d) [now]

na'^tehsde-X
they (2) started

(43)

x'^a-

xehi

ya-lc'^'e-n'^'^

tahdindil
smelts,

back home.

For them pack was made for both (= They were both given things to take home)

(44)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

Uyiye-

hayah
there

again

x'^'e-nayaiwe'X they camped,

hi^id
[and]

xorj he himself

midiiwa
in his turn

c'itehyay went off

(to

misq'i(d) q\anc'iwilc'^il]
[the m/.V(7'/J youth.]

(45)

haya'-c'irP

To

there

rob grave)

c'ininya'-ye'y he arrived,

'^aht'iij

xa-na'^wilay
he dug them up again

hay
the

diyWo"^
things.

(46) h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

all

xoi-c'itehsde'K
they ran along with him (= after him, to catch him),

xowehskyi(d)-ne'^in'^^ he was nearly caught,

mitis -na'xowin^e''^^
he forgot

hay

Icyidorjx'^e-'^

do-heh
not even

iinantehltigy ^^
he squeezed
it.

(47)

hayah-dirj
Because of
that

his "devil,"

xowehskyi(d)-ne'^in he was nearly caught,

"^ant'eh
finally

mina'na'^wiliW ^^
he thought of
it,

UnanteMtigy
he squeezed
it

again.

494
(48)

XIV Northwest
h[ayaha^i]ci c'ixinay^'^
[Then]

California Linguistics

(49)

na-'^andiya-hid

'^a'xoic'idene'^

he escaped.

When

he got back to there,

ia'^ay-x'"

he said to him,

We"1

'^e-'^rj

for

my

part

Wiwehsk>i(d)-ne'^in was nearly caught,

mitis-na-Wiwin^e-'^
I

just

forgot

hay
what

"^anaWlah^^-teI

(50)

was

to

do
it).

qa{d) c'iWUkyidi-heh Though they got hold of me

Hnantesehitigy
I

squeezed on

it.

(i.e.,

squeeze

(51)

h[ayaha3i]d
[Then]

xolaWah"^^
away from
his

c'e-Wia'd ^^-ej
I

(52)

h[ayaha3i]d
[Then]

hand

ran out."

yisxani-mH
[in the

na'^tehsdeX
[they
left,]

wilwe'Ki-mii
[in the

morning]

evening]

they

na''^ande'K came back home

xonsah-dirj
at

xonsahdirj.

(53)

h[ayaha3i]d
[Then]

misq'i(d) q\anc'iwilc'^il]
[the m/5(7
'/(i

misq'i(d)-c'irj'^

na-'^andiyay
he came back
to.

youth]

iomisq'id

(54)

hayah
[There]

no-nt'iHy^^
[it

stretches to.]

Two Young Men Do

Indian Deviling

(1)A youth from xonsah-dii) iiad a youth from mis-qid for his friend. (2) The xonsah-dig youth said, "I'm going down to (the coast)." (3) Then
mis-q'id youth said,
"I'll

go with you."

(4) "O.K.,"
[a]

said the xonsah-dir)

youth.
(6)
left

(5) "We'll

meet

uphill

on dah-sita'ne*-qid,"

he told him.
all

The

mis-q'id youth went back to mis-qid, got out

it

his things,

while

was

still

dark.
it

(7)

He was
still

the first to arrive at the place that

(8) In a
little

and had

been mentioned, while

little light,

was

dark.

while,

when

it

got a

the

xonsah-dig youth came along.

(10) In a
little

(9) All at once,

he clambered
to (the

up a black oak.
other youth), [b]
(12)

while he

came back down and went

(11) Then they went

off.

Whenever they stopped other, "My! You are so light (13) Then they went off.
(14)

to rest, the mis-q'id

in

youth would say to the

weight, clambering up that black oak!"

When
(16)

they

were coming

close

to

Orick
it

(ce*wilin-dig),
like this.

[c]
I'll

the
visit

(xonsah-dir) youth) told (the other), "I always do

first."

(15)

behind.

(17)

Then he went to visit Orick first, while the mis-q'id youth stayed Then he returned. (18) He said (to the mis-q'id youth), "I
just

saw one person,

(20) "I (21)

one person!" (19) Then, the next morning, the (two of them) continued on the way.
always

do
get

it

like

this,"

the

(youth
at

"When we

there,

we'll

arrive

from xonsah-dir)) a place where someone

said.

has

died." [d]

Hupa
(22) Indeed,
(23)

Texts: 72

495

(the people of Orick)

were busy with (burying a corpse).

left

The (youth from xonsah-dig) took note of what had been

[e]

at

the

grave (c'*in''-da'nyay).

(24)

It

turned

out

that

he

always did

that.

(25) Later in the night he

[f]

would go back

for those things and dig

them up.

(26) Then he said, "I'm going back home. way before (I come); I always come just when

(27)

It

always happens
is

this

there

a death.

(28) I'm

going back home."

(29)

[g]

Then they went back

stay here."
to

to the place

xonsah-dii) youth said, "Let

(31)

me

see what

where they had camped. (30) The I can find out back (at the village).

You

(32)

He went around
the grave.

Orick again and dug up

all

the things that

all

had

been

left at

(33)

When

he returned, he brought

the grave

goods with him.

"Do you have relatives anywhere (around do have some relatives at Big Lagoon (yinacihere)?" (35) He no-ta-Xa-)" [h] (36) Then he said to him, "O.K., let's go there!" (37) Then
(34)

Then he

said to the other,

said, "I

they deviled
(38)

someone again

there,

[i]

Then

the next day he told him, "O.K., let's

go

to

your

relatives'

place!"
(39) (40)

When

they

got

there,

they

discovered

that

someone

had

died.

were Then, as soon as (the burial) was which they took note. there, of (41) finished, the mis-qid youth said, "I'm going home now, because of the bad thing that has happened." [j] (42) Then the (two of them) left. (43) Packs of smelt (tahdindil) were made for them (to take home), [k]

Once again

there were

some

things left at the grave while they

(44)
in

Once again they

turn,

spent the night

at their

went off (to rob the grave). and dug up all the things. (46) They went after him and he could have been caught, since he had forgotten to squeeze on his "devil." [I] (47) Because of that he was nearly caught, but finally he remembered and
his

camp, and the mis-q'id youth, (45) He went there (to the

village)

squeezed
(49)

it.

(48) After that he escaped.

he returned he said to (the other youth), "I was nearly caught! totally forgot what to do! (50) But just when someone was catching hold
I

When

of me,
(52)

squeezed (my "devil")

left

(51)

Then

escaped from his grasp."

to

They

for

home

in the

morning and got back

xonsah-diQ

in the

evening.
(54)

(53)

The mis-qid youth returned

to mis-q'id.

The

end.

496
[a]

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

low ridge near the foot of Bald Hill, across the river from xonsah-dig, used a ceremonial resting place during the White Deerskin Dance.
[b]

as

He

did not think that his friend would arrive so early.

He was up
for that.

to "Indian

deviling" (kyidogx^e*)[c]
its

The people of xonsah-dii] were known

The Yurok

village of Orick near the

mouth of Redwood Creek, here

referred to

by

Hupa name.

[d] The young man from xonsah-dir) had gone on ahead alone in order to "devil" someone (evidently a relative) and cause him to die, so that there would be a burial.
[e] Literally,

'what had been spoiled, ruined',

grave. Objects left

i.e.,

the property of the deceased that

had been

on top of a grave must be mutilated, but things buried are not always broken. The string of a "roll" (Jump Dance headdress, me'wina'sita'n) is cut off before being put into a grave; dentalia and bead necklaces are not
left at his

broken, only their strings.

[f]

That

is,

he would rob the grave

of.

a terrible thing, something only an Indian

Devil would be capable

[g]

He

is

apologizing for there being a death

when he comes.

As

a kinsman, he

doesn't have to pay, as long as he excuses himself for the intrusion and leaves quickly.

A stranger in such a case would have to pay before he was allowed to go on.
[h]

Another Coast Yurok

village, a

few miles south of Orick.

Apparently they only

deviled their kinsmen.

[i]

That

is,

they deviled someone

at night.

at

Big Lagoon, as they had

earlier at Orick,

by

creeping into the village

Indian devils are said to use a quiver-shaped

at their victims.
It

Jump

Dance basket (na'^wehs) made of deerhide which they point

their "poison" (Kyidoi)x*e')

contains

things like a dog's tongue,

human

flesh,

human

bones,

certain weeds, rocks from Merip (xoi]''xahW-dii)) or from certain other places, or any

plant

from Ironside Mountain (ccniij-qid).

[j]

He was

addressing his relatives (see note [g] above).

their relatives at the coast.

was a gift to the mis-qid boy's family from Smelts (surf-fish) were a luxury to the inland Hupa.
[k] This
[1]

That

is,

squeeze on the na'^wehs

left

filled

with "poisons" (kyidorjx^e*) which an

[i]

Indian Devil always carries under his

arm

(see note

above). If he does so, he can

jump

like lightning

and pursuers can never catch him.

Hupa
73.

Texts: 73

497

The

Village that

Blasphemed
X, pp. 53-54.
2

Narrated by
(1)

Sam Brown. Notebook

c'in
1

xotekt-mirjwah
xonteM-mirjwah

do--niWon
bad people

nakyinehsdiya-n

they say

a generation grew up to maturity.

(2)

tirjyarj'^xe'ne-W "^

(3)

ya^demye'^^
They danced
c'idilye\

hay diydi
whatever

ya^alcis
they see

They swore,

talked

against the rules.

na-ya^acod^
they poked

nahxile-n-tah
such as two buckskins

io-q'i-c'i(r}P-mii
dried salmon meat - with (instead of flints)

xo^e-'^-wa(rj)-na'^adil
they 'cake walked'.

around

sewn together
blanket.

for

(4)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

hay
when

no-na-ya'^a'^aWi
it

to-c'in^
to the river

sa'^e'^ide'^n^

io-q'i

they laid

(dance) aside

they went off,

salmon

ya'^ta'^a'^aW^
they took along,

hayi
that
(skin of
it)

me'wi-na'sita-n
'rolls'

ya'^aic'^'e'^

^eya'^at'as ^^-id

they would make of it

when

they cut

it

in two.

(5)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

'^a-diq'i(d)-no-ya'^aliW^^

hi^id
[and]

xodaya'^lc>e'^e'^il 12

on themselves they lay

it.

they

swim down

the river[.]

(6)

Jcyidiwosc'e--tah Also big butterflies

'^a'de'da'^ay 13
to their hair

me-ya'^ne'^Ht'iUy i^
they
tie to
it

mii-xodaya'^e'^il
with
it

they

swim

downsteam.
ninis'^a-n

{!) tehsc'eh^i^^-tah xa'^aya'^aliw ^(> Swallows too in that way they do with it.
17

(8)

hay-arj'^

That

is

why

cHn^-da-ya'^wiite-n
they ruined
it.

(9)

mine^ixomii
[After a while]

kyic'indi

world

sickness
hay-at]'^

tehsyay came along,

ia'^ay-x'"'
at

once

hayi-ne'^in those

do'-ya'^xohsle^ ^^ became no more.

(10)

That
'9

is

why

hay
the

"^a-dii

with themselves

tirjyarj'^xeneW speaking wrongly, blaspheming

"^ahdiyaw
it

they so did, happened so to them.

The Village that Blasphemed

(1)

(2)

At xonteW-mirjwah, [a] they say, a generation of evil people grew up. They blasphemed, [b] (3) They would dance the White Deerskin Dance
(as

carrying

deerskins) whatever
[c]

they

saw,

such

as

buckskin

blankets

(nahxile-n),

and the

flint-carriers

danced
[d]

in front

of the line (xo3e*'^-wan-

na'^adil) with pieces of

salmon meat,

498
(4)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

group to the river, taking some salmon along, (the skins of) which they would make into Jump Dance headdresses (me*wi-na*sita*n) by cutting them in two. (5) They would put these on and swim down the river.
in a

Then, on finishing the dance, they would go off

(6)

They would
the
river

tie butterflies

(kyidiwosc'e*) in their hair as well, and

(7)

swim

down
of)
(8)

with them.

They would do

this

with

(the

feathers

swallows (tehs3eh3),
That
is

too. [e]

how
is

they spoiled the world. (9) After a while a sickness

off.

came

along and they quickly died

(10) That

how

it

happened

to

those (people)

who

did blasphemous

things with each other.

[a]

village site (not occupied in historical times) located

latter

between

diys-ta*g''a*-dii]
river,

and xowag-qid, about half a mile upstream from the

at the

on the west side of the

mouth of Campbell Creek.

That
is,

[b]
[c]

they swore and violated the rules of the dances.

Instead of properly attaching ceremonial deerskins to their sticks, they would pick
to

up any old thing they took a fancy

[d] In this part of the

and dance with

it.

White Deerskin Dance two

men dance back and

forth in front

of the line of singers, carrying ceremonial obsidian blades.

Instead of carrying actual

blades the blaspheming villagers parodied the dance by carrying chunks of dried salmon

meat.
[e]

They did

this for

devilment, to spite the old people.

Hupa
74.

Texts: 74

499
at

How a Man

was Destroyed

New

River

Narrated by
Ko'^nehs-din At Ko'^nehsdiij

Sam Brown. Notebook

c'in^
they say

XI, pp. 9-15.

xoitisc'e'^ ^-hii

(1)

c'idehic'ethey were staying

he and his

sister.

(2)

yima-n-sile'^ni-mii^

warj

When

spring

came

xokyaiijj-na-nyaP'^ he got to thinking about

tahyidHhid
tahyidiikyid.

(3)

xoi teiid^
With him
it

mic'iif
to
it.

(4)

iaPa

xonsil

burned

One summer long

xat te-lidi-mii when he had burned

sweathouse wood,

camehsXo'n a woman
(bad sign)

mina-'^aslai^' he dreamt of.

(5)

hayi-heh'^
Nevertheless

q'ad
[now]

iiwanirj
alone

Rye'^iyaPn he
ate,

ky[iwinya^nyd-ri\ people

do-

not with

mila-n Uyam 8 them he ate.

(6)

xat Wane-

te'^ilid

He

only burned sweathouse wood.

(7)

hay yima-n nahsdiWni-mU

That spring
got to be again, (=next spring)
it

when

xd^^i from the beginning,

all

xat na'te'dilid
again he started to

over again

burn sweathouse

wood

mic'itf
to
it.

(8)

h[aya-]t
[Then]

q'ad

hay

c'itehsya--te-

minyay'^-mii
him
to start out

tcyiye-

as soon as the

time

came

for

[again]

camehsKon
[a

mina-'^aslai
[he dreamt of.]

(9)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

ta-q'i-di(ij)

me-nandiyay
to the

'O

woman]

3 times

it

came back

mark

(= 3 years passed)

xa'^aYifj-x'^^^

(10)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

xattisc'e"^
[his sister]

'^ahic'ide-ne'^

hay-de"This

he doing

so.

he told her,

xonsil

na-tehsdiyay
which again has gone along

"^an?
it

summer

is

na-yme'^ ^'^-teI shall swim."

(11)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

Uyiye[again]

xat

na-tedilid

yima-n
(4th) spring

sile'^ni-mii

(12)

[he started to burn

[when

it

came.]

lcy[iwinya'^nyd-n] People

sweathouse wood,]

donot

'^ah-tc'ine-

hay

he told

diydi mic'iij'^ what he is smoking

xoi wilil
himself
for,

'^aht'irj all

hay xokyima-w"^
his

medicines

xottisc'e"^
his sister

mii-c'ixowiligy
to
-

he told

it.

500
(13)
h[aya-]i
[Then]

XIV Northwest qad

[now]

California Linguistics

hay yisxan-de"^

c'itehsya--te--mii

camehsKon
[a

[on the day before he

was

to

go

off,]

woman]

mina-'^aslai
[he dreamt of.]

(14)

haye-heh
[Despite this]

q'a(d)
[still]

[he

c'itehsyay went off,]

c'idaca-na'^wefisher-skin quiver

he took

c'itehite-n^^ it (animal skin) along

na'dehsmirj
full, filled

^^-x'"

(15)

h[aya\i
[Then]

wilwe'K-ey
[it

(with arrows).

got dark]

donot he

na-'^andiyay

(16) do- xokyiwitja'^n

Not
-

^^

(17)

came back home.

she could sleep.

kyisa'^winya- ^^ Something ate him up,

c'ondehsne"^
she thought,

te-se-ya--te"I'll

(18)

WeI

Waij
it is

"^an
[is it?]

na'Wa'^'^-te'
I

go

off."

no use

shall live."

(19)

xiXe'^-dan'^-dirj

kyiwinyarj^-hid

mixa-c'e^-xolen
incense root

Early in the morning

when she had

eaten,

me'^kyHwal-me'^
basket into which seeds are beaten - in it

yehc'iwime-X
she threw
in.

(20)

t'e"^

me'^-no'^niicow
she crushed
into
it

18

Blanket

down

it.

hi^id me-'^isyay^^ xahslin no'wilin-dir}'^^ xa-'^asya--ye-y she went up [and] she went up head of xahslindiij creek
to that place.

(21)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

mic'itf
to
it

xoda'^winyay'^^
she went

tahyidHkyid
to

(22)

down

tahyidHknd.

mida--qid'^'^ At its edge, bank

xa-'^asya'-hid when she had got up to,

c'ite-rpe'^n

Hupa
(25)
c'icai-id

Texts: 74

501

tiwimah

'^^-x'^

RyiwoW
foam

nehsnoy
(all

26

When

she was

near the edge of

the water,

was standing
around lake)

coming

hayi

winto^

'^'^-xolan-dirj

(26)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

hay-yo-w
those

Uyic'ine'^

where the water had evidently reached.

bones

me'^lcniwal-me'^
seed-basket
-

in

na-na'^lc>iswei 28 she put them back to have them packed.

(27)

t'e'^

me'^-k>istei^^-id
in
it -

Blanket

when she
it,

had spread

ya-na^witje-n 30 she put it up on her back.

(28)

me-na-'^asdiyay-mii

W-q'id-x'*'

xaytehikyid^^
(fog) lifted up

When

she went back

hill,

on the water

up the

here

&

there

mis^e'
fog.

(29)

ce'^eh^idiiij) ^^-mii

no-nayniikyid
it

33

After a short while.

settled

down

(all

over)

'^aikyow-e' ^^-din all over

to--qid-x''

(30) h[aya-]i
[Then]

tenc'e'^^^
it

kyiij

on the water.

started to a wind,

sticks,

limbs

kyido-ico'^n^^ were flipped, thrown from

tree to tree (by wind).

blow

(31)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

iah-xo
just (as

naKaP 37
backward, from behind

though)

naPxote'wile'^^^ one pulled her back

sile'^n 39
it

happened

as though.

(32)

yiwidiij-hid
[At
last]

q'ad
[now]

do- yana?winta'K^^
not
-

(33)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

she could take another

step up.

de--xo-heh
even here
(near her)

doit

no-xo-wehs'^e'^n

^i
far.

(34)

"^aht'irj

xoh
in

c'is&'e'^n

could not be seen that

All

vain

she

made

kyima-w
medicines

hay

c'ohic'id

(35)

hayah
There

which she knew.

c'inehsda- 42 she sat down.

hi^id
[and]

kye'^niwiit'iky
to a tree

"^^

hay
[the]

me'^kyiiwal
[seed-basket],

xorj
she herself

q'ina'f

niskyirj
a fir-tree

she tied (her basket)

also

ma'^disloy'^^
she tied herself
to.

(36)

c'ite'c'id

xoh
[in vain]

kyo-'^onta'^ni

^^-mii

She got weak

from holding on.

(37)

niskyi(tj)

milay'^d 46

The

fir-tree tops

'^eVdwa'^n 47 broke off

hay

kyite-'^ic'e'^i^^-mii
the

whenever

wind blew.

(38)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

when

yisxd-ni-mii the day broke

c'lma'^-naxowinse'^n 49 it became quiet again.

502
(39)

XIV Northwest
h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

California Linguistics

da'^a-na'^dildw ^^
she untied herself again

hi^id
[and]

[she put

yana'^wirje-n it on her back]

hay
[the]

me'^U>iiwal
[seed-basket]

when

^itjkyow-mi-i it was full day

Ko'^nehs-di(rj)

Xo'^nehsdiij

she

na-'^andiyay came back to.

(40)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

hay
the ones

xonadi
near, around her

ieya-nd-W ^^ who stayed

together, lived

c'oya'ic'id
they found out

about

it.

(41)

'^a'^de-ne'^

Hupa

Texts: 74

503
dream about
a

(13) Then, the day before he was to start off, he had a

woman.

(14) Despite this, he set off, taking along his fancy quiver (c'ldaci-

na'^we*) filled (with arrows).

(15)
sleep.

When

night

fell

he hadn't returned,

[f]

(16) (His

sister)

couldn't
(to

(17) "Something ate

(18)

him up,"

[g] she thought,

"I'm going off

find him).

How

can

live alone?" [h]

(19) Early in the morning, after eating, she threw

some incense
in,

root into a

seed-basket (me'^kyRwal).

[i]

(20) Stuffing a blanket

she climbed up the

(21)

mountain and reached the head of Horse Linto creek.

Then she went

down

to tahyiditkyid.

(22)

When

she

came up

to the

rim of (the lake basin) and looked

(23)
a
fire

down

to

the water's edge, his bones were lying in a pile on the rocks.

Then she
root.

prepared
(24)

some medicine, building

there

with

the

incense

Then she went down to where the lake lay. (25) As she walked along the shore, she saw foam standing (in ridges) where the water had reached, [j] (26) Then she packed the bones into her seed-basket. (27) Spreading the
blanket in
(28)
it,

[k] she put

it

on her back.
the lake basin), mist started to rise here
it

As she climbed back up (from

(30)

and there on the water.

water.

(29) After a short while,

started to blow,
it

settled

down

all

over the

and limbs (of trees) were thrown someone was pulling at her from behind. (32) Finally she couldn't lift her feet. (33) She could see nothing, even close up. (34) She made all the medicines that she knew, to no not
a

Then

wind

about.

[1]

(31) After a while

was

like

avail.

(35)

She

sat

down and

tied her seed-basket to (a tree),

and also

tied herself

to a fir tree.

the

fir trees

weak from trying to hold on. (37) The tops of would break off whenever the wind blew. (38) When dawn
(36) She got
it

finally

came,

got to be quiet again.

(39)

when

it

Then she untied herself and put the seed-basket on her back, and was full day she returned to Xo'^-nehs-dig. (40) Her neighbors
to

wanted

know (what had happened).

him) from

me

and

ate

(41) She said, "A monster (took him up while he was swimming at the tim at

tahyiditkyid.

(42) Then,
(43) That
live
is

the
I

next

day,
told;

she

buried

him

she

buried

his

bones.
to

what

was

those upriver Indians (yinah-cin)

who used

along

New

River (yidaci-nilini-qeh) did these things, [m]

(44) That's just the

way

it is.

[a]

This story was told to

Sam Brown by

Ike Wicks, a

Hupa

Indian

who

used to be

at

New

River a good deal.

504
[b]

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

A former village site on New River, on the river bar at Quimby. [c] A lake at the head of Horse Linto Creek (xahslin-din-nilin),
New
River country.
This was

on the ridge

between Hupa and

known

to

be a spiritually powerful

spot (a tim, for luck-training), and dangerous. (See also text 65.)
[d] Literally '(sweathouse
ritual

wood) burned with him

for (that purpose)', referring to

sweating ("training")

in the

sweathouse while burning special medicine woods.

He was
[e]

preparing himself for the journey so that he could acquire good luck at the tim.

bad sign.

Men

training for luck are

supposed to be continent and not even

think about

women. They must

also eat alone, so as not to be in contact with anyone

who

has slept with a

this

woman

or with a menstruant (mii]k>'ilVn).

As

a consequence of

having
[{]

dream he had

to wait another year before

going to the tim.

The The

lake with the tim

that

was only a

short distance

from Xo''-nehs-diij, so he was

expected
[g]

home
lake

same day.
to

was known

be very dangerous and to be inhabited by a man-eating

crane-like bird called xahslin-taw-nehwa'n ('crane-looking like').

[h] I.e., "If

he has died, there's no use

my

living without him.

may

as well die

too."
[i]

A seed-beating basket of open-work wicker.

There were deposits of muddy foam
water
at these
is

[j]

all

around the lake, where the water had risen

it

up.

If the

bad places doesn't recognize you,

gets

and catches you. This

evidently what had happened to her brother,

muddy, begins to rise, whose body had

then been eaten by the monster crane. (The same lake

was

also supposed to be inhabited

by a stranded whale. See

[k]

text 65.)
in her

She spread the blanket

basket for a lining, so that the blood from her

it.

brother's bones wouldn't contaminate

One must be
it

careful to keep

all articles

of use

away from corpse contamination.

[1]

She had offended the country and

was showing
fall.

its

anger

at her.

If the

country

doesn't

know
the

you, limbs of trees begin to

[m] The

New

River people were originally Chimariko speakers, but Hupa had

in

become

dominant language

this

area at the time of contact.

(For an overly

dramatic description of this situation see Powers 1877: 72-3, 92). The Hupas referred to
the Chimarikos,

Hayfork Wintu, and

all

other people

Fork above the village of Icl-dig as "the people

cin).

who lived on the Trinity or South who come from upstream" (yinah-

Hup a
75.

Texts: 75

505

How

a Tattooed-Face Stole a

Woman
pp. 19-23.

Narrated by John Shoemaker.

(1)
dahc'^in^-dirj Gooseberry-place

Notebook IX,
Myehica-n

c'isday
she stayed

(2)

c'ixowehsyo'^^

at

maiden.

He

liked her

mini(riP-wilta?c'
'his face tattooed'

(3)

nisah-mW^
From
a distance

c'ixoica-n he saw her

yima-nP-^i-mU'^
from close across
the river.

(a 'wild' Indian).

(4)

yiwidifj-hid
[Finally]

yima-n
over

na^ninyay
he went across.

(5)

Wa-

na'nadyay-mH ^

At sunset,

xontah
the house

yehc'iwinyay
he went into
it,

mirpfah-yinac
its

yehc'iwinyay
he entered,

'woodshed' - on the upstream side

c^^j firewood

mitah-dirj amongst it.

(6)

de'-qaij-hid^
After a while

they

yehnaPte-de'K'^ all came back

into the house,

naPdiwilc'^a^n^
they ate together.

(7)

hay
The ones

c'idilwa-W^

who were

talking

io'^-x'^e'^ise'^ni ^^-mii whenever they laughed,

xorj

qina?
too

he

x'^a''^e^Ho'^ ^^

(8)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally]

no'^dinilc'''a'^n

^^-e-y-mU

hayah-mii
[thereupon]

he always laughed.

when

they were finished eating,

c'e^te'de-K^^
they
all

hay
the

xd^osday
men.

(9)

hayah-mii
[Then]

xayc'a'^

'^aht'ifj
all

went out

mush

baskets

xo'^ja
in

order

they

'^a-naya'^Unlaw ^"^ (women) put them

all in

(10)

haya'i
[Then]

hay
[the

camehsXdn^^
[women]

midiiwa
in their turn

order again.

c'ete'de'K^^ they all went out.

(11)

ya'^wirj'^a-

^''

xoni(ijP-wilta'^c'
[Tattooed-Face],

donot (it was)

hayi
the one

He was

still

sitting

there

(he wanted)

hay
who

c'e-'^indil^^

(12)

yiwidiij-hid
[Finally]

'^aht'irj

go

out.

all

they

yehna'^te-de-K all came back

hay
in

the

camehsKon
women.
hayah-daij'^
just at that time

(13)

h[ayai]
[Then]

'^atj-gya'^

c'e'^ninya-

hay
the

c'ixolyo'^

he saw

she went out

one

whom

he

likes,

xoqeh-darj'^
after her
-

c'cna-'^andiyay
he went out again.

that time

506
(14)

XIV Northwest
hay
She
c'e'^ninyay-mii

California Linguistics

sa-kyidirj
to her surprise

'^atj-gya'^

xoKehkyin^^
around her waist

when she went

out,

she noticed

c'iik>i(d)'^^-c'eh

(15)

ya'^xatten'^^

yidaca
up into the mountains

c'ixotehiten^^
he took her
off,

she feh that one caught her.

He

lifted

her up,

ye-wi way off

yidac
into the

c'ixowiite-n'^
he was talcing her.

(16)

haya'i
[Then]

'^ac'ondehsne'^
she thought,

dahandi-de'^'^^

"When

mountains

ya-rp'^'^
it

is

noWiniltin'^^-tehe'll put me down?"

(17)

haya-i
[Then]

qosta-n
basket cap

'^a'diwan'^diwHwa-K'^-l she threw it off of herself.

(to be)

yewi
[(as)

yinac
off]

c'ixowi-ttei
[he carried her along.]

(18)

hayah-mil
[Then]

'^a-diciq'e'^'^^

way

[uphill]

her hair-tying
string (of fur)

c'e'^niit'ow 29

she undid it, slipped it loose.

she threw

no'^nime-K^^ it down.

(19)

yiwidirj-hid
[Finally,]

ye-w-xo
yonder

yinac
upstream

xotiwayk>oh-q'i(d)
to

yinac
upstream

c'ixonihen

31

(20)

hayah
There

c'idelc'e^
they (2) stayed.

xotiwayhohq'id

he brought her there.

(21)

iah
One whole

xay
winter

xoi-c'iwinda"^ 32
she stayed with him.

(22)

yiwidiij-hid
[Finally]

yimam

nahsdile'^n '^^-ey
spring came.

xonsii warm

siWn-e'y
it

(23)

got.

daxoq'i-xoW^"^ In some way (not known how)

x'^'e'da'^ay
it

yehwinyay
into her

35

head (= she heard sound of it)

went

na-Ryidil 36 people going about,

cas-kyoh
soapweed

wa(rj)-naWl
they were going about for, gathering.

(24)

kyiwanaydaHunting

37

tehsya--ye-y he went out

xoni(rfP-wilta'^c'
[Tattooed-Face].

(25)

haya-i
[Then]

dahna'^diwiHa-d^^
she up and ran back,

hayi

xotah

naja'^wildiia-d^^
she ran back [up].

hay
[the

naUyidil

amongst them

people going about].

(26)

hayah-mii
[Then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

We"I

'^e-na-rj'^
it

(27)

hayah
There

[she said,]

is!

c'iWiniite-n he took me

xoni(rjP-wilta'^c'
[Tattooed-Face.]

(28)

do'-de'^-tah-xoW'^^^ Perhaps

c'iWiwinyoM "^^
he
is

chasing me."

Hupa
(29)

Texts: 75

507
me'^dil

hayah-mii
[Then]

dahna^diwidg>id
they
all

^2

hay
the (place)

medaPa-dirj^^
where
it

ran back,

canoe

was

sitting

to the shore

they

c'cna-xo'ta-'^a-n'^ all ran back down to.

(30)

haya'i
[Then]

xoqi(d)
on her

noma'^te-de-K ^5
they
all sat

down

again

(to hide her),

me'^-na^nehste-n in it she lay down.

(31)

hayah-mii
[Then]

xoda-na-dce'd^^ the boat moved

back downstream,

me-nandice'd
it

^"^-e-y

arrived back to the shore at

dahc'^in^-dirj
[dahc'^in?diij].

(32) hayah-mii
[Then]

hayah
[there]

na'^winda'^
she stayed again,
lived,

xoxontaw'^-di(ij) to her house

she

na'^andiyay came back.

(33)

hayah
[There]

no-nfiRy 48
[it

stretches to.]

How a Tattooed-Face Stole a Woman

(1)

There was a

girl

who

lived at dahc**in'^-dig. [a]

(3)

(2)

Tattooed-Face

(minig'^-wilta'^c') [b] fell in love with her.

He

spied on her from just

across the river.

(5)

(4)

Then,

at last,

he came across.
in the

When
all

the sun set, he

went inside the house and hid

[c]

woodshed
of the

(min'^-t'ah) with the firewood,

(6) After a while, the (people

house)

returned and had their meal. (7)

Whenever those who were talking

laughed, he too would laugh.

(8)

When

they had finished eating, the

put

all

the eating baskets back

men went out. (9) After that they where they belonged. (10) Then, in their
sat there, since
it

turn, the

woman went
in.

out.

(11)

The Tattooed-Face
he wanted).

wasn't
all

one of those who went out

(that

(12) After

a while

the

women came back

(13)

out after her.

Then he saw the one that he liked go (14) As she went out, she was
(15)

out,

and he immediately went

startled to feel

someone catch

her around the waist.

He

lifted

her up, carried her off uphill, and kept

(16) She thought,

on carrying her
ever put
(17)

far

up into the mountains.

"When

will

he

me down?"
carrying her up into the mountains, she threw off her
(18)

As he kept on

basket-cap (q'osta*n).
[d]

Then she

slipped off her hair-tying straps (c'iq)

and flung them down.

(19) Eventually he brought her to a place far upstream, on the upstream

side of

xotiwayk>oh-qid.

[e]

(20) There they stayed.

(21) She stayed with

him

the

whole winter.

508

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

(22) Finally spring

came again and

gathering
(25)

it

got warm.

(23)

She thought she

[f]

heard

party

of people

soaproot

(cas-kyoh).
ran off
,

(24)

The

Tattooed-Face went out hunting.

party (of root gatherers).

Then she

running up to the

(26) She said, "It's me!

(27)

The Tattooed-Face
where
their

brought
(29)

me

here.

(28)
all

It's

possible that he's chasing

off,

me!"
top of her (to hide

Then they
she
lay

rushed

running back out

(to the river)

canoe was pulled

her) as

in to shore.

(30)
the
to

They
at

all

sat

down on

down

(in

canoe).

(31) (The

canoe) went
(32) She

back

downstream, coming back

shore

dahc**in'^-dig.

took

up

residence there again, returning to her family house.

(33)

The end.

[a] Literally,

'Gooseberry place', the downriver part of the village of meMil-dig.

to the "wild" Indians

[b]

The name given

from

far upriver

on South Fork

in the

direction of

YoUa

Bolly

mountain and Round Valley

the Hayfork Wintu,

the

Wailaki, perhaps even the Yuki

[c]

who sometimes raided Hupa settlements.

left

The woodshed
part of the

is

located just to the

of the entrance of a living house

(xontah), on the upper level immediately inside the door.

the

The

area

is

separated from

main

house by an

interior wall.
hair.

[d] Strips
trail

of fur used for tying

She dropped these and her basket cap

to

mark a

for rescuers.

[e]

mountain between Horse Linto Creek and the

Valley.

Trinity, about 10 miles southeast

of

Hoopa
[f]

One

of several roots and tubers regularly gathered by the

Hupa

for food.

Hupa
76.

Texts: 76

509
Village

The Chimariko Attack a Hupa

Sam Brown. Notebook
^

Narrated by

XI, pp. 41-46.

(1)

diys-ta-r)'^a--din

c'ltehic'^e-n
there

k>[iwinya'^nyd-n]
a person

xo^e-'^-saPa-n'^

At

diysta-rj'^a-diri

grew up

mean, ready

to fight.

(2)

ia^

xoUyinakyiP

miniarj
ten

xome'^diP
canoes he had.

(3)

One

(was) his slave,

In the

xiKe'^-dan? morning

W-diij

c'e'^indW
he (slave) used to go out.

to-

c'e'^lc>'e'^imil^

hay
[the]

lcyina-k>'il

down

to

water

he used to bail out

[slave.]

the river

(4)

mine'^ixomii
[After a while]

na-nyay^
it

rained,

yinahc'in from the south

te-nc'e'^(>

(5)

the

wind

When

c'e'^ninya'-hid he went out

(to river)

blew.

'^aht'in
all

dehsmin'^
were
filled

hay
the

me'^dil

ta'^nan
water.

(6)

h[aya'\i
[Then]

"^aht'in
all

up with

canoes

to-

c'e^kyinime-K

(7)

hayi

Wa-neall

xoW

q'ad

he bailed them out.

That was

he remembered,

ia'^ay-xo suddenly

xokyiwirja'^n^ he fell asleep.

(8)

xa-t'a-hayah
Right there

kyina-'^asld-l^

hay
the

he dreamt of

xanisc'iPe-n dipper

mii

to-

c'e'^kyimil

xoclif
to

'^a-diykyiwiitiw
it

lo

hi^id
[and]

with which he bailed the water out

him

ran and

dodged

in

war fashion,

'^ayxoidiwe-ne'^
it

ne'^diwileh^^-de'^

wiloy'^-wakya'^d-n
hair dressed in

said to him,

"When people come

to fight

you

doughnut shape

na-naloy'^ ^'^-ne'^ you must tie your hair (so).

(9)

hayah-de'^-^

c'e-ninya'^-ne'^

mahni

mic'iij'^

(10)

h[aya-]i
[Then]

And
c'e-'^insid '3

then

you must go out

to the warriors."

(11)

na'^tehsdiyay

takyiW
sweat-house

yehna'^widyay
he returned
into.

he woke up.

He

started back.

(12)

yisxarj-hid
[The next day]

nasdo-rj-xo
all

'^

kyiwinya'^n
he
ate.

alone

min-tan-di(rj) yisxd-n 10 days passed]

na-sdo-rj-xo
[all

kyarj-x""'^^
[as

do-

'^a'^Az

'6

hayi-q'-a-rj"^

"^aWdiyaw
it

^i

alone]

he was eating]

not he said,

"Thus

it

is

happened

to

me."

XIV Northwest
h[aya-]i
[Then]

California Linguistics

(13)

nana-'^asya'^
he went around again
(after 10 days).

(14) mine-jixomii
[After a while]

to- -din'^

na'^wa- ^^-hid

when he was down

at the river

'^arj-gya'^

"^ant'e-

tehslah^^
were floating

dahc'iwilei
arrows.

(15)

dax^'e-d-a-n'^'^^

he saw

lots

"What

is

it?"

(of arrows)

c'ondehsne'^
he thought.

(16)

xa-na-'^asdiiad^^ He ran back up (to)

xontah-dirj
house-place,

'^a'^de-ne'^

hayi-q'
"In that

[he said],

way

na'lc>idiwe-sVjj'^^'^
I

(17) h[aya-]i
[Then]

diys-ta-ij^a--dirj
[diysta-rj'^a-dirj]

xo^e-'^-sa'^a-n
[fierce,

have noticed things."

mean one]

'^a^de'ne^
said,

yehe
"(angry
surprise)!

nohwan
from us, of our people

c'ixowiijaij'^^

hay
the ones

ce-din
at cedirj

they have killed

them

who
c'e'^in[i]ite-n'^^

c'ideMc'e-ne'^in were staying there."

(18)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

c'idaca-na'^wefisher-skin quiver

he took out.

(19)

yima-n
Across the river

c'ite-rj'^e^n'^^

he looked;

sa-Undirj [suddenly]

'^atj-gya'^

[he saw]

yima'^ni-yinah-c'irj 26 on the other side down stream

dilcow
orange-colored
it

xe'^cnya' '^i-ye' went past - in his sight,

Rnye'
again

ia"^

summer
(20)

deer-hide

another one

xe'^e-nya--ye[went past - there].

h[aya-]-t [Then]

'^a'^de-ne'^

[he said,]

do- ye- lc>iiixani-nehwarj "Not like deer - it seems.

(21)

nehe'^diwileh^^ They have come

to kill us.

(22) h[aya-]i
[Then]

hay
[the]

Uyina-h'il
[slave]

'^a'^de-ne'^

We"I

[said],

xoc'in"^
to

c'e-ya-ne-yaI'll

'^^-te-

(23)

haya-l
[Then]

diysh-ta-ij'^a--ditj
[diystarj'^adiij]

xo^e-'^-sa'^an
[fierce,

them

go out."

mean

one]

'^a'^dene'^

[he said],

q'ad '^ana-rj'^^^ "Has anything

na-lcyii'^e-n^^

(24)

diye"Yes,"

c'ide-ne'^

happened to you (like a dream)?"

he said

hay
[the]

Uyina-kyil
[slave].

(25)

mil

to-

c'e'^Uyimil
bailer

do-rp
it

Wic'irp
to

"The
'^ayWi-ldiwe-ne'^
[it

is

me

it

"^a-diykyiwiitiw danced around in

war-fashion,

wiloy'^-wa-Uya'^a-n
'[hair dressed in

said to me,]

[you must

na-naloy'^-ne'^ tie your

hair (so)]

doughnut shape]

nicida"^ 32

on the crown of your head.'"

Hupa
(26)
q'ad
"All right!"

Texts: 76

511

xoic'tdene"^
he said to him.

(27) h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

yehnd^windeK
they (2) went back into the house,

hijid
[and]

xocida^
[on the crown of (the slave's) head]

miq'eh
[along
it]

[hair dressed in

wiloy'^-wa-h'aPa-n doughnut shape]

nana-'^asloy^
he tied
it

on.

(28)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

q'ad

xonad
around them

c'itehsyay
they went, circled.

(29) h[ayahap]d
[Then]

now

q'ad
[now]

c'e'^xone-ninyo'd ^^ they chased the two of them out,

ia'^a-dikyin^^

100

Uy[iwinya'^nya-n\ people

hay
the

yinah-c'in Chimariko
Indians.

(30)

c'e'^ninyay

diys-ta'ifa'-dirj
[diystarj'^a-dirj]

xo^e-'^-sa'^a-n
[fierce,

ya'^xo-rpi^^^
they shot
at

He went
'^adiq'i(d)
for himself

out

mean

one]

him,

c'ixe-neW^^
-

(31) h[aya]i
[Then]

'^axoic'ide-ne'^

na'-la"^

he talked (= he talked to his pal while fighting).

he said to him (slave),

"Another

Wila'^-me'^

naitiW^'^
lay
it

c'idaca-na'^wequiver (of arrows).

(32)

Wic'ine'^

winta'^n^^
are lying
still

my

hand

in

My

bones

(= I'm killed)."

(33)

h[ayaha^i]d
[Then]

xowa-'^alteni'^^-mU when he had given the (quiver) to him (through door),

c'e'^ninyay he went out.

(34)

'^a-xoic'ide-fie'^

Wiwa-n-^i-xoliW^^
"Closer to

nanya-

^'^

(35)

hayah
[There]

He

told

him

(slave),

me

you get!"

na'^asya'^
the (slave) went

'^aht'itj all

hay
the

na'ci's arrows

hay
[the]

wiloy'^-wa'lcya'^a-n-q'eh [doughnut-shaped hair]- through

about (near him),

wandimil'^^
they went through,

iah-xo dedi-x'^i
just
this

yinac nonyay^'^-mU way upstream when it reached to,

(= just before noon)

c'e'^xonitjan^ he killed them

all

out

mahni-ne'^in
warriors that were.

(36)

diysh-taij^^a'-dirj
[diystatj'^adirj]

xo^e'^-sa'^an
[fierce,

xolc>ina-k>'iP
[his slave]

mean one]

ia'^ay-x'^
at

xonirP-c'irj'^

hay

x'^e'da'^ay^^-ne'^in

'^aht'itj all

once

on

his face-side

his hair that used to be

(= over his face)

xa-ya'^wiixay 46
they shot
it

out.

XIV Northwest
'^ant'eh'^'^

California Linguistics

(37)

Lots (of people)

c'iwehswa'^X'^^ were lying around dead

"^oWc'id I know.

dilcow
orange-colored

kyiwidwol-me^
armor
-

dressed

in.

summer-hide

(38)

hayi-q' This

Waneonly

The Chimariko Attack a Hupa Village

(l)At diys-ta'gV-dig
to the river

[a]

a fierce person
(3) In the

(kyina'knl) [b] and ten canoes.

grew up. (2) He had one slave morning the slave would go down
(4)

and

bail

water out (of the canoes).

One

day,

it

rained hard,

and a wind blew from upstream, [c] (5) When he went out (to the river) he found all the canoes filled with water. (6) He bailed the water out of all of
them.
(7)

That was

all

he could remember before he suddenly

fell asleep.

(8)

He
"If

dreamed
the

that the dipper-basket (xanis-c'iPe*n)

which he had used

fashion,
[d]

to bail out

water was dodging

toward him

in

warrior

saying,

(warriors) attack you,

wa-k^a'^a-n). [e]

(mahn)."

tie your hair in doughnut shape (wiloy*^you must go out and face the war party (11) He went back and went into the (10) Then he woke up.

you must

(9) After that

sweathouse.
(12)
telling

[f]

The next day he ate alone, and he kept eating alone for ten days, not anyone what had happened to him. [g] (13) Then he went back to

being around (other people).

(14) Then, one day

when he was down by

(15)

the river, he

saw

lots

of arrows

(dahciwiIe-1) floating by.

"What

is

this?" he thought.

(16)

Then he ran
surprise,

back up
(17)

to the

house and said what he had seen.

in

''Yehe!
[h]

Then the fierce man of diys-ta-gV-dirj said, They have slaughtered our (relatives) who were (18) Then he got out his quiver (cidaci-na'^we*).

angry

staying at ce'-dig!"

coming from upstream on summer-hide deer (dilcow) going past and then he saw another one going past. (20) Then he said, "Those don't look like deer! (21) We're being attacked!"
(19)

He looked

across the river, and suddenly,

the other side, he

saw

(22)
the

Then

the slave said, "I will

go out

to (confront)

them."
(25)
tie

(23)

Then
the
bailer
in

fierce

man

of

diys-ta*i)'^a*-dig
[i]

said,

"Has

anything

(out

of

ordinary) happened to you?"

(24) "Yes," said the slave.

"The

dodged toward me in war-fashion and said to me, "You must doughnut-shape on the crown of your head!"
(26) "All right!" he said to the slave,
[j]

your hair

(27)

They went back

in

the

house and (the man) tied (the slave's) hair

crown of

his head.

(28)

Then

(the

doughnut-shape along the attackers) circled around (the house).

in a

Hup a
(29)

Texts: 76

513

They soon drove them out

there

were a hundred Chimarikos (yinah-

c'in). [k]

(30)

(31)
[1]

The fierce man of diys-ta*r)''a*-dir) went outside, and they shot at him. Then he said to the slave, "Give me another quiver. (32) I am falling."
handing

(33) After (34)

him

(another

quiver),

(the

slave)

The

fierce

man

said to the slave, "Get very close to

went outside. me!" (35) The

(na*ce*s) passed

slave got

(very

close to

him) there,

and
it

all

the

arrows

through his doughnut-shaped

the

hair; before

was noon he had finished off

the slave of the

whole war-party.

(36)
fierce

They

shot the hair right out of the sides of his face,

man of diys-ta'gV-diij. (37) Lots (of people) could be seen lying thrown down (dead), dressed in summer-deerhide armor (kyiwidwol). [m]
(38) This
is all I

know.

[a]

This

is

only half the story.

Sam Brown

could not
in

recall

any more

in

1927.

In

1948 he gave a somewhat more complete account,

William
lb]
J.

English, to the anthropologist

fn. 18).

Wallace, but this has not been published (Wallace 1949: 103,
slavery in

The commonest type of

northwest California was debt-slavery.

Orphans, or other children taken into the protection of a family, were also sometimes
treated as slaves.
In the account given to Wallace,

Sam Brown

described this slave as

being hunchbacked.
Ic]

That

is,

from the south.

to

fd]

According
at

Wallace (1949: 101), "during the fighting warriors dodged about,

shooting

one another.

skilled fighter, traditionally,

was able
It is

to

dodge arrows

either

by watching

his opponent's

bow

or the arrow

itself.

said that a

watched an enemy's bow, observing which end moved because the

that direction.

good wairior arrow was thrown in

He dodged

in the opposite one."

it'.

le] Literally 'tied

up with a hole through

This

is

evidently a unique style that

"Warriors

was revealed

to the slave in his vision.

Wallace describes the general style:

tied their hair

up

in a

bunch on the top of the head.

it

Bone-hairpins with both ends

sharpened were thrust into the bunch so that

(1949: 77).
[f]

could not be seized by an opponent."

Slaves used to sleep in the sweathouse, along with the other

men

of the family.

[g]

Whenever

a person has a vision like this, he

must

eat alone for ten days to "train"

for the power, luck, or whatever the vision offered.

[h]

A Hupa camping place at the lower end of Willow Creek.

had he had a dream or
that his slave
visitation that

[i] I.e.,

gave him special power.

to protect him.

[j]

He knew

had a war blessing

[k] Literally 'those

coming from upriver'. The Hayfork Wintu or the Nongatl living

along the upper

Mad

and Van Duzen Rivers could also be meant.

4
5

XIV Northwest
[1]

California Linguistics

Literally,

'my bones have come

to lie (motionless)'.

He knew he had been

fatally

wounded.
[m] The Chimarikos had been dressed in armor made from summer deerhide, perhaps part as camoflage. Hupa warriors sometimes wore armor, made either from wooden

in

slats or

from animal hide. According

to Wallace, the

commoner

type was a corselet of

vertical

wooden rods woven

together.

The rarer hide armor consisted of a

long

sleeveless shirt of single or double thickness, with fine gravel or sand

to the surface with pitch (1949: 75).

sometimes glued

Hupa
77.
Narrated by

Texts: 77

515

A War Between the Hupa and Yurok

Sam Brown. Notebook
^

IX, pp. 54-60;

X, pp. 1-10.
dahar/Wo'^-dar}'^ long ago
^

(1)

Wic'^o'-ne'^in

c'ix''e'^ilig>'^-neVn

hay
how

My
tiwima^^
there

grandmother

used to

tell

Unna^-tah-x'''^

(2)

hayah-mii
[Then]

was

among

the

yida--c'in^ from downriver

(village of Rek^oi)

sahwinde'^n
they went off, traveled

a famine

Yurok.

td7Uyimii-c'irj'^
to Hostler

Uy[iwinya^nya-n\
Indians

yaPwiijan'^
they killed them.

(3)

iiwan
One

Ranch;

ta^UnmU-din
at

c'tteMc'^e-n^

c'ixoc'e-d'^
a
liar,

iah-xo

hayah

^^

'^aPde'^ine'^

taPHyimUdit]

who had grown up

just for nothing

he always said,

nehe'^diwileh ^^ "They've come to kill

cintohidii
us!

^'^

(4)

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay
[the]

Uyina'^

Run

for your lives!"

Yurok

x'^e'^diwiliw-id

XIV Northwest
hayah-mii
[Then]

California Linguistics

(9)

qad
now

kyiic'ixa-nyay'^^
they fought,

ian
many

Uy{iwinya'^nyd-n\
Indians

kyiwiite'^'^^

got killed,

lcy[iwinya'^nyd-n] Indians

meda'^ay'^'^ heads

Icye-ya'^kyitehiwa-X'^^
they chopped off,

mikyan-sa'^d-n'^^
their hearts

c'eya'^nilay '^^ they took out,

h[aya-i]
[then]

kyiiij)

miq'eh

yehya'^kyite-cod'^^
they stuck into them
in a line.

along a stick

(10)

h[aya--l]
[Then]

xon'^-c'irj'^

ya'^kyine'ino'^

'^i

mi^e'^e-din

to the fire

they stood the (sticks) up

children's

mikyan-sa'^an
hearts,

cahmehsKo-n
[women's]

mikyan-sa'^d'n
[hearts],

me'lah-tah some of them

Wane'
only

ya'^xite-na'^^^

(11)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

'^aht'itj

hay
the

escaped.

all

kyiwiyal-ne'^in food

me'^dil-me'^-c'in'^
to into the

naya'^kyiswe'^

'^^

(12)

hay
The

diyWo"^
things (valuables)

canoes

they pack several loads.

ta'^kyimii-din

sila'-ne'^in ^o
at ta^kyimiidit]

mii-c'idilye[religious

'^aht'in
all

c'eya'^nirj'^a-n

which were lying

dance things]

they took them out,

hi^id
[and]

xontah-ne'^in
[houses-that were]

'^aht'iij
[all]

naya'^winiid^^
they burned them up.

(13)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

^aht'iij
all

'^a-diq'i(d)-no-ya'^nirj'^d-n 32

kyiq'eh-na-diwal
wolf-tail fringes,

hijid
[and]

yehnalce'd
feathers stuck in headbands

they put on themselves

yehnaya'^wiPe-K

33

hi^id
[and]

ta--ne-^i(d) 34
in the

yide"^

ta'naya'^wHta'K
(as in

35

they stuck them into (wolf -fringed headbands),

middle

of the river

going downstream

they had a boat dance

WDD),

sahnande'^n
they traveled back

(14)

h{aya-i]
[Then]

hay
the ones

ya'^xite-na'^

naya'^nite'de-K^^
they each

who had
escaped

came back

home.

home,

meiah
some

camehsK&n
women.

(15)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

ie'naya'^kyiwildw

'^'^

hay
the

they gathered them up again

ky[iwinya'^nyan]-ne'^in
dead people

ya'xoma-lyaw'^-ne'^in^^
their relatives that

(16)

h[ayai]
[Then]

meiah
[some
of)

had been.

hay
the ones that

do'-niWo-n^'^
bad things,
witchcraft

c'oyahic'i(d)-tah^^ knew - selected

ya'^kyite'tehiyoi^^ they all swore at

the (Yurok).

^
Hupa
(17)
Texts: 77

517
ce-li(rj)
it

hay
The

]ly\iwinyoPnya:n\
Indians'

mimit'-me^
stomachs
-

na-ya-'^asc'^'e^n^'^

in

blood

they gathered

it.

hi^id
[and]

miqeh-nadiwal-ditj

Uy{iwinyaPnyd'n\

Indians of ReK'oi

ya^xo'iyo-l^'^ they swore at, cursed them

mii
with it (blood).

(18)

h[aya--i] [Then]

lcy[iwinya'^nyd-n] people

taPUyimUdiij
at ta?kHmiidii]

do-

yaxokyiwitja'^n
did not sleep,

'^aya'c'ondehsne'^
they thought,

ie-na-lya^- ^^te' will be evened up, revenge will be taken on them

do-niWon
bad

"They

"^a-yanohc'ilah^^ which they did to us

iah-xo

hayah

Uyina^
Yuroks."

(19)

h[aya-l]
[Then]

naya-'^asdeK
they went around,

c'idiwilwa'W
they talked.

^'^

just for nothing

(20)

"^aht'in-diij

Uyo-yd^wUc'^iw ^^
they hired people for services,

yo-w
yonder

x'^iyiq'i(d)

yinac

Everywhere

head of Redwood Creek

Kow'^-xontehi-^i-me'q'

yinac
upriver

'^aicah '^'^-mii
as far as that, to
that distance,

Hay Fork

ie-na'^niwilne's 50 they reached out and met together.

(21)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

mahni
war-party

tehsyay
went
off.

(22)

daniaijWo'^-di(rj) yisxan Several days passed

ya'^Hyicid-x'^

hay
which

they pounding

lcy[iwinya'^nyd-n] yiwinyan^^^-tewere to eat. people

(23)

h[ayai]
[Then]

acorns

me'^dil-me'^
in

mahni
war-party

sahwinde'^n
traveled off, along.

(24)

Wico-^'^-ne'^in

xode'-ne'^ini-hH
with her

canoes

My

grandmother

now dead
sister

younger

c'itehsdeK
they went off (in canoe),

mahni
war-party

ma'
for

Rye-ya-'^aina- ^^-miij
in

{25) dan-larj'Wo'^n^'^
Several (people)

them

order that they might

cook.

camehsKon
women

tehsyay
went,

hay
the ones

to'-c'in'^

who

to the river

were

na-naya'^lcyiswe'^^^-teto pack (booty) down,

kye'da'^ay^^
heads (of fallen foe)

na-ya'^wiiwe'^^'^-tethey were to fight,

hay
the

kyina'^

Yurok

Oaya'c'idyaw-q' how they had done.

XIV Northwest
"^aht'trj

California Linguistics

(26)

hay
those

Uyima'w
med[icine]

ya'^xo-ne'^^-tah^^
they

sahwinde'^n
they traveled,

iiwan
one

All

who

know
lc>ima'w medicine

citehsyay
went along

camehsXon
woman

hay
who

do'-niWo-n
not

xosah
was

sa'^a-ni

good

lying in her

mouth
Wirj

(27)

song.

lc>[iwinya'^nya-n] People

mic'irp
against

them

knta'^a'^aw^^-id whenever she sings it,

ia'^ay-x'^
at

once

do- c'e'sid^^ he can't wake up.

(28)

hay

c'idan'^^^-difj
first

The

place

x'^'e'tehiweK^^ where they camped

xoij'^xahW-dirj

Merip

miyeh
under
it,

(29)

hay yisxd'n
That next day

miqeh-na-diwal-dirj
Rek^oi

c'e-te'dice'd^
the boats

at the
it.

came out

at

foot of

wilwe-Ki-mii when night came.

(30)

ta'^U>imH-di(rj)
Hostler Ranch

ma'-na'^way ^^-ne'^in the one who was the

leader of

ya'^xosehiwe-n 66 they had killed him

kyina"^

(31)

h[ayai] hay me-tediGeh^'^-di(ri)-mH

(Reaching) from the place where they had landed

ce-ic'e'^-dirj
at ceic'e'^dirj

Yurok.

c'idiwilwa-W
they talked, deliberated.

(32)

'^a-ya'^dene'^

They

said,

la'^ay-xo q'ad Uwarj-heh "Not even one person

do- xolirj c'ixe'^ina'^ ^^ should get away.

(33)

hay
What

neheus

ta'^Uyimii-ditj

"^anohc'ilaw
they did to us,

taPUnmUdir]

hayi-q'a
in that

way

q'ina"^ "^aya-xodilah- ^^te- xoceiin'^ tayaydinan'^'^^-te- ^ahda-"^^ we'll drink, [too much] (they) too we'll do to them, their blood

do-niWon
bad

'^a-yanohc'ilah
they did to us

iah-xo

hayah

^2

(34)

h[ayal]
[Then]

without reason."

[when

wilwe-Xi-mii it became dark,]

q'a(d) [now]

Uyiwince-T^-c'iw
they heard the war-dance

(35)

When

no'^o'^aWi'^^-mii they stopped

going on (of Yurok).

singing (every time)

'^a'^deVne'^-ctw
they hear him

miq'eh-na-diwal-di(ij)
Rek^oi

nirjxaYen
chief, rich

deda
"This
(time)

"^aij
it

xoW
I

man,

is

guess

saying

ta'^Kyimii-din
ta'^k'tmiidirjichief)

c'lcaM-ne"^
he walks along
-

(36)

Icyiya-Wi

must!"

The

birds

ye- gya"^ do'^on leave it to them

do(and see)
if

ya'^xowiligy-de'^
they (like humans) don't
tell,

xahslintaw
cranes,

to--mine--Uyiya-W
seagulls.

Hupa
(37)

Texts: 77

519
ya'nsei
75

hayah-mii
[Then]

xo^^i-X^'
really

their

T.P-'^ xo^eminds

hay
the

mahn
warriors.

they got heated, hot

(38)

'^aht'irj

yima-n
to the other side

All

when

na^xohsxe'^i '^^-mii they ferried them back & forth.

hay
the

yinahc'in Chimarikos

'^aya'^de-fie'^
said,

nehe"Us

UyHnadili
wolf

minirj'^
its

yaywila-

ii-teit

face

they will carry

up

(= wolves will raise up their heads).

(39)

xot'a-wi-c'irj'^

yinaGe-rf-c'irj'^ 78

q'irP

nahx
two (wolves)
(in

On

the uphill side

on the upstream side

also

from them

each place)

minirj'^ yaywirj'^an ^^-tc

(40)

yide'^e'rP-c'iif^'^

q'irP

nahx
two;

they will play wolf.

On

the downriver side,

also

on the north side

to'-c'in^-c'ijj'^^^

yide"^

minirj'^

yaywilay-mU
they play wolf.

q'ad
then

on the river side

downstream

when
liwaij

c'e'xoninyoh ^'^-ne'^ you (Hupas) must chase them

(41)
out.

hay
for his part

U>ina'^

One

who

Yurok

c'ixine-W
talked,

da'^ni
a while
to

xowarj ya'^ninyay
them - he came to them (having dance in sweat-house)

hay-yo'w
those

Uyice-

who where
war-dancing.

ago

(42)

'^aht'irj

x'^e'da'^ay
into his

yehwinyay
-

83

hay dax'^eda
what

84

'^a'ya'^ne-

All

head

had gone

(= he had heard everything)

they were saying.

(43)

miq'eh-na-diwal-di(ri)
Rek'oi

nirjxa^t'e-n

^a^de-ne^
he said

chief

xiXe^-ey-mi\ xa'^ when midnight came, "Now!

yanohkyo-warf^^
ep.

(44)

deda
"Now

'^arj

xoW-ne'^

ta'^Ryimii-ditj
taUHmiidiri (chief)-

(45)
Birds
-

Uyiya-W
(= See
if

ye-

gya"^

do'^oij
-

(46)
it

hayah-mii
[Then]

hay-yo-w
that

instead (of us)

just see!

see,

is!

they don't

tell us)!

dinitj'^xine-W

c'iste-n^^

'^ac'ondehsne'^
he thought,

hay
"That

Hupa

Indian

who

lay there

Wikyan-sa'^a-n-ne'^in my heart which was (when I heard what they said)

'^aif
it

is

it

c'inya'-tehi-c'iw^'^ felt as though it were going to come out,"

"^aloh^^-c'eh
it

hot (because of their taunts)

felt

his

xoxaq'e'^^^ body all over,

520
(47)
'^isdo'^

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

xolis^i

c'ondehsne"^
[he thought.]

(48)

hay ah
There

"Would

that

quickly (they go to sleep)!"

kyinahsni^ na'^cod^^-ey
they passed about with
it

ta'^kyimii-di(r})-ne'^in
ta?]inmHditj
chief's

x^e'da'^ay
head.

stuck on a stick

(49)

h\ayai\
[Then]

g'a(d)

c'inite-te-c'^'^

(50)

h[aya'i]
[Then]

xonadi
around them

now

they

all

lay

down.

c'itehsyay (Hupas) went

(circling village)

miqeh-nadiwal-dirj
[ReR^oi.]

(51)

yinaccn'^-c'iif-xo

yice^n
on

From

the south side

(to the water)

the

downslope side

tehc'iwehst'ilcy^^
they reached in a line to the water,

dah-xo
above
(the houses)

nayde"^^^
reaching "north",

yide'^e-'^n-c'iif-xo

on the north side

downstream,

yice^n

tehc'iwehst'ilcy^^
[they reached in a line to the water.]

(52)

h[aya-h]
[Then]

melah
some

down

to the river

me'^-na-'^asde-K went about inside of the (circle formed by 3 lines & river).

(53)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

qad
just

hay
when

Uyilna'dil

wolves

minirj'^

-yaywilay

da'^ne-'^e-'^rj

q'ad
is

xoc'irp
to

Uyimd-w
medicine

lifted their faces

a while

ago

it

[then]

them (Yurok)

(= began to howl)

= before

(they howl),

ya'^asc'^e^n
the (Hupas)

hayi

mil

yima-n
across the
river

na^xohsxe^
they had ferried

co'V miWine'^
(medicine:) female private parts - its song.

made

with it (medicine)

them,

(54)

h[aya--l]
[Then]

hay-yo-w
[those]

RyUna'dil
["wolves"]

'^aht'i(rj)
[all]

minirj'^-yaywirj'^am-mH [when they had raised a wolfhowl],

c'e'^xone-nyo'd^^
they chased them out,

hayah
there

c'ixowirja-n
they killed them,

ceiirj

nilin-^i
a
little

mUkyow^l
the size of

blood

stream, creek

xodate-Wn^^
it

(55)

hay
The

flowed downhill here and there.

camehsKon^^ women

Ryeda^ay
heads

they struck

naya'^wiiwe'^ at them

hay
the ones

naxay

>oo

'^aht'irj
all,

hay
as the

Icyina'^

'^ayac'idyaw-q'
had done.

wounded

Yurok

Hup a
(56)
h[aya-i]
[Then]

Texts: 77

521

Wico-ne'^in

q'an-c'iwilc'^il
a

my

grandmothers

young man

ia^ one

ya?sehiwe-n
they 2 killed

k>'i(ri)-mii

(57)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

"^aht'itj all

hay
the

diyWo"^
property

ta^Unmi-i-din
at

with a

stick.

taPknmitdirj

sila--ne'^in

hayah
there

sa?a-n-e-y
it

hay
that

c'e-naya'^nilay
they took back out of the houses.

W-c'irP
to the river

which used
to lie,

lies,

na-na-yaWiswe'^
they packed
it

^'^^

(58)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

hay-yo'w
[those]

back.

yinahc'in Chimariko Indians

hay
the

Icy[iwinya'^nyd-n] ^eya'^wiiwal 102 mikyan-sa'^a-n c'eya'^wil(i)Wili ^^^-mii they split them in their hearts when they take them out people

two (down

breast);

right along.

miq'eh-yehya'^lcyiwiGol they (be-poke) them into

kyi(rj)-mi-i

(59)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

hay
that

ce-ic'e'^

with sticks.

knives

'^adisah-me-q'
inside their

naya'^tiwiyosil

104

(60)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

miq'eh-na-diwal-di(rj)
[Rek^oi]

mouths

they were each drawing them through.

nitjxaYe-n
[chief]

x^e-da^ay
his

head

dahya'^kyiiwa'^K 105 they chopped off,

hi^id
[and]

miq'eh-yehkyirjcod
they poke a stick into
it,

kyi{rj)-mH
with a stick,

kyinahsni-c'ite-cod ^^^
he danced back and forth with it stuck in front of (people)

xa-t'a
right

hayah
there.

(61)

h[aya--t]
[Then]

sahna-nde'^n
they traveled

(62)

ce-ic'e'^-di(rj)

At

celc'e^ditj

back home.

na'tiwidcei ^^i-id when they were coming along on canoes on the way home,

na-yd^te-rpe>n
they looked back,

lah-xo
just

into the water

ta'kyine'nde^n '08 it shone

hayah
there,

xontah
houses

naya'^te-iid lo^
they had burned them
all.

(63)

can-di(ij)-mii

ce-lc'e'^-di(ij)-mU
(and) from ceid'e'^dirj

"^aht'in
all

From

canditj

c'isda-ne'^in had been staying

miq'eh-nadiwal-dir)
(at)

hay
the ones

dinufxineW
who
Hupa Indians

ya'^wiija-n

Rek*oi,

had

killed.

522
(64)

XIV Northwest
nin'^i-wa-yk>a'^an-di{rj}

California Linguistics

Turip

when

na'^tindil^^^-id they were all getting there on way home

'^a'^lcyilaw ^^^
it

'^aya'^dene'^ they said

kyina"^

Yuroks (of
that place),

dax^'e'd-a-rj'^^^^

miq'eh-na'diwal-dirj
(at)

iah-xo
just

niic'in'^

"What

is it

Rek^oi

happens, is doing,

towards each other (from 2 villages)

ta-Uyine-nditj'^-hid

(65)

hayah-mii
[Then]

when

it

shines into the water?"

an old

Uyiwarjxoyan^^^ man (of Yurok)

do-rj'^

c'e'^ninyay

came

out,

'^a'^de-ne'^

he+
"He!

[he said],

nohni^^'^ you people (Yuroks)

V^n
[for

minasiwohla'^

^^^

your

part]

it

is

have ridiculed them

dinirj'^xineW Hupas.

(66)

"^a'diwine"^
It's

dc

c'^inc'o-wilehi ^^^

been

said,

'One should not bother

dinirj'^xineW the Hupas,

na--ro--mrw

'17

(even) under the water

miniarj even

mixine'We'^^^^
their

ta-na-W^^^
goes out, reaches
into the water.'

(67)

language

diniifxineW Hupa Indians

xineWi
language

mii
with
it

na'sa'^a'n ^^^
it

ninis'^an

na-rj'^a'^ ^'^^-darj'^

lies
is

again
tradition

there

ever since the world settled into its position, lay (down).

(68)

dax'^e'di-na-rj'^ 122

"^ayax'idyaw
they did, happened to them,

nohsin

'23

What (do you suppose)

it

you think

miq'eh-na-diwal-ditj (that) Requa (people)

is

c'e'^xonirjan '24

dorj"^

(69)

h[aya-i]
[Then]

dinirj'^xineW

they killed them out, cleaned them up?"

Hupa
na-de'-c'in'^-c'ir}'^^'^^

q'a(d) sahnande'^n [now] they traveled back,

hay
the ones

miq'eh-na-diwal-di(rj)
Rek*oi

on

this side

of (toward

who
Icyina"^
'^e-'^n

Hupas)
c'^ini-ya'^xowehslei

do-

(70)

ta'^kyimH-din
(To) taPkyimiidii]

Yuroks

however
^'^^

did not bother them.

ie-nandiyay
they
all

'^aht'irj-xo
all

"^ant'e-

naya-'^anda'^an
they brought back.

(71)

h[ayai]
[Then]

arrived back,

kinds of (belongings)

hay ah
there

na'^1<.yiwince[] '27
they danced the war-dance again,

hay ah
there

ya'^nirj'^d-n

miq'eh-na-diwal-di(r))
[Rek"oi]

they brought

nifjxaYen
[chief]

x'^e'da'^ay-ne'^in
[his head-that

(72)

do--heh
Not
at all

na'^ascod
they went about with it poked
'28

hayah
[there]

hay
the

had

been.]

yinah-c'in Chimarikos

xoh
in vain

'^aya'^de-ne'^

nayadicod

they said.

"Let's dance with the poked head!"

524
they put on
feathers
all

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

the wolf-tail "blinds" (kyiqeh-na-diwal), stuck ceremonial

(yehna-lce'd) into

them,

and

then,

dancing

Boat

Dance
set

(ta-'^attal) in the

middle of the river

(as they

went) downstream, they

off

for

home,

[j]

one.

Then those who had escaped some women came back, one by They gathered up (the remains of) their dead relatives. (16) Some those among them who knew (how to devil people) cursed at (the of Yuroks). (17) They collected blood in the stomach of a person (who had been killed), and cursed the Requa people with it. [k] (18) The ta'^kyimit-dir)
(14)

(15)

people did not sleep but thought, "There will be revenge for these evil things that the Yurok have done to us for no good reason." (19) Then they went

around and talked to people. (20) They hired people everywhere [1] (people) assembled from as far away as the head of Redwood Creek (21) Then a (x^'iytqid yinac) and Hayfork (Kow'^-xonteht-3i-me-q). [m] (22) For several days the women war party (mahn) was formed, [n]

pounded acorns
canoes, [p]
(24)

for the people to eat. [o]

(23)

Then

the

war party

set out in

My

late

maternal grandmother and her

[r]

late sister [q]

went along,

in

order to cook for the warriors,

(booty)

(25) Several

women went

along to carry

down
[s]
[t]

to the river, or to attack the

heads (of the enemy) as the Yurok

had done,
the party,
[u]

who knew (war) medicine went off with and one woman came along who owned a bad medicine song,
(26) Also,
all

those

(27)

Whenever she sang

it

against a person, he didn't

wake

up.

The first night they camped beneath Merip (xog'^xahW-diij). [v] (29) The next day the canoes reached the mouth of the river at Requa (miqeh-na'diwal-dirj) when it got dark.
(28)
(30)

The

ta'^kyimil-dig dance leader (ma'-na'^way) had been killed

by the

Yuroks. [w]
get away.

(31) After they landed, they (went to)

to do).

Welk^ew

(ce-tc'e'^-dii]) [x]

and discussed (what

(33)

What they did

[y]

drink their blood;

"Not even one person should we will do to them; we'll they did too many bad things to us for no good
(32)

They

said,

to us at ta'^kyimU-dirj

reason."
(34) Then, as soon as
it was dark, they heard (the Yurok doing) the War Whenever the singing stopped, they heard the Requa say, "Can this be ta'^k-imit-dig coming along? [bb]

Dance
(36)

(kyice*). [z]

(35)

chief (nigxa''t'e*n) [aa]

Look

at the birds

(and see)

if

they don't

tell

us anything

the cranes

(xahslin-taw) and the seagulls (to--mine--kyiya'W)." [cc]

(37)
all

Then

the (ta'^kyimit-dig) warriors got really hot-spirited.

(38)

When

of them had been ferried to the other side, [dd] the Chimarikos (yinah-

c'in) said,

"We

will raise

wolf

cries, [ee]

(39)

the upstream side.

(40) Another two

will

Two will howl on the hill on howl on the downstream side;

Hupa
when
[ff]

Texts: 77

525

they howl on the river downstream, then you must chase them out."

(41)

while before

this, a

person
(42)

they were

War Dancing,

[gg]

who spoke Yurok had gone to where He heard whatever they said. (43) In the
said,
is

middle of the night the Requa chief

(44)

"O.K.,

let's

go

to

sleep,

[hh]

Can

it

perhaps be ta'^kyimil-dirj (that

(46)

coming)?

(45) Just look at the

birds!"

Then

the

Hupa

Indian
if it is

(diniij'^xine'W)

who

lay

there

(spying) thought,
felt

"My

heart feels as

about to

come
it

out," and his

body

hot

all

over.

(47) "I wish they

in front

would do

quickly!"

he thought.

(48)

Then they danced

on a
(the

of the line (kyinahsn) with the ta'^kyiinR-dirj

chief's head

stick, [ii]

(49) Right after that they lay

party) encircled Requa.

down

to sleep.

(50)

Then

Hupa war

(51)

On
(a

the upstream

side the line (of warriors) reached downhill to the river;

second line
a

curved) back downstream above (the village);

(a

and on the downstream side

[jj]

third

line)

reached

down

to

the

river,

(52)

Then
lines

few

(warriors)
river),

moved about

inside (the circle

formed by the three

and the

[kk]

(53) Just before the wolf cry

was

raised, they

sang the (same) medicine

(song) against (the Yuroks) that they had used (against the birds)
ferried across the river

when they
Requa

the "vulva song" {co-P miWine'^).

[11]

(54) After

the

"wolves"

had

all

howled,

they

chased

(the

people) out and killed them there, and rivulets of blood flowed
slope.

(55)

The women clubbed

(56)

the heads of

all

the

wounded,

as

down the the Yurok

had done.
with a stick,
(57)
there

My

late

grandmother (and her

sister) killed

young man

[mm]
all

Then they took out and packed them back

Then
the Chimarikos

of the ta'^kyimit-dir) valuables which were

to the river.

(58)
the

went around

splitting people('s

bodies)

down
sticks.

middle; taking out their hearts, they would skewer them

on

(59)
(60)

Then they would draw the knife (ce'lc'e*^) through Then they chopped off the head of the Requa chief,
danced
in front of the line

their

mouths, [nn]
it

stuck

on a

stick,

and right there

the stick, [oo]

(kyinahsn) carrying

it

along on

along back past Welk*ew, they looked back;

canoes) were moving was shining on the water where they had burned all the houses (at Requa). (63) (The people) from Omen (can-dig) [pp] and Wetk^ew who had (with the Yurok) killed Hupas
(61)

Then they

set off for

home.

(62)

As

(their
it

had

all

been staying

at

Requa. [qq]

(64)

As

they went back past Turip (nin'^i-wa-ykya'^an-dii)) [rr] the

Yurok

(of that village) said,

the river) there
is

"What has happened to Requa, since on both sides (of light shining on the water?" [ss] (65) Whereupon an old

526

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

man

of the Yurok came out and said, ''He!

[tt]

You people have

ridiculed the

Hupa!

(66)

It

has been said, 'One should

never bother the Hupa,

even under the water.' [uu] (67) This has been the tradition of the Hupa language ever since the world came into existence. (68) How did it happen, do you think, that they killed off the
(since) their language goes out

Requa people?"
(69) As the Hupas traveled on home, the Yuroks back on this side of Requa did not bother them, [vv] (70) They returned to ta'^kyimit-dii],

bringing back
(71)

all

kinds of things.
the

the (severed) head of the

Then [ww] they danced Requa

War Dance

again, having brought there

chief, [xx]

(72)

They

didn't dance with his

head on a stick, however, even though the Chimarikos said, "Let's all dance with it on a stick!" (73) "No," (the Hupas) said, "one never does that to (a
head)
at ta'^kyimil-dig." [yy]

(74)

Then they

finished the

war dance.
set off

(75) After

staying several nights,

home.
(77)

(76)

They

left

carrying the

some of the Chimarikos Requa chief's head on a stick.

others at ce-winai-dirj.

for

Some

stayed on
all left

at ta'^kyimit-diij,

(78) After a

long time they

for

home.
of what

(79) That's what

tell

know

my

late

maternal grandmother used to

me.

[zz]

[a] Essentially the

same

story

is

given

in Curtis

(1924: 4-5).

Two Yurok

versions

of the story are also attested, one (summarized) in Kroeber (1925: 50-52) from Captain
Spott, the other in Spott

and Kroeber (1942: 202-9) from Captain Spott's adopted son

Hupas attack first and The other versions agree with Sam Brown that the Yuroks attacked ta'^k-imit-dir) before the Hupas raided Requa. The ultimate cause of the feud is alluded to in the Yurok versions, both of which begin with the Hupas killing a woman at
Robert. Robert Spott reverses the sequence of events, having the
the

Yuroks

retaliate.

Weitchpec

who had been accused

of causing a famine. Although married into Weitchpec

she was from a prominent Requa family, and their demands for compensation for her
death were rejected by the Hupas on the basis of her presumed sorcery.

From

this the

quarrel evolved, according to Kroeber, into "the largest warlike undertaking

which the
party that

Yurok remember any of

1942: 206).

their

number

to

have been engaged in" (Spott and Kroeber

6

Captain Spott counted 84

men and

women

in the

Requa war

attacked ta''k>imit-dii] and estimated nearly a hundred in the

[bl
[c]

Hupa

counterattack.

To be more

precise, his great-aunt, his maternal grandmother's sister.

at least 90 years These events took place before the coming of the whites Sam Brown. His great-aunt was a young woman at the time Kroeber also estimates a date between 1 830 and 1 840 (Spott of the events described.

before 1927, according to

and Kroeber 1942:208).

Hupa
[d] Specifically

Texts: 77

527
rek"oi,

from the village of Requa (Yurok

Hupa niiqeh-na*diwalinter-

dig), as becomes clear later in the narrative.

This was an inter-village (or even

family) feud, not a war involving the two tribes as such.

[e]
[f]

The downstream

section of ta''k'imil-dig,
in

where he

lived.

medium-sized storage basket

which valuables were

it

kept.

[g]

Robert Spott relates the same story, but transposes

is

to

Requa.
not to

A
lie

"notorious or

gratuitous liar"

not believed

Hupa
like

attack.

Spott

when he attempts to warn the comments: "When I was a boy I was told
two or three hearts on each
poked lengthwise

village of the

impending
I

or

would be

him" (Spott and Kroeber 1942: 203-204).

[h]

They used
it

several sticks,

stick.

This word

is

usually

used to describe
roasting
[i]

how
fire.

a stick

is

(or crosswise) through a salmon, for

over a

Including

the

xontah-nikya'w.
is less

All

were quickly

rebuilt.

The wood

superstructure of a house

important than the part below the ground.

The "blinds" and the ceremonial feathers are [j] All this was deeply sacrilegious. World Renewal regalia, and the Boat Dance is the most profound and sacred part of the White Deerskin Dance. Besides committing murder and theft, the Yurok were violating the sanctity of the most important of Hupa religious rituals. contemptuously The canoes were stolen as well. According to Captain Spott, the Yurok war party

had travelled overland through Redwood Creek country, but they returned down the
river in canoes they stole
[k]

from

ta'^k-imiJ-dii)

(Kroeber 1925: 51).

They heated quartz (ce*-Kcow)

for this

bad medicine, known as

lc>ite-lyo-l

('cursing them').

For nine nights they talked, without sleeping, to the pauch of blood and wishing every possible
ill

and

to the rocks, while burning incense root

on the

Yurok.

On

the tenth night they put the heated rocks into the blood of the paunch and

wished
rocks

that the

blood of the Yurok would burst just as

this

blood burst when the hot

If

hit.

After making this medicine you can't eat with people for one whole year.
its

you do, the bad medicine or

[I]

effects will turn against you.

They hired people

to

make

arrows, but also to fight.

It

service to fight for

someone, and pay was always given.

was a recognized form of Dance regalia and other

Hupas knew well. Most prominent among
in their

valuable objects were often given as pay, not only dentalia.

[m] People from the southern periphery of the

territory that the

These backwoodsmen were considered

to

be

fierce warriors.

them, but not enumerated here, were Chimarikos from upstram on the Trinity River

(yinah-cin). For perhaps similar reasons, the Yuroks had included Tolowas

war party (Kroeber 1925: 50; Spott and Kroeber 1942: 205).
[n] Literally, 'a

war party went along'.

months
to

According to Captain Spott, the Hupa

retaliation took about six

[o]

organize (Kroeber 1925: 51).

for the

The women of ta'^k^'imil-dir),

war

party.

[p]
in

Robert Spott estimated that there were about half a dozen boatloads of warriors

both the Yurok and

Hupa war

parties (Spott

and Kroeber 1942: 207).

first

[q] Actually, Sam's great aunt (his maternal grandmother's sister) and her

cousin.

528
[r] Just

XIV Northwest
a few

California Linguistics

women went

along in the canoes to cook for the men.

Most of

the

men

travelled in the canoes, but

some went

overland.

[s]

When

the

men

shot one of the enemy, the

women would go on and

finish

him off

by clubbing him on the head with paddles, which they took along for that purpose. According to Wallace (1949: 102), women also "siezed sticks and stones and joined in
the fighting, and
[t]

were

killed the

sameas men."
like other

War medicines

(called

knma'w,

medicines) were used to overpower an

(this latter

enemy, or

to protect one's

own

people from getting shot

medicine was a type

All

of xowa'-na'na'lwe'n). There was also a medicine recited over bows when they were
distributed (called
c'iitirj'^

mil c'ohita^q' 'bows

with

it

he counts').

bows and

arrows brought by the warriors were piled together, then handed out

by someone who

If all the bows and distributed them. someone was left without a bow, that was a sign of bad luck for him; it turned out that he would be killed. There was also a medicine to make a rock or arrow used in a fight kill an enemy just by touching him. (They would speak to the rock or arrow, then spit on it.) Most war k^ima-w had songs, usually with slow, sad tunes. (See also texts 42

knew

this

k-ima-w. The medicine maker counted

and 43.)
[u] Literally, 'the
[v]

song lay

in her

mouth'.

On

the

Klamath River about

that

six miles

downstream from Weitchpec.

[w]

The head of the family

owned

the Big

House (xontah-niks'a'w). He was

was no one person
to organize

the

ceremonial dance leader, and

if

he had survived he would have led the war party, as

In general, there
to lead in war.
reprisal.

representaive of the entire village.

The family
this

that has

had a relative killed would be expected

several

any

In

situation,

with

families

affected,

the

village

of

ta'^kyimiJ-dir)

was

collectively feuding with the village of

Requa and

the dance leader

was

the one
to

whom

people would naturally turn

consensus.
[x]

to.

Without him,

tactical decisions

had

be made by

The

village

on the south side of the mouth of the Klamath, opposite Requa. The
here, then ferried across to attack.
in

Hupa

warriors

camped
fled

The Yurok

inhabitants of

WeLkwew had
[y]

and taken refuge

Requa.
lick an

Not

really.

Sometimes, with a knife, they would

enemy's blood as a

sign of triumph.
[z] In this

dance the warriors get

their
It

Dance, and show

weapons.

in a row in a half circle, as in the White Deerskin They sing medicine songs and recite k^ima^w to

protect themselves.

is

danced before a fight for protection, and afterwards for joy.

reparations are paid and the

They

also dance the

fight settled,

War Dance during the meeting when taunting the enemy right up to the end.
is,

most prominent and wealthy man. The position of "headman" or "chief was very loosely defined in traditional HupaYurok-Karuk culture.
[aa] That

the dance leader of the village,

its

[bb]

He was
is

taunting the ta'^k^'imit-dig warriors, implying that there were too few

of them

left alive to

man

a war party, and their leader

would hardly be coming along

now,

for he

dead!

Hupa
[cc]

Texts: 77

529

But

the

The birds would have flown up and "told Requa" if strangers had really arrived. Hupas had come in silently under cover and heard all this in ambush. Their
lines 26-27).

medicine had silenced the birds (see

[dd] Leaving their supplies on the south side of the river, they ferried across to

Requa, which
river side.

lies

on the side of a

hill

sloping towards the ocean, with a bluff on the

In crossing they handled the paddles very quietly, brushing past the birds

without these flying up and warning Requa.

[ee] Literally,

'wolves will raise up their faces'.

imitating wolves.
[ff]

They planned
to

to raise the

wolf cry

to scare out the

The Chimarikos were good Requa people.

at

Eight

the hill in the middle, and

people as
[gg]

like wolves two upstream, two downstream, two on two more along the river. It was to sound to the Requa if they were surrounded by wolves.

men were

howl

The

ta'^kyimil-dir)

people had had a spy

down

at

Requa

to report

on what they
to rush
fear

were doing. The chief down there was

afraid of being caught.

He always used
right

from sweathouse

into the water, dive

down and come running

too.

back again for

of being ambushed.
[hh]
[ii]

The Hupa

sleep medicine

was working on him

Two

warriors danced with the head, jumping about up and

down

in front

of the

others.

They went back and

legs.

forth in opposite directions (like the ceremonial obsidian

carriers in the

White Deerskin Dance).

When

they met in the middle they hopped under

is

each other's
[jj]

The general term

for this type of dancing

k^inahsn.
the plan of encirclement

Sapir has a diagram in his

p. 4a.)

notebook

illustrating

described here. (Notebook X,

[kk] These were presumably the Chimarikos

who were going

line.

to raise the

wolf

cry.

The

signal

was given by

the

two "wolves" on the upper

stilled the birds,

[II]

This was the medicine which

called
it

and puts an enemy

to sleep.

Sam

Brown

"Indian chloroform".

[mm] He was hiding in a grave. When they clubbed him, they triumphed over him "We have drunk good water!" (It's bad luck to say c'ehdiyah 'I'm glad' or the like when you hear of the death of an enemy. You must say it another way.)
by saying,
[nn]
[oo]

To

lick off the

blood of the people

who had been

to

killed.

The Chimarikos used an "Indian hatchet"

its

chop off the chief's head. This was

a short stone club, spatula shaped and blunt

edged,

known

in

Yurok

as

okawaya
(1949:

(Kroeber 1925: 50);

75, fn. 10).

Hupa name

is

not recorded, and Wallace notes that although such

implements have been found

Notice that

in graves their use is

is

denied by the

modem Hupa

Sam Brown

careful to attribute these

to the

gory deeds to the

Chimarikos and the other "upriver" Indians, or

Yuroks, but not to the Hupas.

took scalps or heads

Both the Hupas and the Yuroks denied

that their warriors

It is

in battle

(Wallace 1949: 102; Kroeber 1925: 50).

worth noting, however, that the the Hupa

in

word

for the

War Dance

is

based on an old term for "head" (see k^ice*

the General

Glossary).

[pp]
country.

village

on the coast about

five miles north of

Requa, on the way

to

Tolowa

530
[qq]

XIV Northwest Omen

California Linguistics

people and Wetk*ew people had gone to Requa to join with them in the
to

War Bance and

[rr]
[ss]
[tt]

be together to protect themselves against reprisals.

village about six miles

Yurok
are

up the Klamath River from Requa.

"Why

Requa and Welk*ew burning?"

fight.
is

Because they would not

[uu] Although the general meaning of this passage

fairly
its

obvious

the

Hupa

language (or Athabaskan

trifled

in general) is a
is

powerful thing and

speakers should not be

with

the

metaphor here

difficult to understand.
in

[vv] Kroeber

comments:

"Canoes must be laboriously poled and

some
the

spots

dragged upstream.

Had

the

Yurok been posessed of any

national sentiment in this

matter, they could have easily mustered several hundred warriors to

overwhelm

Hupa

while these were occupied with their difficult navigation.

relate, the villages

As

a matter of fact, the

along the Klamath

made no attempt

to stop the

concluded that scores being

(Kroeber 1925: 51).
[

now

substantially even, a settlement

war party. would soon follow"

Yurok They

w w]

Sentences 7 1 through 78 were added by

Sam Brown

after the initial dictation

of the

text.

(Notebook X,

p.

10 and 10a.)

[xx] According to Robert Spott, the Hupas had also stopped at Weitchpec and danced War Dance on the river bar there. They forced a girl whom they had captured from Requa to dance in front of the line, two of them holding her and the others prodding her

with arrows (Spott and Kroeber 1942: 204).

House (xontah-nikya'w) Even bad speech was not allowed in these places, and they burned incense root at once if a bad word was used. This was true also of the village of mis-qid. All the places where the Jump Dance or WTiite Deerskin Dance (c idilye*) was left by the k^ixinay are sacred, and have to be treated with respect.
[yy]
It

was forbidden because of

the sacredness of the Big

and the Big Sweathouse (ta'kyJW-nikya'w).

(as it also is from the Yurok versions) is any description of how a was reached. Kroeber comments: "This blank in the record is unfortunate for our understanding of Yurok law. ...The generic Yurok principle is for each party to pay for the damage it has done, rather than to strike a balance and pay over only the difference. It is impossible to see how this could have been done when each town had a tremendous claim for damages suffered" (Spott and Kroeber 1942: 207). Wallace describes some of the details of Hupa peace-making. The peace-making ceremony involved a solemn reconciliation dance that was similar, if not identical, to the War
[zz]

Omitted

settlement

Dance, with the opposing warriors facing one another

in

two

lines (1949: 104-5).

LINGUISTIC NOTES TO THE TEXTS

'whenever they are about to have the White Deerskin Dance' < c'i-di-'^i-l-ye'^, animate 3rd person customary of di{w)-l-ye-/ye^ 'perform a World Renewal ceremony, have a White
Deerskin Dance or Jump Dance' + ing imminent action + (h)id 'when,
1.2.
te-l,

1.1.

c'ide^ilye'^-te-l-id

future tense enclitic indicat-

at the

time

that'.
'skirt'
-i-

camehsKon 'women' < camehsXon 'woman' (< ca'n

e-=s-Ko-n(-i) 'which
sive stem -Xo-n)
is

mwith

tied to (her)',
'tie

stative neuter associated

the passive of P-e-=(s)-Ko-W/Xon'^

(something) to P', special pas-

ni 'people, person', enclitic used with numerals,

The long vowel of

to mark a collective human plural. -Xo-n (with the relative enclitic irregularly omitted) is reduced to a short vowel in a closed syllable, the fmal short vowel of the enclitic ni is elided, and the geminate n is simplified.

and a few nouns and ethnonyms,

Compare
1.3.

min-tan 'a group of ten'

ya^alc'^'e' 'they

< minia-n + ni. (customarily) make it' < ya-=c'i-'^i-i-c'''e^, animate

3rd person customary of 0-(s)-i-c'''e-/c'''in'^ (customary/optative -c'^'e'^) 'make O', with plural {ya-= ). The sequence ya-=c'i-'^i- is reduced by regular morphophonemic rules to yaP-'^i-, and the geminate glottal stop simplified. Compare the animate 3rd person imperfective form of the same verb: ya-'^aic'"e- < ya-=c'i-i-c'^e\ This is one of the few Hupa verb themes in which the customary (and optative) stem differs from both the imperfective and perfective stem. The customary aspect is used here (and in the rest of this narrative) to describe traditional practices.

1.4.

xixex 'boys', the

irregular collective plural of xixiy 'boy, child', P-

Wxiy"^ 'P's boy, child, son'.

1.5.

yaydilye--mirj '(he gathered

dance'

them together) in order for them to ya-=yi-di-l-ye\ obviative 3rd person imperfective of di{w)-l-ye-lye^ 'perform a World Renewal ceremony' with plural

<

{ya-=) -I- min 'for that purpose'. Verbs in non-finite clauses are usually in imperfective aspect (compare the customary aspect in the main verb preceding) and have either general or obviative 3rd person subject marker. (See also notes 1.55 and 5.32).
1.6.
c'ine'^it'ilcy

'they (customarily) stretch in a line' (Sapir's transcription

c'i-ni-'^i-t'ilcy-i,

-ne-

is

an error) <

ni-(w)-t'ifcy

'come

to stretch in a line'.

neuter nin-t'ilcy 'be stretching in (See note 1.44.)

1.7.

animate 3rd person customary of Transitional of extension a line' (< ni-win-, see note 62.109).
quit

tahc'e'^ina-W 'they

(customarily)

dance'

<

tah=c'i-'^i-n-ya-W, animate

dancing, come out of the 3rd person customary of

532

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
fire)'.

tah=(s)-ya-W/ya- 'come out of (water,

prefix tah- refers to extrication gling situation, such as a bather

The

derivational

1.8.

1.9.

from some encumbering or entancoming out of the water or a rock being pulled from a fire. With the directional theme A-ya-W/ya'^ '(one) moves somewhere' it refers idiomatically to a group of dancers leaving the danceground, or to the kHxinay leaving this world for their heavens beyond the sky (see note 69.76). < ya-xo-kyi-'^i-wan'^-i, ya:xok>e'^iwa'^n 'they (customarily) sleep' of impersonal P-k>i-(w)-wan/wan'^ 'P sleeps', literally customary 'there is sleep for P', with animate 3rd person indirect object and plural prefix {ya--xo-). The theme is probably denominal from an unattested inalienably possessed noun P-k^iwan 'P's sleep'. A synchronically c'ideMi] 'household goods, cooking utensils'. unanalyzable noun, historically < c'ide'-c'^in 'possessions, valuables

The element -c'^'in 'of that class, kind, sort' is of that sort'. probably derived from c''e-n, the passive stem of 0-(s)-t-c'''e-/c'^in'^ 'make 6', so that the constructions mean 'made to be ..., treated as ...' (for a productive use see note 44.1). In addition to this form, the element occurs in several kinship terms (P-a-di-c'^in 'P's father's sister', P-ma'^a-c'^in 'P's father's father', P-an-c'^in 'P's mother', Pme-'^c'e'^-c'''in 'P's mother-in-law"), two terms referring to women in unfortunate situations (do-lya-c'in 'woman who has lost a child' and k'isdiya-n-cHn 'widow'), as well as in P-la--cin 'P's relative, It is also friend' (c for c"^ is diminutive consonant symbolism). found in a few plant or animal terms, including Ryist'ay^-c'^in 'jay,
-

bluejay',

c'ime'-c'^in

'pine,

conifer',

sikyin-cHn

'pine

forest'

Many of (archaic), and t'an-c'^in 'California laurel, pepperwood'. these nouns have unidentifiable stems, indicating that the formation is an old one. The stem of c'ide--c'''in, otherwise unattested in Hupa, appears to be cognate with Nongatl c'ade 'blanket' and the word for 'money, dentalia' in various Oregon Athabaskan languages (cf.
Tututni cr'dd).
1.10.

The light form of the postposition P-taw 'among, at P' is sometimes, as here, postposed to the last item in a series and is best translated 'also, as well'. (See note 10.3).
kyiwiyal-tah '(and) food also'.
c'ine'^ina-W-e-y 'they (customarily) arrive there then'.
-e-(y) 'there, at that point'

1.11.

The

enclitic

has completive meaning with verbs of

1.12.

motion. ya'^awzW 'he (customarily) picks up (the torch, embers)' < ya=cl'^i-wiW, animate 3rd person customary oi ya-=0-{w)-wiWlwe-n 'pick The up (a pack)', with indefinite 3rd person object (unmarked). O directional theme A-0-wiWlwe-n 'carry O as a pack, pack (somewhere)' is used idiomatically with xon"^ 'fire' to refer to the
handling of a torch or embers.
yice'^ni-xoliW "^o^n\.\\Q hill some distance away'. In locative constructions the enclitic -xoliW 'perceptibly' indicates that an object or place is distant but in view.
xotj'^a'^diwilah 'they

1.13.

1.14.

regalia'

<

xon'^

gear up (for a ceremony), put on ceremonial '^a-=c'i-di-win-law, animate 3rd person perfective

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

533

oi xonP + O-i-'^en (suppletive perfective theme xorP + 0-law, customary/optative xon"^ + O-liw) 'gear O up for a ceremony', with reflexive object, '^a'=di-. Idiom apparently derived from xon'^ 'fire' and O-i-'^e-n 'do so to O', i.e., 'do so to O with fire (i.e., with soot mixed with grease, for painting the face and body)'.
1.15.

^adiq'-no-yaPtiliW 'they put (regalia) on themselves', from '^a-di-qid 'on themselves' + no-yd^tiliW 'they put

contracted

them down

(in different places)' < no--ya-=c'i-ti-liW, animate 3rd person imperfective of no-=0-(n)-liW/la- 'put (several objects) down, in position', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked), plural (ya-=), and distributive modifier (ti-) indicating that the action occurs in several different places. The idiom for putting on ceremonial re-

galia.

See also note 77.32.

1.16.

mii-xorj'^aPdiPen 'face paint (made from soot and grease)', literally 'that with which one decorates oneself for a ceremony' (see note
1.14).
dirjUyi-n 'four

1.17.

people, a quartet'

human

plural (see note 1.2).

< diijUyi 'four' + ni, collective The numerals from three to ten form

nouns of this type with the enclitic -ni (cf. ta-qin 'three people' in line 31). The parallel form nahnin 'two people' is ircollective

regular.

1.18.

tehiqid 'ordinary dancers at a World Renewal Dance' (i.e., the ones who are not the main dancers or singers) < tehi 'flat, (on the) ground' + P-qid 'on P', i.e., 'on the flat ground'. The reference is to the Jump Dance, where the three lead dancers rest between performances by sitting on low stone seats, while the others must sit directly on the ground. (See text 2, translation note 19).
nah-dirj 'twice'

1.19.

< nah-,
'those

irregular

din
1.20.

'(at that)

time, place', locative phrase formant used to

combining form of nahxi 'two' + form

.

m/jm

'^a-'^ant'e-

who belong
-i-

to,

are part of (the ceremony)'

<

mi-^in 'belonging to it' '^a=c'i-n-t'e--i 'the ones who are', animate 3rd person of the extension neuter theme '^a-=nin-t'e- 'be so'. The underlying form is '^a-=ni-win-t'e. but ni-win- is reduced to nin-, as in most extension neuters (see notes 1.6 and 62.109).

1.21.

move their dance camp there, set up dance camp', literally 'they swallow it up' < no-=c'i-'^i-l-xid-i, animate 3rd person customary of no-=(n)-l-xid/xit' 'swallow something up'. The idiom referring to a group of people setting up a camp {ie-na'wilay 'fire') at one of the established places in a White Deerskin danceground.
no'^olxid 'they (customarily)
their

1.22.

mitis ya-xo^e-ye"^ 'ih^y forget', literally 'their

<

mi-tis '(moving) over

it'

unusual theme is derived mind, feelings' with the possessor incorporated as a conjunct thematic prefix: P-(w)-^e-ye'^ 'P's mind (moves)'. Compare mitis Wiwin^e-ye'^
literally

ya'-xo-^eye'^ 'their from the possessed

minds (move) over it' minds (go)'. This noun P-^e-ye'^ 'P's

'I forgot it' (note 29.38), and mitis nano-^e-ye"^ 'forget it!', 'may your mind move over it again' (optative, with iterative/reversative modifier na=).

534
1.23.

XIV Northwest
'^e'^ilwil-^i-mH

California Linguistics

'when the evening just barely comes' < '^i-'^i-l-wil-i, customary of the impersonal theme (w)-l-wil/we-K 'night comes, darkness falls' + j/, diminutive enclitic + mi-t 'with, when, after'. The enclitic -j/ (-5/ 'small', with diminutive consonant shift j > j) is here used adverbially ('in a smallish way, just perceptibly'). (See notes 1.26, 1.27, and 1.47.)
x'^e-tilwil 'they
falls severally

1.24.

camp

in several places for the night', literally 'night

x''-e'=ti-l-wil, imperfective of the impersonal theme P-e-=(w)-l-wil/we-K 'night falls on P', the idiom for 'P stays somewhere for the night'. The verb is distributive (marked by the conjunct prefix ti-), indicating that the action takes place in sev-

on them' <

eral different locations.

1.25.

xodanatidced

da--na-=ti-d-Ged-i,

< xoimperfective of xoda-=(w)-d-Ge-d 'a canoe moves down (to the river), is launched', with iterative/reversative (na-=..d-) and distributive (ti-) modifiers.
'several boats
(to the river)'

go back down
3rd

inanimate

person

The theme
ject)

A-d-ced '(a sticklike obsomewhere', and is idiomatically used to refer to the movement of a canoe in a stream. The associated transitive theme A-O-i-ced 'shove (a sticklike object) somewhere' is similarly
is

the directional mediopassive

shoves

itself

used (with
1.26.

lc>i-

object) to refer to paddling a canoe.

xo'^^i-koh 'really, carefully'.

Diminutive of xo'^^i-kyoh, with soundsymbolic consonant shifts (3 > 3, ky>k) < jo'^j/ 'true, authentic' kyoh '(in a) big (way)', i.e., 'in the most appropriate way'. (See notes 1.23, 1.27, and 1.46.)
ce'^^/z-j/-^//; 'for a short

-1-

1.27.

time'

<

ce'^^/i,

unanalyzable element

-1-

5/,

diminutive variant of -j/ 'small' with sound-symbolic consonant shift (j>3) + din 'at that place, time'. (See notes 1.23, 1.26, and
1.47.).

1.28.

ia'^ay-dirj 'in

one place' <

ia'^ay-,

compounding form of

ia'^

'one'

+ din
1.29.

'at that place',

locative enclitic.

< yima-ni-yinaci yima-ni-yinaca-dice'^ 'facing across upstream' 'across (the river, ocean)-upstream' -1- di-ce'^ 'pointed, facing', fossilized derivation probably based on the directional theme A-O-ce'point (a stick-like object)' (see notes 9.25-26 and 60.18). A number of compounds of directional adverbs are in common use, and usually refer intermediate directions yinaci-yidaci to (e.g., 'upstream-uphiir, i.e., 'in the upstream direction, but veering away from the stream as one proceeds'). Here the basic meaning is 'across the river, but upstream on the far shore', but the term is probably being used as the equivalent of the cardinal direction 'south'. There are no basic terms for cardinal directions. Instead, derived terms are usually constructed from river-orientation directionals by making the assumption that the speaker is standing on the east bank of the Trinity River, which flows through Hoopa generally

from the

SW

to

the

NW.

In

this

situation

'across'

is

SW,

'upstream' is SE, and both 'across' and 'upstream' is S. (By similar NE = E). Cardinal dilogic, yinaci-yidac 'upstream-uphill' is SE rections are associated with the knxinay and other supernatural
-1-

Hupa
things,

Texts: Linguistic Notes

535

and phrases referring to them are often introduced by the phrase de-nohoi 'from us here (in Hoopa Valley)', although not in
the present instance. 1.30.

Hwarj 'one man' < Hwa-n, irregular formation alongside

(See note 1.17).
me'^U>'e'^Htiw 'he

ia'^

'one'.

1.31.

sings (a specific song)'

<

m-e-=c'i-Uyi-'^i-i-tiw-i,

animate 3rd person customary of m-e-=kyi-(w)-i-tiw, literally 'measure it', an idiomatic use of the theme P-e-=Uyi-(w)-i-tiw 'measure P'. Reference is specifically to a song sung at a formal ceremony, as also with the idiomatic use of no-=(n)-'^aWna-n 'put (a round object) down' for 'stop singing, end a song' (cf. line 64 below).
1.32.
ta-'^axiW
'(the

canoes) float out into the stream'

<

ta-='^i-xiW-i, in-

animate 3rd person customary of ta-=(w)-xiWlxe-n '(a group of canoes, a mass) floats into water'. The reference of the underlying directional theme {A-xiW/xe-n 'a mass floats somewhere') is not specifically to the motion of canoes but to any mass floating on the water brush, logs, floats on a net, even excrement and, by metaphoric extension, clouds in the sky. Sapir speculates, however, that the meaning 'a group travels on the water, to travel by canoe (as one of a canoe-party)' may be historically primary (1936: 222).
1.33.
yinah-c'if}

yinac-i 'upstream'
1.34.

'coming from upstream' < yinah-, combining form of + P-c'in 'coming from that direction'.
-i-

na--ia'^ 'another, different' < na--, iterative proclitic ia'^ 'one'. The iterative proclitic or prefix occurs as a formant with all major word classes, although its primary function is as a disjunct deriva-

tional prefix {na-=) in the verbal system,

tive

where

it

also has reversa-

meaning.

(See note 1.43.)

1.35.

me-na^aital 'they (customarily) kick it back to shore' < m-e-na-=c'i-'^i-i-tal-i, animate 3rd person customary of m-e-=(w)-ital/ta-K 'kick something to shore' with iterative (na-=) derivation, showing an idiomatic use of the adverbial modifier P-e= 'to, against P'. The theme O-i-tal/taK, 'kick O' is perhaps being used here in the specialized sense of 'dance with kicking, stomp in dance fashion' and the form may be better translated 'they danced back on to shore', but this is not clear.

1.36.

yehya?taPaW 'they gather

animate
3rd

it

into (the boats)'

<

yeh-ya-=c'i-ti-'^aW,

of yeh=0-(w)'^aWPa-n 'put (a round object) into O', with indefinite 3rd person object (unmarked), plural iya-=), and distributive modifier (ti-). Note the use of the directional theme A-O-'^aWPa-n 'handle (a [single] round object)' rather than A-0-liW/la- 'handle (several objects)' as for example in line 47. Sam Brown is apparently emphasizing the bundling of the goods into a pack rather than the separate items. Similarly yehnaya^ta'^aW 'they put the things in (the boats) again' in line 76, and no-naya'^a'^aW 'they lay the things together again (in one place)' in line 78.

person

imperfective

(distributive)

1.37.

c'e'^/W/co'^

< c'e=cV-A2/>2-^/-GO/', animate 3rd per'it wriggled out' son perfective of c'e=(n)-d-God/Gof 'wriggle out'. For the phonol-

536

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
cot'

ogy of the prefix string see note 1 1 .46. The reduction produced by a phonological rule which simplifies a
glottalized consonant to
-'^

>

co"^- is

syllable-final

when

it

occurs

in a

morphological con-

struction before another consonant.

1.38.

k>'in-na-'^aya'^ 'they

(customarily) gamble, play the stick-gambling na-='^i-yd^, game', literally 'a stick goes around' < knn 'stick' inanimate 3rd person customary of na-={s)-ya-/ya'^ '(one) is around, goes around'. The reference is to a traditional gambling game in which the object is to guess in which hand one's opponent is holding a marked stick. (See also note 27.19).
-i-

1.39.

diyWo'^-^i

diy
1.40.

'(little) things, possessions' day-, inanimate pronoun stem formant) -i- j/, diminutive enclitic.

< +

diy-Wo"^ 'something'
-Wo"^, indefinite

(<

pro-form

y^/zya'^afr/iy 'they ferry

it

to shore'

<

yeh-ya=c'i-'^i-l-xiW, 2imm2i\t

3rd person customary of yeh=0-(w)-i-xiWlxe-n 'ferry O to shore'. The underlying directional theme A-0-xiW/xen is the transitive counterpart oi A-xiWIxen '(a mass) floats' (see note 1.32) and basically refers to the ferrying of loads by canoe on the river, although this meaning was extended in post-contact times to hauling overland by wagon, truck or railway. Note that the adverbial modifier yeh= 'into' is used with this theme in the special sense 'to (the opposite)
shore'.
1.41.
me-ya'^lc>isitiwiW 'they pack
it

up

hill

(dividing

it

into several loads)'

animate 3rd person imperfective of me-=0-si-(s)-wiW/we-n 'pack O up hill', with indefinite 3rd person object (Icyi-), plural (ya-=), and distributive modifier (ti-).

<

m-e--ya-=c'i-lc>'i-si-ti-wiW,

1.42.

niima'^n-e--mii

'from both sides' <

after'.

+
-I-

e-(y) 'there, at that point', i.e., 'the

nii-ma'^n 'opposite each other' ones opposite each other there'

mii 'following from, with,

1.43.

na--miq'eh 'once more, one last time' < na--, iterative (see note 1.34) + mi-q'eh 'following it', i.e., 'following it again, yet once

more, one
1.44.
c'e'^it'iUy

(last) time'.

'they (customarily) stretch out in a line'

<

c'e-=c'i-'^i-t'iUy-i,

animate 3rd person customary of c'e-=(we's)-t'iUy 'come to stretch Transitional theme from the extension neuter out in a line'.
c'e-=win-t'iUy 'be stretching out in a line'.

(See note
'not'

1.6.)

1.45.

do'-c'o-'^ola'^n

'they (customarily) quit'

< do-

c'-O'-'^i-lan'^-i,

animate 3rd person customary of 0-o--(w)-la-n/lan'^, occurring only with the negative proclitic do-, 'stop doing (something), leave O'.
1.46.

them up again' < (mi-)wa-n + na--na-=c'i(with na-= person customary 3rd na-=(s)-dil/de-K 'they go around 'iterative/reversative') of P-wan for (the purpose of) P', i.e., 'they are busy with doing P'. There is a parallel formation for a singular subject with the directional theme Inanimate 3rd person indirect object A-ya-W/ya- (see note 21.1). (mi-) has a zero allomorph before a postpositional prefix with an

wan- na-na'^adi

'they fix

"^i-dil-i,

animate

-\-

initial

w- or

jc-.

Hupa
1.47.
q'iiwe--q'i-j 'in a

Texts: Linguistic Notes

537

funny way, frivolously'. Diminutive (with sound> q', 3 > j) of lc>iiwe--q'i-3i '(a dangerous spirit)like-(in a) small (way)', i.e., 'somewhat in the manner of a U>Hwe-\ (See notes 1.23, 1.26, and 1.27.)

symbolic

shifts

^'>

1.48.

on to each other' < (n)-c'i-i-o--n-di-tarP-i, animate 3rd person of the neuter theme O-o-ni-tan^ 'be holding on Reciprocal object inflection to O', with reciprocal object {n-ii-}
c'iiondita^n 'they hold
.

requires cf-classifier or the shift from

1.49.

i- to /-classifier.

'^a-winiw '(way of) doing, action, procedure' < '^a--wi-niw-i, verbal noun (gerund) from '^a-=niw, suppletive customary/optative and passive theme of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so' (suppletive perfective '^a-=d-yaw).

1.50.

< mi-q'eh miq'eh na.-'^as^a^ 'one minds it, pays attention to it' 'following it' -I- na-=c'i-s-^a'^ 'he carried it around', animate 3rd person perfective of na-=(s)-'^a-na7 'carry (a round object) around'.
c'isdiyan-te- 'one will be old'

1.51.

<

c'i-s-di-ya-n 'he is old',

-f-

animate 3rd

person of neuter si-d-yan 'be old'

c'idya'n 'one gets old' later in the

te\ future enclitic.

The form
is

same sentence (<

c'i-d-yan^-i)

the animate 3rd person imperfective of the associated transitional

theme (wj-d-yan^
1.52.
win-t'e'it

'get old'.

c'icahi wint'e--te- 'he will always walk'.

The enclitic verb wint'e- (< regularly happens, always is', extension neuter) indicates an action or state existing without interruption or cessation.
me-niwilgyid
'\i is

1.53.

ftMtd'

< m-e-=ni-wi-l-gyid, passive of P-e=niperson indirect object.

(s)-l-gyid 'fear P', with inanimate 3rd

1.54.

da=0-(w)-i-tiW/te-n 'spoil The parallel intransitive theme is c'in"^ + da-=(w)(the world)'. ya-W/ya- '(the world) goes to ruin, is spoiled'. The underlying directional themes are A-0-i-tiW/te-n 'move (a living being) somewhere' and A-ya-W/ya- '(one person) goes somewhere', with the idiomatic classification of ninis'^a-n ('world') as a living being. The thematic prefix string c'^inP + da-=(w)- is probably from the adverbial modifier xo-da-=(w)- 'downhill, downstream', with proclitic c'^in'^ from the stem of ni-c'^inP 'be bad, ugly' or (w)-cHnP 'defecate'.
-i-

c'nn^-daPwittin 'he spoils (the world)' animate 3rd person perfective of c^iV

<

c'HrP

da-=c'i-wi-i-te-n,

1.55.

j/r^/i^'^e'^/z

s-^irf-i,

'they (Redwood Creek Indians) look on, watch' < yi-teobviative 3rd person of extension neuter te--si-'^irP 'look on, In transitive verbs, obviative 3rd person subject and object gaze'. pronouns (and possessive prefixes) are generally used to refer contrastively to a topic that is not an adult male, including animals, woman, children, old persons, and foreigners. They are also used with collectives (particularly with Uy'iwinya?nya-n 'people' and Icyixinay 'spirit beings'), and with inanimate forces that function as agents. (For the obviative-like yi- in verbs referring to smoke or clouds, see note 3.13; but see also note 8.10.) When two equally animate topics occur in the same sentence, one is sometimes (but not always) indexed as secondary by obviative reference (see notes 29.11 and 67.18). In most intransitive verbs, the inanimate 3rd person (unmarked) subject is used in those situations where the obvia-

tive is

used in transitives.

538

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

2.1.

Sapir transcribes this

ror.

word

as

c'itenaW, which

is

apparently an er-

2.2.

do-

k>iwidya'^n 'nothing eaten'

d-yan'^-i, passive

< do-, negative proclitic of lc>i-(w)-ya-n/yan'^ 'eat (something)'.

'several days pass', literally

k>i-wi-

2.3.

daniaijWo'^-difj

ye'^iixa'^

'some number

of times

(customarily) dawns' (< danian-Wo"^ 'some number, several' [< dan-Ian-, stem of pro-form of number + -Wo"^, indefi+ din 'at that place, time' + yi-'^i-l-xa'^-i, nite pro-form formant] inanimate 3rd person customary of yi-(s)-xa-/xa-n 'dawn comes'). The usual Hupa construction for indicating the passage of days.
it

2.4.

xa'^aYirj-x'^ 'he

so'

(customarily) so doing' < xa-'^a-=c'i-t'e-n 'he does xo 'while (so doing)', adverbial phrase formant. This sentence is most directly translated as 'he does so for several days'. A phrase describing duration followed by a participle formed with

-xo
2.5.

is

the usual

way of
sapling'

indicating that an event continues for a spe-

cific length

of time.

c'ime-ya-W
small',

'fir

<

c'ime-- 'fir',

bound stem, found

-i-

also in

c'ime--c''irj 'fir,

conifer', c'imeh-^i 'small conifer'

-ya-W-i 'young,

noun
'it is

suffix.

2.6. 2.7.

Sapir transcibes the stem as -kya-s, presumably an error.

'^alye-

called (so)'

<

'^a-=o--l-ye-,

fective of '^a-=0-o--(we-s)-l-ye-/ye'^

inanimate 3rd person imper'O has (such) a name, O is called

(such)'.
2.8.

xoda-lc>'iwisow

the base', passive)

(< xo-da-=lc>'i-wi-sow-i 'what is scratched down to + c'e'^iic'^'e'^ 'he (customarily) makes it', i.e., 'he scratches it down to its base'. Such periphrastic causatives, with a passive construction the overt object of 0-(s)-i-c'^e-lc'^e'^ 'make, cause O', are common.
no-k>'iwilta-K
sa'^an-dirj

2.9.

'danceground'

<

no-=}c>'i-wi-l-ta-X-i '(the

foot) has been kicked

'it

down, a
-i-

step has

been taken', passive of

step'
i.e.,

no-=}c>i-(n)-i-tal/ta-X 'kick (one's foot)

down, take a
'at that

si-'^a-n

round object) lies there' where a dance step is planted'

(a

din

place',

'the place

2.10.

k>injiwol^i-ne-s 'long fir-sapling poles'

<

/:>m-j/wo/j/ 'fir-sapling

used for poles in the Jump Dance structure' (< ^>m 'stick' + ^iwol-i 'which is round' j/ 'small') nes-i 'which is long'.
-i-

-i-

2.11.

'from across, to yima-ni 'across (the river)'

ya'^an-c'irj

this side'
-i-

<

yi'^an-,

combining form of

P-c'in 'from that direction'.

2.12.

'he builds (the house)' < cV-'^Z-^-mm'^-/, animate 3rd person customary of 0-(s)-i-min'^ 'construct a house, roofed structure'. The stem of this theme is historically identical with the (bound) stem of min'^-^i 'menstrual hut' (-j/ 'small'), min'^-c'ida'^ 'smoke-hole' {c'ida'^ 'top'), and a few other terms referring to parts of structures. (See note 15.11).
ce'^iime'^n

2.13.

< yeh-na-=c'i-'^iyehna'^ada-W 'he (customarily) goes back in' da-W-i, animate 3rd person customary with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) of yeh=(w)-ya-W/ya- 'one person goes in'. The it-

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

539

erative/reversative inflection of intransitive motion tliemes requires the classifier shift zero > -d- or -i- > -/-, and underlying nonperfective *-d-ya-W irregularly contracts to -daW (perfective -d-ya-

does not contract).

2.14.

ie-na^aliW 'he (customarily) builds a

fire', literally 'he puts (several things) in a circle' < i-e-na=c'i-'^i-liW, animate 3rd person customary of i-e--na-=(n)-liW/la- 'put (several things) in a circle'. This is

The adverbial modifier i-ena-=(n) '(coming) back together, completing a circle' is a special with reciprocal indirect object use of P-e-=(n) 'up to, against P' {nii- reduced to i-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).
the regular idiom for 'build a fire'.

2.15.

prays (while burning incense m-a- 'for (the lc>ixinay), for that (ritual) purpose' + de-=c'i-di-'^i-'^aW 'he (customarily) puts (a round object) into the fire'. Incense root (mixax'e'^-xole-n) is burned as an offering to the Ryixinay. Note the discontinuous adverbial modifier de=di- 'into
root)'

ma--de^da^a^aW 'he (customarily)

<

the fire'.

2.16.

'^i-ne-W-i,

'he (customarily) talks about it' < (mi)-wan=c'i-xianimate 3rd person customary of P-wa-n=xi-ni-Win)-ye-W (animate 3rd person theme xi-(w)-ne-W) 'talk about P'. For {mi-}
war/'^xe'^ine-W

see note

1.46.

2.17.

< mi-, inanimate 3rd mixoda-nc'e- 'their wind that blows down' person possessor + xo-da-=win-c'e-i '(wind) that blows down the mountain', impersonal extension neuter. One expects a final -'^, since the verb (in its relative form) here functions as a possessed noun stem, but Sapir's transcription does not indicate one.
do'-xolirj-xoliW
proclitic
-I-

2.18.

'(sickness) not being plentiful'

<

xo-len

'(it

is)

numerous,
i.e.,

plentiful'

do\ negative xoliW

-i-

'remarkably, to a perceptible extent',

ticably prevalent'.
traditional

'(sickness) being not nothis sort is

Mincing periphrasis of

common

in

or dangerous subjects arise. Instead of calling on the spirit world to banish disease from the world forever, the dance-maker modestly suggests that disease might abate somewhat.

Hupa

discourse

when unpleasant

2.19.

The

relative phrase
is

the dance fence'

hay xontah ya^alcis 'that they (customarily) see framed by q'ad...hi^id 'as soon as, immediately

upon'.
2.20.
2.21.

< ni-te'l '(it is) flat, wide' + e-(y) + xo 'in such a way', i.e. 'in a flat, wide way'. na-Uyidil 'those who walk around (in a crowd)' < na-=lc>i-dil-i, imperfective of impersonal na-=kyi-(s)-dil/de-K '(a crowd) walks around, (people) walk around in a crowd'. This is a clear example
nite-l-e--x''

'spread out, widely'

'there, at that point'

of the use of the indefinite 3rd person subject (lc>'i-) in impersonal themes. Themes with }c>i- subject always refer to an understood, usually quite specific, inanimate 3rd person subject.
2.22.
miyde'^e-nP-c'ir]'^

'on the
-i-

downstream
yide'^e-nP

side of

person possessor

'the

it' < m/-, inanimate 3rd downstream side' (< yide'^i

540

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
P,

'downstream' + P-en'^ 'even with

'towards P'.
2.23.

on the P

side')

P-c'ln"^

'they all (customarily) run to there' < no-=xo-ti-'^aW, inanimate 3rd person customary of no-=xo--(n)-'^aWPa-n '(several) run to that place', from the theme xo--'^aWPa-n '(several) run, leap'. This unusual theme is always inflected for 3rd person subject with the (unmarked) inanimate, even when the reference is clearly animate, as here. The thematic prefix xo- may be a old plural or collective marker. Cf. Tututni (Oregon Athabaskan) xa- 'dual' (Golla 1976: 223).

noAO-m'^aW

2.24.

'he (customarily) comes to stand' < c'i-'^i-yin'^-i, animate Transi3rd person customary of (w)-yin'^ '(one) comes to stand'. tional theme derived from stative neuter si-ye-n '(one) is standing'.
c'e^iye^n
ya'^Uyita-'^ah 'they

2.25.

(who) sing' < ya-=c'i-fcyi-te--s-^aw, animate 3rd person perfective of lcyi-(w)-'^aw 'sing (in general, no particular song)', with plural iya-=) and distributive modifier (te-- < ti-). Conjunct prefixes of the shape Ci- (ti-, di-, ni-, si-) are lengthened to Ce- in 5^-perfective and passive forms (and also in n-perfective forms, although this situation is rare; see note 16.28). Verbs with distributive modifier always require (the zero allomorph of) sperfective, whatever the perfective specification is otherwise. Compare the (expected) w-perfective in the non-distributive form,

na'^Uyiwitj'^ah-te- 'he will sing', earlier in this sentence.

2.26.

yide^e-n^-c'irf-c'irp

'to the
-h

downstream

side'

<

>'zWeVn'^ 'the

downP-c'in^

stream side' (see 2.22) 'toward P'

2.27.
si-'^i-n-dil-i,

P-c'm'? 'to (that side of) P'

nina-na'^se^indil 'they (customarily) get

up again'

<

ni-na--na-=c'i-

animate 3rd person customary of ni-na-=si-(s)-dil/deK 'several get up', with iterative/reversative modifier {na'=). The adverbial modifier ni-na-=(s) 'up from lying down' is usually truncated to '^i-na-= (cf. the forms in line 39 above), but not in this instance. (See note 1 1.1).
(customarily) get hold of each other' < ya-=c'inUi-^i-l-hid, animate 3rd person customary of O-i-kyid 'catch, seize O', with reciprocal object (n-ii-) and plural (ya-=). The reciprocal object triggers a classifier shift (i > I, or zero > di).

2.28.

ya'^nie'^ilh'id 'they

2.29.

ya-xo-'^o'^aW 'they (customarily) jump-dance', literally 'they leap up'

<
2.30.

ya-=xo--'^i-'^aW, inanimate 3rd person customary of ya-=xo--(w)"^aWPa-n '(several) run, leap up'. (See note 2.23.)

yehc'ite-de-X '(the ones)

who had gone

in'

<

yeh=c'i-te--s-de-X, ani-

person perfective with distributive modifier (te--) of yeh=(w)-dil/de-K. The distributive modifier requires (the zero allomorph of) 5-perfective. (See note 2.25.)

mate 3rd

2.31.

'^a-diwa-na-ya'^nde'^iliW 'they take the (regalia) off

themselves again' customary of P-wa-n=di-(w)-liW/la- 'take (several objects or a rope) off of P', with reflexive indirect object C^a'-di-), plural iya-=), and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). The adverbial modifier in this base

<

'^adi-wa--na--ya-=c'i-n-di-'^i-liW, animate 3rd person

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

541

(P-wa'n=di-(w) 'removing from P') is especially complex, and the exact placement of -n- with respect to the disjunct/conjunct boundary is not entirely clear.
2.32.
na-na-lc>e'^idil 'they

na--na-=lcyi-'^i-dil,

again go about here and there (in a crowd)' < customary of na-=lc>i-(s)-dil/de-X 'several go

around
2.33.

(in a crowd)', (See note 2.21.)

with iterative/re versative modifier

{na-=).

World Renewal dance) successive animate 3rd person progressive of no-=di-(n)-l-ye-/ye'^ 'stop dancing (a World Renewal dance)'. The progressive aspect is marked by the aspect prefix wi- and a secondary stem with the suffix -C^jii.
no'^diwilye'^H 'they stop dancing (a

times'

<

no-=c'i-di-wi-l-ye'^ii,

2.34. 2.35.

Uyiwiyarj'^il 'he eats

time after time', progressive of Uyi-(w)-ya-n/yan'^.

(customarily)

(See note 2.33.)

no-ya^alxid 'they
all

move

to that place', literally

'it

swallows them up to that place' < no-ya-='^i-l-xid, inanimate 3rd person customary of the theme 0-l-xid 'swallow O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked), plural (ya-=), and adverbial modifier no-=(n) 'to a certain point'. This theme is used with inanimate 3rd person subject to refer idiomatically to movements of a crowd of people. (See note 2.47.)
2.36.
nirj'^a--dirj 'where (the trail) runs' < form of the extension neuter theme

nin-'^a-,

nin-'^a-

'it

inanimate 3rd person extends (to some-

place)' (< ni-win-, see note 62.109)

-i-

din

'at that place'.

2.37.
2.38.

'down from above' < yidah-, combining form of yidaci 'uphill, up the slope' P-c'in 'coming from P'. ya-xo^in 'belonging to them' < ya--xo-^ini, postposition (P-^ini
yidah-c'irj
-i-

'belonging to P') with animate 3rd person plural possessor (ya-X0-).

2.39.

'toward ce-winai-diij\ When the postposition P-c'itf 'toward P' is attached to a place name ending in the locative enclitic din 'place', the latter is dropped.
ce-wina-l-c'irj"^

2.40.

no^de'^ilc'^'aPn
c''an'^-i,

'they (customarily) finish eating'

<

no-=c'i-di-'^i-l-

animate 3rd person customary

of no-=di-(n)-l-c'''an'^ '(a
di-l-c'''an'^ 'eat in

group) finishes eating, feasting' from the theme group, congregate for a feast'. (See note 29.35.)
2.41. 2.42.
minian-dirj ye'^Hxa'^ xa^a-yaPt'iij-x'^ 'they do (See note 2.4.)
naPal'^aP '(regalia) (customarily) lies'
it

like this for ten days'.

< na-=^i-l-'^a'^, inanimate 3rd person customary, with iterative/re versative modifier {na-=), of (w)-

l-'^a? '(several objects or a rope) come to lie'. Transitional theme irregularly derived from the stative neuter si-la '(several objects or a rope) lie'.

2.43.

naPne'^ifiUy 'they (customarily)

t'ilcy,

fall

in

line again'

<

na-=c'i-ni-'^i-

animate 3rd person customary of ni-(w)-t'iky 'fall into line, come to be strung in a line (to somewhere)', with iterative/reversative modifier (na--). Transitional theme derived from

542

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

the extension neuter nin-t'ilcy 'be strung in a line (to somewhere)'. (See note 2.46).

2.44.

2.45.

2.46.

nasda'^andeh-tah 'or perhaps the day before' < nasda'^andeh 'on the day previous, on an earlier day', unanalyzable adverbial particle + tah 'also, as well, among others, alternatively', phrase enclitic derived from the postposition P-taw 'among P'. me'^-c'e-naya'^dilye--mirj 'so that they may dance back out (dressed) in them' < me'^ 'in it, them', here in the idiomatic sense 'dressed in (regalia)' + c'e--na-ya=c'i-di-l-ye- animate 3rd person imperfective of c'e-=di-(n)-l-ye-/ye'^ 'dance (a World Renewal dance) while with plural (ya-=) and iteramoving out from an enclosure', tive/reversative modifier {na-=) + min 'for that purpose'. na'^niwint'iRy 'they fell back into line', animate 3rd person perfec,

tive of ni-{w}-t'iUy 'be

in line',

with iterative/reversative modifier,

transitional of extension neuter nin-t'iUy 'be strung in a line (see note 2.43). The perfective allomorph we-s is expected in transitionals de-

rived from extension neuters with nin- (< *ni-win, see notes 1.6 and 47.10); win occurs here presumably by analogy to bases with other derivations.

2.47.

na-te'^ildixid 'they

(customarily) set off back', literally

'it

starts to

swallow them back' < na-=ti-'^i-l-di-xid, inanimate 3rd person customary of 0-ti-(s)-l-xid 'start to swallow O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..-d-).
(See note 2.35.)
2.48. 2.49.
c'e-na-'^aldixid 'they (customarily)

move back

out', literally

'it

swal-

lows them back

out'.

(See notes 2.35, 2.47.)

While Sam Brown uses the customary aspect to describe the normal sequence of events at the Jump Dance, he shifts here to imperfective aspect to indicate that a
na'^lcm'^aw 'she sings', imperfective.

general rule

is

being stated.
(customarily) move back (See notes 2.35, 2.47.)

2.50.
2.51. 2.52.

For -tah

'also, as well' see also note 2.44.

^e-na'^aldixid

'they

apart',

literally

'it

swallows them

apart'.

m/^Gij (for w/.sGzyj) '(that) is small' < m/-5-G/>'('ej'^-j/, inanimate 3rd person diminutive form of mi-s-gnye'^-^i 'it is small' with symbolic replacements of consonants {g> > c, j > j).
min'^-c'e-jj'^ay-dirj

2.53.

'roof-beam of house',

literally

'where

it

extends
in

out from the house'

<

min'^- 'house',

bound stem found only

compounds

'what extends out', inanimate 3rd person relative form of the extension neuter theme c'e-=win-'^a- '(a sindin 'at that place'. gle thing) extends out'
-i-

c'-=win-'^a--i

-i-

2.54. 2.55.

nona'^aldixid 'they (customarily) move back to that place', literally (See notes 2.35, 2.47.) 'it swallows them to that place'.

come to stand again' (probably misheard for -de-'^il-) < na-na-=c'i-de--'^i-l-ya'^, animate 3rd person customary of na-=de--(w)-l-ya'^ '(two or more) come to stand', with iterative/reversative modifier (na=). Transitional of stative neuter na=de-si-l-ya- '(two or more) are standing'.
na-na^de'^ilya'^ 'they (customarily)

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

543

3.1.

'they say', hearsay evidential, reduced from c'ine- 'he, they a noise, speaks' < ci-di-ne\ animate 3rd person imperfective It is normally enclitic to of di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'make a noise, speak'. the first word of the sentence ("Wackemagel's position")
c'in

makes

3.2.

xoh
tility
jc^'a-

'in vain',

adverbial particle, indicating the incompletion or fuof an action.

'^aPkye'^iliw

3.3.

'for

him'

'^a-=lcyi-liw,

do (things) for him' < x'^-aanimate 3rd person customary of suppletive customary/optative theme of '^a-=lc>i-i-'^e-n 'do
'they (customarily)
'^a-=c'i-lc>'i-'^i-liw-i,

(things)'.
3.4.

km-n

'he eats', contracted from (c'i-)lcyi-yan-i, animate 3rd person Note that c'i-, imperfective of Uyi-{w}-ya-nlyaiiP 'eat something'. animate 3rd person subject, is elided when in initial position before Ryi-. Compare yaPUya-n 'they all eat' (< ya-=c'i-Uyi-ya-n-i).
sile^n
'it got to, it came to be so', enclitic verb < 3rd person imperfective of (sj-le-nllin^ 'become'.

3.5.

si-lirP-i,

inanimate

3.6.

See note

2.4.

3.7.

3.8.

c'idilyeceremony song' < + P-Win-'^ 'P's song'. xon?-naxowilaw 'dressed in ceremonial regalia' < xon^-, unanalyzable thematic proclitic (probably from xonP 'fire') + na-=xo-wi-

c'idilye--Wiij'^

'World

Renewal

'(performing) World Renewal ceremony'

law-i, passive (w/-, with suppletive stem -law) with animate 3rd person object {xo-} of na-=0-l-'^e-n 'treat O', i.e., 'he has been treated

with
3.9.

xort'^'.

(See note 1.14.)

yide'^i-yima-n-c'irj'^

de--nohoi

'to the Mxinay heaven across the yide'^i < de-noho-i 'from us here' ocean downstream' P-c'irP 'toward P'. yima-ni 'across (the ocean)' 'downstream' Directional phrases introduced by de-noho-i 'from us here (at the Big House in taPUyimiidirjy refer to the directions in which are located the kyixinay places on the periphery the world, beyond the encircling ocean (see note 1.29).
-i-i-f-

3.10.

na-'^aWWa'^ 'I (customarily) am around' < na-='^/-W-Wa'^, 1st person singular customary oi na-={s)-Wa-IWaP, suppletive 1st person theme of na-=(s)-ya-lyaP '(one) is around, goes around'.
yate-se-ya-

3.11.

Unless it is mistranscribed, the analysis 'I go off along'. of this unique form would appear to be ya=te-s-e-ya- 'I go off upward', 1st person singular perfective of a base with with two adverbial modifiers {ya-={w) 'up into the air' and ti-(s} 'off along'), from the directional theme A-ya-Wlya '(one person) goes (somewhere)'. Bases with two adverbial modifiers are almost never encountered.
yice'^n

3.12.

wirpoP 'the sun sets', literally '(a round object) comes to lie downhill' < yi-cirP-i 'downhill' + win-'^a'^ 'it comes to be there', inanimate 3rd person perfective of the transitional theme (w)-'^o'^ '(a round object) comes to lie', transitional theme derived from the stative neuter si-'^a-n '(a round object) lies'.

544
3.13.
yiniik>id

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

< yi-ni-i-k>id, inanimate 3rd '(fog) reaches somewhere' imperfective of yi-ni-(n}-i-kyid '(cloud, smoke) reaches somewhere'. The underlying directional theme, A-yi-i-kyid '(cloud, smoke) moves somewhere', has a conjunct thematic prefix homophonous with the obviative 3rd person subject marker. Although
person
this prefix is historically distinct

from

it,

it

may be

interpreted

by

modern Hupa speakers

4.12 and 8.10).
3.14.

as the obviative subject

marker (see notes

xo-wehs'^e'^n '(the place) could

be seen' < xo-o--we-s-l-'^in'^-i '(the place) was in view, could be seen by someone', inanimate 3rd person perfective of O-o--(ni-) (we-s)-l-'^in'^ 'O is in view, can be seen', with areal-situational prefix (xo-).
c'ixolen-e- 'he

3.15.

was there, there was plenty of him' < c'i-xo-len, animate 3rd person of the descriptive neuter theme xo-len 'be numerous, abundant, plentiful' + e-(y) 'there, at that point' (see note
1.11).
no'^niri'^a-n-e--c'eh 'he

3.16.

(Jump Dance) songs'

-I-

was heard there singing (to an end) a set of < no-=ci-nin-'^a-n-i 'he finished a set of (dance) songs', literally 'he put (a round object) down' (see note + c'iw 'perceptibly', evidential e-{y) 'there, at that point' 10.42)
something perceived with the senses other than
said to him'
sight.

enclitic indicating

3.17.

'^a--xoi-c'ide-ne'^ 'he

<

'^a-=xo-i

c'i-di-win-ne'^ 'he

animate 3rd person perfective of '^a-=di-(w)neine"^ 'speak so', with proclitic postposition P-i 'with P' with animate 3rd person indirect object (see also note 3.18). This is the standard Hupa quotative construction when preceding a quotation. When immediately following a quoted statement, '^a-= 'thus' is

spoke

to

him

so',

omitted.
3.18.

< '^a-=ni-i + di-W-ni '^a-nU-diWni-mir) 'so that I can tell you' (shortened from -ne-) 'I say so to you', 1st person singular imperfective of '^a-=di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say so', with proclitic postposition P-i 'with P' with 2nd person singular indirect object (see note 3.17); + min 'for that purpose'. The long vowel of "^a- 'thus' is regularly shortened before a 2nd person (singular or plural) object marker. The stem vowel of the theme di-ne-lne"^ 'speak, say, make a noise' is
often shortened or deleted
(cf. c'in

'they say', line

1;

note 4.4).

3.19.

"^a-diicis

'^a-di-i-cis < niseMc^'e'^n 'I made you see myself 'someone sees oneself, seeing oneself, inanimate 3rd person imperni-s-e-i-c'Hn'^-i 'I made, caused you', fective of 0-i-cis 'see O' 1st person singular perfective, with 2nd person singular object, of
-i-

0-(s)-i-c'''e-/cHn'^

'make, cause O'.

3.20.

have a World Renewal ceremony again and again', animate 3rd person progressive of di-(w)-ye-lye'^ 'perform a World Renewal ceremony' (see note 2.33). The progressive aspect implies that the ritual will be performed regularly.
c'idiwilye'^ii

'they

3.21.

do-

...

xe'^e-c'o-ya'^a-heh-ne'^ 'he
'let

must not be allowed

animate
-ya'^)

to

pass!'

<

xi'^e-=c'-o--ya'^

him

pass!',

xi'^e-=(w)-ya-Wlya- (optative stem

3rd person optative of + '(one person) goes past'

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

545
do\..-heh
is

ne'^ 'it must be', enclitic indicating obligation. frame for prohibitive phrases.

the

3.22.

look back again and again' < na- =te- - wi-W-'^in'^H, \st person singular progressive of te--(w)-'^in'^ 'come to be looking', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). Transitional theme derived from extension neuter te--si-'^irP 'look on, gaze'.
/2<3-r^-W^//;'^/V 'I

3.23. 3.24.

Sapir writes the stem as

-liUy,

apparently an error.

no-nadxisH

back into place again and again' < no-na-=di-xisii, inanimate 3rd person progressive of no-=(n)-xis/xic'
'it

will fall

'drop down, fall to a certain position', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..-d-).

3.25.

See note 3.17.

4.1.

grew up' < c'i-te--s-l-c'''e-n-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ti-isj-l-c'^e-n 'grow'
c'itehic'^e-n 'he

4.2.

c'iWil nahsyaP-c'iw 'he heard a yelling sound going around' < c'iWil 'someone shouts', animate 3rd person imperfective of (w)-Wil 'shout' + na-=s-yaP 'it went around', inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-={s)-ya-lyd^ '(one) is around, goes around' cYw 'perceptibly', non-visual evidential enclitic.
-i-

4.3.

Vc'onc?e/z5ne'^ 'he thought (so)' < V=c'-o---cf^--5-ng'', animate 3rd person perfective of ^a- =0-o--{n-di-){s)-ne- Ine^ 'think so about O',

with inanimate 3rd person object, irregular suppletive animate 3rd person of '^a-=y-ni-{w)-sinlsin^ 'think so, feel thus'. This is the standard Hupa quotative for thoughts, when preceding a quoted thought. When following a quotation, ^a= is omitted. (See note 4.10).
4.4.

'sound that is heard' < '^a-=lcyi-di-wi-ne'^ (with constem to -n?), inanimate 3rd person perfective of '^a-=lcyi-di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'something makes a noise, a noise is made', with reduction of the stem vowel that is common with this theme (see note 3.18); + c'iw-i 'perceptibly', non-visual evidential en'^a-Uyide-nP-c'iw

traction of the

clitic.

4.5.

kyeh

'let me be going' < A:>'^/z, hortative particle wi-Wperson singular with suppletive stem of the progressive neuter theme wi-yai '(one person) is going along'.

w/lVa/i^
1st

-i-

Wai,

4.6.

yida-c'ifj

of yide'^i 'downriver'
4.7.
"^ile-xi^i-hid 'in

'coming up from downriver' < yida--, combining form P-c'in 'coming from there'.
-i-

imagination'. Analysis uncertain, but possibly based on a metaphorical use of kilexij 'boy'.
...

4.8.

Comparisons are often framed by iah-xo

though...'.
titj-'^anian '(there

nehwan

'just like..., as

4.9.

were) very many'

<

tin 'very' (proclitic particle)

+
4.10.

'^a-=ni-ian 'there are (thus) many'.

< '^a-=o-ne\ inanimate 3rd person imperfective of '^a=0-o-(n-di-)(s)-ne/ne'^, irregular suppletive animate
"^a-^one- '(people) think so'

546

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California Linguistics
(see note

3rd person of '^a-=y-m-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think so, feel thus'

4.3).

4.11. 4.12.

xola-n 'visible, before our eyes'. Enclitic evidential particle, indicating a visual source of evidence.
yine-ino"^ '(clouds)

have stuck them up

erect'

<

yi-ne--wi-i-no'^,

obto

viative 3rd person (yi-) perfective of 0-ni-(w)-i-no'^ 'cause

stand erect', derived causative from the neuter theme ne-s-no- 'they For the use of obviative 3rd (e.g., mountain peaks) stand erect'. person subject to mark a low-animacy subject (clouds) see note 1.55; but see also 3.13.

4.13.

'he packed it there' < c'i-nin-we-n-i, animate 3rd person there, arrive packing O'. perfective of 0-ni-(n)-wiW/we-n 'pack Stem-initial w regularly assimilates to a preceding n, yielding -rj-.
c'initje-n

4.14.

into a circle' < na'-wi-l-ma-c'-i, passive of na=0(w)-i-ma-c' 'make O circular, ring-like', derived causative of stative neuter na=s-mac' 'be in a circle, ring-like'.

nalmac' 'made

4.15.

< '^-o-/->'e-, inanimate 3rd person imperfective 'it is called' of 0-o--{we-s)-l-ye-lye'^ 'O has (such) a name, O is called (such)', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked; an initial '^- is added by phonological rule to prevent the vowel from occurring initially). This is the standard Hupa quotative verb for names. Like other quotatives, when it precedes the name it has the prefix '^a-= 'thus' (see note 2.7); when it follows, as here, '^a-= is omitted.
"^olye-

4.16.

danced (up and down in place)' < nin=c'i-s-de'X-i, animate 3rd person perfective of nin=(s)-dil/de-X 'dance up and down in one place'.
nitj'^isdeX 'they

4.17.

dah-Ryislay '(hand) lies on top' < dah 'on top' + kyi-s-la'-i '(hand) lies', impersonal stative neuter, with thematic /:>/- subject specifically referring to hands. Historically from stative neuter si-la'(several things or a rope) lie'.

4.18. 4.19.

See note

1.31.

This and the preceding verb are in the customary aspect, which the narrator has presumably slipped into here inadvertently. Although the customary is the normal aspect for describing a prescribed sequence of ritual events, the medicine-fomula style of this text requires that they be spoken of in the perfective aspect, as the unique actions of the mythic initiators of the ceremony. The narrator continues in the customary aspect through line 23, then shifts back to
the perfective.
k>o-le+ (Sapir writes

4.20.

come

+ to indicate an overlong vowel) 'let (fish) beIcy-o-Exclamation, based on the verb lc>o-leh < liw, optative of the impersonal theme ky-(s)-liwlle'^ '(fish) become plentiful'. Presumably the transitional theme derived from an (unattested) imperfective neuter ^Uyi-le-n '(fish) are plentiful' (compare xo-len 'be numerous').
plentiful'.
cV/e'^/W>'o-5 'they all

4.21.

(customarily) stretch' < c'i-ti-'^i-d-yo- s, dimmzXt 3rd person customary, with distributive modifier {ti-}, of d-ycs

Hupa
'stretch 'stretch

Texts: Linguistic Notes

547
with

(oneself)',

mediopassive
stick)'.

theme

associated

0-yos

O, pull (on a

4.22.

na-naPale"^ 'they (customarily)

move

(their faces)

from

side to side',

or a rope) around again' < na-na-=c'i-'^i-W, animate 3rd person customary of na--(s)-leile'^ 'carry (several objects or a rope) around', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
literally 'they carry (several objects

4.23.

^iwa-naPlcye'^iliW 'they

(customarily)

crack acorns again',

literally

'they separate several (specific things) again'

"^i-liW,

<

^i-wa--na-=c'i-Uyi-

animate 3rd person customary, with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=), of ^i-wa-=kyi-(w)-liW/la- 'separate several (specific things)', derived theme with lc>'i- indefinite 3rd person object from directional A-liW/la- 'handle (several objects or a rope)'.
4.24. 4.25.

See note 4.13.

niwirjWon'^ 'it becomes good' < ni-win-Won"^, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ni-iwj-Won"^, transitional theme derived from descriptive neuter ni-Wo-n 'be good, pretty'.
winiarj"^ 'it got to be (too) many' < win-Ian^, inanimate 3rd person perfective of (ni-)(w)-iarP 'get to be many'. Transitional theme derived from descriptive neuter ni-ia-n 'be many'.

4.26.

4.27.

tiijyayxe-neW 'they have gone wrong, broken taboos (in speaking)' < tin-ya-=yi-xi-win-ne-W-i, obviative 3rd person (>-/-) perfective, with plural (ya-=), of tin=xi-(w)-ne-W, suppletive animate 3rd person theme of tin=xi-ni-(w)-ye-W 'speak astray, wrongly'. The obviative 3rd person subject is apparently used here by the narrator in deprecation of the wayward Ryixinay (see note 1.55.)

4.28.

See note 4.20.

tirjyan'^xe-nehW

4.29.

'they

have

sinned
in line 40,

in

speech'.

Compare

tirjyaPrjxenehW, the

same form

and tirjyayxe-ne-W, the same

4.30.

4.31.

form but with obviative subject in line 31 (note 4.27). The prefix phonology of verbs with disjunct prefixes of the shape CVn= is idiosyncratic. See note 2.31. nasohdilin? 'you (pi.) become'. Literally 'you (pi.) become again', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..-d-). See also the forms in lines 40 and 42. yaywehsyo"^ 'they all liked it' < ya-=yi-we-s-l-yo'^, obviative 3rd
person (yi-) perfective (we-s-) of 0-(we-s)-l-yo'^ 'like, love, desire O', with plural (ya-=) and unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. It is not clear why the narrator uses the obviative 3rd person to refer to the miscreant Ryixinay in this sentence but uses the regular animate 3rd person in the preceding and following sentences.

4.32.

See note 4.29.

the former tense enclitics, particularly -ne'^in 'past', are frequently used with noun phrases in this

4.33.

hay

Ryixinay-ne'^in

'the

ones

who had been

Icyixinay,

Uyixinay'

(now transformed

into weeds).

The

way.
4.34.

nande'^K '(people) have come to exist' < na=win-deX, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=(w)-dil/de-X '(people) come to exist'.

548
literally

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California Linguistics

'(two or more) begin to go around, take up residence' theme na-=(s}(inceptive derivation from the non-directional The inanimate 3rd person dil/deX '(two or more) go around'). forms of this idiom are homophonous with the forms of the impersonal theme na-=(w)-dil/de-K 'snow falls', literally '(several inanimate entities) come down', and perhaps for this reason the more

common

base

for

'(people)

come

to

exist'
literally

is

tive/reversative modifier:

people) begin to
4.35.

na-na-=(w)-deK, go around again'.

with itera'(two or more

c'iniW 'they hear about it', animate 3rd person imperfective of O(w)-niW 'hear about O, have news'.
xaya'^ane'^ite'^ 'they (cusiormLnly) look for iV
'^i-te'^,

5.1.

<

(mi-)xa--ya-=c'i-ni-

animate 3rd person customary, with inanimate 3rd person in-

direct object (basically mi-, but here

ter

unmarked;

plural {ya-=), of P-xa-=ni-(w)-te'^ 'look for P'.

see note 1.46) and Transitional of neu-

P-xa=ni-te' 'be looking for

P'.

5.2.

< Uyi-winUy'iwinya^n 'acorn', literally 'something that one eats' yan'^-i, relative form of animate 3rd person perfective of Uyi-(w)ya-nlyan'^ 'eat something'.

5.3.

xoh

ia'^a-heh 'even if only one' < xoh, adverbial particle indicatheh -iing the incompletion or futility of an action + ia"^ 'one' xoh ... heh regularly frames phrases 'despite, even if, enclitic, See also the translating 'even if ...', 'with only ...being done', etc.

following phrase.
5.4.

ya-ya'^wa'^aWil 'they pick

them up one by one, as they go along', animate 3rd person progressive of ya-=0-(w}-'^aWPa-n 'pick up (a round object)', with plural {ya-=). The progressive stem is regularly formed from the non-perfective stem variant by adding the stem suffix -i'^)ii. (See note 2.33).
mi-na-'^, literally 'its eye', i.e.,

5.5. 5.6.
5.7.

'having an eye'.
fire'.

Literally, 'one puts (a

round object) into the

See note 2.15.

5.8.

5.9.

do-ian-^i 'not many at all, pretty few' < do\ negative proclitic + lan-i 'many', relative stem + j/, dimunutive form of j/ 'small' with consonant symbolism. The noun phrase with hay ... is best translated as 'the fact that there were not many at all' + heh 'despite, even if. dah-c'iwi^ijil 'they keep putting (a granular mass) up on (i.e., the c'i-wi-^ijii 'they keep < dah 'on top, above' drying platform)' moving (a granular mass)', animate 3rd person of the progressive neuter theme O-wi-^i^H 'keep moving (a granular mass)'. Inanimate 3rd person cus'^e'^iia'^n-e-y 'it becomes plentiful there'. tomary of the transitional theme derived from ni-ian 'be plentiful'
-i-

(see note 4.26)

-i-

e-y 'there, at that point' (see note 1.11).

5.10.

xowan-ya'^anitinaW 'she goes to each one' < xo-wan 'to him, her' + ya-=c'i-ni-ti-naW 'she goes to each one of them', animate 3rd person imperfective of ni-(n)-ya-W/ya- 'one comes, arrives', with distributive modifier (ti-), and plural (ya-=) referring to the plurality

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

549
(see note 20.17).

of the object of the proclitic postposition For -na-W see note 10.50.
5.11.

xo-wan

me-yaPwiniarj^ '\hty have become enough for it' < m-e--ya=c'iwin-iarP-i, animate 3rd person perfective of P-e-={ni-)(w)-ianP 'it becomes plentiful for P' (see note 4.9), with plural {ya-=) and inanimate 3rd person indirect object.
wan-na-'^asde'^K 'they are busy with
it',

5.12.

literally

'they

go around

(mi-)wa-n + na-=c'i-s-de-X, animate 3rd person perfective of P-wa-n + na-=(s)-dil/de-K '(two or more) go around concerning P'. (See note 1.46).

concerning

it'.

<

5.13.

KiwiWxa-n 'lamprey,

eel'.

Unanalyzable noun.

Probably from A7-

'snake' + xan-i 'handled in a container (i.e., a woven trap)', relativized stem from the directional theme A-O-xaW/xan 'handle (liquid or loose objects) in a container'.

wiW

5.14.

hay miq'eh no-yd^Ryinirjxan-te- '(the things) which they will use for the feast' < hay mi-qeh 'following which, according to which' + no--ya-=c'i-Uyi-nin-xa-n-te- 'they will have a feast', animate 3rd perfeast', literally 'set

son perfective, with plural {ya-=), of no-=]c>i-(n)-xiW/xa-n 'have a down (eating baskets filled with acorn mush)' +
(customarily)

te\ future tense enclitic.

5.15.

x'^e-ya-'^alwil 'they all

falls

camp over

night', literally 'night

on them
...

all'

(see note 1.24).

5.16.

one who is about to become (the Acorn Proanimate 3rd person perfective of (s}-liw/lirP 'be, become (so)' te\ future tense. The assimilation of c'i- to a following -s- is regular. (See note 1.51).

hay

c'islirP-te- 'the

vider)'

<

c'i-s-lirP,
-i-

5.17. 5.18.

See note 2.15.

camehsXo-n 'women', collective

xoninc'ine'^
'the'iT

plural.

(See note

1.2).

5.19.
5.20.

face dirt'

< xo-ninfilth'.

'his, their face',

combining
world)'

form

-I-

P-cHn-i'^ 'P's dirt,

na-na-nde'^K-dar)'^ 'since (people)

na--na-=win-de-X '(people) have

dan"^ 'after,

came come

to live (in this

<
-i-

to exist'

(see note 4.34)

when

it is

past'.

5.21.
5.22.

has been lying there (since then)'. Transitional of stative neuter si-'^a-n '(a round object) lies' (see note 3.12).
w//7?fl'^ 'it

mide-naw

'they touch it' < mi-de'=naw-i, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of P-de-=(w}-naw/narP 'touch P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object. Icnwinya'^nya-n 'person, people' and other personal nouns employed in a collective sense are referenced by inanimate or obviative 3rd person pronouns (see note 1.55).

5.23. 5.24.

iah-x"^ 'for

no reason, without cause' < iah 'once' way', adverbial phrase formant, i.e., 'only, merely'.

-i-

xo

'in

that

c'o'^oiyoM 'they (customarily) blow at them' < c'-o--'^i-i-yol, animate 3rd person customary of 0-o-(w)-i-yo-l 'blow at O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked), used idiomatically to refer to praying over something while burning incense root. Thus: hay ... c'o'^aiyoM-te- 'the (acorns) that they will pray over'.

550
5.25.

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California Linguistics

xalde-K 'spotted, painted with dots'.

bly

Analysis uncertain, but possixa-=wi-l-de-K, passive of (unattested) *xa-=(w)-l-clil/de-K 'throw small particles up out of (the ground)', i.e., 'be spattered

<

with mud'
5.26.

(?).

ma-ya'^ditiiwal 'they (customarily) spill the acorns for that' < m-a'for the benefit of (the k>ixinayy, i.e., as part of the ritual + ya-=c'idi-ti-i-wal-i, animate 3rd person customary of 0-di-(w)-l-wal/wa-X 'pour, throw O out', with plural {ya-=) and distributive modifier (ti-), i.e., 'they throw (the acorns) here and there for that ritual purpose'
dahya'^Uyide'^iic'^o-gy 'they
all

5.27.

away'

<

dah-ya-=c'i-hi-di-'^i-i-c'^o-gy-i,

(customarily) sweep the acorn husks animate 3rd person cus-

tomary, with plural {ya-=), of dah=lcyi-di-(w)-i-c''o-gy 'sweep (acorn husks) away', from the directional theme A-0-i-c'^o-gy 'sweep O' with adverbial modifier dah=di-(w) 'off, away' (see note 10.52) and A:'>7- indefinite 3rd person object.
5.28. 5.29.
do-

Uyiwidya'^n,

do(is)

literally

'nothing

ta-wina'^n. Both verbs are passive {wi-..-d-), (See note 2.2). eaten, nothing (is) drunk'.
-i-

P-taw-i < tini 'trails' tintaw 'off in the woods', apparently 'what is among P', i.e., 'where the trails are'. Possibly from earlier *kyin-taw 'among the trees', but note also the directional prefix tin=(w) 'lost, astray'.
no-kyixiW 'driftwood' < no-=lcyi-xiW-i, relative form of the inanimate 3rd person imperfective of no-=kyi-(n)-xiW/xe-n '(a mass) (see note floats to that point, lodges somewhere after floating'
1.32).

5.30.

5.31.

become sweet, lose their tannic acid', customary of the transitional of impersonal neuter Uyi-l-xan 'acorns are sweet'. Derivation with thematic A:>7- indefinite 3rd person subject (see note 2.21) from descriptive neuter ^/-jcoai 'be sweet, good-tasting'.
Rye'^ilxa^n '(acorns)

5.32.

yoMc'id

c'ix'^e'^iic''e^
it'

'she (customarily) informs him', literally 'she

makes him know

son customary of son object (xo-).
5.33.

tive of 0-o--(w)-i-c'id

< y-c-i-c'id, obviative 3rd person imperfec'know O' + c'i-xo-'^i-l-c''e^, animate 3rd per'make O', with animate 3rd perObviative 3rd person imperfective in a non1.5).

0-(s)-i-c'''e-/c'''in'^

fmite clause (see note

ma- 'for that (ritual) purpose, on behalf of (the people)' < m-, inanimate 3rd person indirect object + P-a- 'for the benefit of P'. See
note 5.26.
ra7a'^A:'>^'^/m//
"^i-mil-i,

5.34.

'they (customarily) stir acorn mush' < ta--ya-=c'i-Uyianimate 3rd person customary (with plural, ya-=) of ta-=kyi(w)-mil/me-X 'stir acorn mush', from directional A-O-mil/me-K 'throw, fling O in a bunch' with adverbial modifier ta-=(w) 'into the water' and thematic A:'>7- indefinite 3rd person object. This is an old Athabaskan idiom whose etymology is not transparent in modem Hupa (cf. Chiricahua Apache tdd-'^i-(hi-pf)-ndiii 'to make gravy'). In Hupa it specifically refers to the stirring of the cooking

Hupa
mush with
5.35.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

551

a wooden paddle, not (as might be thought from the underlying theme) to the placing of hot rocks in a cooking basket.

xontah-nikya-w-ditj-dac 'uphill from the Big House'

nikya-w-diij 'where the Big

< xontahdaci 'uphill', directional adverb stem. Directional stems are usually found in construction with a frozen demonstrative prefix yi- {yidaci 'uphill', yidah-c'in 'coming from uphill', etc.), but they can also, as in this construction, be enclitic to locative phrases.
House
is'

5.36.
5.37.

c'e-Uyirjxaf '(a blanket) lies stretched out'

<

c'e-=Uyi-ni-xat',

imper-

sonal neuter.

(See note 10.7).

mixa-c'e'^-xole-ni-hii 'along

with incense root'. conjoined in a comitative phrase by enclitic -hii.

Noun

phrases are

5.38.

See note

1.11.

5.39. 5.40.

mi-xa- 'after them (inanimate 3rd person)'.

tehyd^Uye'^ic'^oP 'they

(See note 5.22).

(customarily) throw (gravel) into the water'. The stem of the directional theme A-c'^a 'hurl, fling, drop (dirt)' is unusual in its pattern of variation: an open syllable {-c'^a-) in both imperfective and perfective, while in the optative and customary it is closed with a glottal stop (-c"a'^). See note 43.26.

5.41.
5.42. 5.43.

See note 4.20.

na?ne'^ilc'''aPn.

An

error for naPde'^ilc'^a'^n, animate 3rd person cus-

tomary of na-=di-(w)-l-c'''an'
sahna-'^ade'^n 'they

ary of tive/reversative modifier {na-=). The inanimate 3rd person subject here refers to a collective group (the party of visitors at the feast); an animate animate 3rd person subject, referring to several specific individuals, is not possible with this theme. (Compare the use of the obviative 3rd person, notes 1.55 and 8.17).

'eat in company'. go back (home)', inanimate 3rd person customsah=(w)-diiiP '(several) go off to a distance', with itera-

5.44.

dorjq'a^

na?tida-W 'before starting off back' < dotjq'a^ 'before', adverbial phrase -i- na=c'i-ti-daW-i 'one goes back', animate 3rd person imperfective of ti-{s)-ya-Wlya- '(one) goes off, away', with iterative/re versative modifier {na-= and special stem -da-W). Note that the while the verb of the main phrase is customary, the verb of this dependent clause is imperfective (see note 1.5). It is not clear why the directional theme is A-ya-W/ya '(one) goes' and not Adil/de-K '(several) go', since the subject is clearly plural.
A:>'/c77/'^

5.45.

P', with

'tipped over, tipped onto (a pile)' /:>/- special indirect object.

<

P-c'm'^ 'toward, against

5.46.

miq'eh-na-ya7as'^a^ 'they heeded (the

'they carried (their mind, attention)

'following

it,

after

it'

words of the chiefs)', literally around after it' < mi-qeh + na--ya-=c'i-s-W 'they carried (a round obof na-=0-(s)-^a-Pa? This is the stan-

ject) around',

animate 3rd person perfective

'carry (a round object) around', with plural {ya-=). dard idiom for 'heed, pay attention'.

5.47. 5.48.

See note 4.30. See note 4.25.

552
5.49.

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di-yan'^-i, relative

ihsit is left o\er' < no=ninform of the inanimate 3rd person perfective of no-=(n)-d-yaW/yan'^ 'be left over from eating', mediopassive from no=0-(n)-yaW/yan'^ 'leave (food) over when eating, stop eating',

no- ndiya'^n, error for nondiya'^n '(food)

(See note 20.19).

5.50. 5.51.
yita-n 'they eat,
(in general)',

something

eats', obviative

imperfective theme.
is

3rd person of -tan 'eat (See note 1.55).

xoi-tehi'^in

'it

enough

him'
5.52. 5.53.

te-s-i-'^in'^,

< xo-l 'with for him, suffices for him' inanimate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-l-

'^iWPe-n 'be enough, suffice'.

See note 5.24.

See note 4.13.
miynilg>id 'they fear it' < m-e-=yi-ni-l-g>'id, obviative 3rd person imperfective of P-e-=ni-(s)-l-g>'id 'fear P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object. The obviative is used here with a collective subject. (Compare the inanimate 3rd person subject in the form at note 1.53).
miV;-A:'>7/Vn
lc>i-l-'^e-n-i

5.54.

5.55.

'(woman) who menstruates' < mm 'for that purpose' + one who consider (things) as', inanimate 3rd person of neuter O-l-'^e-n 'consider, treat, use O' (with Uyi- indefinite 3rd person object), i.e., 'the one who treats things as being for that specific purpose'. The menstruating woman looks upon the things set aside for her as special. Baskets and other objects she uses in the m/n'^j are not supposed to be used at other times.
'the
mic^'e'^n
clitic.

5.56. 5.57. 5.58. 5.59. 5.60.

'which has
3.4.

dirt'

<

mi-c'^in-i'^ 'its dirt, filth'

/,

relative en-

See note

meniwilgyid

Passive of P-e-=ni-(s)-l-g>'id 'fear P', with 'it is feared'. inanimate 3rd person indirect object. (See note 5.54).

hay da- 'this'. Assimilated from hayde-. The verbs in this sentence are progressive, with
a

future tense enclitic,

"It will

formation in prayers and invocations: again and again, every time they dance."
5.61.
na-fj'^a'^

common

happen

'(the feast) which came into existence, was established (in kyixinay times)', literally 'the (round object) that has come to lie there again' < na-=win-'^a'^-i, relative form of the inanimate 3rd person perfective of the transitional of the stative neuter na-=si-'^a'n (a round object) lies there again'. (See note 20.7).
'

6.1.

Icye-da'^ay 'fishhead,

head of a salmon' < P-e-=di-'^a--i 'P's head', 'what extends out from, is joined to P', with indefinite 3rd person possessor /:>/-.
literally
misa'^wiit'ilcy 'he

6.2.

runs a line into

its

mouth'

<

mi-sa-=c'i-wi-i-t'iky,

animate 3rd person perfective, with inanimate 3rd person indirect object, of P-sa-=(w)-l-t'ilcy, causative derived from the extension neuter P-sa'-win-t'iky 'a line extends into P's mouth'.

Hupa
6.3.
c'e'^niitin-te- 'he will

Texts: Linguistic Notes

553

take it out of (the net)' < c'e-=c'i-ni-i-te-n, animate 3rd person perfective of c'e-=(n)-t-tiW/te-n 'take (a living being) out (of a house, container)'
-i-

te-,

future tense.
is

The

directional

theme A-O-i-tiW/te-n 'handle

used here and in the following sentences to refer to the handling of the dead salmon until it is finally transformed into food (lines 10-11, note 6.8).
(a living being)'

6.4.

yisxande"^-^ 'the (very) next day'

xan

< yisxande^ 'tomorrow' (< yi-s-idawns' de"^ 'when (in the future)') j/, diminutive enclitic. John Shoemaker uses -de'^-^i frequently, with probably very little "diminutive" meaning (i.e, emphasizing the nearness in time of
'it
-i-i-

the event).
6.5.
na-nta7n-e--te-

'(feasting) will

happen

there', literally '(a stick-like

object) will

come

to lie again at that place'

lies there still,

mate 3rd person perfective of the

neuter na-=si-ta-n '(stick)
place'
6.6.
-I-

transitional derived

< na-=(w)-tarf, from

-i-

inanistative

again'

e-(y) 'there, at that

te-

future tense.
'he butchers (the salmon)'

niri'^U>iwii'^a^K

<

nin=c'i-lc>i-wi-'f-'^a-X,

animate 3rd person perfective butcher (game or fish)'.

6.7.
dona-te-dye-c' 'not breathing,
-I-

of

nin=lcyi-(w)-'^alPaK

'cut

up,

holding his breath'

verbal

proclitic

na-=ti-wi-d-ye-c'-i 'breathing',

< do-, negative noun (gerund, < tah-

formed with wi-) from na-=ti-(s)-d-ye-W/ye-c' 'breathe'.

6.8.
tahna?Uyis'^an

'he takes the (salmon) out of (the fire) again'

animate 3rd person perfective with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) of tah=lcyi-(s)-'^aWPa-n. The theme is A-kyi-'^aWPa-n 'handle (pieces of cooked fish)', from directional A-O-'^aWPa-n 'handle (a round object)' with ^W- indefinite 3rd person object. Note that the salmon is no longer referred to as a "living being" (see note 6.3).
na-=c'i-}c>i-s-'^a-n,

6.9.

na^winyarP 'he
yita-n

eats

it

too'.

Note

the

use

of

na-=,

itera-

tive/re versative, to indicate that the priest also eats.

6.10.

'it, someone eats' (see note 5.50). The use of the obviative 3rd person subject indicates that dariWo"^ 'someone' is meant in the collective sense, i.e., 'anyone, people'.

6.11.
6.12.

Uye-lna^ '(the salmon) that

is

cooked'

< Uy-e-=wi-l-na^, passive of

Ry-e-=(w)-i-na-/na^ 'cook (salmon)'.

See note 5.28.

'ii'is c\ost io being (fall)', literally, 'it comes to extend from it' < m-e--na-=di-win-'^a?, inanimate 3rd person perfective of the transitional of the extension neuter P-e-=di-'^a- 'extend from, be joined to P', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=) and inanimate 3rd person indirect object.

6.13.

me-nadiwirj'^aP

6.14.
6.15.

>'a'^aA:aW 'he catches (salmon)', literally 'he raises (nets)'

"^i-xa-W-i,

<

ya-=c'i-

animate 3rd person customary.

< yi-'^i-yarO-i, obviative 3rd person customary of 0-{w)-ya-nlyaiiP 'eat O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. The obviative subject is used here with Icyiwinya'^nya-n 'people' in the collective sense (see notes 1.55 and 5.54).
ye'^iya'n 'they eat'

554
6.16.
c'i-

XIV Northwest
<
c7-,

California Linguistics

animate

3rcl

person.

See note 5.16.

(customarily) end for customary of P-e'=xo-ni-(s)ceremonial restrictions end for

6.17.

yide-xone'^iyiw

'ceremonial

restrictions

(people)'

<

yid-e'=xo-ni-^i-yiw-i,

yiw/ya-n 'the time is fulfilled for P, indirect object (yidi-) referring to P', with obviative 3rd person Uyiwinya'^nyan 'people' (see note 6.15). An idiomatic use of the theme ni-(s)-yiwlya-n 'grow up, mature', with areal-situational pre-

fix (jco-j.

7.1.

wilc'^en

sive of 0-{s)-t-c''e-/c'Hn'^
7.2.
"^ileh 'it

'what has been made' < w/-/-c'^m-/, relative form of pas'make O' (special passive stem -cvn).

becomes' < -liw, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of (s)'become'. Both inanimate 3rd person subject and imperfective aspect are unmarked categories. The initial syllable is phonologically generated to prevent the stem from standing alone. (See
liw/lin"^

also 10.33).
7.3.

yohic'id xoWc^'e'^

< y-o--i-c'id, 'let me make (people) aware of it' obviative 3rd person imperfective of 0-o--i-c'id 'know O, be aware of O' + xo-W-c''e'^, 1st person singular optative (marked by stem variant, otherwise imperfective in inflection) of O-isj-c'^'e-lcHn"^ 'make, create O', with animate 3rd person object {xo-}. See notes
1.5

and 5.32.

7.4.

c'iwinye'^n 'he
(w)-yin'^,

came

to stand'.

transitional

Animate 3rd person perfective of theme derived from stative neuter si-yen

'(one)
7.5.
rfa/;

is

standing'.

'somebody or another' < ^anlVo'^ 'somebody', indefi-Wo"^, inanimate pronoun (< dan-, animate pronoun stem -oW, evidential enclitic (apparently a definite pro-form formant) variant of the particle xoW) used with indefinite pronouns to indicate unfamiliarity or doubt (i.e., 'somebody (but I don't know who)').
nite
-i-i-

Wo '^-oW

7.6. 7.7. 7.8.

c'i-

<

c'i-

by assimilation.

See note 3.18.

yehc'o-ya^ 'he should come in!' < yeh=c'-o--ya'^, animate 3rd person optative of yeh=(w)-ya-W/ya- '(one person) goes in'. This theme has a distinct optative stem variant.

7.9.

yehnindilin 'they are scattered in (to Hoopa Valley, along the < yeh=nin-diriver)', literally 'they have themselves flowing in' lin, from the neuter theme nin-d-lin '(several) have themselves flowing', mediopassive of the extension neuter nin-lin '(water) flows' (< ni-win-, see note 62.109).

7.10.

yaw,
7.11.

"^andiyah 'you do so' < "^a'-n-di-yaw, 2nd person singular of '^a-=d'^a-=t'e-n 'do suppletive perfective theme of so' (optative/customary '^a-=niw).

water while swimming' < 'it came to hover in the dah=we-s-le-l-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of the derived transitional theme of the progressive neuter dah=wi-lei 'hover while

dahwehslel

swimming, suspend swimming'.

Progressive neuter themes have

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

555

stative subthemes marked by the adverbial modifier dah= 'above, on top' that refer to a suspension of motion or hovering in one

place.

7.12.

7.13.

Animate 3rd person perfective of (unmarked) inanimate 3rd person indirect object. (See notes 3.17 and 3.18). xoharj-Uyiya-d 'woman who has miscarried a child' < xo-k>an 'htv abdomen, womb' + U>i-ya-d 'it is hurt, wounded', impersonal
'^ahic'ide-ne'^ 'he

spoke so to

it'.

'^a-+P-t+di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'speak so to P', with

neuter.

7.14.

Sam Brown
eats you'.
A2aAic?///w

felt that this

should have been nic'iwirjyarf-de"^

'if

she

7.15.

'it returned there swimming' < A2=n/Ai-<i/-//vi', inanimate 3rd person perfective of ni-(n)-liw '(fish) arrives swimming (under water)', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..-d-). The conjunct prefix of the adverbial modifier ni- 'approaching, arriving' is fused with the perfective prefix nin- in perfective forms, and the contraction of na-=nin- to nan- is regular before <i-classifier.

7.16.

ma'-dahna'wehslei

'(the First

Salmon) came

to

hover (swimming)

again near the surface for that' < m-a- 'for the benefit of, on behalf of (the other salmon)' (see notes 5.26 and 57.5) + dah-na-=we-slei 'it came to hover (swimming) again', from dah=(we-s)-le-l (see note 7.11) with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

8.1. 8.2.

See note

6.5.

dehsmirj '(the basket-hopper) was full (of acorns)' animate 3rd person of neuter de--s-min 'be full'
na-na^Ryine'^H'^a'^ 'she (customarily) lays (the pestle)

< de-s-min,

in-

8.3.

back crosswise' animate 3rd person customary (with iterative/reversative modifier, na-=) of na-=Icyi-ni-(w)-i-'^a'^ 'lay something crosswise', causative of the extension neuter {na-=)Uyi-

<

na--na-=c'i-U.n-ni-'^i-l-'^aP,

nin-'^a- '(a

single thing) lies crosswise'.

8.4.

xoiicay 'whiteness of dawn' < xo-U-cay-i 'the place that is white', relative form of descriptive neuter ii-cay 'be white' with xo-, arealsituational thematic prefix
me'^iixiw 'she (customarily) finishes'

8.5.

<

m-e-=c'i-'^i-i-xiw-i,

animate

3rd person customary of P-e-=(n)-i-xiwlxe'^ 'finish with P, catch up with P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object. This derivation is thematic; the implied underlying directional theme {A-i-xiw/xe"^) does not exist in modern Hupa.
8.6.
saPe'^ide'^n 'they all
din'^-i,

(customarily) go off to a distance'

<

sah=c'i-'^i-

animate 3rd person customary of sah=(w)-din'^ '(several) go off to a distance'. Note the use of a personal subject here.

(Compare note
8.7.
8.8.

5.43).

See note 2.15.

ya--n=c'i-xi-'^i-ne-W-i,

xowayarj'^xe'^ineW 'he (customarily) talks about them' < xo-waanimate 3rd person customary of P-wan=xi(w)-ne-W (animate 3rd person theme of P-\i'a-n=xi-ni-(w)-ye-W 'speak about P' ), with animate 3rd person indirect object and plural

556

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California Linguistics

8.9.

The postpositional adverbial prefix P-wan= 'about P' iya-=). combines with other prefixes in a complex manner, as do all disjunct prefixes of the shape CVn= (see notes 2.31 and 4.29). < c'e=c'i-xi-'^i-neWc'e'^xe'^ineW 'he (customarily) finishes talking' i, animate 3rd person customary of c'e-=xi-(n)-ne-W 'finish talking' (animate 3rd person theme), literally 'talk out', an idiomatic use of
the adverbial modifier c'e-=(n) 'out of (the house, an enclosure)'.
is always slipping back down to that point' no-na=yi-Uyi-wi-i-t'ol-i, obviative 3rd person progressive of down to that point', with ^W- indefinite 3rd no-=0-(n)-i-t'ow 'slip person object and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). The exact meaning of this word is obscure, as not infrequently is the case with terms found in prayers and invocations. The directional theme A-0i-t'ow is most frequently used to refer to slipping in and out of clothing. For the use of the obviative, see notes 1.55 and 3.13.

8.10.

no-nayRyiwHt'ol '(fog)

<

8.1

1.

xonsei-^i 'slightly warm (wind)' hot' +j/, diminutive enclitic.

< xo-ni-sel-i 'weather,

air that

is

8.12.

xoda-na-lcyiwesinc'e'^ 'you (wind) start to

blow down back'

<

xo-

da--na=Uyi-wesi-n-c'e'^, 2nd person singular perfective of xowith iterada-=Uyi-(we-s)-c'e'^ '(wind) starts to blow downhill', Transitional (with indefinite 3rd tive/reversative modifier (na-=). person subject /:>/-) of the extension neuter xo-da-=win-c'e- '(wind) blows downhill'.

8.13.

'they will (customarily) eat in a group'. Note the heavy form of the stem before the future enclitic -te\ which usually follows the light stem form. Verbs in the customary aspect, however, always have a heavy stem form.
na'^de'^ilc'^a'^n-te-

8.14.

do-

yo"^,

'I don't like it' < do\ negative proclitic + we-s-e--lperson singular perfective of 0-(we-s)-l-yo'^ 'like, love, deThe phonology of the sire O', with inanimate 3rd person object. subject and mode-aspect prefixes is complex but regular.

we-syo"^
1st

8.15.

mind it!', literally 'no minding it!' miqeh-nad'^a'^ 'paying frame for prohibitive phrase attention to it, heeding it' (see note 5.56) < mi-q'eh 'along, folna-=wi-d-'^a'^ 'carrying something around', gerund lowing it' from na-=0-(s)-'^a-Pa'^ 'carry (a round object) around'.
do-

miq'eh

na-d'^a'^i-heh 'do not

<

do-...-heh,

-i-

-I-

8.16.

do so to you' < "^a^nZ-^-V/i-/, inanimate 3rd person imperfective, with 2nd person singular object, of '^a-=0-i-'^en, the imperfective theme of '^a-=0-i-'^e-n/law/liw 'treat O so'. For shortening of '^a-- see note 3.18. The inanimate 3rd person subject is kyiwinya'^nya-n 'people' in a collective sense (see note 5.22).
'^anii'^en 'they

8.17.

yohic'id 'they (who) know'. The animate 3rd person obviative subject refers to kyiwinya'^nya-n 'people' in a collective sense.
Wida'^-q'eh
na-narj'^a-

8.18.
8.19.

'(you) heed

my

words (again)!'

(see notes

5.56 and 8.15).

Wexolyan
knows

'I

understand,

am

sensible'.

Neuter P-e-=xo-l-ya-n 'P

things, has sense, understanding' with 1st person singular in-

direct object.

Hupa
8.20.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

557
proclitic

do- naxodile- '(sickness) goes away!'

< do\ negative

,

na-=xo--di-le\ imperfective of na-=xo--(s)-d-lethis idiom. Derivation unknown.

8.21.
'^a-na-didiwinc'^id 'you

occurring only in

(sickness) let go of yourself again, release yourself < '^a-na-=di-di-win-n-c''id, 2nd person singular perfective of na-=0-di-(w)-c''id 'let go of O', with reflexive object

C^a-di-).

9.1. 9.2.

See note 4.34.

mino-tj'^ay-dirj 'alongside

of (the UyixinayY < mi-no-rj'^ay-dirj, postposition with inanimate 3rd person object (< no-=nin-'^a-i 'what extends to there', relative form of extension neuter -i- din 'at that place').
na-ya?tehidic'^e-n 'they

9.3.

'they

grew back up'

came into existence (in myth times)', literally < na--ya-=c'i-te--s-l-di-c''e-n-i, animate 3rd

person perfective of ti-{s)-l-c'"e-n 'grow', with plural {ya-=) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..-d-). The iterative/reversative modifier with is used idiomatically to refer to the coming into existence of the U>ixinay, other supernatural beings, and features of the prehuman world. Note that the subject of this verb is animate 3rd person, presumably because it refers to specific miy beings, while the subject of the verb in the dependent clause {nanande-K) is inanimate 3rd person, referring to the Ryixinay collectively. In the following sentence the same distinction is made in reverse syntactic order: the main verb (tayahsyay '[the k>'ixinay] moved away') is inanimate 3rd person (note 9.5), while the verb of the dependent clause {do'-ya^niwinWo'^n '[the miy-btrngs] became evil') is animate 3rd person (note 9.6).

9.4.

do--niWo-n '(what is) evil, unlucky' < do-, negative proclitic + niWon-i 'what is good', inanimate 3rd person of descriptive neuter. This construction, with do-- proclitic and forming a compound lexeme, must be distinguished from the phrase do- niWon 'it is not good, it is bad'.

9.5.

moved away' < ra->'a-=5->'a-/, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ta-=(s)-ya-W/ya- '(a group) disperses', with plural (ya-=). Idiomatic use of directional A-ya-W/ya(one person) goes' with adverbial modifier ta-=(s) '(breaking) into pieces'.
ra7<3/i5>'a}' 'they
'

9.6.

do'-ya'^niwiijWo'^ni 'they

became

evil'

< do-+ya-=c'i-ni-win-Won'^-i,

animate 3rd person perfective of do-+ni-(w)-Won'^ 'come to be evil, unlucky', with plural (ya-=). Transitional of neutQT do-+ni-Wo-n 'be evil, unlucky' (see note 9.4).
9.7.
c'ite-te-yay

'each went off to a separate place'

<

c'i-te--te--s-ya--i,

animate 3rd person perfective of ti-isj-ya-W/ya- '(one person) goes off, with distributive modifier {te-- < ti-). In the perfective forms of themes with distributive modifier, the zero allomorph of sperfective
is

employed
te--

rather

than

the

-.s-allomorph
that both

(compare
//-

c'itehsyay 'he

went off, not

*c'ite-yay).

Note

prefixes

are lengthened to

(see note 2.25).

558
9.8.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

winda'^ '(miy-being) took a seat, came to stay', inanimate 3rd person perfective of (w)-da'^ '(one person) takes a seat, comes to stay'. Transitional of stative neuter si-da- '(one) sits, stays'.

9.9.

we'dd^

'I

come
'it

to stay',

1st

person singular perfective of (w)-da'^

(note 9.8).

9.10.

does so, it happens' < '^a-=h-di-yaw, irregular inaniperson of '^a-=d-yaw, suppletive perfective theme of All other forms of '^a-=d-yaw are '^a=t'en 'do so' (see note 7.10). regularly formed, but the inanimate 3rd person has an unexplained h- before the c^-classifier. (Note also "^a-nahdiyah 'it does so again,
'^ahdiyah mate 3rd

9.1

1.

do-niWon "^ahdiyah 'there is a death', literhappens again'). Euphemisms of this type ally 'something evil, unlucky happens'. abound in Hupa. xowirjq'ac' '(weather) gets cold'. Inanimate 3rd person perfective of
it

the transitional of the neuter xo-s-q'ac' '(weather) areal-situational thematic prefix.

is

cold', with xo-

9.12. 9.13.

See note For

'^a-^ant'e-

4.3.

'^a-'^ant'e-

'he
is

is

so' see note 1.20.

The phrase
is

hayiq' '^anfe-

"^aif

being that way' (i.e., 'he taken as the direct quotation of what the
'he

of that sort') is to be man thinks (or does not

is

think).

9.14. 9.15.

'^a'de-y

'one's
P',

owned by

own possession' < P-ey 'P's possesion, what with reflexive possessor (^a--di-).
some way' <
daxo-'^

daxo-'^-qi 'in

'somehow'

(contracted

from

dax*'e-, adverbial pro-form stem

-Wo"^, indefinite

pro-form for-

mant)
9.16.

-i-

q'i 'in

such a way'.
so', variant of'^a-'^ant'e- (see line

7 and note 1.20). daxo'^q' '^a-c'int'e- 'he is in mourning', literally 'he is in a certain way'. Another circumloquotion to avoid the direct mention of death (note 9.10).
'^a-c'int'e-

'he

is

9.17.

This and the verb in the "then" clause following are in the progressive aspect: "Every time he goes by I will go out, again and again." Similarly in lines 9 and 10.
na-widi^ 'whirlwind',
literally

9.18. 9.19.

'what

is

twisted around'.

Passive of

na=0-(s}-di5

'twist

around'.

nawidilii 'it always snows' < na-=wi-dilil, progressive of the impersonal theme na-=(w)-dil/de-K 'snow falls', literally '(several inanimate entities) come down'.

9.20.

Note the

shift to

inanimate 3rd person subject (and object) with

lc>iwinya'^nya-n in the collective sense of "people".

9.21.
9.22. 9.23.

do-wile- 'weak', literally 'unsatisfied, poor, weak (with hunger)' wi-le- 'filled (with food), satisfied'. do-, negative proclitic
-i-

<

tiwiWdilii 'I throw (snow, hail) again and again'. 1st person singular progressive of ti-(s)-l-dil/de-K 'throw (berries, small particles)'. c'ediceh wiWc''e-li-t 'I always make (blood) reach out' < c'e-=diced 'it reaches out, shoves itself out', inanimate 3rd person imperfective of mediopassive c'e-=(n)-d-Ge-d 'shove oneself out (of an en-

Hupa
closure)'

Texts: Linguistic Notes

559

+ wi-W-i-c'^eiil 'I make it again and again', 1st person singular progressive of 0-(s}-i-c'''e-/cHnP 'make O', with inanimate 3rd person object. The progressive stem of this theme is usually -// is frequently -&^e-l, but a variant with a (redundant) stem-suffix
used as well.

9.24.

< mi-kyan-sa7an-i, inalienably mik>ansa^a-n '(people's) hearts' possessed noun with inanimate 3rd person possessor (< P-ha-n 'P's
mind, heart, insides'
lies').

(proclitic

noun) +

si-'^a-n

'(a

round object)

9.25.

< xo-, animate 3rd person possessor + xono-na-wice'^ 'his door' no--na-=wi-d-ce--i 'door', literally 'what has been shoved back to modifier {na-=), of iterative/re versative passive, with there', + -(ip, possessed no-=(n)-ce- 'point, shove (stick) to that point' The door of a traditional semi-subterranean livnoun formant. ing house (xontah) is a plank that is slid up and down behind a circular opening.

9.26.

naPte'^ice'^ 'he

(customarily) opens the door', literally 'he shoves the (board covering the entrance) back' < na-=c'i-ti-'^i-ce'^, animate 3rd person customary of 0-ti-(s)-ce- (optative/customary stem -ce'^) 'point, shove (stick) off, with iterative/re versative modifier (na-=) and unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.

9.27.

'something(customarily) comes to blow out (of an enclo< c'e-=Uyi-'^i-c'e^, indefinite 3rd person customary oic'e-=(we-s)-c'e'^ '(wind) comes to blow out'. Transitional of extension neuter c'e-=win-c'e- 'wind blows out'.
c'e-lcyeVc'e'^

sure) like a wind'

10.1.

kyinaPUyiida- 'she has her first menstruation'

da\ animate 3rd person imperfective of

'have
one's
first

kyin

< kyin + na-=c'i-kyi-i+ na-=Uyi-(w)-i-da-/da?

menstruation',

theme with

proclitic kyin 'stick'.

a synchronically unanalyzable Comparative evidence points to a

derivation from a Pre-Hupa phrase *A;a/t -i- na=0-i-da 'have O sitting, staying in a hut {^kdn)\ referring to the widespread practice of menstrual seclusion. In California and Oregon Athabaskan the fossilized proclitic noun was apparently reinterpreted as *^>'aA2 'stick' (> Hupa kyin), possibly because of the use of a stick to beat time in the Girls' Puberty Dance of that area. The original phonology of the
proclitic is retained in

Navajo kinaalda.

10.2.

c'iswahi 'they beat time (with stick, rattle)' < c'i-s-wai, animate 3rd person perfective of (s)-i-wa-l 'beat time (with stick, rattle)'. This theme specifically refers to the beating of time with split-stick rattles
at the

Flower Dance.
taq'a-din-tah 'sometimes twice ... or three times'. ... form of the postposition P-taw 'at, among P' is often used

10.3.

nah-din-tah

The

light

as an enclitic in the sense "also, as well", or

when

repeated as here,

"either
10.4.

...

or".
'it

(See note 1.10).

for her, a

x'^ey'^Hxo?

dawns

day passes for her'

<

xo-e-=yi-'^i-i-

xa?,

inanimate 3rd person customary of P-e=yi-(s)-i-xa/xa-n 'it dawns, daylight comes for P', with animate 3rd person indirect ob-

560
ject (xo-)
is

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
{-xa'^).

and customary/optative stem variant

The

prefix yi-

thematic.

10.5.

kyinahidarj 'girl having first menstruation'. Historically < kyin + na--t-da- 'she is having her first menstruation' (see note 10.1) + -n 'person', but synchronically fossilized.

10.6.

ya-=c'i-xO''^i-f-da'^-i,

(customarily) sit her down, seat her' < noanimate 3rd person customary of no-=0-(n)-ida'^ 'sit O down', with animate 3rd person object {xo-} and plural {ya'=). Causative, with adverbial modifier no-=(n) 'down, to a certain poinr', of stative neuter si-da- '(one person) sits, stays'.
noya'^x'^e'^iida'^ 'they

10.7.

(customarily) put a cover (over her head)' < animate 3rd person customary of c'e-=kyi-{n)-ixaf 'cause (a fabric) to lie as a cover, coming out (from somewhere)'. Causative, with adverbial modifier c'e-=(n) 'out (of an enclosure)', from neuter Uyi-ni-xaf '(fabric) lies stretched, as a cover' (see note 5.36). The semantics of the adverbial modifier in this formation is not clear.
c'e^Uye'^Hxat' 'they
c'e-=c'i-lcyi-'^i-i-xat',

10.8.

ya-UyiwilUyil 'fringes',

literally

'what has been ripped to pieces'.

tear,
split

Passive of ya-=lcyi-(s)-l-lcyil
pieces'.

'rip,

something

up

into

10.9.

See note
na-Ka'^

1.31.

10.10.

'backwards' < na--, iterative/reversative + AV '(to the) rear', adverbial stem derived from P-Ka"^ 'P's buttocks', i.e., 'to the rear again'. (See note 1.34).
'to

10.11.

xo'^^i-c''irp

the right'

<

xo'^^i

'correct(ly),

(manner)'
10.12.

P-c'm"^ 'toward, in that direction'.

(in an) authentic (See note 25.13.)

mina'-lcyisa'^a'^aw

'she (customarily) sings, going in a full circle around it' < mi-na- + (c'i-)lcyi-si-'^i-'^aw-i, animate 3rd person customary of the theme Ryi-'^aw 'sing (in general)' with the derivational string P-nasi-{s) 'moving clear around ?'.
-f-

10.13.

mina'^se'^ina-W 'she (customarily) goes in a full circle around

it'

<

mi-na- + c'i-si-V-na-W-i, animate 3rd person customary of P-na--\-si(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one person) goes in a full circle around ?'. See notes 10.12 and 10.50.

10.14.

back on (the girl)' < P-e--na-=c'ianimate 3rd person customary of P-e-=Uyi-(s)Ko-W/Kori^ 'tie (something) to P, put a dress on P', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). The passage (See note 1.2). from here through hay Koh-kya^ hijid in line 10 was added after the text was first dictated. (Notebook IV, p. 25 and 25a.)
x''e-na'^lcye'^iKo-W 'she ties (skirt)

Uyi-'^i-Ko-W-i,

10.15.

xohkyidi-xoh

'in
-i-

seven places'

<

xohUy'idi

'seven'

(Sapir writes

xoWUyid here)
clitic

xoh

'in

(some number) of places', locative en-

used only with numerals.

10.16.

xokya-na'^aikyo-s 'they (customarily) take (skirt) off of her again'

xo-lcya--na-=c'i-'^i-l-kyos-i,

< customary of P-lcya-=0-(n)-i-kyo-s 'take (a blanket, fabric) away from P', with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-), inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked), and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

Hupa
10.17.
miq'id-UyiKoy 'hazel
(baskets)'
/

Texts: Linguistic Notes

sticks',
it'

561
on which one weaves weaves (baskets)' +

literally

'that

< mi-qid 'on

+
in

(c'i-)hi-Xo- 'one

'that (on)

which', relative enclitic.

the
e-y 'there, at that place'

10.18.

xiXe'^-e-y-mH 'at midnight,

'night'

middle of the night' + mil 'with, when,

<
after',

xiXe'^
i.e.,

10.19.
10.20.

'when it is deepest See note 1.45.

te'c'-i,

night'.

ya7nitite-c' 'they all lie

down

(in different places)'

<

ya-=c'i-ni-ti-

lie

animate 3rd person imperfective of ni-(s)-te-c' '(two or more) down, go to bed', with distributive modifier (ti-) and plural

(ya-=).

10.21. 10.22. 10.23.

See note 1.8. hay kyina-lcn-ida--dan'^ 'since (the time) that she first menstruated'. ceiin 'blood, red' + wilc'^e-n 'it has been made', passive of 0-(s)-ic'^e-n 'make O', i.e., 'it has been made into blood, it has been made
red-colored'.

10.24. 10.25.

The phrase from

cehna-wiKor)

xoje-'^-mic'iij'^ to the

the original dictation of the text.

'(hair)
is

end of the line was added (Notebook IV, p. 27-27a).

(again)'.

after

braided

Passive

of

ceh=(s)-

KoW/Kon'^
fier

'braid (someone's) hair', with iterative/reversative

modi-

(na-=) and special passive stem variant (-Ko-n). The etymology of the thematic prefix is obscure; it is presumably not to be identified with the adverbial modifier ceh=(w) '(peeling) off and may be connected with the (bound) noun stem ce- 'head'. The theme refers to tying the hair in two braids, one on each side of the head.
10.26.
mina-Uyiwilt'iUy (beads, ornaments) are strung around it'. Passive of P-na-=0-(w)-i-t'ilcy 'cause to extend in a line around P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-) and kyi- indefinite 3rd per-

son object. Causative of extension neuter P-na-=s-t'iUy tends around P'.

10.27.
xoGeA:>7/2'^ 'her ankle'

'a line

ex-

< xo-, animate 3rd person possessor ce-, unanalyzable element, presumably from an old stem meaning 'leg' + P-kyin(ip 'P's base'. Compare xolaPkyine'^ 'her wrist' in line 22
-i-

10.28.

< xo-la^-kyini-'^ 'her-hand-base'. wan-naMcis 'it hangs from it' < (mi-)wan 'from

it', postposition with inanimate 3rd person object (for zero allomorph of mi- see 1.46) + na-=i-cis 'it is hanging', impersonal neuter.

10.29. 10.30.

Customary form.

(See note

1.8.)

yixonte'^iyo-d 'they (children) (customarily) chase her along'

xo-n-ti-'^i-yo'd, obviative 3rd

<

yi-

person customary of P-ne--ti-(s)-yod 'chase P along, pursue P', with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-). The conjunct postpositional prefix P-ne- (reduced to P-nbefore ti-) is part of the theme P-ne-yod 'hunt, chase P', not an adverbial modifier.

10.31.

xoy'^iixa'^.

Phonetic variant of

x'^ey'^iixa'^

(see note 10.4).

562
10.32.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

yeVixa"^ c'iiwahi-xo-mi-t 'after they Flower Dance for two nah-dirj days', literally, 'after it dawns twice, with them doing the Flower Dance'. (See note 2.4).
'^e^a'^a'^ 'they (customarily) come to lie' < ^i-'^a'^, inanimate 3rd person customary of fwj-'^a'^ '(a round object) comes to lie', the transitional theme of stative neuter si-'^an '(a round object) lies'. A functionless initial syllable is phonologically generated in the inanimate 3rd person imperfective of this theme ('^e'^a'^ < '^a'^) to avoid a monosyllabic surface form (see note 7.2), and the customary is morphologically derived from the imperfective.

10.33.

10.34.

be lined joined together (in a circle) animate 3rd person customary of i-ena-=(w)-t'ilc> 'come to be lined up in a circle'. Transitional of the For lextension neuter i-e--na-=win-t'iUy 'be lined up in a circle'. e--na-= '(coming) back together, completing a circle' see note 2.14.
ie-na'^at'ik>

'they

come

to

again'

<

i-e--na-=c'i-'^i-t'ik\

10.35.

no-ya'^alcil 'they (customarily) squat

'^i-l-cil,

down

to there'

< no--ya=c'i-

animate 3rd person customary of no-=(n)-l-cil 'squat down The theme is directional A-l-cil to that place', with plural (ya-=).
(non-directional na-=(s)-l-cil) 'squat'.

10.36. 10.37.

Collective plural (see note 1.2).

yehc'iwina-Wil '(the ta'^UnmH-dirj people) come in repeatedly'. Note that the directional theme A-ya-Wlya '(one person) goes' is used idiomatically for a group of dancers entering or leaving a danceground (see note 1.7).
c'e-Uyirjxaf

10.38.

<

c'e-=Uyi-ni-xat' '(fabric) lies stretched out, as a cover',

t'e"^ 'blanket' is in apposition to the phrase 'which had been hanging over the head of

neuter (see note 10.8).

hay
10.39.

...

c'e'Uyirjxat'-ne^in

the kyinahidarj'.

xowan'^de'^Hkyo-s 'they take (blanket) off of her'

'^i-i-kyos-i,

< xo-wa-n=c'i-di-

animate 3rd person customary of P-wa-n=di-{w)-i-kyo-s 'remove (fabric) from P'. (See note 2.31).
c'e-na'^aiwa-l

10.40.

(customarily) come back out of the Flower time with sticks back out (of the dance< c'e--na-=c'i-'^i-i-wa-l-i, animate 3rd person customary of c'e-=(n)-t-wai 'come out of the Flower Dance', with iterative/re versative modifier (na-=).
'they

Dance', house)'

literally 'they beat

10.41.
10.42.

hay Wim-mii 'with the song'.

Assimilated from Win+mii.

Animate 3rd person no'^wa'^aWil 'they quit singing (repeatedly)'. progressive of no-=(n)-'^aWPa-n 'end (a song)', literally 'put (a
round object) down
to there'.

See note 3.16.

10.43.

Anisticks) back up'. mate 3rd person progressive of ya-=(w)-i-'^e-X 'cause (several things) to extend up into the air', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). Causative of the extension neuter ya=win-'^eK '(several things) extend up into the air' 10.44. xowana'^a'^aW 'they (customarily) give (the dance) back to them' < P-wa--na-=c'i-'^i-'^aW-i, animate 3rd person customary of P-wa=0(n)-'^aWPa-n 'give (a round object) to P', with inanimate 3rd person
ya-na'^wii'^e-Xil 'they (repeatedly) raise (the

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

563

object (unmarked), animate 3rd person indirect object {xo-}, and iterative/re versative modifier {na-=). The phrase from here to Ryixinay was added after the text was first dictated. (Notebook IV, p. 35-35a).

10.45.

See note

1.52.
line

10.46.
10.47.

The passage from here to the end of was first dictated. (Notebook IV, p.
x'''a--na-na'^aloy'^ 'they

50 was added after the text

her hair (with hair-ties)' <

35, 36a).
tie

(customarily)

xo-a- 'for her'

na--na-=c'i-'^i-loy'^-i,

of na-=(s)-loy'^
{na-=).

'tie

animate 3rd person customary (hair) around', with iterative/reversative modifier

10.48.

with string strung along in her hair' < czY'hair tie' ( > ce'^- when followed by a consonant; see note 1.37) + m^-^' 'inside it' + nin=t'iUy 'it extends there in a line', extension neuter.
ce'^meq'inint'iUy '(tied)

10.49.

xona-di-na-yaPteMde'^i^ 'they run along with (the k>'inaMdarjy < xo-na-di 'around her' + na--ya-=c'i-te--s-i-di-'^ij, animate 3rd person perfective of the fossilized derivation na-=ti-(s)-l-d-'^i3 'run (back and forth?)', with plural (ya-=). This is a ceremonial term, which Sam Brown found obscure. It appears to be an iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..-d-) from a rarely-occurring directional theme A-l-'^ij 'run', with adverbial modifier ti-(s) 'off, along'. Other likely instances of this theme are ta'=(win'^)-l-'^i^ 'swim in the river' (< 'run into the water' ?) and P-n=ti-(s)-'^i^ 'pull at P, spend effort on P' (< 'run at P' ?). Note also na-=(s}-i-'^i^ 'run around', which functions as the non-directional theme matching directional

A-l-da-W
10.50.

'run'.

walk up to it' < ya-=c'i-ni-'^i-n-dil, animate 3rd person customary of ni-(n}-dil/de-K '(two or more) arrive there', with plural {ya-=). The 3rd person non-perfective forms of the two basic intransitive directional themes of motion have an unexplained n- prefix in immediate pre-stem position. In AyaWlya- '(one) goes' this prefix fuses with the stem {-n-ya-W > -na-W)\ in A-dilldeK '(two or more) go' it remains separate.
ya^ne'^indil 'they (customarily)
na^de-'^ilyaP 'they (customarily)

10.51.

come

to stand'

<

na-=c'i-de-'^i-l-

yaP, animate 3rd person

more) come
ya- '(two or

to stand'.

customary of na=de--(w}-l-ya^ '(two or Transitional of stative neuter na=de-si-l(See note 2.55.)

more) are standing'.

10.52.

dahna-xode'^a'^aW 'they run on back' < dah-na-=xo-di-'^i-'^aW, inanimate 3rd person of dah=xo--di-(w)-'^aWPa-n '(several) run on further' with iterative/reversative modifier. The adverbial modifier dah=di-(w) 'off away', which incorporates the directional particle dah 'up, above', indicates that the motion is incrementally extended (e.g., 'run a little further', see note 10.63); when combined with an iterative/reversative modifier it indicates that the motion turns back to the starting point (e.g., 'draw away, head back home'). The underlying theme is xo--'^aWPa-n '(several) run, leap', which is always inflected for 3rd person subject with the unmarked inanimate (see
note 2.23).

564
10.53.

XIV Northwest
no-na-ya'^aldito'^n 'they
'^i-l-di-ton'^-i,

California Linguistics

(cusiomanly) iump back' < no--na-ya-=c'icustomary of no-=(n)-l-ton^ 'jump to that place', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..-d-) and plural (ya-=).

10.54.

ie-ya'^U>e'^ihnat' 'they

< i-e-ya-=c'i-lc>i-'^i-l-mat', clap their hands' animate 3rd person customary of P-e-=lcyi-(w)-i-mat' 'slap (hand) against P', with reciprocal indirect object (nii- reduced to i-) and
plural (ya-=).

10.55.

io'^-c'iic'^e-

'she laughs'

<

^o'^

'laughter'

c'i-i-c''e-

'she

animate 3rd person imperfective of Hupa idiom for 'laugh'.

10.56.

0-l-c''e-

'make O'.

makes it', The usual

^oMdi^ni '(her face) might get wrinkled' < '^-o'-i-di^ni, inanimate 3rd person potential of (wj-i-di^ 'get wrinkled', transitional of
neuter ni-i-di;^ 'be wrinkled'. The potential mode is formed with the stem suffix -/?/, together with the potential modal prefix ni- in 1st and 2nd person forms and o- (the optative modal prefix) in 3rd The semantic focus is basically monitory, e.g.: person forms. '(don't do that) lest it get wrinkled' or '(should that happen) it

might get wrinkled'.

10.57.

See note

1.48.

10.58.

< dah dah-naywehsknl 'fog still hangs on top in one place' 'above, on top' + na-=yi-we-s-i-kyil '(cloud, smoke) has come to

move

around', inanimate 3rd person perfective of the transitional theme of progressive neuter na-=yi-wi-i-kyil '(cloud, smoke) is moving along'. (See note 3.13).
10.59.

wayninde'^iW 'you are able to see through it' < (mi-)wa--y=ni-n-di2nd person singular perfective of P-wa--y=(n)-d-'^iW 'look through P'. From the directional theme A-d-'^iW 'look, notice', apparently with adverbial modifier P-wa-y= '(moving) off beyond Bases with this modifier usually take w-perfective, and the P'. modifier may be P-wa-=(n) 'to, through P' with an unexplained -y-. For the zero allomorph of the inanimate 3rd person indirect object
"^iW,

(mi-) see note 1.46.

10.60.
10.61.

haya--c'itj'^

'to

that place'

<

haya--,

combining form of hayah

'there, at that place'

P-c'in'^

'toward P'.

See note

10.7.

10.62.

xowa-nan'^de'^iliW 'they (customarily) take (the dress) off her again' < xo-wa--na--n=c'i-di-'^i-liW, animate 3rd person customary of Pwa-n=0-d-(w)-liW 'remove O from P', with iterative/reversative modifier, inanimate 3rd person object, and animate 3rd person indiNote the infixation of the iterative/reversative prefix rect object.

{na-=) into the disjunct prefix of the adverbial modifier P-wa-n=(w) 'about P, from P'. This is a regular process with disjunct prefixes of the shape CVn= (see note 8.8).
10.63.
10.64.
dahc'ide'^iliad 'he

(customarily)

runs

on

(further)'.

(See note
at

10.52).

mida-q'id
place)'

the river-edge of (that place), on the bank mi-, inanimate 3rd person possessor + P-da-, ing form of P-da"^ 'P's mouth, lips' -i- P-q'id 'on top of P'.
'at

(that

<

combin-

Hupa
10.65.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

565

naynah-c'irj 'back from upriver' < na-, iterative/reversative prefix + yi-nah-, combining form of yi-nac 'upstream' + P-c'in 'coming from tliat direction'. See also note 68.41.
na^aice-l 'she (customarily)
cei-i, animate 3rci person

10.66.

warms them (back)

up'

<

na-=c'i-'^i-i-

customary of 0-(w)-l-cei 'cause

initial

to

be

warm', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). neuter si-se-l 'be warm', with affrication of stem
classifier.

Causative of
after i-

10.67.

over, stumbles' < no-=c'i-kyi-i-wal-i, animate 3rd person imperfective of no-=lcyi-(n)-i-wal/wa-K 'fall by stumbling against something', literally 'throw (something) down' (with lc>i- indefinite 3rd person object).
no'^lc>i-iwal 'she falls

10.68.

See note 5.19.

'the way of doing it, the custom concerning it' < miinanimate 3rd person possessor + '^a-=wi-niw-i 'way of doing, procedure', verbal noun (gerund) from the theme '^a-=t'e-n 'do so' (see note 1.49) + -(ip possessed noun formant.

10.69.

ma'^awm/w'?
,

11.1.

for ninis'^a-n. Proclitic ai//2- (< nm'^ 'ground') in nin-yiw 'underground' is often weakened to yin- or "^in-. This is probably also the explanation for the variation in the prefix '^i-na-= (or ni-na-=) '(get) up (from lying)' (see note 2.27).
'^inis'^a-n "-world",

this

form and

in

11.2. 11.3.

See note
'recently'

9.3.

11.4.

11.5.

'young man, adolescent male after puberty' < q'an 'who has been growing', relative form of animate 3rd person of progressive neuter wi-l-c'Hl 'be growing, increasing' (compare the directional active theme A-l-c'^e-n 'grow, increase (in some way)', see notes 4.1 and 15.26). xoi-na?winya^ 'she married him' < jco-^ 'with him' + na'=c'i-winyaP 'she began to be around, live somewhere', animate 3rd person perfective of na-=(w)-ya-lyaP '(one) begins to be around, takes up residence' (inceptive derivation from the non-directional theme na-=(s)-ya-/ya^ '(one) is around, goes around'). (See note 4.34). ya-xohsle'^ 'they had (children)', literally '(their children) came to be numerous' < ya-=xo--s-le'^, inanimate 3rd person perfective of xo(s)-liw/le'^ 'become numerous, abundant', with plural {ya-=). Transitional (inceptive) theme from neuter xo-le-n 'be plentiful, numerous'. Note the use of inanimate 3rd person subject with mi^e-'^edin 'child' here and t'ehxij '(little) girl' in line 5, while animate 3rd person is used to refer to the grown-up girls in line 6.
q'an-c'iwilc'nl

c'i-wi-l-c'il-i

11.6.

ya'^winkya-w 'they got big', animate 3rd person perfective (with plural, ya-=) of (w)-k>a-w 'become big', transitional of neuter ni-ha-w 'be big'.

11.7. 11.8.

do'-hinaMdan-^
ya-xoqid
i.e.,

'girl just before puberty' < do-k>inoMdan 'girl before puberty', literally 'not (yet) kyinahidatj' + J/, diminutive.

nonaW ninyay '(woman) arrived to settle in on them', became the new (wife) in their house' < ya-xo-qid 'on top of them' no=ni-yaW-i '(to) settle down', inanimate 3rd per'she
-i-

566

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
'(one) goes to that place,

son imperfective of no-=ni-(n)-ya-W/yasettles

Note the use of an inanimate 3rd person imperfective as an infinitive. The inanimate 3rd person subject in ninyay '(the new wife) arrived' is apparently idiomatic in this phrase; the same construction occurs in line 20. For the unexpected ni- in no=ni-yaVi/-i, see note 26.6.
nin-ya--i '(she) arrived'.

down'

1.9.

hay-yow

'that

(woman)',

i.e.,

the original wife, not the

new

one.

11.10.
11.11. 11.12.

naya-teseX, contracted from naya-te-sde'^X, 1st person plural of na-=ti-(s)-dil/de-K '(two or more) start off back', with plural (ya-=).

See note

.46.

A2<7'^re-^/c"/w 'she cried

c"/w-/, animate

(while going) along back' < na=c'i-te-s-di3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-c'^iw 'cry (while moving) along', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..-d-).

11.13.

na-ya'^widil 'they were coming along', animate 3rd person of progressive neuter na=wi-dil '(two or more) are going along', with
plural (ya-=).

11.14.

'(moss) grew up again' (Sapir's short vowel in xa--na-=Jc>i-xo-wi-l-di-'^a'^, perfective of < xa-=(w)-l-'^a-Pa'^ '(plants, mushrooms) come up out of the ground, sprout up', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=), Ryi- indefinite Apparently a 3rd person subject, and xo- areal-situational prefix. transitional derivation from stative neuter si-la- '(several things) lie'.
.xana-lc>ixo-lda'^a'^

-xol-

is

an

error)

11.15.

< no-=n-oh-dil, 2nd person plural (pi.) sit down!' of no-=ni-(n)-dil/de-K '(two or more) go to that place, settle down' (idiom for '(two or more) sit down'). With the two basic intransitive directional themes of motion {A-ya-Wlya- '(one) goes' and Adil/de-K '(two or more) go') adverbial modifiers with Ai-perfective also have a conjunct prefix ni- in non-perfective forms (see also note 26.6).

nonohdii 'you

11.16.

11.17. 11.18.
11.19.

cooking rocks)', literally 'she put (a c'i win-'^an-i, round object) on top' < dah 'on top, above' animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(w)-'^aWPa-n 'put (a round obThe use of the ject) somewhere' with inanimate 3rd person object. directional theme A-O-'^aWPa-n 'handle (a round object)' rather than A-0-liW/la- 'handle (two or more objects)' is idiomatic in this expression. More than one rock is meant. ta'^l(>ime-K 'she stirred the acorn mush'. This is a perfective form, contracted from expected ta'^lc>iwime-K.
dah-c'iwirj'^a-n 'she heated (the
-i-

yaxoyeh

no'^niijxa-n 'he set (the filled baskets) under them'. the usual idiom for 'serve food'.
c'e'^te-lay

This

is

'he brought out (salmon) as well'

<

c'e-=c'i-te--s-la--i. ani-

mate 3rd person perfective of

c'e-=(n)-liW/la- 'take (several objects)

(For sout (of an enclosure)', with distributive modifier (ti-). The apparent function of the perfective with //-, see note 2.25). distributive in this form is to emphasize that this action was a separate serving of food from the servings of acorn mush and venison described in the preceding phrases.

Hupa
11.20.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

567

da-ydi-x'^-a-n^-mH 'from where is it (that you come)?' < day-di 'where?', interrogative locative pro-form (< da-y-, locative proform stem -I- -di, interrogative pro-form formant), -i- xo, locative enclitic + "^an^ 'it is', assertive enclitic + mii 'with, when, from'.

11.21.
1.22.

wohdil '(that) you (pi.) come', 2nd person plural of the progressive neuter wi-dil '(two or more) are going along'.
are going back' < na'-ya-=wi-d-dil-i, 1st person pluof the progressive neuter wi-dil '(two or more) are going along', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and plural {ya-=). The phonological compression is regular the 1st person plural subject marker (di-) is replaced by -e- (-y after CV--) before a stem with initial d- (see also notes 26.33 and 30.43).

nayaydil 'we

ral

11.23.

tirj-'^a-'^aic'^'o-n

'(a

woman) who was

+

very pretty'

<

tin

(proclitic particle)

'^a-=c'i-ni-i-c'''o-n-i, relative

form of the

'very' ani-

mate 3rd person of neuter '^a-=ni-i-c'^on 'be so beautiful, good', comparative form of descriptive neuter ni-Won 'be beautiful, good'. Note the affrication of the stem initial after ^-classifier (see
note 10.66).
1

1.24.

s-yo'd-i,

naPWintehsyo-di 'he has driven me (back) away' < na-=c'i-Wi-n-te-animate 3rd person perfective of P-ne--ti-(s)-yod 'chase off,away', with 1st person singular indirect object (Wi-) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). The underlying theme is P-ne'chase P, drive (an animal)'.

yod
11.25.

x'^'e-na-ya-lwe-K 'they

camped on

the

way home',

literally 'night fell

on them again'

xo-e-na--ya-=wi-l-we-K, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=(M')-l-willwe-K 'night falls on P' (idiom for 'P stays for the night'), with animate 3rd person indirect object {xo-}, plural {ya-=), and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). (See note
1.24).

<

11.26. 11.27.
1.28.

'^

ana7ado- 'oncQ

2igdAn'

Unanalyzable adverb.

c'ixoicis-te- 'he will see

object.
1

him', with animate 3rd person subject and In context this broadly means "we'll meet again some day."

c'inkya-w 'the older one', literally 'he

who

is big'.

Animate 3rd per-

son of neuter ni-k>'a-w 'be big'.

11.29.
kyina-Uyidilda-

(Sapir does not transcribe the final vowel here as long) 'we are menstruating for the first time', 1st person plural imperfective of k>i-na--liyi-(w)-l-da-ldaP 'be menstruating for the first time' (see note 10.1). Note the classifier shift {i > I) with the 1st

person plural inflection

1

{di-}.

1.30.

c'oMwahi

Flower Dance take place!', literally 'let them beat time (with a stick, rattle)!'. Animate 3rd person optative of is)-twai 'a Flower Dance takes place' (see note 10.2).
'let

the

11.31.

jco7zo/zc"'iW
ral

'you (pi.) fetch her' < xo-o-n-oh-c'^id, 2nd person pluimperfective of 0-o--ni-(w)-c'''id 'reach for O, fetch O', with animate 3rd person object.

11.32.

/^'^/:>7Jco/aw 'he

gathered (the people)' < ^-e-c7-/:'>'/-jcc-/aw-/, animate 3rd person imperfective of i-e-=kyi-0-(w)-law 'gather O together, collect O', with animate 3rd person object {xo-}. Uyi- is nei-

568

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
is

ther subject nor object, but

an element of the underlying theme,

Ryi-law 'gather, collect'.

11.33.

k'osos
1.23).

'(Little) Hummingbird' (myth figure) < q'osos 'hummingbird', with diminutive consonant shift {q'>k'). (See note

1.34.

hay na-lwe-K 'when

it

+ na-=wi-l-weK-i

'night fell again,

was evening again' < hay '(at) the (time that) it became dark again', inanimate
falls',

3rd person perfective of (w)-l-wil/we-K 'night

tive/reversative modifier (na-=).

with

itera-

11.35.
1.36.

c'iWxiy 'young man, youth'. Unanalyzable noun, 'baby boy' and P-W-xiy"^ 'P's boy, son'.

related to xi-xiy

iah-xo

...

nehwa-n

'just as though...' (see

note 4.8).

11.37.

ia'^ay-x''' 'at

< ia'^ay-, combining form of ia'^ once, at one time' 'one' (see note 1.28) + xo 'in that way', manner enclitic. Note that -a:" is treated as -W for purposes of diminutive consonant symbolism (notes 59.35 and 69.78).
'he kept thinking so' < '^a-=c'-o--'^i-ne'^, animate 3rd person customary of '^a-=0-o--(n-di-)(s)-ne-/ne'^ 'think thus about O', with inanimate 3rd person object. Irregular suppletive animate 3rd person of '^a-=y-ni-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think so, feel thus' (see note 4.3).

1.38.

^a-c'o-'^one'^

1.39.

na-yya^ 'I (will) come to be around' < na-=we--ya'^, 1st person singular perfective of na-={w)-ya-lya'^ 'come to be (going) around' (see note 1 1.4).

11.40.

xe'^enanVilwaK 'they threw each other away', idiom for 'they (spouses) deserted one another, left one another' < xi-'^e-na=n-c'ih-wi-l-waK-i, animate 3rd person perfective (with perfective prefix
-win- contracted or deleted) of xi-'^e-=0-(w)-i-wal/wa-X 'throw O away (like a stick)', with reciprocal object inflection (prefix n-..ii-, and / classifier for i) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). The basic form of the reciprocal object is H-, with a preceding nelement in animate 3rd person forms where c'i- is shortened to -'^following a disjunct prefix ending in a vowel.

11.41.
1

See note 4.15.

yiw-'^a-c'ilah 'he has

1.42.

done the

best, has

out-performed the others'

it
-i-

yiw-i, unanalyzable proclitic

(Sam Brown suggested

< was from the

'^a-=c'i-law, animate 3rd demonstrative ye-w 'beyond, yonder') customperson perfective of '^a-=0-i-'^en (perfective '^a=0-law, ary/optative '^a-=0-liw) 'do so to O', with inanimate 3rd person object.

11.43.

'he says' < '^a=c'i-di-ne-, animate 3rd person imperfective of '^a-=di-(w)-ne-lne^ 'say so', with the shortening of the stem vowel
^a'^n

characteristic of this

11.44.

yehna-d'odiya"^
di-ya"^,

'let

theme (see note 3.18). them come back in to dance!'

<

yeh-na-=c'-o--

animate 3rd person optative of yeh=(w)-ya-W/ya- '(one) comes in', used idiomatically to refer to the entrance of a group of dancers (see notes 1.7 and 10.37).

1.45.

See note

1.7.

Hupa
11.46.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

569

The

distributive modifier requires the zero allomorph of sperfective {te--}, in place of the /z-perfective expected with c'e-= 'out' (see note 2.25).

11.47.

c'ma'^anc?/}'^- 'he

came back

out'

<

c'e' -na'

= c'i-nin-di-y a\

dimmdiXt

3rd person perfective of c'e-=ni-(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes out (of an enclosure)', with iterative/reversative modifier (na=..-d-). Note the reduction of -c'i-nin- to -"^in- before -d-, a frequent contraction in Sam Brown's speech.
11.48. 11.49.
xoWr'e"^ 'his blanket'
t'e'^

+ P-Wform of t'e'^ 'blanket'. '^a--do--lc>ilyo'^ 'you don't seem to like anybody, do you?' < '^a-= 'thus, so' + do\ negative proclitic + Icyi-n-l-yo^, 2nd person singular imperfective of 0-(we-s)-l-yo'^ 'like, love, desire O' with Icyi- indefijco-,

<

animate 3rd person possessor

'P's blanket', irregular possessed

person object ("anything, anyone"). The prefix '^a-= 'thus, normally a disjunct prefix, but in this form it is more loosely joined. See also '^a=P-i + di-{w)-ne-/ne^ 'say so' (note 3.17).
nite 3rd

so' is

11.50.

went around arm in arm' < na-na-=c'i-niii-sanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-(s)-le-/le'^ 'move (several things) around, be holding (several things)', with reciprocal object (n-ii-...-d-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). The theme na-=Ic>'i-(s)-le-/le'^ means 'move the hand around, feel with the hand', but the absence of Icyi-, indefinite 3rd person object, seems to indicate that this is not the underlying theme here. The derivana-na^niisdile'^ 'they
di-le'^,

tion

is

not clear.

11.51.

nanic'inehsyo'd 'he chases you around' < na=ni-c'i-ne-s-yod-i, animate 3rd person perfective of na=P-ne-(s)-yo-d 'chase P, drive (an animal)' (see note 11.24), with 2nd person singular indirect object (ni-). In this form the indirect object prefix is treated as if it were the direct object prefix: 2nd person object prefixes (ni- singular, noh- plural) precede the animate 3rd person subject prefix (others follow; cf. yaPxontehsyo-d in line 61), and they automatically shorten the vowel of a preceding disjunct prefix (see notes 3.18 and 11.52).
nonic'iniitin 'he brings

11.52.

you

there'

<

no=ni-c'i-ni-i-te-n, animate

3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-i-tiWlte-n 'bring (a living being) to that place', with 2nd person singular object {ni-} (see note 11.51).
1

1.53.

na-ya-'^astiw 'they

were ahead

(in the race),

were

in the lead'

< na-

ya-=c'i-s-tiw-i, animate 3rd person perfective of na-=(s)-tiw 'win (in

a race)', with plural iya-=).

1 1

This theme cannot be further analyzed.

.54.

ya^tiwic'ilil 'they

ya-=c'i-ti-wi-c'ilil.

out, exhaused (one after the other)' < animate 3rd person progressive of ti-(s)-c'id 'become weak, exhaused', with plural (ya-=). This is apparently a metaphorical use of the theme -c'id 'die'.

were giving

1.55. 1.56.

Also a progressive form.

For

-n- see note 10.50.

xowanixohsle'^ 'he lost it', literally 'it became lost from him' < xowa-n 'away from him' + ni-xo-s-le"^ 'it became lost', inanimate 3rd person perfective of ni-xo-(s)-liw/le'^ 'become lost', apparently a

570

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
'it

derivation from the transitional theme of xo-len

is

numerous,

abundant'.
11.57.

< P-wan m/u'fln-j 'close to, on the very edge of (the ocean)' + j/, diminutive 'from P', with inanimate 3rd person object (emphasizing proximity; see also note 6.4).
yisin-citj

11.58.

fonn of
11.59.

yicin'^i

< yisin-, combining 'coming from the lower country' 'downhill, downslope' + P-c'in 'coming from that

direction'.

xowina- c'e-'^inia-d 'he ran past him' < xo-wina- '(moving) past him, passing around him' + c'e-=c'i-ni-l-ia-d-i, animate 3rd person perfective of c'e-=(n)-l-ia-d 'run out'. (Dissimilation of -l-i- to -n-iFor the reduction of -c'i-ni-n- to -'^/n- see is normal withthis theme.
note 11.47.)

11.60.
1.61.

< na=c'i-nin-deK-i. na'^ande-K 'they returned' form is na'^nindeK; see notes 11.47 and 11.59).
xa'^Q-fin

(The expected

Inanimate 3rd person imperfective 'it does it (in this way)'. of xa-'^a-= ten 'do so, act thus (as described)' (suppletive perfective xa-'^a-=d-yaw, customary/optative xa-'^a-=niw).
hina-lcyiwUda'^ali-mii-de'^-^id

1.62.

'whenever a
after'

girl

becomes kyinahidarj'

<
11.63.
1.64.

kyi-na-=U>i-wi-i-da^al-i, inanimate 3rd

note 10.1)

+ mii

'with,

when,

de'^

person progressive (see 'if + j/cf 'just now'.

/7a7a-w/^//>'e/i\y
plural perfective

'we

(all) rest' < na--ya-=win-di-l-ye-'W, \si ^txson of na-={w)-l-ye-'W 'rest', with plural {ya-=).

xoda-ya-w(i)diPe-Kii 'we (all) cause (the sticks) to point downslope again and again' < xo-da--ya-=wi-di-l-'^e-Kil, 1st person plural progressive of xo-da-=i-'^e-K 'cause (several objects) to extend downhill', with plural {ya-=) and regular classifier shift {i > I) with 1st The underlying theme is the extension wtnperson plural subject. "Downhill" tcT xo-da=win-'^eK '(several objects) extend downhill'. in this context is the direction from the Uyixinay heaven (in the sky) to the earth.
xona'^-ne'^in 'her eyes (that are
c'e'te't'e'^i

1.65.

11.66.

no more)'. (See note 4.33). cooked out' < c'e-=te'-s-t'e'^-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of the theme (wj-t'e"^ 'ripen, get cooked' with
'(her eyes) are

adverbial modifier c'e-=(n) 'out', distributive modifier (ti- > te--), and the zero allomorph of 5-perfective as required by the distributive modifier (note 9.7).

11.67.

hayah

nont'ilcy,

formula for closing a myth or

tale,
'it

literally

'it

stretches to there'

< hayah

'there'

-i-

no-=win-t'iUy

stretches to

that point', impersonal extension neuter.

12.1.

mfje-'^^<i//z 'child,

ing,

absent',

baby' < m/-je-'^ 'its mind' impersonal neuter + /, relative

-i-

'^e=<im
enclitic,

'it is

lack-

'the

one

who...'. 12.2.
i/e'^/c'a-<i 'it

(customarily) gets sick' < (i/-'^/-c'a-fi, inanimate 3rd person customary of di-(w)-c'a-d, transitional of the neuter di-n-c'ad
'be sick, ache'.

Hupa
12.3.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

571

nane'^iWo'^n 'it gets well again'. Inanimate 3rd person customary of na-=ni-(w)-Won'^, transitional of neuter ni-Wo-n 'be good' (see note 4.25), with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
kyic'itj'^

12.4.

'tipped over',

i.e.

"upset" (see note 5.45).

This phrase

may

be a caique on the English idiom.

12.5.
yidontarj'^

< yid-o--ni-tan'^, inanimate 'it (hell) holds on to (child)' 3rd person of neuter 0-o-ni-tarf 'be holding on to O', with obviative 3rd person object (yidi-).
c'iw 'crying'. Relative form of the stem of ing', used here as a gerundive nominal ("a were a finite verb ('it cries', inanimate 3rd phonological rules should add initial '^/- to verb form (see note 7.2).
nay'^ay
'it

12.6.

(w)-c''iw 'cry, be crycrying one"). If this

avert

person imperfective) a monosyllabic

carries
it

12.7.

has (a sharp temper)', literally

'it

around'

<

na=yi-'^a'-i, obviative 3rd person imperfective of na-=0-{s)-'^a-PaP

(a round object)'. < yima-ni 'across' + 'when spring (always) comes' '^i-'^i-liw-i, inanimate 3rd person customary of (s)-liw/linP 'become'. This is the idiom for 'spring arrives'; the reference is obscure.

'carry (a

round object) around, have

12.8.

yima-n-'^e'^iliw

12.9.

'he hires (something)' (Sapir notes an alternate form Uye'^oicHw) < Uy-o--c'i-'^i-l-c'Hw-i, animate 3rd person customary of 0-o--(w)-i-c'Hw 'hire O', with indefinite 3rd person object {U>'i-). The morphology of themes with a directive object construction (Oo--) is complex. When the object is /:>/-, as here, the directive prefix occurs to the left of a 3rd person subject prefix, as if it were a disjunct adverbial prefix with an indirect object. With all other objects, however, the directive prefix is located to the right of a 3rd person subject prefix (e.g., c'iWo-'^olc'nw 'he (customarily) hires me'). See
lc>'o'^o-tc''iw

also note 74.45.

12.10.

me-'^ina-Wi 'the time (customarily)

,

comes

for (the

Brush Dance)'

<

customary of the impersonal theme P-e-=(n)m-e-=^i-na-W-i ya'W/ya- 'the time comes for P; it becomes time for P to (do something, happen)'. Special use of directional A-yaW/ya- '(one) goes'. For -na-W see note 10.50.
12.11.

< xo-ii-cay-i 'what is white xoiacay-Gaii-me'^ 'before daybreak' (somewhere), whiteness (of the sky)', relative form of the inanimate 3rd person of neuter ii-cay 'be white', with situation/place prefix -IGal-i '(that) is coming along', relative form of the (jco-j (irregular) inanimate 3rd person of progressive neuter wi-yal '(one) P-me'^ 'in P, at (that time)', i.e., 'at the time when is going along' the whiteness of dawn comes along'.
-i-

12.12.

'^a-dixin

'one who is fasting', literally 'one who is living off oneself, subsisting on one's own (body)' < '^adi-, reflexive object -i- P-xin 'subsisting off of P, having P for food' -i- /, relative enclitic.

12.13.

je/?m// '(thin strips oO pitchy fir' < Je-vv 'pitch' + m///, unanalyzable element, historically derived from a stem referring to a thin covering or a shell (cf. xosic'mil 'mussel shell' < xosic' 'his skin' +
mill).

572
12.14.

XIV Northwest
See note
5.1.

California Linguistics

For the zero allomorph of the inanimate 3rd person

indirect object (mi-) see note 1.46.

12.15.

cY/ie'^/^no'^

'she (customarily) stands (the posts) up'

<

c'i-ni-'^i-t-no'^,

animate 3rd person customary of 0-ni-(w)-i-no'^ 'cause O to stand erect'. Causative of neuter ne-s-no- '(several, e.g. mountain peaks)
stand erect'.

12.16.

dah-na'^Uyine'^ii'^eK 'she (customarily) lays (the crosspieces)

on top'

animate 3rd person customary of na-=ni-(w)-i-'^e-K 'cause (several objects) to extend Causative of the exacross', with lc>'i- indefinite 3rd person object. tension neuter na-=ni-win-'^e-K '(several objects) extend across'.

< dah 'on

top, above'

na-=c'i-i^>i-ni-'^i-i-'^e-K-i,

12.17.

dah-Rye'^Hcay'^ 'she (customarily)

rack)'

(the drying animate 3rd person customary of 0-(w)-i-cay'^ 'dry O', with /cW- indefinite 3rd person object. Causative of descriptive neuter ni-i-cay 'be dry'. Note the zero allomorph of the animate 3rd person subject prefix, normal in initial position before /:W- (see note 3.4), indicating that dah is proclitic and not morphologically part of the verb.

dries

it

on top of

< dah 'on

top, above'

(c'i-)Icyi-'^i-i-cay'^,

12.18.

'^e'^iicay'^ 'it

(customarily) dries', inanimate 3rd person customary of (w)-i-ca-y (customary/optative stem -cay'^) 'get dry'. Transitional of ni-i-ca-y 'be dry'. Note the partial homophony with the causative theme O-i-cay"^ 'dry O' (note 12.17).
me'^tiloy'^ 'she ties (salal) to
e-=c'i-ti-loy'^,

12.19.

each of the (pieces of pitch wood)' < manimate 3rd person imperfective of P-e-=0-(s)-loy'^ 'tie O to P', with distributive modifier (//-), inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked), and inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-). Note that this verb (and the preceding one) is imperfective not customary, although habitual activities are being described. Themes with distributive modifier do not normally occur in the customary aspect.

12.20. 12.21.

xinay

'friend!'

Vocative exclamation.

xon'^-na'^adidileh '\eVs dress up (again)V < xon'^ -\- na-'^a=di-diliw, 1st person plural optative of O-i-^en (perfective O-law, cusfor a ceremony', with reflexive tomary/optative 0-liw) 'decorate object (^a'=di-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). (See note

1.14).

12.22.

'^a-din'^,

contracted from V^Z-nm'^ 'their

own

faces'.

See

line 24.

12.23.

The Hupa idiom

is "they put their (throats) into the (necklaces)". Similarly for most other articles of clothing or adornment, one puts one's body (arm, neck, foot, etc.) into the article, not the article on or around one's body.

12.24. 12.25.

mma-c75^a-

'she waits for it' < m/-na- 'waiting for animate 3rd person of the stative neuter si-da- '(one)

it'

c'i-s-da\

sits, stays'.

me-ya'^de'^iPe-X 'they (customarily) light the fire', literally 'they join

< mi-e--ya-=c'i-di-'^i-i-'^eK-i, (sticks of pitch wood) to (the fire)' animate 3rd person customary of P-e=0-di-(w)-i-'^e-K 'cause (several objects) to extend from P, join (several objects) to P', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked), inanimate 3rd person indi-

Hupa
rect object {mi-},

Texts: Linguistic Notes

573

ter P-e-=di-'^eK '(several objects)

and plural {ya-=). Causative of the extension neuextend from P, are joined to P'.

12.26. 12.27.
12.28.

See note 2.55.

6^/j/rf '(it is)

short'

<

c^Z-j/W,

impersonal neuter.

throw (the sticks) down to the 'they ground' < Uy-e--ya-=c'i-'^i-mil-i, animate 3rd person customary of P-e-=0-(w)-mil/me-K 'throw, fling O (in a bunch) against P', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked), A:>/- special indirect object, and plural {ya-=). In verbs of throwing the postpositional prefix ky-e-= 'against something' idiomatically refers to throwing to the ground.
U>e-yaPamil

(customarily)

12.29.

na-ya^ne'^ic'''a7 'they
ni-'^i-c'^aP,

(customarily) throw (dirt) at it' < na--ya-=c'i3rd person customary of na-=0-ni-(w)-c'^a'throw (dirt) at O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked) and plural {ya-=). (For the stem -c'^'a- see note 5.40).

animate

12.30.

/7(9i

J wa-5 '(sticks) that have been whittled down' < no-=wi-d-wa-s'what has been shaved, whittled to that point', passive of no-=(n)wa's 'shave, whittle to that point'.

12.31.
12.32.

Passive of of P-e-=0-(s)-loy'^ 'tie O to P', with reciprocal indirect object (nii- >i-). (See note 12.19).

no'^wa^aWil 'she finishes singing (again and again)', literally 'she keeps putting (a round object) down' < no-=c'i-wi-'^aWil-i, animate 3rd person progressive of no-=(n)-'^aWPa-n (see note 3.16).

12.33.

naPxoniwHyoi 'she (always) blows

at them', animate 3rd person progressive of na-=0-ni-(w}-i-yo-l 'blow at O', with animate 3rd person object {xo-}.

12.34.

< xoxowaPRyide^iixat' 'she removes (the cover) from them' wa-=c'i-kyi-di-'^i-i-xat\ animate 3rd person customary of P-wa-=Kyidi-(w)-i-xat' 'remove (blanket) from P'. Causative, apparently with adverbial modifier P-wa-n=di-(w) 'off from P' (with -n- lost), from neuter M-ni-xat' '(fabric) lies stretched, as a cover'.
f/a/i-c'e'^zV^a'^

12.35.

fi-i-da?,

c7'she sits (the baby) up' < ^a/z 'on top, above' animate 3rd person customary of 0-(w)-l-da'^, causative of stative neuter si-da- '(one) sits, stays'. (See note 10.6),
-i-

12.36.

See note
liw-i,

10.7.

12.37.

xd^d^x'^e'^iliw 'she

(customarily) does so to him' < xa'^a=c'i-xo-Vanimate 3rd person customary of xaPa=0-i-'^en (perfective xa?a-=0-law, optative/customary xaPa-=0-liw) 'do so to O', with animate 3rd person object. The use of a animate 3rd person object to refer to a baby here and in line 48 is unusual (see notes 1.55 and Perhaps 11.5); compare miyeh in line 47, but see xoyeh in line 52. both the mother and the child are being referred to, although Sapir's glosses indicate that only the child is meant.

12.38.

kyehican 'young women'

ni, col'young woman' two words in line 49 and hayaha^id at the beginning of line 50 were added after the text was first dictated. (Notebook VIII, pp. 8 and 8a).

<

k-yehica-n

-I-

lective plural (see note 1.2).

The

last

574
12.39.

XIV Northwest
iah
the

California Linguistics

miUmc'in'^ nay/jra*^ (apparently an error for na>''^iVA:a'^; compare in note 10.4) 'an intervening day [customarily] passes', literally 'a day comes again once after it' < iah 'once' + mi-Uya+ na-=yi-'^i-t-xa'^, inanimate 3rd person customc'in"^ 'away from it' ary of yi-(s)-i-xa-/xa-n (optative/customary -xa"^) 'it dawns, day

form

comes'.
12.40.
tirj'^indil

'they

go off

(into the

woods)'

<

tin=c'i-'^i-n-dil-i,

animate

3rd person customary of tin=(w)-dil/de-K '(two or more) go off away'. The adverbial modifier tin=(w) 'off, astray' is used here to indicate that the two woman are going into the woods in search of medicine. Bases formed with this modifier range in meaning from the purely directional 'go away', to the more psychologically weighted 'get lost', to such metaphorical concepts as 'go astray' and 'breach the standards of good behavior'. The usage here echoes the adverbial phrase tin-taw 'in the woods' (note 5.29) and may be close to the etymological meaning. Cf. Ahtna ti- in tiniyaa 'he went out into the country' and tic'aniyaa 'he went into the woods' (Kari 1990: 335). 12.41.
1.46, 5.12, and 11.11. It is not clear why the theme here singular instead of plural. (The plural translation is Sapir's.) Perhaps only the medicine woman's actions are referred to.

See notes
is

12.42.

'when the whiteness of dawn starts off < ti-'^i-naW, inanimate 3rd person customary of ti-(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one) starts off. See notes 10.50 and 12.11.
Literally
jm-^an'^-rfa//'^ 'early in the evening' je-n 'light (of day)' -i- dan"^ 'after') afternoon is past, after the daylight

12.43.

<
-i-

j^-Ai-<ian'^ 'late

afternoon' (<

dan"^ 'after',

i.e.,

'when

late

is

gone'.
\. 45).

12.44.

do-w-c'o-wilan'^.
niiwa-yay'^ilto'^n

For do -c'owilan'^ (scq notQ

'they (customarily)

12.45.

jump

past one another'

<

nH-

animate 3rd person customary of P-wa-y=(w)-l-ton'^ 'jump beyond P, passing by P', with reciprocal indirect object (nii-) and plural (ya-=). For the morphology of the prefix Pwa--y see notes 2.33 and 4.29.
wa--ya--y=c'i-'^i-l-ton'^-i,

12.46.

'^a-dicida'^-^i-nehwa-n 'almost

on top of her head'

-i-

<

'^adi-cida'^

'(on) top of her

own

nehwa-n
12.47.
ing'

'it is

like,

head' resembles'.

j/,

diminutive

(i.e.,

'very close')

(customarily) meet each other while jumpanimate 3rd person customary of P-de-=si-(s)-l-ton'^ 'meet P while jumping' with reciprocal indirect object (ni-l-) and plural (ya-=).
niide-ya'^se^ilto'^n 'they

<

nii-de--ya-=c'i-si-'^i-l-ton'^-i,

12.48.
12.49.

nin-c'itj'^

nin'^

'toward the ground, down' 'ground' + P-c'in"^ 'towards P'.

<

nin-,

combining form of

(See also note 11.1).

na-na'^adnaw 'she (customarily) turns around' < na-na=c'i-'^i-dnaw-i, animate 3rd person customary of na-na-=(s)-d-naw/nan'^ 'turn around'. Fossilized derivation from a no longer productive directional theme *A-d-naw/nan'^ 'move (oneself)', the mediopassive of *A-0-i-naw/nan'^ 'move O' (unattested in Hupa).

Hupa
12.50.
"^o-ltaq' 'it

Texts: Linguistic Notes

575

is counted' < '^o--wi-l-taq\ passive of 0-o--(w)-i-taq' 'count O' with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked).

13.1.

q'an-'^isla-n 'infant,

+
13.2.

'^i-s-la-n-i,

baby that has just been born' < q'an 'recently' inanimate 3rd person perfective of (s)-la-n 'be bom'.
baby) in' < yeh=c'i-'^i-tcustomary of yeh=0-(w)-i-tiW/te-n 'put (a
'its

yehc'e'^iitiW 'she (customarily) puts (the

tiW-i, animate 3rd person

living being) into something'.

13.3.
13.4.

mic'e-q'id
enclitic,

'its

i.e.,

'what

umbilical cord' < mi-ce'eq'i is at the navel'.

navel'

d, locative

ya-n-i

wad-c'ixolya-n 'she carefully watches it' < (mi-)wad + c'i-xo-lanimate 3rd person of the neuter theme P-wad + xo-l-ya-n 'watch P', literally 'be aware of things with respect to P'. P-wad is a proclitic postposition found only with this theme.
,

13.5.

no-ya^ni 'it might come' < n-o--yaPni, inanimate 3rd person potential of ni-{n)-ya-W/ya- (optative stem -ya^, potential stem -yaPni) '(one) comes'. (See note 10.56).

13.6. 13.7.

See note 12.12.

Uyite^iXo-W 'she (customarily)

weaves

(a basket)'

<

(c'i-)lcyi-ti-'^i-

KoW-i, animate 3rd person customary of

3rd person object.
13.8.

Uyi-ti-(s)-Ko-WIKo-n
A:>7-

'weave

(a basket)', literally 'twine (something) along', with

indefinite

ma-lyeh-x'^ 'fixing it, preparing it'. Fossilized adverbial phrase (with adverbial formant -xo, see note 2.4) based on an unanalyzable verbal form ma--l-yiw.

13.9.

always does so to (the basket)' < '^a-=c'i-'^i-liw-i, animate 3rd person customary of '^a=0-i-'^en (perfective O-law, customary/optative O-liw) 'treat O so, do so to O', with inanimate 3rd person object (see note 11.42). With participial malyeh-xo 'fixing it' this is the usual idiom for 'get O ready, fix O up'.
'^aPaliw 'she

13.10.

naTimrV/:^ 'stretched across' < na'=nin-t'iUy, inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter. Sam Brown prefers na-nt'iUy. The underlying analysis is *na-=ni-win-t'ilcy (see note 1.6).

13.11.

do--xa-sina-W 'before sunrise', literally 'the sun not (yet) coming up' < do-, negative proclitic + xa-=si-na-W-i 'it goes uphill (to the top)', inanimate 3rd person imperfective of xa-=si-(s)-ya-W/ya'(one) goes uphill (to the top)'. The impersonal theme idiomatically refers to the motion of the sun. For -naW see note 10.50.

13.12.

comes to be an odor somewhere' inanimate 3rd person customary of '^a=xo(w)-i-c'^in'^ 'there comes to be an odor somewhere'. Transitional of descriptive neuter '^a-=xo-ni-t-c'''in 'there is an odor somewhere'.
'^ajc"e'^/Vc"e'^n

'there (customarily)

<

'^a-=xo-'^i-i-c'HrP-i,

13.13.

hay mil cah-t-c'irj'^ 'to where (the baby) comes from' < hay mil from where' cal 'it is going along', irregular inanimate 3rd person form of progressive neuter wi-ya-l '(one) is going along' P--i-

'

c'in^

'towards P'.

576
13.14.

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California Linguistics

< dah 'above, on top' + wi-dil-i 'they are going dah-widil (See notes 7.11 about', inanimate 3rd person progressive neuter.
and 7.16).
c'ilarj-xosin 'they are playing'

13.15.

<

c'i-lan,
(^

inanimate 3rd person imsport)'

perfective

of c'i-(w)-lan/lan'^ 'pl^y

rough

xo-sin-i

'(who are) being so', enclitic verb, i.e., 'there is playing'. The form c'ilarj could also be (c'i-)c'i-la-n, animate 3rd person imperfective; the animate 3rd person subject prefix (c'i-) is elided in initial position before
c'i-,

parallel to
likely to

ever
13.16.

it is

more

Howits treatment before lc>i- (note 3.4). be inanimate 3rd person, as in the other two

participial clauses with -xosin that follow.

io-diieh 'they throw

(mud) atone another' < i-o--di-Hw, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of 0-o--(w)-liw 'throw (soft muddy substance) at O' with reciprocal object {U-..-d-). Inflection for reciprocal object requires that the theme shift to ^-classifier (or i > I);
see note 2.28).

13.17.

naniindyoh 'they chase each other around'

<

na-=niii-n-d-yo-d,

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of na-=P-ne--{s)-yo-d 'chase P around', with reciprocal indirect object {nii-}. The reduction of Pne-- to P-n- is apparently triggered by the (^-classifier, which appears here because the unusual conjunct postpositional reciprocal object is interpreted as the direct object. The reciprocal object of a
disjunct postpositional prefix

would not require the

-i-

<i-classifier.

13.18.

hay do- xa^ na-ya^dii-tah 'the ones who don't move fast' < hay them who ...' do\ negative particle ... -tah 'the ones among
-i-

xa'^

animate 3rd person imperfective of na-=(s)-dil/de-K '(two or more) go around, move about', with
'quickly'
-t-

na--ya-=c'i-dil

',

plural {ya-=).

13.19.

them (with mud)' < na-customary of na-=0-ni-(w)Hw/iiq' 'throw (soft muddy substance) at O, hit O (with soft muddy Note that both the substance)', with animate 3rd person object. subject and the object here are animate 3rd person, not inanimate as
naya'^xone'^iiiw 'they (customarily) hit
ya-=c'i-xo-ni-'^i-iiw, animate 3rd person
in the

preceding clauses.

13.20.
13.21.

jco /a// 'evidently'.

See note 4.11.

m/je'^-re/z^re'^

becomes brave, hardy' < m/-je'^ 'its mind, spirit' (bound form, occurring only in compounds and idiomatic phrases) + te--s-l-te'^, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-l-te'^ 'be, be'it

come
13.22.
13.23. 13.24.

strong'.

See notes 4.3 and 4.10.

See note
1.14.

13.25.

(customarily) makes a circle around it'. Animate 3rd person customary of P-na-=lc>i-(s)-i-ma-c' 'make something circular around P, make a circle around P' (see note 4.14). The four words from c'e'^a'^aW to me'^lc>e'^iXo-W were added after the text was first dictated. (Notebook V, p. 57a.).
mina'^l(>e'^iima-c' 'she
naywirj'^a'^
'it

13.26.

will

come

to have, possess

it'

<

na-=yi-win-'^a'^,

ob-

viative 3rd person perfective of na-=0-{w)-'^a-Pa'^

'come

to carry (a

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

577

13.27.

round object) around, possess (a round object)'. Inceptive derivation from the non-directional theme na-=0-(s)-'^a-PaP 'carry (a round object) around, possess (a round object)'. < fm/-jwa--3'=wm-'^a-, inanimate 3rd waywirj'^a- '(the trail) forks' person of the extension neuter P-wa-y=win-'^a- '(one thing) extends

beyond
1.46).

P',

with inanimate 3rd

person indirect object (see note

13.28.

< c'i-wi-wei-i, animate along carrying (fire)' 3rd person of progressive neuter O-wi-wei 'be carrying O as a pack, be carrying (fire)'.
c'e-we-l 'she travels

13.29.
13.30.

mixa-c'e^-minah-xole'n. Cf. m/-na/i 'around ant of mixa-c'e'^-xolen used by Emma Frank.

sikye-c' '(thin) bark, shell'.

it'.

Apparently a vari-

Used for acorn shells, the husks or shells of other nuts, and the thin bark of the oak (but not the thick bark of
conifers).
'^i-ttac,

13.31.

The
13.32.

for niitac 'black oak' < ? niii-tac 'between one another'. reciprocal indirect object {nii-} is often abbreviated (note 13.15). For a similar reduction of initial n- see notes 2.27 and 11.1.
fire) lies'.

siwe-n '(pack or

Inanimate 3rd person of stative neuter.

13.33.

me'^de-din 'she wants (to go)'

fix de-- is thematic.

mi-e=c'i-de-din-i, animate 3rd < person imperfective of P-e=de--din 'want P, crave for P'. The prer/z/'^e'^maW^

13.34.

< tin='^i'it (customarily) goes off lost, wanders away' inanimate 3rd person customary of tin=(w)-ya-W/ya' '(one) goes away, wanders off, goes missing' (also the derivation of The prefix phonology of this yima-n-tiw'^winyay, see Glossary) form is complicated. The customary is formed from the imperfective, the underlying form of which is *tin=n-ya-W (> tin=na-W; see note 10.50). However, a verb stem that is immediately preceded by a disjunct prefix ending in a consonant is treated as if it were in word-initial position and acquires an epenthetic syllable, thus tin=V(see note 7.2). The customary formed on this is tin='^i-'^i-na-W. The animate 3rd person customary of the same verb is actually
'^i-na'W,
.

naW
hay

shorter:

tin=c'i-'^i-na-W-i
...'

>

tin=^-'^i-naW-i

>

titj'^ina-W.

13.35.

The phrase from hay to (see note 5.7). ... -heh 'even if na'^way is to be translated: 'even if (the baby) has not been walking for a long time'.
< yidi-k^i-'^i-wan'^-i, custom'it (customarily) sleeps' ary of the impersonal theme P-kyi-{w)-wan/warP 'there is sleep for P' (see note 1.8), with obviative 3rd person indirect object (yidi-).

13.36.

yidik>'e'^iwa'^n

13.37. 13.38.

xolaicoh^, an unexplained name or exclamation. '^a-'^aPin '(people) used to do so to them, they used to be treated so' < '?a='?/-^-Vn, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of '^a=0-i-'^en (perfective -law, customary/optative -liw) 'treat O so, do so to O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object (see note 11.42).
dle)'

13.39.

wan-na'^kyeVPeK. 'they (customarily) hang (feathers) on (the craconcerning it' (in this context 'from it') + < {mi-)wa-n animate 3rd person customary of na-=0-(w)-ina'=c'i-kyi-^i-i-'^eK-i,
'

578

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

'^eK 'cause (several things) to nite 3rd

person object.

extend down, hang', with Ryi- indefiCausative of extension neuter na=win-'^eK

'(several things) hang'.

13.40.

Uyine'^iit'iUy

'they (customarily) cause (something) to be strung in a Causative of extension neuter nin-t'iky 'be strung in a line' (< ni-win-, see notes 1.6 and 62.109), with kyi- indefinite 3rd person object. (See note 2.43).
line'.

13.41.

13.42.

13.43.

tewiXo-n 'woven along (in a chain)' < re- wZ-Aon-/, passive of Oti-(s)-Xo-W/Xo-n 'weave O along', with unmarked inanimate 3rd perConjunct prefixes of the shape Ci- are son object (see note 13.7). lengthened to Ce- in passive as well as s- and n-perfective forms (see notes 2.25 and 9.7). nirjxa'^-silin'^ (Sapir writes silin, a transcriptional error) 'it (baby) beproclitic ni/jxa"^ The unanalyzable comes good-looking'. 'handsome, rich, important' appears in several verb phrases and nouns (cf. nirjxa'^-c'inehwa-n 'he/she is beautiful, handsome', nirjxa'^t'e-n 'rich man, chief, leader'). < yiwi j/w/-Azi<:'>/w//m/^ '(basket) has been turned over, inverted' 'upside down, inverted', unanalyzable proclitic (possibly a reduced form of the demonstrative pronoun ye-w 'that one yonder', see note + na-=lcyi-wi-l-mid, pass'wQ of na-=0-(w)-l-mid 'turn O's 11.42) stomach (in that direction) again' (denominative verb from P-mit'
'P's stomach').

(See also note 16.5).

particle, here proclitic to silin'^-te'it

13.44.
13.45.

"^aloh 'hot'.

Unanalyzable become'. Not a verb.

will

dahna'^diwiide'^X 'she fans (pounded bark) to remove coarse pieces', literally 'she throws (the particles) back away' < dah-na=c'i-di-wii-de-X animate 3rd person perfective of dah=0-di-(w)-i-dil/deX 'throw (small particles) further', with iterative/re versative modifier (na--). (For the semantics of the adverbial modifier dah=di-(w) 'off, away' see note 10.52)
no'^nilde'^X 'she

13.46.

drops (pounded bark) on that (sore spot)'. Animate 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-t-de-X 'throw (small particles) to

that place'.

13.47.

See note

4.1.

14.1.

nirjxa'^-c'inehwa-n

'he looks handsome' < n/z/xa*^ 'handsome, rich, important' (see note 13.42) -i- c'i-ne--s-d-wa-n-i, animate 3rd person of the stative neuter 0-ne-si-d-wan 'look like O, resemble O', with inanimate 3rd person object. The contraction of j'-perfective -t- dclassifier to

is

regular.

14.2.

xodaceye^-c'irp 'from his waist to his shoulders'.

dac-e-y-i'^ 'his
P-c'in'^

Probably

upper
P').

part' (cf.

-dac

'uphill', -e-{y) 'at that place')

< xo+

'toward

14.3.

nahsGot' 'bent over, stooped' of stative neuter.

'^ant'e'it

< na=si-Got\ inanimate 3rd person

inanimate 3rd person of extension

14.4.

is

so'

<

'^a-=nin-t'e\

neuter (see 1.20).

Hupa
14.5.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

579

nadii 'they go about,

live'. Inanimate 3rd person subject, agreeing with Uyiwinya^nya-n 'people, Indians' in a collective sense (see note Note also the inanimate 3rd person subject of niijxa?5.22). nehwan in the following clause.

14.6.

marked, tattooed'. wilta'^c' (Sapir writes wiltac') '(her mouth) was Passive of 0-(s)-i-ta-c' 'mark, tattoo O', with inanimate 3rd person
object.

14.7.

The switch from inanimate 3rd person possessor

in the previous line {midaP) to animate 3rd person possessor here {xoda^) is lexical, not grammatical: the phrase xodaP-me-siwidlay is the technical term for a type of tattooing (see Glossary). Note that the main verb of this sentence (note 14.8) refers to camehsKo-n 'woman' with the expected obviative object prefix.

14.8.

naydinHyeh

< na-=yidi-ni-i-yiw, inanimate 'it (tattoo) suits her' 3rd person imperfective of na-=0-ni-(w)-i-yiw 'suit O, make O look good', with obviative 3rd person object (yidi-).
wa-Uyiwidcod
P'.
'(ear)

14.9.

was punched through'

<

(mi-}wa-=Uyi-wi-d-

God-i, passive of P-wa-=Uyi-(n)-God 'poke (a spear, needle) through

14.10.

14.11.

does big things', idiom for 'she goes to a + '^a-=c'i-fcyi-i'what is big, big things' "^en, animate 3rd person imperfective of ^a=0-i-'^en 'do so to O', with Ryi- indefinite 3rd person object. na-naPUye'^ii'^e-K 'she (customarily) hangs (money beads) (on her ears)' < na--na-=c'i-Uyi-'^i-i-'^e-K,-i, animate 3rd person customary of na-=0-(w)-i-'^e-X 'cause (several objects) to hang, extend down', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and A:W- indefinite 3rd person object. See note 13.39.
nikya-w
'^aPUyiPin 'she

ceremony'

<

ni-ky'a-w-i

14.12.

xaPaya-xowilaw 'they were fixed up, decorated

in

that

way'

<

xaPa--ya-=xo-wi-law-i, passive of xaPa=0-i-'^en (suppletive perfective/passive theme xaPa=0-law, customary/optative xaPa-=0-liw) 'do to O in that way', with animate 3rd person object and plural
{ya-=).

14.13.

misa-UyiwiPe-K '(woodpecker scalps) were stuck in (dentalia's) mouth'. Passive of P-^a-^O-fwj-Z-VA' 'extend (several objects) into P's mouth', with Ryi- indefinite 3rd person object and inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-). Causative derived from the extension neuter P-sa--win-'^e-X '(several things) extend into P's mouth'

(compare note
14.14.
"^aWJc/c'e"^

6.2).

14.15.

14.16.

Unanalyzable noun, historically de< Pre-Hupa from *'^aWxi- (< *'^aWxe- 'wealthy person' *kaske) + -c'e'^ 'female'. Fossilized derivation, possibly c'iyo-lcyini 'people joke, have fun'. 'they say something' (< /:'>//c'>m/ < c'iyo- 'frivolously, in fun' notes 3.18 and 4.4). di-ne\ see no-na-dlay 'she is clothed, clothes are on her', literally '^a-dic'irj'^ have been laid back on her' < '^adic'irj'^ 'to herself + no'things
'wealthy (woman)'.
rived
-i-

na-=wi-d-la--i, passive of no=0-(n)-liW/la-

'put

(several

objects)

580
down,
14.17.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

in that place', with iterative/reversative modifier (na=) and inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked).

See note 10.69.

t'ehxic'e- 'girls'.

15.1.

known
'female'. 15.2.

origin,

Apparently < t'e hxi^ 'girV + -c'^-, element of unpossibly connected with the noun suffix -c'e"^ collective plural. (For another formation see note 1.2).

< ya--ya=c'i-te--syaja'^te-we-n 'they each lifted up their packs' we-n-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ya-=(w)-wiW/we-n 'lift up (a pack)', with distributive modifier (te-- < ti-) and plural iya-=). The distribitive derivation requires the zero allomorph of sThe combination of plural and distributive here and perfective. in several verbs that follow is used to indicate that the girls travelled

as a group but did things individually in different places.

(See also

note 1.41).
15.3.

The

past tense enclitic indicates that the man named is ceased. Similarly with xolye--ne^in 'he was called' in line note 4.33.)

now
3.

de(See

15.4.

ya-xoi 'with them' < ya--xo-, animate 3rd person plural possessor The plural prefix (ya--) can combine with certain -IP-i 'with P'. possessor prefixes (and indirect objects) to mark the plurality of the possessor/object. Sapir indicates that the word could also be xoina-ya'^ninyay, with the plural prefix incorporated into the verb (see note 20.17).

15.5.

Uyide-c'eh 'translating, (the process of) translation'.

Unanalyzable

adverb, presumably a fossilized phrase (cf. -c'iw 'hearing, perceivUsually proclitic to ing', non-visual evidential enclitic; note 3.16). na-=}cyi-(s)-i-c'''e-/c'^in'^ 'make (it) again, back', i.e., 'cause the translation (to come) back'.
15.6.
Ryida'^-c'iita^c' 'the tattooing

of the chin'

<

Uyi-da'^

'somebody's

mouth, chin' +
15.7.

c'iita'^c'

'he tattoos'.

xoi-diniPay

one) who understands (how to do it)', literally, 'with whom there is understanding' < xo-i 'with him' + di-ni-i'^a--i 'it is clear, there is understanding', impersonal neuter (further
'(the

derivation unclear).
15.8.
'^o-nohc'Hd 'you (pi.) fetch

< '^-o'-n-oh-c'^id, 2nd person plural it' imperfective of 0-o-ni-(w)-c''id 'reach for O, fetch O' (see note '^11.31). Inanimate 3rd person object is unmarked, and the initial rule to avoid having an initial vowel is inserted by phonological
went up the
hill'

(see note 4.15). 15.9.

me'^s i te- de-K 'ihcy (each)

<

m-e-=c'i-si-te-s-deK-i,

15.10. 15.11.

animate 3rd person perfective of m-e-=si-(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go up hill', with distributive modifier (te- < ti-). Adverb formed with -xo 'being so' and an na-mis-x'"' 'in a circle'. unanalyzable stem.

< (c'i-)lcyi-te--s-i-min'^-i, Uyitehhne'^n 'he built (several) (houses)' animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(s)-t-min'^ 'build O', with kyiindefinite 3rd person object and distributive modifier (te-- < ti-).

Hupa
(See note 2.12).

Texts: Linguistic Notes

581

"It is

of some interest to note that the

Hupa verb

for 'building a roofed structure', -i-mirj'^ (-me'^n), Mattole -i-birj'^ [be'^n] 'to build a house', is also found in Navaho, -i-bP 'to build a (new) hogan'. This verb is based on an old Athapascan noun,
'roof, roofed structure', which appears dialectally as 'roof (Carrier bdn, Kaska [Jenness], bd^n) or 'house' (Chasta Costa, man), in Hupa as a diminutive, min^-^i, 'menstrual hut'" (Sapir 1936: 275).

15.12. 15.13.

15.14. 15.15.

'in two places' < nah-, combining form of nahxi 'two' + (some number) of places' (see note 10.15). na^ditehiwa-K 'he dumped (the pitch) (in each)'. Animate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-di-(w)-i-wal/wa-X 'pour out, dump, spill O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and distributive modifier (te-- < ti-). The distributive indicates that the pitch was poured into both of the rock structures. nahxe- '(in) both (places)' < nahxi 'two' + e- 'there, at that place'

nah-xoh
-xoh
'in

(see note 1.11).

xoda7 yaitoPc'
chin'

'their chins

ya-=wi-l-ta-c' 'they

were marked' < were marked (for

xo-da7 'her mouth,

tattooing)', passive of

0-(s)-i-ta-c' 'mark, tattoo O', with inanimate 3rd person object

and

plural (ya-=).

15.16.

c'o-'^ot'as

'he (customarily) cuts at

it

(in short dabs)'

<

c'-o--'^i-t'as-i,

animate 3rd person customary of 0-o--(w)-t'as/t'a-c' 'cut at O'. Compare this directive theme, indicating an action in the direction of the goal but not necessarily reaching it, with the simple transitive in the previous form.
15.17.

na^tiwiwol 'he keeps scraping (the blood) back off (from each)' < na-=c'i-ti-wi-wol-i, animate 3rd person of the progressive neuter Owi-wol 'be scraping O', with iterative/reversative {na-=) and distributive (ti-) derivations.
ma'^a'^/:>'zw//^7 'he

15.18.

'^a-=c'i-lc>'i-wi-lei-i,

keeps putting (soot) in' < me"^ 'into (the cuts)' + animate 3rd person progresssive of '^a-=0-i-'^e-n 'do so to O' (-law perfective, -liw customary/optative, -le'l progressive), with Icy'i- indefinite 3rd person object.

15.19. 15.20. 15.21.

See notes 1.10 and

See note
10.3.

10.3.

Vdcoh
tive of

'they get blue'

<

'^i-d-cow, inanimate 3rd person imperfec-

be blue, green'. neuter ii-cow 'be blue, green'.

'get to

(w)-d-cow

From

the descriptive

15.22.

2nd person singular of the nesindiwan 'you look like (a man)'. stative neuter 0-ne-si-di-wan 'look like O, resemble O', with inanimate 3rd person object.
(See note 14.1).

15.23.

nisaxo'^aW
animate

'(lizards) run into

your mouth'
of

<

ni-sa=xo-'^aW, in-

3rd
14.9.

person

'(several) run,

jump

imperfective into P's mouth'.

P-sa-=xo--iw}-'^aVi/nan

15.24. 15.25.

See note

me-Uyiwilteh '(dentalia) are measured'. 'measure P' (see note 1.31).

Passive of P-e-=lcyi-(w)-i-tiw

582
15.26.

XIV Northwest
noya'^alc'^in'^

California Linguistics

'they (customarily) stop growing, reach their full growth' < no--ya-=c'i-^i-l-c''in'^, animate 3rd person customary of no=(n)-l-c'^en (customary /optative -c'Hn'^) 'grow (to that point), stop growing', with plural {ya-=).

16.1.

16.2.

-ne"^ see notes 3.18 and 4.4. '(woman) who respects herself, literally 'she who thinks big about herself < ni-kyaw 'big' + '^a=c'i-d-o-ne- 'she thinks about herself, animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-o-(ndi-)(s)-ne-/ne'^ 'think about O', with reflexive object {^a-=di-)\ + i,

For contraction of
nihah-'^a'^do-ne-

relative enclitic.

(See notes 4.4 and 4.10).

16.3.

no'^dital 'she steps'

<

na-=c'i-di-tal-i,

tive of no-=di-(w)-tal/ta-K 'step

animate 3rd person imperfecdown', from the inceptive subtheme

di-...tal/ta-K 'step out, take a step'

16.4.

xowana-c'intan 'they hand (the empty baskets) back to her' < xowa--na-=c'i-nin-ta-n, animate 3rd person perfective of P-wa-=(n)'give (stick-like object) to P', with iterative/reversative modifier. When a basket is empty the directional theme A-OtiW/tan 'handle (a stick-like object)' is used; when it is filled (with mush, water, acorns, etc.) the theme A-0-xaW/xan 'handle (a filled container)' is used. Note that Emma Frank uses the full form of the animate 3rd person subject (c'i-) here, presumably because she has contracted c'i-nin- to c'in-. Sam Brown, for his part, does not hesitate to use the reduced subject marker (-'^-) in such forms, and might have said xowa-na-'^antan (see notes 11.47, 11.59, and 11.60). The regular form without the contraction of c'i-nin- would be xowana'^nintan; see noma'^nintan later in this sentence.
tiW/ta-n

16.5.

yiwidimid

\i\\Q

palm) down, (the hand) inverted'

< yiwi- 'upside

-t-

down,

inverted', unanalyzable proclitic (see note 13.43)

d-mid

'having one's stomach in that position', mediopassive associated with 0-(w)-i-mid 'turn O's stomach (in that direction)' (denominative verb from P-mit' 'P's stomach'; see note 13.43).
16.6.
c'o-na-nic'id 'he reaches for

< c'-o-na=ni-c'^id, animate it again' 3rd person imperfective of 0-o--ni-(w)-c''id 'reach for O, fetch O' (see notes 11.31 and 12.9), with iterative/reversative modifier {na'=) and inanimate 3rd person object. Note that the directive prefix and object {O-o--} occurs to the left of the iterative/reversative modifier, another exceptional pattern in the morphology of directive themes (see also note 12.9).
palm) up'

16.7.

>'/Jac/-^/>nzW '(the

<

^'iWac/ 'uphill, up'

-t-

di-mid (see
(See note

note 16.5).
16.8.
c'ixo-iyohi 'he swears at him', literally 'he

blows

at

him'.

5.24).
16.9.

desohlc'e- 'you (two) stay (st home)' < dc-s-oh-l-c'e-, 2nd person plural of the stative neuter de-si-l-c'e- '(two or more) sit, dwell'.
ya'^wirj'^a-

16.10.

'she sits there'. Animate 3rd person of the extension neu>'a=wm-'^a- '(one thing) extends upward'. The normal idiom for "be seated".
ter

Hupa
16.11.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

583

naxe-dnaw 'moving

(the limbs, body) about' < na-=xi-wi-d-naw-i, verbal noun (gerund) from na-=xi-(s)-d-naw 'move (one's body, A fossilized non-directional derivation from a no limbs) about'. *A-d-nawlnarf directional theme 'move productive longer (oneself)'. (See notes 12.49 and 62.81.)
'^aWxic'e'^ 'rich

16.12.

woman'

(see note 14.14).

16.13.

xo-'^-ya--'^a?t'iri

'he does something (wrong)'

<

xo"^-,

shortened form

(note a fuller form in line 14; see 9.15) + ye- 'there (in view)', evidential enclitic + '^a-=c'i-t'e-n 'he does so' (see note 1.49).

of daxo-^-q'i

'in

some way'

16.14.
16.15.

Myitilkyoh 'he steals'

<

(c'i-)}cyi-ti-l-kyo-d,

animate 3rd person imper(Icyi-

fective of lcyi-ti-(s)-l-kyo-d 'steal (something), be a thief.

Jcye'w 'in secret,

hidden'

<

Icyi-e-w

'underneath something'

indefinite 3rd person possessor

16.16.

c'/j/^w^- 'she kills

it'

+ P-ew-i 'underneath P'), < cV-i'/-^- we, animate 3rd person imperfective

of 0-si-(s)-i-we-/we-n 'kill (one person, animal)', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked).
16.17.
16.18.
Ryiniqeh-r'' 'in a

good way'. Fossilized adverbial phrase

'she

in -xo with

unanalyzable stem.
mm/-^'>/vve/i5''^//;'^

(or

min)

'for that purpose'

becomes a menstruant (mm-^'>//Vn)' < min-i + Uyi-we's-l-'^irP 'she comes to consider

(things) as such', inanimate 3rd person perfective of the transitional as such', with Ryi- indefinite 3rd person obof 0-/-Vn 'consider

ject.

(See note 5.55).

16.19.

c'o-ya7ni 'she

might eat (meat)'. Animate 3rd person potential of O(w)-ya-n/yanf (potential stem -yd^ni < -yarf-ni), with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). (See note 10.56).

16.20.

yohicaPni '(people) might see it'. Obviative 3rd person potential of 0-i-cis (potential stem -caPni < -can'^-ni) 'see, find O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). (See note 10.56).
vyaa'^jco/>'e/z 'they are gathering things' < (mi-)wa-n + na-=c'i-xo-lna-=xo-(s)-l-yiw yiw, animate 3rd person imperfective of P-wan '(animals) graze, forage for P; (people) gather, collect P'.
-f-

16.21.

16.22.

Obviative
'people';

person subject, agreeing 3rd otherwise as in note 16.2.

with

Uyiwinya^nya-n

16.23.

waA7-VJ/xa-n/w/<^>'a//? '(people) get ashamed about it' < (mi-)wa-n 'concerning it' -i- '^a--di-xa-=ni-win-d-yan'^ '(people) get ashamed', '^a--di-xa-=ni-(w)-d-yan'^ inanimate 3rd person perfective of Transitional of '^a--di-xa-=ni-d-yan 'be 'become ashamed'.

ashamed', a fossilized derivation.

16.24.

Compare note
See note 12.1.

16.20.

16.25. 16.26.

Ryo-ya^ni 'she might eat (something)'

< (c'i-)Uyo-ya^ni animate 3rd person potential of 0-(w)-ya-n/yanP (potential stem -ya'^ni) 'eat O', with Uyi- indefinite 3rd person object. (See note 16.19).

16.27.

This form could also be ^a'^nit'e'^ (or '^a'^nit'e-); Sapir's transcription None of these forms is attested in Sam Brown's speech. is unclear.

584

XrV Northwest

California Linguistics

He
or

normallly says
'^a-'^ant'e-

"^ant'e- 'it is'

<

'^a-=nin-t'e-

(inanimate 3rd person),

from
16.28.

'he/she is' < '^a=c'i-nin-t'e- (animate 3rd person), both (See notes 1.20 and extension neuter '^a=nin-t'e- 'be (so)'.

14.4).

no'^xoneyod 'they warn her', literally 'they hunt her down, chase her to a stop' < no=c'i-xo-ne--yod-i, animate 3rd person imperfective of no=P-ne-(n)-yod 'hunt P down', with animate 3rd person indirect object {xo-), from the theme P-ne-yod 'chase, hunt (an
animal)'. (animals)

Compare noUnne-yod
down, chases (something)

'dog',

literally

'what

hunts

to a stop'.

16.29.

xowan-c'idne- 'they preach to her', literally 'they speak concerning Once again Emma Frank's idiolect differs slightly from that her'. of Sam Brown, who would ordinarily reduce c'i-di-ne- to c'ine- (see note 3.1).
q'ad hayi-q Wane: 'this is all there is'. Sam Brown originally gave this closing formula after line 12, but then thought of more to say. Sapir indicates that it should go at the end of the text.

16.30.

17.1.

"^a'c'int'e-

'he

is

so';

more commonly contracted

to

'^a-'^ant'e-

(see

notes 1.20 and 16.27).

17.2.

< c'i-}c>i-ti-i-yoi-i, animate 3rd 'he swears (at people)' person imperfective of 0-ti-(s)-yo-l 'blow at O', used idiomatically for 'swear at O' (see note 16.8).
Uyitiiyo-l

17.3.

iah-xo hayah

'just for

nothing, for no (good) reason', literally 'just

there' (see note 5.23).

17.4.

way'^inahW 'he (customarily) steps off, goes beyond (the trail)' < (mi-)wa--y=c'i-'^i-n-ya-W animate 3rd person customary of P-waFor -ny=(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes off beyond' (see note 10.59).
,

ya-W
17.5.

see note 10.50.

See note 10.12.

xo5an>'a- '(song) goes into his mouth' < xo-sa=win-ya-, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-sa-=(w)-ya-W/ya' '(one) goes into P's

17.6.

mouth'.
17.7.
17.8.

See note

1.47.
...'

xoh
xe'^,

...-heh 'even if

(see note 5.3).

17.9.

mena'^wiVjce'^ 'he catches

up with (old person)' < mi-e--na-=c'i-ni-i3rd person perfective of P-e-=(n)-l-xiw/xe'^ 'finish (with) P, catch up with P',with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (see note 8.5). Note that the old person {Uyisdiyan) is referred to in this passage (through line 12) with inanimate or obviative pronouns (see note 1.55).
animate
'^isdiyan, abbreviated

17.10.

form of
is
'I

li>isdiya-n 'old
"^i-,

person'

(see line 9).

in

The sporadic reduction of

nal

initial k>i- to

more common
...'.

nomiused

forms than

in verbs,
'^asdo^)

apparently a stylistic variation.

17.1

1.

"^isdo

(sometimes
9.4.

wish

...'

or 'would that

Particle

to introduce volitional phrases.

17.12.

See note

Hupa
17.13.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

585

mehsla'-.xowidse'^n 'being

mean' < mehsla- 'mean, ornery', unanalyzable proclitic + xo-wi-d-sin^-i 'coming to be so', verbal noun (gerund) from xo-{w)-sirP 'come to be so', transitional of xo-

sin 'be so', enclitic neuter.

17.14.
17.15.

c'idyaPn 'he gets old'.

Animate 3rd person imperfective of (w)-d-

yanP
17.16.

'get old', transitional of stative neuter si-ya-n 'be old'.

1.53. 'stealing'

See note

lcyite-lk>o-d

<

kyi-ti-wi-l-kyo'd-i, verbal

noun (gerund)

from
18.1. 18.2.

lc>i-ti-(s)-l-k>'o-d 'steal

(something)' (see note 16.14).

See notes 4.27 and 12.40.

'he (customarily) pays (someone)', literally 'he puts round object) into someone's hand' < P-laP '(into) P's hand', here used as a proclitic + 0-(w}-'^aWna-n 'put (a round object) somewhere'. This is the traditional idiom for 'pay P, settle up with
k>ila7-c'e'^aPaW
(a
?'.

18.3.

commits adultery, cuckolds someone' < ky-o--c'i-niwan-i, animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-o--ni-(n)-wa-nlwaii? 'cuckold O, commit adultery with O's wife', with /:>/- indefinite 3rd person object. For the position of the directive prefix (O-o--) see
^'>o'^/2/wa7z 'he

note 12.9.
18.4.
kye'^iite'^

'he (customarily) gets killed' < (c'i-)kyi-'^i-i-te'^, animate 3rd person customary of kyi-(w)-i-te'^ 'get killed' (for elision of initial c'i- see note 3.4). Presumably a transitional or causative derivation from the stative neuter theme si-i-tem 'a living being lies stunned or dead', although the derivational status of /:>/- is unclear.

18.5.

no'^aW 'he puts (gesture with hand) down' < no'=c'i-'^aW, animate 3rd person imperfective of no-=0-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'put (a round object) down, in that place', with inanimate 3rd person object. Note the short vowel in the first syllable, which reflects underlying */io-'^xadyaij-xosin 'it is shameful' < xadyan 'shameful', proclitic that apparently reflects the theme underlying neuter '^a--di-xa=ni-d-ya-n 'be ashamed' (see note 16.23), but not otherwise analyzable + xosin-i 'it is so', inanimate 3rd person of enclitic neuter.

18.6.

18.7.
18.8.

See note 17.16.

ya-xowilwa-K 'he gets beaten up with a club'. i-wal/wa-K 'beat up O with a club'.
kyilkyaiiP 'she gets pregnant'.

Passive of y a- =0-(s )-

18.9.

Animate 3rd person imperfective of

kyi-(w)-l-kyan'^ 'get pregnant', transitional of kyi-wi-l-kyan 'be pregnant'.

(Denominative theme from P-kyan 'P's mind, heart, insides',

proclitic noun.)

18.10. 18.11.

xe'^eVad 'he runs pasV < xi'^e- = c'i- 1 -tad- i, animsiic 3rd person imperfective of xi'^e-=(w)-l-ia-d 'run past'.
ye'^//>'o'^

'he (customarily) likes

it'

<

>'/-'^/-/-vc>'^,

obviative 3rd person

customary of 0-(we-s)-l-yo'^

'like, love,

desire O'.

Note the obvia-

586

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

tive/inanimate 3rd person reference to lc>isdiyan 'old person' in this passage (see note 17.9).

18.12.

o/>'o/2/ 'he swears at you'

<

ai-c>-w/-^-jo7, inanimate 3rd

person

perfective of 0-o--(w)-i-yoi 'blow at O', with object (ni-).

2nd person singular

18.13. 18.14. 18.15.

'^indiya'^n,

abbreviated from Uyindiya'^n 'you grow old' (see notes 17.10 and 17.14).

See note 5.55.

U>Hc'''e-

(c'i-)lc>i-i-c"e-,

birth', literally 'she creates something' < animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(s)-c'''e'/c'^in'^ 'make, create O', with /:>/- indefinite 3rd person object.

'she

gives

18.16.

See note
See note

2.3. 2.4.

18.17.

18.18. 18.19.

See note 7.13.

"^a-c'idyah 'one did
it',

perfective theme of (See note 7.10).

'^a-=t'e-n

animate 3rd person of '^a-=d-yaw, suppletive 'do so' (optative/customary '^a-=niw).

1.5.

18.20. 18.21.

For the obviative 3rd person pronoun see note

'^aydo-'^one'^ 'he

(customarily) thinks about himself < '^a=yi-d-o-'^ine"^, obviative 3rd person customary of 0-o--(n-di-)(s)-ne-/ne'^ 'think about O', with reflexive object {'^a-=di-). Irregular suppletive animate 3rd person of '^a-=y-ni-(w)-sin/-sin'^ 'think so, feel thus' (see note 4.3). For the obviative 3rd person pronoun see note 1.5.

18.22.

noyk>e'^iyaW 'he (customarily) stops eating' < no-=yi-Icyi-'^i-yaW, obviative 3rd person customary of no-=lc>i-(n)-yaW 'stop eating, go off one's feed'. The underlying directional theme (A-lcH-yaW) normally refers to the grazing of animals, but in this derivation it is used metaphorically of people.
'^isdiyanc'^itj,

18.23.

abbreviated
A:'>'/5C?/}'a-n

from

Uyisdiyan-c'^irj

(see

note

17.10)
suf-

'widow' <
18.24.

'old person'

-c"i>i

'of that sort',

noun

fix (note 1.9).

c"7>2-c'c>w//r/ 'he bothers her, teases her'

wi-le-l-i,

<

c'^m

'dirt, filth'

c'-o--

animate 3rd person of progressive neuter 0-o--wi-lei 'be throwing (several things) at O', i.e., 'be throwing dirt at O'. The associated directional theme is A-0-liW/la- 'handle (several things)'.
19.1.

c'ixeneW
tive

'she talks'

<

c'i-xi-win-ne-W-i, animate 3rd person perfec-

of xi-ni-(w)-ye-W (animate

3rd

person

theme

xi-(w)-ne-W)

'speak, talk'.
19.2.
(pi.) have spoiled (the world)' < c'^in'^ da-=w-oh-i-te-n-i, 2nd person plural perfective (see note 1.54).

c''in'^da-wohite-n 'you

19.3.

t'ehxic'eh

'girls!'.

This vocative form

is

presumably the same as the

collective plural t'ehxi^e- 'girls' (see note 15.1).

19.4.

'^a-ditoMcif 'you (pi.) cut off your (own) hair' < '^a-=di-t-oh-l-cit\ 2nd person imperfective of 0-ti-(s)-i-cit' 'cut O's hair', with reflexive object {'^a-=di-). The underlying directional theme is A-O-icit' 'ravel, unravel O'.

Hupa
19.5.
"^a-lcntln

Texts: Linguistic Notes

587

'something does so, things happen'. Indefinite 3rd person imperfective of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so' (suppietive perfective '^a-=d-yaw, customary/optative '^a-=niw). The reference of the (rare) indefinite 3rd person subject (Icyi-) is 'something unspecified'. See note 20.1.
xa'^a-'^adiPin 'they

19.6.

do so

(as described)

to themselves, treat

them-

animate 3rd person imperfective of xa-'^a-=0-t-'^e-n 'do so (as described) to O', with reselves as described'
xa-'^a-=c'i-di-i-'^e-n,

<

flexive object ('^a-=di-) (see note 14.12).

19.7.

c'Hn7da-nyay '(the world) has gone to ruin, spoiled'. Inanimate 3rd person perfective of c'-'W + da-=(w)-ya-'W/ya- 'the world goes to ruin, is spoiling', literally '(one person) goes down (to ruin)' (see note 1.54).

19.8. 19.9.

See note 5.54.

"^a-ya-nohwilaw 'the
passive of of ^a=0i-'^e-n (perfective/passive theme '^a-=0-law) 'treat O so', with lst/2nd person plural object (noh-) and plural (ya-=). One expects ya-= to be shortened to ya- before noh- (see note 11.51).
treated'

which we are

way we are dressed up', < '^a--ya-=noh-wi-law-i,

literally

'the

way

in

19.10.

yiman'^dil 'white man'. Contracted from yima-n-naPdil < yima-ni 'across, on the other side' -i- na-=c'i-dil-i, animate 3rd person imperfective of na-=(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) are around, go around, live there'. This is apparently an old by-term for U>ixinay, said to have been applied to white people because they came from "across Yurok wogey (= Hupa Uyixinay) was similarly exthe ocean." tended to whites.

19.11.

siWdiyan

'I

am

stative neuter

old, have lived to be old'. si-d-yan 'be old'.

1st

person singular of

19.12.

'he did so to himself in some way', i.e., 'he dressed, behaved in an inappropriate way' < daxo'^-q' 'in some (wrong) way' (see notes 9.15 and 16.13) -i- '^a-=c'i-di-law, animate 3rd person of '^a-=0-law, suppietive perfective theme of la=0-i"^e-n 'treat so', with reflexive object {^a-=di-).
daxo--q'-'^a?dilah

19.13.

xmeVy

< xi-neW-i 'what 'speech, (someone's) words, language' someone speaks', relative form of the inanimate 3rd person impertheme of
xi-

fective of xi-iwj-ne'W, suppietive animate 3rd person

ni-(w)-ye-'W 'speak, talk'.

19.14.

See note 5.46.

"^adH-tifjxe-nehW [Sapir writes -n/W here and in lines 15 and 18; but -nehW in line 17] 'he cursed himself < "^a-di-t 'with himself + tin=xi-win-neW 'he went wrong (in speaking), broke taboos' (see It is not notes 4.27 and 12.40), inanimate 3rd person perfective. clear why this form has an inanimate subject, since the preceding verbs (na'^way 'he walks about, lives' and miq'eh-na-'^as'^a'^ 'he minds it') presumably have the same subject as does the verb here, and they are marked for animate 3rd person. It is possible that Sapir mistranscribed this form, and that it should be '^adii-ti/j'^xe'nehW.

19.15.

19.16.

dahc'iiiwidlei 'they are holding one another's arms' (< dah=ci-iiwi-d-le-l-i, animate 3rd person of progressive neuter dah=0-wi-lel

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XIV Northwest

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'be holding O's arm' with reciprocal object (H-, with <i-classifier).

metaphorical use of the directional theme A-O-liW/la- 'handle (two or more objects)'. Formal prohibitions are often expressed

as do-

'not'

neuter or imperfective

(compare English, "One

doesn't do that!").
19.17.

each other along' < na=n-c'i-ii-d-lo-sanimate 3rd person imperfective of na-=0-(s-pf)-lo-s 'lead O around', with reciprocal object {n-ii-, see note 11.40) and dna'^niidlo-s 'pulling, leading
i,

classifier.

19.18.

wan-lo'^-sohic''in'^ 'you laugh at iV

'laughter'
c'^e-fc^in"?

s-oh-l-c'nn'^,

< (mZ-jwaTZ 'towards it' + io"^ 2nd person plural perfective of 0-(s)-ii.e.,

'make O', with

proclitic io"^ as object,

'you

make

laugh'.

19.19.

mixa- kyiniW '^a'de'^Uc'^e'^ 'they always pay attention to him', liter< ally 'they (customarily) make themselves informed after him' + IcyiniW mi-xa- 'following, paying attention to (old person)' + ?a=di-'^i-i-c'^e'^-i, inani'news, information, (being) informed' mate 3rd person customary of 0-(s)-l-c'''e-/c'nn'^ (customary stem -cv*^) 'make O', with reflexive object {^a-=di-).

19.20.
19.21.

nahdH
"^ixe-x

'you (all) go around, live' < na-=oh-dH, 2nd person plural imperfective of na-=(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go around, live'.
'boys!'. children'.

Special vocative form, derived from xixex 'boys, (See note 19.3).
it

19.22.

no-na-lc>'inohita'^X 'you (pi.) kick

back

to there'

<

no--na-=lc>i-n-

oh-i-ta-K,

2nd person

plural perfective of no-=0-(n)-l-tal/ta-K 'kick

O
20.1.

to that place', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=)

and

in-

definite 3rd person object (/cW-).

iarjx'"

literally

'when (people) die', ian-xo 'in many ways, variously' + '^a-=Uyi-'^i-niw-i 'something(customarily) does something, it happens', indefinite 3rd person customary of '^a=t'e-n 'do so' with suppletive theme "^a'-niw (see note 19.5) + (h)id
'^akye'^iniw-id [Sapir v^nt&s:

'?a7A:>^'?m/w]

'when things happen

in

many ways' <

'when'.
20.2.
'he gets cold (again)' < na-=c'i-qac\ animate 3rd person imperfective of (w)-qac' 'become cold', transitional of the descriptive neuter si-q'ac' 'be cold', with na-= iterative/reversative modifier.
na'^q'ac'

20.3.

daxo'^-'^ac'idyaw 'the one who has died', literally 'the one who has done so somehow' < daxo"^ 'somehow' (see notes 9.15 and 16.13) + '^a-=c'i-d-yaw-i, relative form of animate 3rd person of '^a-=d-yaw, suppletive perfective theme of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so' (customary/optative '^a-=niw). (See notes 7.10, 16.13 and 18.19).

20.4.
20.5.

See note

1.26.

< xo-e(customarily) cover him again' animate 3rd person customary of P-e-=Uyi-(w)-ixaf 'put a blanket, fabric as a cover over P', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and animate 3rd person indirect
x'^ena'^Uye^iixat' 'they na-=c'i-kyi-'^i-i-xat\

Hupa
object {xo-}.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

589

ket, fabric lies stretched as a cover'.

Causative of the descriptive neuter llH-ni-xat' 'a blan(See notes 10.7 and 12.34).

20.6.

yide'^iiq'aPn 'he (customarily) stands (a

di-'^i-i-q'an^-i,

board) up edgeways' < yiobviative 3rd person customary of 0-di-(w)-i-qan^ 'cause O to be slanted', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. Causative of neuter di-q'a-n 'slant, lean, run up at an angle'. The reason for the switch from human animate 3rd person subject to obviative 3rd person here is not clear, unless someone other than the main subject (the gravedigger) is responsible for placing the boards.

20.7.

nasa^a-n '(body) which is still lying there' < na=si-'^a-n-i, inanimate 3rd person of stative neuter si-'^a-n '(a round object) lies somewhere' with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). The semantic force of na-= 'iterative/reversative' is that the body is still to be found in the position where it was last seen (see note 5.61).

20.8.

which he (has been) tied' < m-e-=xo-wipassive of P-e-=0-(s)-loy'^ 'tie to P', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-). (See note 12.19).
me-xo'^wiloy'^ '(board) to
loy'^,

20.9.

da7a-na7x'''e'^iliw 'he (customarily) unties

him', literally 'he does the animate 3rd person customary of da-'^a-=0-liw 'do thus to O' (suppletive customary/optative theme of da-'^a-=0-i-'^e-n), with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).
reverse to

him

again'

<

da-'^a-na'=c'i-xo-'^i-liw-i,

20.10.
20.1
1.

ceMcay
white'.

'quartz', contracted

from

ce- 'stone'

-\-

ii-cay-i '(which)

is

Line 13 was added after the text was originally dictated.

VII, p. 40a).

(Notebook

20.12.

yidah-c'in '(coming) from above, upslope' (see note 2.37). Note the metaphorical use of a geographical directional term to specify the way a line is drawn on the body. See note 39.18.
'they (customarily) look at him again' < na'=c'i-xoanimate 3rd person customary of 0-ne--(w)-t-'^e-nPin'^ 'look at O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).
na'^xoAz^-'^/V'^e'^/i

20.13.

ne'-'^i-i-'^irf-i,

20.14.

xoma'lyaw'^ 'his relatives' < P-ma'lyaw'^ 'P's relative, friend', unanalyzable possessed noun stem. Sometimes heard as P-malyo'^, by analogy with the verb theme O-l-yo"^ 'like, love O'.

20.15. 20.16.

through

Sapir notes that Sam Brown gave waPUye'^Hwal 'they it (with a stick)' as an alternative form.

put a hole

yiwana^tiimid 'they turn (the baskets) upside down', assimilated from yiwi-naPtHmid < yiwi 'upside down' -- na-=c'i-li-i-mid, animate 3rd person imperfective of na-=0-(w)-l-mid 'turn O's stomach (in that direction) with inanimate 3rd person object again' (unmarked) and distributive modifier (ti-). (See notes 13.43 and
16.5.)

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20.17.

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xol ya-teVlid 'they (customarily) sweat (ritually in the sweathouse)', literally '(sweathouse wood) bums with them' < xo-i 'with him, them' + ya-=ti-'^i-lid-i, inanimate 3rd person customary of ti-(s)-lid '(fire) burns (plural)'. Note that the plural prefix (ya-=) semantically modifies the animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-), but morphologically is attached to the verb. Compare notes 5.10, 30.48, 33.8-9, 65.8, and 76.29; for the opposite situation see note 46.30.

20.18.

ma-jfoc/a'^ana-W 'she (customarily) leads them down' < m-a- 'for the benefit of, leading (the people)' + xo-da-='^i-na-W-i, inanimate 3rd person customary of xo-da-=(w)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes down the slope'. The inanimate 3rd person form in this clause (referring to the action of the medicine maker) contrasts with the animate 3rd person form of the same verb in the following clause (referring to the action of the gravedigger). See notes 1.5 and 10.50.

20.19.

xonoyyaWe'^

'his leftovers from eating' < xo-, animate 3rd person possessor + no-=yi-yaW-i 'what (an animal) leaves uneaten', obviative 3rd person imperfective (non-finite form, see note 1.5) of no-=0-(n)-yaW/yan'^ 'leave (food) over when eating, stop eating' + -(ip, possessed noun formant. (See note 5.49).
it dig something up' < xa-=}cy-o--We'^ni, inanimate 3rd person potential of xa-=0-( w)- Wei We"^ 'dig O up', with /:W- indefinite 3rd person object. (See note 10.56).

20.20.

xa-}<>o-We'^n 'lest

21.1.

wan-na-dya'^ 'preparing it', literally 'going around for (that purpose)' < (mi)-wa-n 'for it' + na-=wi-d-ya^ 'going around, busying oneself, verbal noun (gerund) from na-=(s)-ya-/ya'^ '(one) is

around, goes around'.

21.2.
t'arj'^-te'^ina-W

(See note 1.46).

arrives,

comes around' < t'anq' 'fall, composition, see note 1.37) ti-'^ina-W-i, inanimate 3rd person customary of ti-(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes off, along'. Inanimate 3rd person forms of the intransitive directional theme A-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes' are used to refer to the cycling of seasons and annual ceremonies (note 12.10). For the stem
'autumn

autumn' (reduced

to tan"^- in

-i-

form
21.3.

-naW
The

see note 10.50.

'I

^ma'^aM^ti/Ge'^

(customarily) get up'

<

'^i-na='^i-W-di-Ge'^, \st per-

son singular customary of

bed)'.

'(one) gets up (from prefixes in this fossilized derivation are basically ni-na-= 'back (up) from the ground', with frequent reduction of the initial n- to '^- (see note 2.27). The classifier and stem are probably re'^i-na-=(s)-d-Ge'^

analyzed from the directional adverb stem -dac 'up, above'.

21.4. 21.5.

Read: c'e-'^iWWa-W.

< Uya--da-=ne\ inanimate 3rd person imperfective of k>a--da-=(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'gather acorns'. This fossilized derivation is probably from li>-a- 'for the benefit of, on behalf of (people)' + da-=ne- 'gather (a supply of) food' (< Athabaskan *dane 'food' < * d-yan-e 'what is eaten'; cf the Hupa
Ji>ada-ne- 'one gathers acorns'

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

591

phrase P-darf-saPan 'P is stingy with food, has a hoard of food', to be analyzed as 'P's (supply of) food is lying somewhere').
21.6.
yice'^n-'^e'^e'^aP '(the

sun)

moves (customarily) towards

setting', liter-

ally '(a

round object) comes

to lie downhill, to the west'

<

yicirPi

'downhill, to the west' + '^i-'^i-'^a'^, inanimate 3rd person customary transitional of (w)-'^a'^ '(a round object) comes to lie somewhere', of stative neuter si-'^a-n '(a round object) lies somewhere'. For the formation of '^i-'^i-'^aP see note 10.33.

21.7.

Aiare'^/W^aW 'I always walk back' < na- = ti-'^ i-W-daW, \s\. ^txson singular customary of ti-(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes off, along' with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).

The

string

-d-yaW

regularly

contracts to

-daW

(see note 2.13).

21.8.

wan-na-na-'^aWWa'^ 'I (customarily) again busy myself with, prepare (what I will eat)' < fm/J-wa-n 'for (that)' + na--na-='^i-W-ya'^ I go around again' (for the formation see notes 1.46 and 21.1). The + initial y- of certain subject marker -W-, 1st singular singular stems normally assimilates to -W-W-, which is sometimes further reduced to -W-. The stems subject to this assimilation are those belonging to the themes A-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes' and 0-ya-nlyainP 'eat
O'.

21.9.

See note 4.23.

21.10. 21.11.

minah

'(just)

beforehand', unanalyzable adverbial particle.

Probably misheard for j/wa/i^/ay, diminutive form (see note 1.23) of ^i-wa-=si-la--i '(acorns) that lie cracked open', relative form of stative neuter si-la- '(several things) lie somewhere', with prefix as
in note 4.23.

21.12.

Sapir's notebook
context.

is

water-damaged here, but the form

see note 21.8.

is

clear

from

For

-WW-

21.13.

wan-no-lcye'^iWiiW them, for them' +

'I

'I

no-=lcyi-'^i-W-liW

reach for (the acorns)' < (mi)-wa-n 'towards 'I put my hand down', literally

move

(several specific objects) to that place'.

With

fc>'i-

indefinite

3rd person object, the directional theme A-0-liW/la- 'handle (several objects)' idiomatically refers to movements of the hand.

21.14.

da'^e'^iWxa-W

(customarily) put the (acorn-filled baskets) on top' + '^i-'^i-W-xaW-i, 1st person singular customary of (w)-xa-W/xa-n 'put (a filled container somewhere' (for the phonology of '^i-'^i- see note 10.33). A disjunct prefix (or, as here, a proclitic) ending in -h normally loses the -h when immediately before '^-.
'\

< dah 'on

top, above'

21.15. 21.16. 21.17.

Sapir writes Rye-yaPn-te'

dahlcyide'^iWc'^'o-gy
'I

(customarily) sweep the acorn

husks away'.

See note 5.27.

^eA:'>'e'^/Wjcar' 'I

(customarily) sew them to each other' < i-e-=Uyi-'^iW-i-xaf-i, 1st person singular customary of P-e=0-(w)-t-xat' 'sew to P', with A:'>/- indefinite 3rd person object and reciprocal indirect object (nii- > i-).

O
21.18.

me/:>'e'^/W.Ya/'
i-xat'-i,
1st

< m-e-=l<yi-'^i-W'I (customarily) put a cover over it' person singular customary of P-e=l(yi-(w)-i-xat' 'put a

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blanket, fabric as a cover over P'. Causative of the descriptive neuter kn-ni-xat' 'a blanket, fabric lies stretched as a cover' (see notes 10.7, 12.34, and 20.5). Note the quite different derivation

of this verb from that in note 21.17, despite similar surface forms.

21.19.

ma-'^a'^ 'its lice',

contracted from

mi-ya'^i-'^,

possessed form of

ya"^

'louse'.

21.20.

(acorns in basket) lies there (customarily)'. Inanimate 3rd person customary of (w)-xa'^, transitional of stative neuter si-xan '(a
'^e'^/xa'^ 'it

filled container) lies

somewhere'.
it'.

21.21.

c'^in-yo-wile-l '(insects) bother

Obviative 3rd person of progresO trouble', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked).
sive neuter c'^in

+ 0-o--wi-lei 'bother O, cause

21.22.

mena-'^ada-W '(a number of) years (customarily) go by', literally 'it comes back to it, cycles back around to it' < m-e--na-='^i-da-W, inanimate 3rd person customary of P-e-=(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) comes to P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).

(See note 12.10;

for

-daW

see

note 2.13).

21.23.

do'-xo'^iliw 'they (customarily) get used up,

do- 'not'
liw/le'^

become unplentiful' < + xo-'^i-liw, inanimate 3rd person customary of xo-(s)'become plentiful', the irregular transitional theme of denumerous, abundant'.
mic'iWe'^-tah-x''
'iho,

scriptive neuter xo-le-n 'be

21.24.

Read:
'(the

mouldy ones among them'

P'

ones with) mould',

-i-

literally 'their

have dust'
21.25.

P-taw 'among
'I 'I

+
it'

< mic'iWe^ dust (is in evidence), they xo, locative enclitic.

mina-de'^iWWa-W
legs', literally (?)

straddle (the

hopper and mortar rock) with

my

go around

< mi-na'di

'around

it'

+ Ci-Pi-

W-WaW-i,
21.26. 21.27.

1st

'(one) goes'.
ma-c'e"^ '(its)

person singular customary of directional A-ya-W/yaThe analysis of this form is not entirely clear.
Possessed noun stem, enclitic to
q'ay'^kyisd

edge, rim'.

'hopper'.

wa-nande'^iWdaW 'I (customarily) get back off from on top (of the < (mi-)wa--na--n=di-'^i-W-da-W-i, 1st person singular customary of P-wa-n=di-(w)-ya-W/ya- '(one) comes off from on top
hopper)'
of
P',

with

inanimate

3rd

tive/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).

person indirect object and iteraFor the morphology of wa--n-

see notes 2.31 and 10.62.

21.28. 21.29.

See note
We"^,
1st

1.26.
'I

xe'^e/cV'^/WWe'^

(customarily) dig

down

into

it'

<

x/V=it'>/-'^/-W-

down
21.30.
1st

person singular customary of xi'^e-=lcyi-(w)-We-/We'^ 'dig into something'.

'I (customarily) pat it down' < no-na='^i-W-i-mat\ person singular customary of no-=0-(n)-i-mat' 'pat O down, into place', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). Causative formation, based on the stem of impersonal neuter na-=mat' 'there is a flapping (sound)'.

/707?a'^aH^ma/'

21.31.

ie-na-lc>e'^ilcay'^ 'it

na-=kyi-'^i-l-cay'^,

(customarily) dries itself back together' < i-ccustomary of the mediopassive of 0-(w)-l-cay^

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

593

'dry O' with postpositional derivation l-e-= 'towards each other, together', iterative/reversative modifier (na-=), and A:W- indefinite 3rd person object. Causative of descriptive neuter ni-i-ca-y 'be dry'.

21.32.

mine-ci^ (also heard as mine-gi^ or ne-gij, see lines 62 and 63) 'in a small way, delicately, slightly'. Adverbial particle with diminutive consonantal symbolism (see note 1.26), implying an unattested nondiminutive base form *mine-gyij.
'acorns (customarily) become sweet'. Customary of impersonal Uyi-(w}-l-xan^ 'acorns become sweet, leached of tannic acid', transitional of neuter Uyi-l-xan 'acorns are sweet'. From Uxan 'be sweet' with thematic indefinite 3rd person subject (fcyi-). See note 5.31.
k.ye'^ilxaPn

21.33.

21.34.
21.35.

c'idan'^-daij'^ 'at first, before'.

Adverbial phrase

< c'idarP

'to

begin

with', unanalyzable particle

rt/^a/z-xo-j '(slightly)

+ dan^
so'.

'after'.

big' (with diminutive consonant

way' +
ism,

j/,

Adverbial phrase < /-A:>aw 'it is symbolism, ky- > k-) + xo 'in that diminutive enclitic (with diminutive consonant symbol-

more

j>j).

21.36.

21.37.

'it takes it out' < c'e-=yi-'^i-'^aW-i, ob\'mh\e 3rd person customary of c'e-=0-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'take (a round object) out (of a house, enclosure)'. For the use of obviative 3rd person to mark a low animacy subject see notes 1.55 and 4.12. The metaphor ('take out, remove' > 'eradicate') may be a caique on English. m/c Y/xa/ie"? 'its bitterness' < m/-, inanimate 3rd person possessor + c'i-l-xan-i 'what is bitter; bitterness', relative form of impersonal neuter -(ip, possessed noun formant. (For a similar formation

c7>''^a'^aW

-l-

see note 10.69).

21.38. 21.39.

See note 1.45. Note the use of imperfective in the dependent clause, not customary as in the main clause ("When I customarily stop my pouring of hot
water...").

21.40.

with my person singular customary of ti-(s)-c'nd 'move hand, arm along; measure with the arm'. This derivation is obscure.
kyin-te'^iWc^'id
'I

(customarily)

make

(a circular furrow)

finger'

<

kyin 'stick'

ti-'^i-W-c'^id, 1st

21.41.

waiting for it again' < mi1st person singular customary of ya-=(we-s)-'^a'^ '(one) comes to sit', literally '(one thing) comes to extend upward', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). Transitional of the extension ncuier ya=win-'^a- '(one) is sitting', literally '(one thing) extends upward' (see 16.10).

mina--ya-na-'^aWa^
na- '(waiting) for

'I

(customarily)
-I-

sit

it'

ya--na-='^i-W-'^a'^,

21.42.

Aza'AzA'/c' 'it

becomes hard again' < /za-=wm-A7c', inanimate 3rd person perfective of (w)-Kic' 'become hard', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). Transitional of descriptive neuter ni-Kic 'be hard'.
dough)
sticks to

21.43.

me-'^it'aPn '(the

(my hand)'

<

m-e-='H-t'atf-i, in-

animate 3rd person customary of P-e'=(w}-t'an7 'come to stick to P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-}. Transitional of
stative neuter P-e=si-t'arP 'be stuck to P'.

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21.44.

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na-lc>iWlahW 'I clean (sand) off (the acorn dough)' < na=fcyi-WlaW, 1st person singular imperfective of 0-(w)-la-W 'clean O up', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=) and l<>i- indefinite 3rd perNote the switch from customary to imperfective in a son object. dependent clause (see note 21.39 above).

21.45.

no'^odced '(sand) customarily settles (to bottom)' < no-='^i-d-Ge-dperson customary of no-=(n)-d-Ge-d '(a stick-like /, inanimate 3rd The object) moves itself to some place', mediopassive theme. semantics of this derivation are idiomatic. The same derivation can

also

mean

'starve

to

death',

i.e.

'stoop

(stick-like)

down

to

the

ground (from weakness)'.

21.46.
ta^e'^iWcod
'^i-W-God-i, 1st person singular

(customarily) poke (rocks) out of the fire' < tah='^icustomary of tah=0-(s)-God 'poke, spear O out of (fire, water, entanglement)', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). For the phonology of ta'^e- see note 21.14.
'I

21.47. 21.48.

The

distributive modifier (ti-) in this

form precludes inflection with

customary aspect.

(See note 12.19).

de-^iWme-n 'I (customarily) fill them' < de--^i-'W-i-me-n-i, \s\ ^qxson singular customary of 0-de--(w)-i-me-n 'fill O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). The customary/optative stem of this theme varies between -me-n (the imperfective and perfective stem) and -min'^.

21.49.
21.50. 21.51.

mena-kye'^iWxad (read:

-xat').

See note 21.18.

See note 21.47.

sa-ya-k>e'^idixa-W 'we
all put baskets filled (with acorn soup) into our mouths' < sa--ya-=lcyi-'^i-di-xa-W-i, 1st person plural customary of P-sa-=0-(w)-xa-W/xa-n 'put (a filled container) into P's mouth', with plural iya-=) and lc>'i- indefinite 3rd person object. The absence of a marked object with P-sa= indicates that the motion is into the subject's mouth. The relative form of the animate 3rd person imperfective of this theme {sa'^xa-W 'the filled container (of soup) that one puts into one's mouth') is the term for 'acorn soup'.

22.1. 22.2.

See note 21.1.

dahde'^iWce'^
W-ce"^,
1st

(customarily) shove (canoe) to shore' < dah=di-'^isingular customary of dah=0-di-(w)-ceperson (optative/customary -ce"^) 'shove (canoe) to shore', literally 'shove O off away, a little further' (see note 10.52 for the semantics of the adverbial modifier). The directional theme A-O-ce- 'shove, point O' is probably denominal from the Athabaskan noun stem *ce
'I

'head'.

22.3.

< pound, hack off (various roots) (with a rock)' person singular imperfective of Uye-=0-(w)-icil/ceX 'pound O, severing it', with distributive modifier (ti-) and The adverbial modifier kye=0kyi- indefinite 3rd person object. (w) 'cutting, breaking off is sometimes heard as qe-=, which is the
Uye-UyitiWcil
'I

kye-=lcyi-ti-W-cil-i, 1st

historically older form.

22.4.

See note 21.6.

Hupa
22.5.
'?/'?/'e'^

Texts: Linguistic Notes

595

ripens'

(probably mishead for '^e'^it'e'^) 'it (customarily) gets cooked, < '^i-'^i-t'e'^-i, inanimate 3rd person customary of (w)-t'e'^ 'ripen, get cooked'. For initial "^i- see notes 7.2 and 10.33.

22.6.

< ni-'^i-W-sin'^-i, 1st person sin'I (customarily) think' gular customary of (y-)ni-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think'. (1st and 2nd person forms only; 3rd person forms use a suppletive theme, O-o--n-di-(s)ne'/ne'^ 'think about O'; see note 4.3.) (For (y-) see note 25.35.)
ne'^iWse'^n

22.7.
22.8. 22.9.

c'it'a^nyeh-^

'(it is)

neuter

j/,

very thin' < c'i-t'aPnye- 'it is thin', impersonal diminutive (with consonant symbolism j >j).

from each other' < nii-, reciprocal indirect object P-t'aw 'apart from P, escaping from P'. Postpositional phrase.
niit'ah 'apart

See note 13.7.

ie-na-Rye'^iWdiKo-'Wi
erally
'I
'I

22.10.

(customarily)

make

a round in weaving',

lit-

weave

it

in a circle'

<

i-e--na-=lcyi-'^i-W-di-Ko-W-i, 1st per-

son singular customary of i-e--na-=lcyi-(w)-d-Ko-W/Ko-n 'make a Note that this is a motion theme (i.e., in basket weaving'. "move weaving"), with ^-classifier in the iterative/reversative modifier (for l-e--na-= 'back together, completing a circle' see note 2.14). A partially homophonous theme, P-e=Un-(s)-Ko-W/K,orP 'tie (something) on to P' (see note 10.14) is an action theme, with no classifier change in iterative/reversative forms.

round

22.11. 22.12. 22.13.

The handling of empty baskets is referred to with the theme A-tiW/ta-n 'handle (a stick-like object)'. See note
See note 12.15.
ne"^

directional
16.4.

ahW '\ 2ivn\Q' < /-'^/-iy-WaW, 1st person singular customary of m-(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) comes, arrives'. (For -WW- see note
21.8).

iWW

22.14.

We-lwe'^K 'I camped for the night', literally 'night fell on me' < We-=wi-l-we-K, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=(w)-l-wil/we-K 'night falls on P'. See note 1.24.
me-Ryint'e- '(being) as long as
e=lcyi-nin-t'e-,
nin-t'e-

22.15.

the length of it' < mit, (having) inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter P-e=lcyi'be as long as P'.

22.16.

< Icyi-'^i-W-yan'^-i, 1st person sin'I (customarily) eat' gular customary of lcy-(w)-ya-n/yan'^ 'eat (something)'. (For -WWsee note 21.8.)
Icye'^iWWa'^n

22.17. 22.18.

See note
Ic ye-

1.8.
'I

yina'^

cook
1.

iV

<

/:'>'-r=w-e-^-A2a'^,

1st
A:'>/-

person singular perfecspecial indirect object.

tive oi P-e-=(w}-i-na-lna^ 'cook P', with

See note
22.19.
eating'.

6.1

no-Rye'^iWyahW (probably misheard for -yaW) 'I (customarily) finish See note 18.22. (Note that the initial y- of this theme does not assimilate to the preceding 1st person singular subject marker. See note 21.8.)

22.20.

< wanande'^iWsow 'I (customarily) scrape (dirt) off again' (mi-)wa--na--n=di-'^i-W-sow-i, 1st person singular customary of Poff of P', with inanimate 3rd person wa-n=0-di-(w)-sow 'scrape

596

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

object (unmarked) and inanimate 3rd person indirect object (see note 1.46). For the morphology of P-wa--n= see notes 2.31 and 10.62.

22.21.
22.22.

w/c"a>' '(dirt) that

xo'^ji

is

piled up'

<

wi-(d)-c'''a--i.

Passive.

me-yahihow 'they are of medium size' < xo'^^i 'really, well, + m-e--ya-=-l-k>ow-i 'they are as large as (that)' < P-e=i-k>ow 'be as large as P', impersonal neuter, with plural {ya-=) and inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-}. Irregular comappropriately'
parative form of descriptive neuter ni-ha-w 'be large' (see also All descriptive neuters similarly form "comparatives" with 33.34). the derivational string P-e=.A- 'as ... as P'.

22.23.

< na-='^i-W-da'^, 1st person 'I (customarily) stay home' singular customary of (w)-da'^ '(one) comes to sit, dwell', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). Transitional of stative neuter sida- '(one) sits, stays'.
na-^aWda'^

22.24.

See note 12.10.

22.25.
22.26.

xoW-dehsmirj min 'it is full'

'a

(stative neuter;
'I

handful (of roots)' < xo-la'^ 'his hand' see note 21.48).

+ de-s-

(customarily) go back to fetch (the roots)' < "^-o1st person singular customary of O-o--ni-(w)c'nd 'reach for O, fetch O', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). (For initial '^- see note
'^o-na-ne'^iWc''id

na-=ni-'^i-W-c'^id-i,

15.8).

22.21

na-sda'^andeh 'a while ago'.

Sapir writes IcHKah.

Fossilized adverbial phrase.

22.28.

22.29. 22.30.

See note

7.1.

< na-=ni-W-di-ta-n-i, relative na-Wdita-n 'which I brought back' form of 0-ni-(n)-tiW/ta-n 'bring (a stick-like object)', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-). (See note 22.11.)

22.31.

< '^i-'^i-i-tan'^-i, inanimate 3rd 'it (customary) gets damp' Transitional of descripperson customary of (w)-tan'^ 'get damp'.
^e'^iita^ni

tive neuter ni-i-tan 'be soft,

damp'

(see line 22.41).

m-e-='^i-

22.32.

(customarily) becomes wide enough for it' < i-tei-i, inanimate 3rd person customary of P-e-=(w)-tei wide enough for P'. (See note 22.22.)
me-^iite-l
'it

'become

22.33.

< na--na-='^i-d'it (customarily) bends back around' inanimate 3rd person customary of na-=(s)-d-Got' 'bend Mediopassive around', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). directional theme A-d-cot' 'bend oneself from transitive A-O-i-oot' 'bend O'.
nana-'^adcot'
Got',

22.34.

minya- 'the time has come for (it)' < m-e'=nin-ya\ inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) comes to P' (see notes 12.10 and 68.20).
?a-li>e'^iWliw
treat
lar
'1 (customarily) mark it, put designs on it', literally 'I something in that way' < '^a-=Uyi-^i-W-liw-i, 1st person singucustomary of '^a=0-i-'^en (perfective -law, customary/optative

22.35.

Hupa
-liw) 'treat
{Ryi-}.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

597

O so, do so to O', with indefinite 3rd person object (See note 15.18.)
1.45.

22.36.

See note

22.37.
22.38. 22.39. 22.40. 22.41.

See note 8.5. no-dmij 'what

(n)-mi^ 'break

is

broken off
off.

<

no-=wi-d-mij, passive of

no=0-

For a related use of imperfective

See note 20.6.

in a negative clause see note 19.16.

lcyi-wi-(di)-Ko-n-i, verbal noun (gerund) UnwiKo-n 'weaving' < from Uyi-(s)-Ko-IKorf 'weave (a basket)', with special passive stem.

22.42.

xoda-nya- '(sun) has gone down' < xo-da-=win-ya-, inanimate 3rd person perfective of xo-da-=(w)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes downhill'. (For other uses of intransitive directional A-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes' to describe the movement of the sun, see notes 13.1 1 and 25.38.)
Literally, 'bad water'.
xona-'^-'^e-'^idir}'^

22.43. 22.44.

< xo-na-'^ 'her eyes' 'she (customarily) goes blind' + '^e'-V-din'^ 'it becomes lacking, absent', customary of '^e-={w}-din? 'become lacking'. Transitional of '^e-=din 'be lacking' (see notes
12.1

and 68.81).

22.45.

See note 11.35.

22.46.
22.47.

See note 16.10.

yo'^n-dinatj 'facing the (back) wall (of the house)'

<

yo'^n

'back

wall of the (living) house, back of the direction)', enclitic adverbial particle.

fire'

+ dinan

'facing (in that

22.48. 22.49.

ya^a^a? 'they (customarily)

'^ohlcay'^n
'it

sit'.

(See note 21.41.)

might become dry'

<

'^o'-i-cay'^ni,

son potential of (wj-cay'^ 'become dry'.

'be dry'.

inanimate 3rd perTransitional of ni-i-ca-y

22.50. 22.51.

See note 20.1.

me-yandilgyid 'we are afraid of it' < m-e--ya-=ni-di-l-gyid, 1st person plural of P-e-=ni-(s)-l-gyid 'be afraid of P', with plural (ya-=). (See notes 1.53 and 5.54).
nii-x'^eiigy
ligy
'I 'I

22.52.

have

told', 1st

have told you' < ni-i 'with you, to you' + xo-w-eperson singular perfective of xo-(w}-ligy 'say,

tell (a story)'.

23.1.

c'idehic'e-

stative neuter de--si-l-c'e- '(two or

23.2.

iexot'irj

animate 3rd person of more) sit, dwell'. 'they resemble each other' < l-e-=xo-t'en, inanimate 3rd
'they
sit,

dwell'

<

c7-^e-5-/-c'^-,

ciprocal indirect object {niition from the imperfective

person imperfective of P-e-=xo-iw)-t'e-nlt'irf 'resemble P', with re> i-}. Apparently a fossilized derivatheme -t'e-n 'act, do so, be such' (suppletive perfective -d-yaw, and suppletive customary/optative
-niw), see note
1

1.61.
'at this

23.3.

dedi-dirj 'nowadays', literally din 'at that place, time'.

time'

< dedi

'this (one)'

598
23.4.

XIV Northwest
'^a-niwehst'e'^

California Linguistics

'it has come to be so' < '^a-=ni-we--s-t'e'^, inanimate 3rd person perfective of '^a-=ni-(we-s)-t'e'^ 'come to be so'. Transitional of extension neuter '^a-=nin-t'e- 'be so' (see notes 1.20 and 30.49).

23.5.

>'ajco>'/Vcv'^ 'their collecting (of firewood)'

< ^'^-jco-, animate 3rd person plural possessor + yi-i-c'^e' 'making (a collection), collect0-(s)-i-c'^eic'''in'^ ing it' (obviative 3rd person imperfective of 'make, create O', here used idomatically for 'collect (i.e., make a -(ip, collection of) firewood'. Non-finite form, see note 1.5) possessed noun formant. (See notes 10.69 and 21.37.)
-i-

23.6.

c'istec"lhey lie, sleep' < c'i-s-te'c'-i, animate 3rd person of stative For c'i- < c'i- see note neuter si-tex' '(two or more) lie, sleep'. 5.16.

23.7.
23.8.

See notes 5.49 and 20.19.

tirj'^xe-niW (for titj'^xe-nehW) 'they spoke, acted

out of line' (see note

23.9.

For the unusual stem reduction see note 19.15. c'ide-lmin 'he fills (the woodshed)' < c'i-de'-wi-i-me-n, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-de--(w)-me-n 'fill O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). (See note 21.48.)
4.27).

23.10.
23.11.

Abbreviated from nista'n (see note

11.1).

See note 4.13.

na'^diwiPa'^ 'she

23.12.

made

it

stand up again'

<

na-=c'i-di-wi-i-'^a'^, ani-

mate 3rd person perfective of

0-di-(w)-i-'^a'^ 'cause (one

thing) to

extend up, out', with iterative/reversative modifier. extension neuter di-'^a- '(one thing) extends up, out'.
23.13.
Uy'e'^niwH'^a'^

Causative of

extend against something' < lc>'-e-=c'iperson perfective of P-e-=ni-(w)-i-'^a'^ 'cause (one thing) to extend towards, against P', with special indirect object (Icyi-). Causative of extension neuter P-e-=nin-'^a- '(one thing) extends toward, against P'.
'she caused
it

to

ni-wi-i-'^a'^,

animate

3rd

23.14.

23.15.

yehna-dyay '(winter) sets in again' < yeh-na-=win-d-ya-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of yeh=(w)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes in', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-). Idiomatic impersonal (one person) goes' (see notes 12.10 use of directional A-ya-W/yaand 21.2). < mmedii'^a- 'light (the fire)!', literally 'join (one thing) to it!' e-=di-n-i-'^a\ 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of Pe-=0-di-(w)-i-'^a-Pa'^ 'cause (one thing) to extend from P, join (one thing) to P', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked) and inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-}. The metaphor is appar'

ently "stick (the log, stick) into the fire, join

it

to the flame."

23.16.

< na=c'i-de-s-iiw, na'^deieh 'one drew a line across (the log)' animate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-di-(s)-iiw 'draw a line across, along O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked).
c'inina-'^an

23.17.

< carry you out of the house (down to the river)' person singular perfective of c'e=0-(n)1st '^aWPa-n 'take out (of house, enclosure)', with 2nd person singuDisjunct prefixes ending in long vowels (CV=) lar object (ni-).
'I

c'e-=ni-n-e--'^a-n,

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

599

are regularly shortened to CV= when immediately preceding a 2nd person object marker {ni-, 2nd person singular object, or noh-, lst/2nd person plural object). Regressive assimilation is normal

across a glottal stop,

i.e.,

e-'^an

>

a-'^an.

23.18.

throw you back into the water' < ta--na-=ni-w-e-i-q'as, 1st person singular perfective of ta-=0-(w)-i-q'a-s 'throw O into the water', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and 2nd person singular object. For na= > na= see note 23.17.
ta-nane-iq'ahs
'I

23.19. 23.20. 23.21.

c'e-nila'd 'you float out'

<

c'e-=ni-n-lad-i,

2nd person singular per-

fective of c'e-=(n)-la-d 'float out'.

miwan
'(along)

'ocean, shore'.
its

Fossilized postpositional phrase

< mi-wa-n

edge'.

See note 11.57.

becomes afraid of it' < m-e-=c'i-ni-^ianimate 3rd person customary of P-e-=ni-(s)-l-g>id 'be, become afraid of P'. Note that the log is referred to as a fully animate subject (compare note 1.55). Compare also the use of the obviative 3rd person in note 5.54 and the inanimate 3rd person in note
me'^ne'^ilgyid 'he (customarily)
l-gyid-i,

1.53.

23.22. 23.23.

xoh ... -heh 'even if (see note 5.3). wehscan 'it comes to be seen' < we-s-l-ca-n, inanimate 3rd person
perfective of the transitional of O-wi-l-can, passive of 0-i-ca-n, suppletive perfective/passive theme of 0-i-cis 'see O'.

23.24.
23.25. 23.26.

daPn-e- '(what is) long ago, in the past' < darP 'after, in the past', adverbial particle + e-(y} 'there, at that point (in time)'.

See note 19.7.

remembered' < Wi-kyan 'my mind, heart, innoun) xo-s-le"^, inanimate 3rd person perfective Irregular transiof xo-(s)-liw/le'^ 'become numerous, abundant'. tional of neuter xo-le-n 'be numerous, abundant'.
Wikyaij-xohsW
'I

sides' (proclitic

-i-

23.27.

wida"^ 'sitting, staying'

<

wi-(d)-da'^.

'(one)

comes <

to

sit,

stay', transitional

Verbal noun from (w)-da? of stative neuter si-da- '(one)

sits, stays'.

23.28.
24.1.

Wa--'^arP

We--'^an'^ 'l-\\.\s\

(See note 23.17.)

< lcyi-na-=s-e--lai-i, 1st 'I dreamt about (something)' person singular perfective of P-na=(s)-lai 'dream about P', with
Uyina-se-lal
kyi- indefinite indirect object.

24.2. 24.3.

See note 11.54.

maW-c'eh
c'iw
'it is

< 'it stinks!', exclamation 'I smelled a bad odor' perceived', non-visual evidential enclitic.

maW

24.4.

dahdinikah-xo-3 'more and more, by degrees' < dah-di=ni-kaw 'it is ever larger, larger by (small) degrees' (inanimate 3rd person of descriptive neuter ni-kya-w 'be large', with adverbial modifier dahdi=(w) 'by small degrees, incrementally' (see note 10.52) and diminutive consonant symbolism ky > k) + xo 'in such a way', adverbial formant + ^i 'diminutive', with diminutive consonant symbolism (5 > j).

600
24.5.

XIV Northwest
'^<3Wn^W

California Linguistics

< '^a-=wi-W-ne-l., 1st person singular 'I keep on doing it' of '^a-=ne-l, suppletive progressive theme of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so' (see note 1.49).

24.6.

24.7. 24.8.

down, came to be lying'. 1st person singular perfective 'come to be lying', transitional of stative neuter si-te'n '(one person) lies somewhere'. The tense enclitic -te-l refers to a future event that is imminent (see
we-te'^
'I

lay

of

(wj-t'e"^

note

1.1).

miqid-dah-c'iwirje-n 'she smoked (tobacco)', literally 'she moved (fire) up on top of it' < mi-q'id 'on it' + dah 'on top, above' + c'iwin-we-n-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(w)-wiW/we-n 'carry Idiom for the smoking of as a pack, carry (fire)' (see note 1.12). (For -n-w- > -ij- see note 4.13). tobacco.

24.9.

di-win-'^a'^,

doctored my by sucking out the pain' < W-e=c'ianimate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=0-di-(w)-'^a'^, literally 'come to extend from P, come to be joined to P', with 1st person singular indirect object. Transitional of extension neuter PRegular e-=di-'^a- '(one thing) extends from P, is joined to P'. idiom for doctoring by sucking. (See note 24.13 below).
We'^diwiij'^a'^ 'she

24.10.
24.1
1.

See note 4.11.

xosaywiij'^aij
"^a-n,

< xo-sa-=yi-win'it has put (a pain) into her mouth' obviative 3rd person perfective of P-sa-=0-(w)-^aWPa-n 'put The obviative 3rd person refers (a round object) into P's mouth'. to the kyixinay spirits, probably because they are referred to as a collective group (see notes 1.55 and 5.43).

24.12.

<ic>--c7Wow//a'^n 'she quit me, left me' < do- 'nox' + c'i-W-o'-winlan'^-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-o--(w)-la-n/lan'^ 'stop,
quit O', with 1st person singular object (Wi-).

(See note 1.45.)

24.13.

We'^da'^a- 'she doctors

me'

<

W-e-=c'i-di-'^a-,

e-=di-'^a-

(by sucking)', literally 'she extends from animate 3rd person of extension neuter P'(one thing) extends from P', with 1st person singular indi-

me

rect object (Wi-) (see note 24.9).

24.14.

'^adohn 'you (2 or more) say', contracted from '^adohne- < '^a=doh-ne-, 2nd person plural imperfective of '^a-=di-(w)-neine'^ 'say something'. For the reduction of the stem see notes 3.18 and 4.4.
xa'^a-xolah 'you treat her in that way' < xa'^a-=xo-n-law, 2nd person singular of xa'^a-=0-law, suppletive perfective theme of

24.15.

xa'^a=0-i-'^en
{XO-).

'treat

in that

way', with animate 3rd person object

24.16.

W-na-rfa^ 'January, first (lunar) month of calendar', literally 'one (moon) comes to lie there again' < ia"^ 'one' na-rfa'^ '(moon) comes to lie there again' (< na-=win-^a^, inanimate 3rd person perfective of {win)-'^a^ '(a round object) comes to lie', with iteratransitional of si-'^a-n '(a round object) tive/reversative modifier;
-f-

lies').

24. \1.

dahna'^diwirj'^a-n 'she took

"^a-n-i,

it

animate

3rd

person

back, away' perfective of

<

dah-na-=c'i-di-win-

dah=0-di-(w)-'^aWPa-n

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

60

'take (a round object) back, away'.

(For the adverbial modifier see

note 10.52).

24.18.

^ma'^M^r^-n 'she raised me up to a standing position' < (n)i-na-=c'iWi-s-i-te-n-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ni-na-=0-(s)-itiW/te-n 'move (one person) up from lying down', with 1st person singular object {Wi-}. (For the derivational prefix see notes 2.27

and
24.19.

11.1).

Vy/wac7/;'^an 'which she gave to me' < W/-wa=c7-nm-'^a7i-/, relative form of animate 3rd person perfective of P-wa-=0-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'give (a round object) to P', with 1st person singular indirect object The reduc{Wi-} and inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). tion of c'i-nin- to c'in- is regular.

24.20.

ya-yMwida-ye'^H 'they (flowers) always keep blooming' < ya-=yiU.yi-wi-da-ye'^il, obviative 3rd person progressive of lc>i-(w)-da-ye'^ The function of the ob'(a flower) blooms', with plural (ya-=). viative 3rd person subject (_y/-) in this form is not clear, since thematic lc>'i- in intransitives is usually interpreted as the subject. It is perhaps a transcriptional error.

24.21.

UyitiwiWai

'I

keep

starting to sing'

<

Ryi-ti-wi-W-'^a-l,

1st

person

singular progressive of kyi-ti-(s)-'^aw 'start singing (in general, particular song)'.

no

24.22.
24.23. 24.24.

See note 21.6.

See note 12.12.

seyirj-x"^ 'while

yen

24.25. 24.26.

xo 'while (so doing)', adverbial phrase Literally, 'it will become dawn while I stand and formant. dance', i.e., 'I stand and dance until dawn' (see note 2.4). meniWo-n 'it is as good as (that), it suffices' (see note 22.22).
'(one)
is
-i-

I stand' standing'

<

1st

person singular of stative neuter

si-

na-witarj'^il '(feast)

keeps taking place, takes place (regularly)', liter< object) keeps coming to lie there again' na-=wi-tan^il, inanimate 3rd person progressive of (w}-tan^ '(a stick-like object) comes to lie', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). (See note 6.5.)
ally
'

(a

stick-like

24.27.

me-cah-xosin 'there are difficulties about (that), it is difficult (to do it)' < m-e-cah 'difficulties about (that)', proclitic postposition xo-sin 'be so', inanimate 3rd person of enclitic neuter.
of neuter

-f-

24.28.

We-dinan 'alongside of me' < W-e-=di-na-n, inanimate 3rd person P-e= di-na-n 'be sloped, tipped against P' with 1st person
passed', literally
'it

singular indirect object (Wi-).

24.29.

nonilad '(month)
there after floating'

floated to that place, lodged

< no=nin-lad-i, inanimate 3rd person perfec The metaphor is untive of no-=(n)-la-d 'float to that place'. clear but presumably refers to the cycle of the moon.
24.30.
24.31.
Literally, 'quitting happened'.

WH-diniwiPaP
literally 'there

me'

-I-

learned (how to do it), I came to understand it', < Wi-i 'with to be understanding with me' di-ni-wi-i-'^a7, inanimate 3rd person perfective of di-ni-(w)'I

came

602
i-'^a-Pa'^

XIV Northwest
'there
is,

California Linguistics

P-I 'with P').

comes to be understanding' (occurring only with Derivation obscure.

24.32.

< yi-ni-wi-'^aWil-i, obyiniwa'^aWil 'they keep bringing (songs)' viative 3rd person progressive of 0-ni-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'bring (a round object)'. (See note 24.1 1.)
nalte"^ '(doing)

24.33.

work'

<

na-=wi-l-te'^, verbal

noun (gerund) from

noun (gerund)

na-=(s)-l-te'^ 'be working'.

24.34.

naiton"^ 'dancing'
na-=(s)-i-ton'^

<

na-=wi-l-ton'^,

verbal

from

'jump around'.
Inanimate 3rd person perfective of
is

25.1.

U>iwindil

'it

starts to ring'.

Uyi-

sound'. This is one of a small class of impersonal neuter verbs with thematic impersonal subject that describe specific types of sound or noise.
(w)-dil, transitional of neuter Ryi-dil 'there

a ringing

25.2.

wint'e-

'it is',

enclitic verb

marking continuous or incessant action

in this context
is

(see note 1.52).

The force of winfe-

'all

of (ten

25.3.

no more and no less'. ie-nandiya- 'it goes around and back' < i-e--na-=nin-di-ya\ inanimate 3rd person perfective of i-e-na-=ni-(n)-d-ya-Wlya- '(one) arrives circling back'. For the contraction of na-=nin- to nan- see note 7.15. For i-e'-na=di- '(coming) back together, completing a
times),

circle' see note 2.14.

25.4. 25.5. 25.6.

See note
'^aikyoh

9.3.

A common
<
neuter.

idiom for

'hear'.
'it

'^a-=ni-i-kyow

is

so large, quite large',

impersonal

25.7.

Vvvfl-g 'how unfortunate!' Exclamation indicating recognition of a In this phrase it is proclitic to yondehsne"^ 'they pitiful condition. think about it, regard it', i.e., 'they think "how pitiful!" about it'.

25.8.

Sapir suggests that the mina-i 'in its presence, in front of it'. phrase mic'in'^-dinan + neseday + (n)inis'^a-n + mina'i-te- means 'I who have sat down facing (my patient) with the world as my witness'. However, ninis'^a-n in the context of doctoring usually refers to 'heaven', the home of the kyixinay, and '(sit) facing heaven' is a technical term for the training a novice doctor undergoes in the Kick Dance (see text 24, line 14). Thus the phrase might also be read as 'I who have trained to be a doctor in the (potential) presence of (the UyixinayY Note the force of -te-, future tense, in minai-te'with (them) as (potential, expected) witness'.
.

25.9.

nays'^a'^

< na-=yi-s-'^a'^, obviative 'it (kyixinay) carries it around' 3rd person perfective of na-=0-(s)-'^a-Pa'^ 'carry (a round object) around'. With proclitic P-q'eh 'following after P' the idiom for 'agree with P'.
(customarily) do a doctor-dance over him' < xo1st person singular customary of (w)-d-ye-nlyin'^, 'do a doctor-dance' (only with proclitic P-i 'with,
'with him'
P').

25.10.

.ro^-'^e'^/Wc^/ye'^Ai 'I

'^i-'^i-W-di-yin'^,

over

Hupa
25.11.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

603

See note 24.8.

xe'^iWna'^
'I move (pipe) back and forth' < xi-'^i-W-i-na'^, 1st person singular customary of 0-xi-(w)-t-na-/na^ 'move O back and forth, stir O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked).

25.12.

25.13. 25.14.

nic'''irP-c'irj'^

'on the left side' < ni-c'^'irf 'it is bad' 'toward, in that direction'. (See notes 10.11 and 25.16.)

P-c'inP

< P-inehs 'along the length of phrase with 1st person singular indirect object {Wi-}. Derived from neuter P-e-=ni-i-ne-s 'be as long, tall as P', regular comparative formation from ni-nes 'be long, tall' (see note 22.22).
Wiinehs 'along the length of me'
P', postpositional

25.15. 25.16.
25.17.

See preceding note.

n/U^on-c'm'^-c'///*^

P-c'in^ 'on that side'

'towards the right side' < atZ-Wotz '(it is) good' + P-c'irj'^ 'toward P'. (See note 25.13.)

See note 21.13. See note 24.27. See note 5.45.

no-'^oWwi^
tip tip it over' < no-='^i-W-i-wi^-i, 1st person singular of no-=0-(n}-i-wi^ 'put (a long, upright object) down, over, uproot O', with inanimate 3rd person object
'I

25.18.

25.19.
25.20.

customary

(unmarked).
25.21.

miwah na-Jm/:>' 'fourteen' < m//2^aAi-^m 'ten times' + mi-wah 'on its side' + na- 'again', iterative proclitic (see note 1.34) + dinlcyi 'four', i.e., 'ten with four more on the side'. This is
minian-din
the regular formation of numerals between 11 and 19. 20 is nahdin minian 'two times ten', 30 ta-q'i-din minian 'three times ten', etc. 21 is nah-din minian miwah na-ia'^ 'two times ten with one

more on
formed.
25.22.

the side', and

The
'I

special

on that principle all numerals up form for 100 is diknni.

fit

to

99 are

mene'Wo'^n

have become

for

it'

<

m-e'=ni-w-e'-Won'^-i, 1st

person singular perfective of P-e-=ni-(w)-Won'^ 'come to be good enough for P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-). Transitional of neuter P-e-=ni-Won 'be good enough for P'.
25.23.
sehixa-n 'I have (a container of water) sitting there' < s-e-i-xan-i, 1st person singular of possessive neuter O-si-i-xan 'have (a filled container) lying', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked), derived from stative neuter si-xa-n '(a filled container) lies somewhere'. All intransitive stative neuter themes form derived transitives with possessive meaning.
"^a-disaWc'^'id
1st
'I

25.24.

put

my

finger into

my

mouth'

<

'^a-di-sa-='W-&'id,

person singular imperfective of P-sa-=(w)-c'id 'put finger, hand into P's mouth', with reflexive indirect object {^a--di-). 25.25.

nanaxoneiyohi
e-i-yoU
1st

'I

blow across

at

him again'

< na-na-=xo-ni-w-

person singular perfective of na=0-ni-(w)-i-yol 'blow across at O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). (See note 12.33. For the idiomatic Note the use of this theme in referring to praying see note 5.24.) variation in Sapir's transcriptions of the 1st person singular perfec-

604

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

in lines 30, 31, and 36. The pho-ne-yiyohi, as in line 31. The other forms are either transcriptional errors or (more likely) reflect varia-

tive of this derivation, here

and

nologically regular form

is

tion

on

Emma

Frank's part.

25.26.

I am carrying you along back' < na-=ni-wiperson singular of progressive neuter O-wi-i-tei 'be moving (one living being) along', with 2nd person singular object and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..d-). (For the reduction of na-= to na- see note 23.17.) Note that this relative form is the object of mina'silaM 'you dream about it'.

nanwiWditel
W-i-di-te-l-i,

'(that)

1st

25.11

nol&'in 'growing up (to womanhood)' < no=l-c'''e-n, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of no-=(n)-l-c''e-n 'grow (to that point), stop growing' (see note 15.26).
noic'^in 'you have grown up' < no-=ni-n-l-c'^e-n, 2nd person singular perfective of no-=(n)-l-c''e-n 'grow (to that point), stop growing' (see preceding note).
mis'^a-n'^ 'talk,

25.28.

25.29.

gossip about
-(iP,

(it)'

< mi-, inanimate 3rd person posobject)

sessor

P-s'^an-i 'gossip about P' (from si-'^a-n-i '(round

-i-

that lies')

possessed noun formant.

25.30.

'^isdah

'it melted away, disappeared' < '^i-s-daw, inanimate 3rd person perfective of (s)-daw 'melt away, disappear'. (For initial "^i- see notes 7.2 and 10.33.)

25.31.

Wime"^ -xe'^q'-c'Uc'^e-'^ 'my spit-basket' < Wi-, 1st person singular possessor me'^-xe-q'-c'i-tc''e'-i 'spit-basket', literally 'that in which one makes, collects saliva' + -i"^, possessed noun formant. Note that the surface phonological result of the sequence -c'''e--i-i^ is -c v*^.
-i-

The sequence
25.32.

-c'^'e--'^

would

result in -c'^e^.

nilini-qeh 'stream, creek, river', literally 'along what flows' < ninlin-i, relative form of impersonal neuter nin-lin '(stream) flows' (< ni-win-, see note 62.109) -i- P-q'eh 'along, following P'.

25.33.

WinHWo'^n

'it does me good, suits me' < Wi-ni-i-Won'^-i, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of 0-ni-iw}-i-'Won'^ 'cause O to be good (good-looking, lucky), come to be good for O', with 1st person singular object {Wi-}. Causative of descriptive neuter ni-Won 'be good'. (Compare note 25.22.)

25.34.

no-nandixin 'it has floated back to there' < no--na-=nin-di-xe-n, inanimate 3rd person perfective of no-=(n)-xiW/xe-n '(a mass) floats (in the stream) to that place', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..d-). (For the contraction of na-=nin- to nan- before dclassifier see note 7.15.)

25.35.

nayniwinsin'^ 'you think, feel (pity) again' < na'=y-ni-wi-n-sin'^, 2nd person singular perfective of (y)-ni-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think, feel' (1st and 2nd person forms only), with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). When a derivation with a disjunct prefix occurs with this theme, an element of the shape y- occurs immediately to the left of the conjunct prefix string. The motivation for this is obscure. See the identical form without na= in line 30 above.

Hupa
25.36. 25.37.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

605

heart, insides', proclitic noun. (For other formations with P-kya-n see notes 9.24 and 23.26.) xonde-sen^ 'you have felt (pity) for him' < xo-n-de--si-n-ne'^, 2nd person singular perfective of 0-n-di/de--(s)-ne-/ne'^ 'think, feel something about O'. The replacement of -in-n- by -e-n-, and -Vnn- by -Vyn-, is a regular phonological process (see note 62.65). For contraction of the stem see notes 3.18 and 4.4. Note that this theme, unlike the closely related one discussed in notes 4.3 and

ni-kmn 'your mind,

25.35,

is

not suppletive.

25.38.

na-na-ndiyay 'you (sun) have gone

gone back across'

fective
ni-,

<

down again', literally 'you have na--na-=ni-n-di-ya'-i, 2nd person singular per'(one)

of

na-=ni-(n)-ya-W/yais

goes

across',

with

itera-

tive/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).

The conjunct adverbial prefix

completive,

replaced in perfective forms by the perfective

prefix ni(n)- (see note 7.15). (For other uses of the intransitive directional theme A-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes' to refer to motions of the sun see notes 13.11 and 22.42.)

25.39.

25.40.

ya-na[y]wHkyid 'it has [risen] back up' < ya--na-=yi-wi-i-kyid, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ya-=yi-(w)-i-kyid '(cloud, smoke) rises back up (into the sky)', with iterative/re versative modifier (na-=, for expected na-=..d-). Sapir's transcription presents several difficulties, including the gloss (Sapir has "race", best explained as a mishearing of "raise"). The expected form is yanaywiidikyid. However, the presence of (thematic) yi- is not clearly shown and the ^-classifier (required by the iterative/reversative modifier with this motion theme, as in the form in line 47) is lacking. '^oWa^n (assimilated from '^iWaPn) 'one experiences it, it takes place' < '^i-WanP-i, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of (w)-Wan^ 'know, experience (something)' (for '^/- see note 7.2). A highly resticted theme found in our corpus only with proclitic Ryic'ind 'sickness' and do-, negative particle, and used to refer to the absence of epidemic

sickness.

25.41.

na-Ryite-da-y'^
da-ye'^,

'(flower)

started

to

bloom

again'

<

na-=kyi-te--s-

inanimate 3rd person perfective of Uyi-ti-(s}-da-ye'^ 'start to bloom', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). (See note 24.20.)

25.42.

See note 11.23.

26.1.

nonintan (probably
(the headdress)

a transcriptional error for no'^nintan) 'she put

(on herselO' < no-=(c'i'^-)nin-ta'n-i, (animate 3rd person ?) perfective of no-=0-(n)-tiW/ta-n 'put (a stick-like obdown, in position', with inanimate 3rd person object ject)

down

(unmarked),
26.2.
"^a-wilaw 'the

way they are dressed up', literally 'they way in which < they are treated' '^a--=wi-law-i, passive of '^a-=0-i-'^en (suppletive perfective/passive theme '^a-=0-law) 'treat so', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). (See notes 14.12 and

19.9).

606
26.3.
26.4.

XIV Northwest
See note 19.12.

California Linguistics

na-^itjk>ow-tah 'through the day as well' < na-, iterative proclitic + ^iijk>ow-i '(in) daytime' + tah 'also, as well' (see note 1.10).

26.5.

yixonehrirj 'they look at her' < yi-xo-net-'^e-n, obviative 3rd person imperfective of 0-ne--(w)-t-'^e-nPin'^ 'look at O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-). (See also note 20.13). The obviative 3rd person here, and the inanimate 3rd person in ne'^ina-W 'they (customarily) come', indicate that lc>iwinya'^nya-n 'people' is to be taken in the collective sense.

26.6.

c'e-na-ndahW '(you) go back out!' < c'e--na-=ni-n-da-W, 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of c'e- = ni-( n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes out (of house, enclosure)', with iterative/reversative modifier
(na-=..d-, with -d-yaW fusing as -da'W). The conjunct prefix nioccurs with the adverbial modifiers c'e-=(n), no-=(n), and other modifiers requirng ^-perfective, in the non-perfective forms of the two general intransitive directional themes of motion {A-ya-W/ya'(one) goes' and A-dHldeK (two or more) go'). See note 11.15.

26.7.

Uye-nohit'iUy 'you (pi.) string (hazel switches) to (the wall)'

e-=n-oh-i-t'ilcy,

<

Ry-

2nd person

plural imperfective (imperative)

to

of P-

e-=0-ni-(w)-i-t'iUy 'cause

mate 3rd person object and special indirect object

26.8.
te-dcic' '(switches) that are twisted'

be strung in a line to P', with inani{Ryi-}. Causative

of extension neuter P-e-=nin-t'iUy 'be strung in a line to P'.

(s)-Gic' 'twist O',

< ti-wi-d-cic'-i, passive of 0-tiwith inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked).

26.9.

them up on (the wall)' < dah 'above, on animate 3rd person perfective of O-ni-(w)i-no'^ 'cause O to stand erect', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). Causative of stative neuter ne-si-no- '(several objects)
dah-c'ine-ino'^ 'they stood
top'
-I-

c'i-ne'-wi-i-no'^,

stand erect'.

26.10.

^aniarj-x'^e-xo

'^ant'e-

'all

kinds of things', literally 'things that are

-i-

from all over' < "^ania-n 'so many', adverbial particle (derived from adjectival neuter '^a-=ni-ia-n 'it is so many') x'''-e- 'those that are from (so many places)' xo 'being so', adverbial enclitic +
-i-

'^a-=nin-t'e-

'it is

so'.

26.11.

nahicis '(you pi.) hang them!' < na-=oh-i-cis, 2nd person plural imperfective (imperative) of na-=0-(s)-i-cis 'hang O up', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked).
do--ian-^
with no
'just a little'.
is

26.12.

See note

5.7.

26.13.
26.14. 26.15.

Sapir's gloss

incorrect.

The adverbial

particle

xoh means

'in vain,

result'.

See note 18.24.

yo'^ohikyohs '(you pi.) bring (deerhide) in' < yeh='^-oh-i-kyo-s, 2nd person plural imperfective (imperative) of yeh=0-(w)-i-kyo-s 'move (a cloth-like object) inside', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). The surface phonetic form is assimilated from ye'^ohikyohs, in turn derived from underlying *yeh'^ohikyohs. (For '^see notes 4.15 and 15.8).

Hupa
26.16.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

607

Wixehsta-n-dirj 'alongside of
rect object

phrase.

me' < Wi-, 1st person singular indiP-xehsta-n-din 'alongside of P', fossilized locative (See note 27.13.)

26.17.

yehwinde-K 'they

(birds, feathers) have wafted in, arrived flying through the air' < yeh=win-de-X-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of yeh=(w)-dil/de-K '(two or more) go in'. The inanimate 3rd person of intransitive directional A-dil/de-K '(two or more) go' is used idiomatically to refer to multitudes of birds, feathers, snowflakes, etc. wafting or flying through the air.

26.18.

"^ayWUne- '(the knxinay) tell me' < '^a-=yi+Wi-i+di-ne\ obviative 3rd person imperfective of '^a-+P-i+di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say something to P', with 1st person singular indirect object (Wi-). (For the morphology of this complex theme see notes 3.17 and 3.18.)
'^a-Wohlah 'you (pi.) do so to me' < '^a-=W-oh-law, 2nd person plural perfective of O-i-'^en 'do so to O' (suppletive perfective Olaw).
daPa-c'ilaw 'they undid it' < da-'^a-=c'i-law-i, animate 3rd person perfective of da-'^a=0-i-^en 'undo (it)' (suppletive perfective da'^a-=0-law). (See notes 20.9 and 68.79.)

26.19.

26.20.

26.21. 26.22.

Assimilated from na^Ryite-'^aw 'she started to sing' (see note 24.21).

yehna-Pe-X '(two or more objects) were stuck in' < yeh-na-=wi-l"^e-X-i, passive of yeh=0-(w)-t-'^e-X 'cause (two or more objects) to extend in', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). Causative of extension neuter yeh=win-'^e-K 'several objects extend in'.
na-xowilc^e-n '(stripes) were made again there' < na-=xo-wi-lc'^e-n-i, passive of 0-(s)-i-c'''e/c'^in^ 'make O', with areal-situational prefix {xo-} and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
"^aikyow-e'-dirj 'all over', literally 'in a large place'

26.23.

16.1A.

<

'^a-=ni-i-

kyow
26.25. 26.26.

so large, quite large', impersonal neuter (see note 25.6) e-(y) 'there, at that point' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic.
'it is

See note
a pile'

1.27.

xe'^ewehsle'^n 'the

(woodpecker scalps) came

to lie there

dropped

in

inanimate 3rd person perfective of xi'^e-=(we-s)-lin'^, transitional of extension neuter xi'^e-=win-lin '(several things) lie dropped in a pile', literally '(stream) flows away, off. For other instances of this idiom see notes 33.33 and 68.47.
xi'^e-=we-s-lin'^-i,

<

26.27.

ya^ne-Pe'^n 'they looked at it' < ya-=c'i-ne--wi-i-'^in'^-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-ne--(w)-i-'^e-nPin'^ 'look at O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked) and plural (ya-=). (See note

20.13.)

26.28.

do-naxohsdile'^ 'they disappeared', literally 'they became unabundant' < do- 'not' na-=xo--s-di-le'^, inanimate 3rd person perfective of xo-(s)-liw/le'^ 'become numerous, abundant' (see note Transitional 11.5), with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-). theme from neuter xo-len 'be plentiful, numerous'.
-i-

608
26.29.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

do'-winsa'^ay 'not long' < do- 'not' + win-sa'^a'-i 'it became a long time', inanimate 3rd person perfective of (w)-sa'^a- 'be a long The stem of this theme is probably derived, but cannot be time'. analyzed synchronically.

26.30.

'from that time on', literally 'away from it again' < na-, iterative proclitic (see note 1.34) + mi-, inanimate 3rd person
na--miU>a-c'irj'^

indirect object

P-lc>'a--c'in'^

'away from

P'.

26.31.

'^a-dixa'^niwidya'^n 'she
yan'^-i,

became ashamed' < '^a--di-xa=c'i-ni-wi-danimate 3rd person perfective of ^a--di-xa-=ni-(w)-d-yan'^ 'become ashamed'. Transitional of neuter ^a--di-xa-=ni-d-ya-n 'be (See note 16.23). ashamed'.
'^a--f/o-/iyo/;-Jc" 'in

26.32. 26.33.

'not good, unlucky, evil'

an evil way' < ^a-= 'thus, so' + + xo 'in such a manner'.

do-

+ ni-Won

nayate-se-K (contracted from nayatese-de-X) 'let us go back' < na--ya-=te--si-di-de-K, 1st person plural perfective of ti-(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go off, with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..d-) and plural (ya-=). The 1st person plural subject marker (di-) is replaced by -e-- (-y after CV--) before a stem with initial d- (see also notes 11.22 and 30.43).
(continued to) stay' < na--ya-=c'i-de'-wi-l-c'e'^, animate 3rd person perfective of de--(w)-l-c'e'^ '(two or more) come to sit, dwell', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and plural
na-ya^de-lc'e"^ 'they

26.34.

{ya-=). Transitional of stative neuter de--si-l-c'e- '(two or more) dwell' (see notes 16.9 and 23.1).

sit,

26.35.

minisehitin 'I take you up the mountain' < m-e-=ni-s-e--i-te-n, 1st person singular perfective of m-e-=0-si-(s)-i-tiW/te-n 'take (a living being) up the mountain', with 2nd person singular object (ni-). For reduction of m-e-= to mi- see note 3.18.

26.36.
26.37.

See note 4.13.

me'^Ryisiid 'he

burned up along the mountain' < m-e-=c'i-lcyi-s-iid, animate 3rd person perfective of m-e-=0-(s)-iid 'burn O up along the mountain', with lc>i- indefinite 3rd person object. (Compare
note 26.35).

26.38.
26.39. 26.40.

See notes
aspect.
'^a-de-n

1.8

and 4.13.
It

See note 12.15.

is

not clear

why

this

form

is

in the

customary

'you sing (the words of a song)',

tracted

from

^a-de-ne-

<

'^a-=di-n-ne-,

fective of '^a-=di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say

literally 'you say', con2nd person singular impersomething'. For the reduction of

the stem see notes 3.18 and 4.4.

For -n-n- > -en- see note 25.37.

26.41. 26.42.

See note

9.2.

xosaywitj'^a-n '(the Uyixinay) put (a pain) into her

sa-=yi-win-'^a-n-i, obviative 3rd person perfective of

"^aWPa-n 'put (a round object) into son indirect object (xo-). Sapir's gloss indicates that the pain went into "her" (i.e., Sally Lewis's) mouth, but the context makes it clear that it went first into her guide's mouth, and that he passed it

mouth' < xoP-sa-=0-(w)P's mouth' with animate 3rd per-

Hupa
to her.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

609

The Hupa form, of course, does not distinguish the gender of the indirect object.
26.43.

26.44.
26.45.

See note 2.4. See notes 3.12 and 21.6.

na-'^aldito'^n 'she

<

na-=c'i-ni-l-di-torP-i,

danced back (to that place), she returned dancing' animate 3rd person perfective of ni-(n)-l-

tori^ 'dance to there, arrive dancing', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-). For the reduction of -c'i-nin- to -"^in- see notes 11.47 and 11.59-60.

26.46.

U>'idiwan-na-nahs(i)ya^ 'she danced her training dance again' [?] < Uyi-di-wan + na-na=s-ya^ '(people) are concerned with (it) again', inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-wan + na-={s)-ya-W/yaP '(one) prepares P, is concerned with P' (literally '(one) goes around for P'; see notes 1.46 and 21.1) with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and agentive passive indirect object (k>'i-di-). This derivation is especially obscure. (For a clearer example of the agentive passive formation see note 31.7.)

26.47.
26.48.

'^a-c'int'e-

'he

is

(so)'.

Equivalent to

'^a-'^ant'e-

(see notes 9.16

and

16.27).
niiq'eh-no'^o-naPdinintan 'she

combed her

hair'

<

nii-q'eh 'along

each other'

'she herself, literally 'she laid her (hair) back down', animate 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-tiW/ta-n 'put (a stick-like object) back down, to that place', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..d-) and reflexive object '^a-=di-. Note the regressive assimilation of to no=.
(i.e.,

to

one side) +

no--'^a--na-=c'i-di-nin-ta-n-i

combed

V=

26.49.

kyiwirjGoc' 'a

popping sound happened'

<

Jc>i-win-coc',

inanimate
lc>i-

3rd person perfective of the transitional of descriptive neuter Goc' 'there is a crackling sound'.

26.50.

wixisii '(tree)

was

falling'.

Inanimate 3rd person of progressive

(cf.

neuter wi-xisil 'be falling, dropping'

'fall,

drop somewhere').

dicate that

Note the use of the progressive the action was happening as she watched.
her'.

directional active A-xislxic'

to in-

26.51.

yixoiknd '(something) caught

Obviative 3rd person imperfecO' (theme without perfective), with animate 3rd person object {xo-}. The obviative 3rd person is used here to mark an unspecified subject of lower animacy than the (human) object (see note 1.55).
tive of 0-i-h'id 'catch hold of

26.52.

Uyintehic'id '(tree) fell

/:>/-

down'

<

Uyi-n=te--s-l-cid,
'fall

person perfective of P-n=ti-(s)-l-c'id

special indirect object.
is

inanimate 3rd toward, against P', with

26.53.

The past tense enclitic (ne'^in) was damaged beyond hope of

a hip. (See notes 4.33

healing;

used here to indicate that her hip it was no longer effectively

and

15.3).

26.54.

"^aikyiwe- 'all
"^a-tkyow-e-

over'.

<

Fossilized adverbial phrase, contracted from '^a-=ni-t-kyow 'it is so big' (see note 25.6) + e-(y)

'there'.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
literally
'it

26.55. 26.56.

me-nandiyay 'a year has passed', it'. See notes 12.10 and 21.22.
c'isiiten 'she

has

come back
<

against

was lying

there (apparently dead)'

c'i-si-i-te-n, ani-

mate 3rd person of

26.57. 26.58.

stative neuter si-i-te-n '(one) lies dead'.

See note 20.7.

'^a-na'^niwehst'e'^ 'she

became so

again'

<

'^a--na-=c'i-ni-we--s-t'e'^,

animate 3rd person perfective of '^a-=ni-(we-s)-t'e'^ 'come to be so', Transiwith iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) (see note 23.4). tional of extension neuter '^a-=nin-t'e- 'be so' (see notes 1.20 and
30.49).

26.59.

'^a-mecah-xosin

'it is

(so) difficult'.

See note 24.27.

26.60.

yixorjWe'^ \Uyixinay) gave her (names)' < yi-xo-o'-win-We'^, obviative 3rd person perfective of 0-o--(w}-We-IWe'^ 'call O by name', with animate 3rd person object {xo-}.
xowaY//<3>' '(several things)

26.61. 26.62.

were given to her' < xo-wa-=wi-d-la--i, passive of P-wa-=0-(n)-liW/la- 'give (several objects) to P'.
lc>o'^te-We'^

< Uy-o--c'i-te--s'she gave names to different people' animate 3rdperson perfective of 0-o--(w)-We-IWe^ 'call O by name', with distributive modifier {ti- > te-) requiring 5^-perfective. Note the disjunct position of the directive prefix when the 3rd person object is indefinite {Jin-}; compare the conjunct position of the directive prefix in 26.60 above.
We'^,

27.1.

'^a-de-nehixe'^

(i.e., 'I finished my doctorperson singular perfective of Pe-=(n)-i-xiw/xe'^ 'finish with P, catch up with P', with reflexive indirect object C^a-'di-). See note 8.5.)
'I

finished with

myself

training')

<

'^a--d-e-=n-e--i-xe'^, 1st

27.2.

< xo-da=c'i-Wi-ne'they chased me downhill' xo-da=-P-ne--(w)win-yo-d-i, animate 3rd person perfective of yod 'chase, pursue P (as prey) downhill', with 1st person singular indirect object {Wi-). See note 10.30.

xoda^Winenyod

27.3.

'^ade-n'^ 'I

have sung (the words of a song)', literally 'I have said < something', contracted from '^a-de-ne'^ (see notes 3.18 and 4.4) '^a-=d-e--ne'^, 1st person singular perfective of '^a-=di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say something'. (See also note 26.40.)

27.4.

< Wi-c'o-=yi-win-ne'^, obviative 3rd Wic'oywe-ne'^ 'it helped me' person perfective of P-c'o-=(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'help P', with first person
singular indirect object (Wi-).

For -n-n- >

-e-n- see note 25.37.

27.5.

See note 26.52.

See note 25.16.

27.6.
27.7.

< c'i-Wi-n-te-s-yod-i, c'iWintehsyo-d 'they started to chase me' animate 3rd person perfective of P-ne-ti-(s)-yod 'start chasing P', The theme is P-newith 1st person singular indirect object (Wi-). yo-d 'hunt, chase P', with P-ne- shortened to P-n- before the directional adverbial modifier ti-(s)- '(starting) off, along'.

Hupa
27.8.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

611

Mishearing of
side)'

Icyiteicot' 'they (feathers)

<

k>i-ti-wi-l-Got'-i, passive

were bent along (on each of 0-ti-(s)-i-Got' 'bend O along',

with indefinite 3rd person object

27.9.

(kyi-).

noWia-d

ran to there' < no-=ni-W-l-ia-d-i, 1st person singular perfective of no-=(n)-l-ia-d '(one person) runs, moves quickly to
'I

that place'.

27.10.

c'/Wo^a-^GOc' 'they all speared (feathers) at me' < c'i-W-o--ya--wi-icoc\ animate 3rd person perfective of 0-o-(w)-1-goW/goc' 'throw a stick-like object at O, spear at O', with 1st person singular object {Wi-} and plural {ya--}. Note the distinctive prefix ordering that occurs when the directive prefix {O-o- 'at O'; see note 15.16) is part of the derivation. (See notes 12.9 and 16.6).

27.11.

Unc'in-so-se'^ 'quill', literally 'the bone-like

k>'i-,

indefinite 3rd person possessor

-i-

c'in

shoot of (a feather)' < 'bone, needle' P-i-

so'si'^

'P's shoot (of plant), stinger (of bee)'.

27.12.

yidikyan-na-nya^ '(dawn) thought about (happening)', literally 'its mind went around' < yidi-, obviative 3rd person possessor (see note 1.55) -i- P-kya-n 'P's mind, heart, insides' (proclitic noun) -ina-=win-yaP, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=(w}-ya-/ya? '(one) begins to go around' (see note 11.4). For other idioms with P-kya-n see notes 9.24, 23.26, and 25.36.

27.13.

xehstarj '(dust) reached

stative neuter.

up to (one's knees)' < xe--s-ta-n '(water, mass) reaches up to (some point or level)', inanimate 3rd person of

27.14.

dah-kyisxarj '(elderberry bush) stands on top (of the bank)' < dah 'above, on top' + kyi-s-xa-n '(tree, plant) stands, grows some-

where', impersonal neuter.

container)
subject
lies
{kyi-}.

From

stative neuter

si-xa-n

'(a

filled

somewhere', with thematic

indefinite

3rd

person

27.15.

me-Xta-n 'live oak', more commonly me-P-tan, contracted me'^ile'^ 'its (evergreen) leaf (< mi-'^ile'^) -i- (di-)ta-n 'it is thick'
relative enclitic.

from + i,

27.16.

xodalmoW

'they swing (themselves) down' < xo-da=l-moW, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of the mediopassive of xo-da=0(w)-i-moW 'swing (something that hangs) down'.

27.17.

all fighting' < kyiic'ixa'-ya-=naW-i, imperfective of the impersonal theme kyiic'ixa-=(w)-ya-W/ya- 'they fight, there is fighting', with plural (ya-=). This derivation, based on the singular intransitive directional theme of motion (Aya-W/ya), is quite obscure; the meaning seems to be basically 'fighting goes on', but the prefix string (also heard as kyii^ixa-=) is unanalyzable. (See note 62.1 16).

kyiic'ixa-ya'na-W 'they were

27.18.

c'Holwal 'they were hitting at each other (with bones)' < (n)-c'i-io--l-wal-i, animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-o--(w)-i-wal/wa-K 'hit at O (with a stick)' with reciprocal object (H-) and change of
classifier

from

i to

(see note 2.28).

27.19.

kyin-na-ya-way 'they were all gambling', literally 'sticks were all going around' < kyin 'stick' (specifically the sticks used in the tra-

612

XIV Northwest
ditional guessing

California Linguistics

game) + na--ya-=wa--i, inanimate 3rd person imperfective (with suppletive stem) of na-=(s)-yaiya'^ '(one) is around, goes around', with plural (ya-=). See note 1.38.
me-ya-de'^e-X '(canoes)

27.20.

were

sitting to the shore'

<

m-e=di-'^e-X-i,

inanimate 3rd person of the extension neuter P-e=di-'^eK '(several objects) extend from P, are joined to P', with inanimate 3rd person
indirect object (mi-).

See note 12.25.

27.21.

xoda-WmoW
note 27.16.

swung myself down'. 1st person singular perfective See of xo-da-=(w)-l-moW 'swing (oneself) down', mediopassive.
'I

27.22.

reached up for it' < mi-xa- 'reaching for it' + 1st person singular perfective of ya-=J<.yi-(w)From directional A-O-liW/la- 'move liW/la- 'move hands up'. (several objects or a rope)', with thematic indefinite 3rd person ob(See also ject (kyi-) idiomatically referring to hands (note 21.13). note 4.17.)
mixa--ya-k>eiay
'I

ya-=Uyi-wi-e--la'-i,

27.23.

< na-=wi-di-(d-)dil, 1st person plural na-ydii 'let us go back!' (imperative) of progressive neuter wi-dil '(two or more) are going along' with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..d-).
See note 26.21.
i-di-te-l-i,

27.24. 27.25.

was taking me along back' < na-=c'i-Wi-wianimate 3rd person of progressive neuter 0-wi-t-tei 'be carrying (a living being) along', with 1st person singular object (Wi-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).
na'^Wiwi-fdite-l '(Mink)

27.26. 27.27.

run down' tend down', extension neuter.

na-na-rj'^e'K '(ridges)

< na--na=win-'^eK-i

'(several) ex-

See note 24.31.

27.28. 27.29.

See note 21.1.

ne-yay

< n-e-ya--i, 1st person singular 'I came, arrived (there)' perfective of ni-(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) arrives'.
daharj'^Wo'^ 'sometime', literally 'to

28.1.

A
28.2.
in

variant of

some extent (in place or time)'. more common dahatjWo'^ < dahan^)-, stem of pro-i-

form of extent

-Wo'^, indefinite

pro-form formant.

The

past tense enclitic (-ne'^in) indicates that the pipe

was no longer

her possession.

See notes 4.33 and 26.53.

28.3.

na-ica-n 'they found it' < na-=wi-i-ca-n-i, inanimate 3rd person (perfective) of 0-(w)-i-ca-n, suppletive perfective theme of O-i-cis 'see O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). The subject here is 'people' in general (marked by the inanimate), and the sense is mediopassive:

'(the pipe) did not get found'.

28.4. 28.5. 28.6.

See note

2.2.
literally,

x"e-na-lwe-K 'she camped for the night, spent the night', 'night fell on her again' (see note 1 1.25).

Customary form.

Hupa
28.7.
c'ite-c'id

Texts: Linguistic Notes

61 3

'she began to get weak' < c'i-te-s-c'id, animate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-c'id 'become weak, exhausted'. See note 11.54.

28.8.

came to be that way, stayed that way' < xaanimate 3rd person perfective of xa-'^a-=ni(we-s)-t'e'^ 'come to be that way'. Transitional of extension neuter xa-'^a=nin-t'e- 'be that way'.
xd^oPniwehst'e'^ 'she
'^a'=c'i-ni-we'-s-t'e'^,

28.9.

28.10.

See note 12.11. no-'^ondiGeh '(someone) stooped down' < no=c'i-nin-di-Ged, animate 3rd person perfective of no-=(n)-d-Ge-d 'shove oneself down to that place'. Mediopassive theme from basic transitive directional A-O-i-ced 'shove (a stick) somewhere' (see also note 9.23). For
no=c'i-nin-

>

no'^in-

(>

no-'^on)- see

note 11.47.

28.11.

Evidential enclitic, indicating something perceived with the senses (see notes 3.16, 4.2. and 24.3).
c'e'riinya^-ne"^

28.12.

c'e-=ni-n-ya?,
ya^,

'you must come out (at the mouth of the creek)' < 2nd person singular optative of c'e-=m-(n}-ya-'Wlya- (optative stem) '(one) comes out' (for ni- see note 26.6) + ne'^,

enclitic indicating obligation.

28.13.

me-na-Wdimirj 'I have swum back to shore' < m-e-na-=wi-W-dime-n, 1st person singular perfective of P-e-=(w)-miW/me-n 'swim to P, hit against P in swimming', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-) and inanimate 3rd person indirect object (idiomatically
'to shore').

28.14.

dah-na'^widmehi 'he was swimming along back on top' < dah 'on top, above' + na'=c'i-wi-d-me'l, animate 3rd person of progressive
neuter wi-mei 'be modifier {na-=..d-).

swimming

along',

with

iterative/reversative

28.15.

See note 12.17.

c'eUyindidaP 'it (pipe-stone) came out (of where it sits)' < c'e-=U>inin-di-da^, indefinite 3rd person perfective of c'e-=(n}-d-da^ 'move oneself out from a sitting position'. Mediopassive theme from transitive 0-i-da^ 'move O into or out of a sitting position', causative of (w)-daP '(one) comes to sit somewhere'. Transitional of stative neuter si-da- '(one) sits, stays'.

28.16.

28.17. 28.18.

See note 12.18.

yehna-ya^Uyiida^ 'Ihty set (pipe-stone) back in again' < yeh-na-ya-=c'i-lin-wi-i-daP, animate 3rd person perfective of yeh=0-(w}-ida^ 'put in a sitting position' (see note 28.16), with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=), plural {ya-=), and indefinite 3rd person object {Uyi-}.

28.19.

< na-, iterative proclitic (see note na'-xoxinay"^ 'she recovered' 1.34) 4- XO-, animate 3rd person possessor + P-xinay'^ 'P's survival, being alive', i.e., 'her survival happened again', 'she came
back
to life'.

29.1.

See note

12.8.

614
29.2.
c'e'^iital

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

'they (customarily) kick (something), hold the Kick

Dance'

<
29.3.

animate Srd person customary of 0-(s)-t-tal/ta-K 'kick O', with inanimate 3rd person object.
c'i-'^i-i-tal-i,

me'^de'^ilwa-W 'they talk about it' < m-e-=c'i-di-'^i-l-wa-W-i, animate 3rd person customary of P-e-=di-(w)-l-wa-W 'talk, chatter about P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object.

29.4.

na-ya-knda'^ah 'let's sing again!' < na--ya-=Un-di-'^aw, 1st person plural imperfective (functioning as optative) of 1<.yi-{w)-'^aw> 'sing', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and plural (ya-=).
yice'^n-wa'^ahi '(the sun)
is

29.5.

setting', literally '(a

round object) keeps

moving

to a position downhill'

<

yicin'^i
(w)-'^a'^

'downhill'
'(a

wi-'^ai, in-

animate 3rd person progressive of

(see note 3.12).

to lie', transitional of stative neuter si-'^a-n

round object) comes '(a round object) lies'

29.6.
29.7.

Literally, 'she

moves

(fire)

up on top of

it'

(see note 24.8).

yina'^a'^aW 'they {Uy'ixinay) bring (pain)' < yi-ni-'^i-'^aW-i, obviative 3rd person customary of 0-ni-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'bring (a round object)'. For the use of the obviative 3rd person in referring to the lc>ixinay, see notes 1.55 and 24.11.

29.8.

{Ryixinay) carries (the pain) around' < na-=yi-'^i-'^a'^, obviative 3rd person customary of na-=0-(s)-'^a-Pa'^ 'carry (a round object) around'.
nay'^a'^a'^ 'it

29.9.

Apparently a mishearing of na'^xoite- (see line 49 below). Literally 'he carries her around' < na-=c'i-xo-hte\ animate 3rd person imperfective of na-=0-(s)-l-te-/te'^ 'carrry (a living being) around', with animate 3rd person object (xo-).

29.10.

See note 8.21.

miyUye'^iitiw '(another person) sings' (see note 1.31).
tive 3rd

29.11.

The obvia-

person

is

used here apparently to signal a

happens',

shift in subject

(see notes 1.55 and 67.18).

29.12.
29.13.

na-ntan^

'(a feast)

literally, '(a stick-like object) lies

there

again' (see note 6.5).

'^o-lc'id

< '^-o--wi-l-c'id, passive of 0-o--(w)-i-c'id 'it is known' 'know O', with (unmarked) inanimate 3rd person object (for initial
see note 15.8).

'^-

29.14.

See note 13.33.

Collective plural (see note
x'^e-ya-Rye'^it'e'^
'\\.

29.15.
29.16.

1.2).

cooked for them' < x''-e--ya-=lcyi-'^i-t'e'^, inanimate 3rd person customary of P-e-=l<yi-(w)-t'e'^ (food) gets cooked for P', with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-) and
d\\

gets

'

plural (ya-=).

29.17.

xo'^ana'^de'^iliw 'she dresses herself

xon"^

'^a'-na-=c'i-di-'^i-liw,

flexive object i'^a-=di-) the idiomatic theme xon"^

up again (for the ceremony)' < animate 3rd person customary, with reand iterative/reversative modifier {na-= ), of

O-i-'^en (perfective xon"^

+ 0-law, cusSee

tomary/optative xon'^ note 1.14.

-h

O-liw) 'decorate

for a ceremony'.

Hupa
29.18. 29.19.
29.20.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

615
i.e.,

Distributive derivation See note 26.22. feather on each side.

{ti-),

she puts one

See note 5.34.

xinay
'friends!'.

Vocative form, used by

women and

girls.

29.21.

< yehyehya-U>idiltai 'let us go in dancing in stomp fashion!' ya-=k>i-di-l-tal, 1st person plural imperfective (functioning as optalc>'i-(w)-i-tal/ta-K 'kick (something)', i.e., 'dance with tive) of Note the (regular) classifier shift kicking, stomp in dance fashion'. i > I with first person plural inflection (see notes 1 1.29 and 1 1.64).
dance up and down' < nin=c'i-si-^-n-dil-i, animate 3rd person customary of nin=si-(s)-dil/de-X 'dance up and down'. Idiomatic theme, ultimately derived from directional AThe thematic prefix is dil/de-K '(two or more) go somewhere'. probably connected with the noun stem nin"^ 'ground, earth'.
ni'^nse'^indil 'they

29.22.

29.23.

ya-'^aPa^

on', literally, (headbands) inanimate 3rd person customary of (w)-l-'^a7 '(several things) come to lie', with plural {ya-=). Irregular transitional of stative neuter si-la- '(several things) lie'.

'they

(customarily)
all lie'

have

'(several things)

<

ya-=^i-l-'^a?,

29.24.

29.25. 29.26. 29.27.

Note the use of the singular directional motion theme A-ya-Wlya'(one person) goes' here and in line 44. A group entering or leaving a dance is treated as a singular entity. See notes 1.7 and 10.37. "^eWaP 'they (customarily) have ("rolls") on', literally '(several things) lie'. See note 29.23.
See note 10.42.
xoij 'as for her'.

29.28.

c'o-na-niwic'"il 'they (repeatedly) sing in a

Emphatic animate 3rd person pronoun. howling fashion', literally 'they reach back for it' < c'-o--na-=ni-wi-c'il, animate 3rd person progressive of 0-o--ni-(w)-c'nd 'reach for O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).
again for her, in front of her' animate 3rd person customary of (w)-yin'^ '(one) comes to stand', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). Transitional of stative neuter si-ye-n '(one) is standing'.

29.29.

x'^a'-na'^aye'^n 'he (customarily) stands

<

xo-a- 'for her'

-i-

na-=c'i-'^i-yin'^-i,

29.30. 29.31. 29.32.

For the idiom see note 21.13.

Literally, 'the

one who carries her around'.

See note 29.9

(line

16

above).
c'ixo-'^otan 'he

< c'i-xo-o'-'^i-tarP-i, (customarily) holds on to her' animate 3rd person customary of 0-o--(w)-tanP '(catch) hold of O', with animate 3rd person object. Transitional of neuter O-o-ni-tan? 'be holding on to O'.
See note See note
1.7. 1.8.

29.33.
29.34.

29.35.

(customarily) feast, eat in a group' < na-=c'i-dianimate 3rd person customary of na-=di-(w)-l-c''arP 'eat in a group'. FossiUzed derivation from an archaic theme referring to a group, cluster, or something squeezed together. (See note
naPde'^ilc'^'aPn 'they
"^i-l-c'^arP-i,

2.40.)

6
6

XIV Northwest
See note
See note
over
it'

California Linguistics

29.36.
29.37. 29.38.

1.38.
1.45.
'I

mitis Wiwin^e-ye"^

forgot something', literally

'my mind (went)

(see note 1.22).

29.39.

See note 29.12.

(kyixinay) (customarily) tell (the obviative 3rd person customary Note di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say thus to P' (see note 3.17). viative 3rd person subject marker falls to the left of the
'^ayxoide'^ine'^

29.40.

'they

doctor)'
that the

<
ob-

'fa=yi-xo-i

de-'^i-ne'^,

of '^a=P-i +
incorporated

postposition {P-i '(speaking) with P'), whereas the human animate 3rd person marker falls to the right ('^a-xoic'ideVne'^ 'he tells her'; see note 3.17). For other examples see notes 26.18 and 69.37.

29.41.

'^aleh '(you)

do so to it!' < '^a-=n-liw, 2nd person singular optative (perfective ^a-=0-law, custom(imperative) of '^a=0-i-'^e-n so, do so to O', with inanimate 3rd ary/optative '^a-=0-liw) 'treat

person object.
30.

simiWciy"^ 'I was small' < si-mi-W-ciy'^, 1st person singular of neuter si-mi-giy(eP 'be small'. The stem-initial velar consonant (c or g) is the diminutive form of normal front-velar g>, although a nondiminutive variant of the stem is not attested.

30.2.
30.3.

See note 29.2.

we-syo'^ 'I began to like (the songs)' < we-s-e--l-yo'^, 1st person singular perfective of O-iwe-sj-l-yo"^ 'come to like, love, desire O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). See note 8.14.
"^oj^c'/d// 'I

30.4.

came

to

know

it'

<

''-o-w-^'-^-cYt/-/, 1st

perfective of 0-o-(w)-i-c'id 'know,

come

to

know

O'.

person singular For initial '?-

see note 15.8.

30.5.
30.6.

See note

3.5.

'^aynese'^n

< '^a-=y-ni-wi-e--sin'^-i, 1st person 'I started to think so' singular perfective of'^a-=(y)-ni-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think so, feel thus' (1st For the y- element see note 25.35. and 2nd person forms only).

30.7.

me- k>iWteh 'let me sing iiV < m-r=/:>'MV-^-r/w, 1st person singular imperfective (used as optative) of P-e-=Uyi-(w)-l-tiw 'sing a song', literally 'measure something'. See note 1.31.
Perfective of the transito regularly happen'. impersonal extension neuter enclitic verb win-t'e- 'it regularly happens, always is' (note 1.52).
wehst'e^
'it

30.8.

began

tional of the

30.9.

See note 24.31.

'(peaks) which (customarily) stand erect' < ne-'^i-no^ incustomary of ne--iw)-no'^ '(several objects) come to stand erect'. Transitional of neuter ne-s-no- '(several obThe reason for use of the transitional instead jects) stand erect'. of the neuter in this clause (and in the parallel dependent clause in line 12) is not clear, although there appears to be a syntactic linkage with the active customary verb ('^e'^iWyo'^) in the main clause.
ne-'^ino'^

30.10.

animate 3rd person

Hupa
30.11.
yidaGe--q'i-c'irj'^
it

Texts: Linguistic Notes

yinac. Sapir glosses this 'towards the northeast' but appears to mean 'toward the southeast', literally 'in an uphill di< yidaGe'-qi-c'irj'^ 'in an uphill direction' rection upstream' (< yidac-e- 'uphill there' + qi 'in that way, in that general direction' + P-c'in'^ 'towards P') + yinaci 'upstream'. From Hoopa Valley this would be due east or perhaps southeast, which is the direction of Mary Blaine Mountain and Pony Butte.

30.12.

See note 19.10.

>'a-'^a^m^'^n 'they

30.13.

relative

(who) were building (the road)' < ya-=c'i-i-min?-i, form of animate 3rd person imperfective of O-iwj-i-min^ 'build O', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked) and plural {ya'=). This theme originally referred to building a house or a
similar
structure
(see

note
to

15.11),

but

in

postcontact

times

its

30.14.
30.15.

meaning was extended See notes 9.8 and 9.9.

ally
'I

any type of construction.

stayed for several days',
liter-

we-da^ daniarjWo'^-dirj yisxa-ni-mii

'I

was

(still)

there after

some number of days had dawned'. See

note 2.3.

30.16.

iolc'id

'knowing each other' < i-o--l-c'id, inanimate 3rd person imperfective (functioning as gerund) of 0-(w)-i-c'id 'know O', with reciprocal object (ii-). The shift of classifier (i > I) with reciprocal
object
is

regular (see note 2.28).

30.17.

yanohc'isc'^'e'^n 'they

mad& us' < ya=noh-c'i-s-i-c'nn'^-i, animaie Srd person perfective of 0-is)-i-c''e-lcHrP 'make O', with lst/2nd person plural object (noh-) and plural (ya-=). The shortening of ya-= to yaThe sense here is mebefore noh- is regular (see note 11.51). For other instances of diopassive: 'we were made (acquainted)'.

this construction see notes 5.32

and

7.3.

30.18.

xodeixid

< xo-o-di-wi-e-l-xid, 1st person singular 'I asked him' perfective of 0-o--di-(w)-i-xid 'ask questions of O', with animate
3rd person object.
tini-waij '(I asked) about the road'

30.19.

This 'concerning P'. subject of a question. 30.20.

<

tini 'road,

trail'

-i-

P-wan

is

the usual construction for

naming the

< Wi-i WH-c'ixowiligy 'he related it to me, he told me about it' 'with me' -i- c'i-xo-win-ligy, animate 3rd person perfective of (P-t) + xo-(w)-ligy 'tell (a story), relate (information) (to P)'.
mesoyse'^n
sin'^-i, 1st

30.21

< m-e-=so--wi-e'I (had) wanted it, had a yen to do it' person singular perfective of the transitional of neuter Pe=so-sin 'want to do P, be enthusiastic for P'.
Literally, 'she
(s)-i-c'^e-/c'"in'^

30.22.

made

herself, animate 3rd person perfective of O{^a-=di).

'make O', with reflexive object

This

is

the usual idiom for 'train (to be a doctor, for luck, etc.)'.

30.23.
30.24.

See note 20.14.

me'deyde'^n 'I wanted it, craved it' < m-e=di-wi-e--din'^-i, 1st person singular perfective of P-e=di-(w)-din/din'^ 'want P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-).

30.25.

See notes 12.10 and 22.34.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

30.26.

tesedeK 'we went off < te-si-di-deK, 1st person plural perfective of ti-(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go off. The contraction of -di- before a stem with initial d- is regular (compare notes 11.22 and 27.23).
See note 18.24.
na-'^e'^iya'^
'it (customarily) rains' < na-='^i-'^i-ya'^, customary of na-=(w)-ya'^ 'start raining, keep raining'. Transitional of impersonal Derivation obscure, but preneuter na-=nin-ya- 'be raining'. sumably connected to non-directional na-={s)-ya-lya'^ '(one) moves

30.27. 30.28.

around'.
30.29. 30.30.

Probably misheard for yi ma- nVi I (see note 19.10).

'^aniUHWleh 'let me take your picture' < '^a=ni-Uyi-W-liw, 1st person singular optative of '^a-=Uyi-0-i-'^e-n (perfective '^a-=lc>i-0-law, customary /optative '^a-=U>i-0-liw) 'take a picture of O'. Idiomatic derivation (with two objects) from '^a-=lcn-i-'^e-n 'mark it, put designs on it', literally 'treat something in that way' (< O-i-'^en 'treat O so' with thematic /:>/- indefinite 3rd person object; see note 22.35). For the reduction of '^a-= to "^a- see note 23.17.

30.31.

See notes 1.23 and

7.2.

30.32.
30.33.

See note 10.69.

< (mi-)wa-n 'concerning it' + no=W'I believe it' person singular imperfective of no-=(w)-t'aw 'believe, give credence'. For the unmarked inanimate 3rd person object of P-wa-n 'concerning P' see notes 2.31 and 10.62.

wan-noWt'aw
1st

t'aw-i,

30.34. 30.35.

Literally, 'he

made

laughter

(io'^)

toward me' (see note 10.55).

do-xolen

'there

was no (cloud)'

<

do- 'not'

xo-le-n-i

'it

is

abundant, plentiful' (see note 3.15). This is the usual phrase indicating the absence of something, with xo-len functioning as an existential verb.

30.36.
30.37.

See notes 16.9 and 23.1.

person plural of 0-i(unmarked). Suppletive perfective/passive theme of 0-i-cis 'see O'. For '^i- see notes
"^idilca-n
"^i-di-l-ca-n-i, 1st

'we perceived'

<

can

'see O', with inanimate 3rd person object

7.2 and 10.33.

30.38. 30.39.

yinaci-yidah-c'irj 'coming

from the

east'.

See notes 1.29 and 2.37;

for another formation see note 38.20.

tehsxe-n '(clouds) floated off, started floating' < te--s-xe-n-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ti-{s)-xi'W/xe-n '(a mass) floats off (see note 1.32).

30.40.

See note

17.6.

30.41. 30.42.

jcoZ/jj/ 'quickly, in a hurry'.

Unanalyzable adverb, apparently with

a diminutive enclitic (-j/).

na-Wda-W

< na-=ni-W-da-W-i, relative '(that) I get back, return' form of 1st person singular imperfective of ni-(n)-ya-Wlya- '(one) comes, arrives' with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-). See
note 22.30.

Hupa
30.43.
ar,seY/r
ral
A'

Texts: Linguistic Notes

619
\s\.

'we started back' < na=te-si-di-deK-i,

^Qvson

t^\\x-

perfective of ti-(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go off, with iteraThe 1st person plural subject tive/reversarive derivation (na-=). marker (di-) is replaced by -e- (-y after CV--) before a stem with initial d- (see also notes 11.22 and 26.33).

30.44.

na-na-Jcya-'^aw

'I

sang again'

<

na--na-=lc>e--'^aw-i, contracted

from

na--na-=Uyi-wi-e--'^aw-i, 1st person singular perfective of na-=lc>i(w)-'^aw 'sing (in general)', with iterative/reversative modifier (see

note 29.4).

30.45.

mi-Uya--c'iii7 'after that', literally

30.46.

'away from (that time)' < P-Uya'away from P'. c'in^ do--wehide'^n '(when) I got lonesome', literally 'I became discontent (with things)' < do- 'not' + w-e--i-din7-i, relative form of 1st
person singular perfective of 0-(w)-i-dinldiri^ 'be content with O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. Misheard for WikyiwaijaPn 'I went to sleep' < Wi-kyi-win-wan^-i (see note 1.8).
xona-yase'la-l 'I dreamed about them' < xo-na--ya-=s-e--lai-i, 1st person singular perfective of P-na--(s)-lai 'dream about P' (see note 24.1), with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-) and plural (ya-=). Note that the plural prefix functions semantically as the pluralizer of the indirect object.

30.47.
30.48.

See note 20.17.

30.49.

"^a-Wt'e- 'I am (so), I feel (in such a way)' < '^a-=ni-W-t'e-, 1st person singular of the extension neuter theme '^a'=nin-t'e- 'be so' (see note

1.20).

30.50.

Uye-ya7n
yarf-i,

'I

ate

1st

something' < Rye--yarP-i, contracted from Ryi-wi-eperson singular perfective of lcyi-(w)-yan/yan'^ 'eat

something'.
30.51.

Wma/reV 'my work' < M- 'my' + na=wi-l-te'^, VQvbal noun (gerund) from na-=l-te'^ 'be working, have a job' + -i"^, possessed noun formant.
See note
8.5.

30.52. 30.53. 30.54. 30.55.

See note 15.9.

'^a-dinis'te'^

xoniW
is

'one's

own body

is

aware, conscious'.

Idiom for

'one feels good,

'^ana-niwe-set'e'^

happy'.

'I

became so

again'

<

'^a-na=ni-we-s-e--t'e'^, 1st

person singular perfective of '^a-=ni-(we-s)-t'e'^ 'come to be so', with Transitional of extension iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). neuter '^a-=nin-t'e- 'be so' (see notes 1.20 and 30.49).
30.56.

See note

1.31. 12.8.

30.57. 30.58. 30.59.

See note

Literally, 'at the (time) that they

kick-danced with her',

i.e.,

when

she was kick-dancing for her doctor training.

dahde^iWyo'^ 'I like it better, best' < dah=di-'^i-W-l-yo'^, 1st person singular customary of dah=di-0-(we-s)-l-yo'^ 'like O more, beyond (something else)', with directional adverbial modifier dah=di-{w) 'off, away' (see notes 10.52 and 10.63).

620
30.60.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

See notes 22.52 and 30.20.

c'eite-n '(sickness)

31.1.

is

taken out'

<

c'e-=wi-l-te-n-i, passive

of c'e=0-

(n)-i-te-n 'take out (a living being)', with inanimate 3rd person

ject (unmarked).

obThat the sickness {Jiniwe-) is a living entity is implied by the classificatory theme, but that it has low animacy is indicated by the inanimate object marker.
tehna-^ane-l '(child) (customarily) plays in the water'
nei-i, inanimate 3rd person

31.2.

<

teh-na-='^i-

the water'.

'around'; to water'.

customary of teh-na-=(w)-nei 'play in The theme is na-=nei 'play', with thematic na-= this is added the adverbial modifier teh=(w) 'in(to) the

31

.3.

See note

12.2.

31.4.

yidik>'e'^iwa'^n

'it (customarily) sleeps' < yidi-kyi-'^i-wan'^-i, customary of P-k>i-(w)-wan/wan'^ 'P sleeps, there is sleep for P' (see note 1.8), with obviative 3rd person indirect object (yidi-) (see notes

13.36, 27.12).

31.5.

yay'^iliW

'(child) raises (its eyes)' < ya-=yi-'^i-liW, obviative 3rd person customary of ya-=0-(w)-liW/la- 'move (several objects) upward'.

31.6.

(customarily) doctors (the child)' < m-e-=yi-di-'^iobviative 3rd person customary of P-e=di-{w)-^a'^ 'doctor P (by sucking)' (see note 24.9), with inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-). The obviative subject refers to the (woman) doctor, the inanimate 3rd person object to the child.
miyda'^a'^a'^ 'she
'^d^,

31.7.

/cWcfoViVc'/c/ 'he

was known by

it'

<

^W-cf-o-cV-wZ-^-c'/rf,

animate

3rd person perfective of 0-o--(w)-i-c'id 'know O', with agentive passive object {U>i-di-) which demotes the formal subject to object status and marks an inanimate 3rd person subject. (See also notes 33.29, 33.31, and 44.7.)
31.8. 31.9.
c'e-c'ohitiW'\ei her take

< c'e-=c'-o-i-tiW, animate 3rd perit out' son optative of c'e-=0-(n)-i-tiW/te-n 'take (a living being) out'.
See notes 11.31,
15.8,

and

16.6.

31.10. 31.11.

Literally,

'the

one with

whom
head'

there

is

understanding'.

See note
-i-

15.7.
^a-de-da'^ay

'one's

own

<

'^a-^/-, reflexive

possessor

P-

e=di-'^a--i 'P's head', literally 'what extends

from

P, is joined to P'

(see note 6.1).

31.12. 31.13.

n/na'^af/c^'? 'she

(customarily) gets back up'

<

ni-na-=c'i-'^i-d-Ge'^.

See note 21.23.

it out (with a stick)' < c'e=c'i-'^iperson customary of c'e-=0-(n)-Gi^ 'throw O out (of house, enclosure) by means of a stick', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.

c'e'^/c(3

'she (customarily) throws

ci^, 3rs

31.14.

do-

done done

"^a-Wiwilawe-heh 'don't do this to me!', literally 'let it not be to me!' < do-, negative proclitic + '^a-=Wi-wi-law-i 'what is to me', passive of '^a-=0-i-'^e-n 'treat O so' (see note 26.2)
-i-

Hupa
heh
'despite,

Texts: Linguistic Notes

62

even if; do- ... heh, is the frame for proiiibitive For other examples of the prohibitive formation with a passive or gerund, see notes 8.15 and 62.124.
phrases.

31.15.

ta?ana^n 'she (customarily) drinks it' (Sapir does not write the final -n) < ta-=c'i-'^i-d-nan'^-i, animate 3rd person customary of ta-=(w)d-na-n/na'^n 'drink'. The loss of the ^-classifier in this position before a stem with initial n- is regular.
de'^de'^ii'^e-K
'^i-i-'^e-K-i,

31.16.

bundle of grass) into the fire' < de=diperson customary of de-=0-di-(w)-i-^e-K 'exend (several objects) into the fire', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. Causative of extension neuter de-=di-win-'^e-K '(several objects) extend into the fire' (see note 10.43). For the adverbial modifier see note 2.15.
'she shoves animate 3rd
(a

31.17.

'she (customarily) eats it up, devours it' < c'i-ni-'^i-i-ye'^-i, animate 3rd person customary of 0-ni-(s)-i-ye-/ya-n (optative/customary stem -ye'^) 'eat O up, devour O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.
c'me'^iV}'^'^

31.18.

diwa-nohc'^e'^n 'you (pi.) are selfish' < di-wa=n-oh-c'^in^-i, 2nd person plural imperfective (imperative) of di-wa-=ni-(w)-c'^in'^ 'be
selfish'.

Apparently from neuter ni-c'HnP 'be bad, ugly', but the

is

derivation

obscure.

31.19.

V/a-JiyoMkyid 'you (pi.) feed me', literally 'you catch something for me!' < W-a- 'for me' + Uy-oh-i-kyid, 2nd person plural imperfective (imperative) of O-i-kyid 'catch, seize O' with thematic indefinite 3rd person object (/:W-j. The usual idiom for 'feed someone'.

31.20. 31.21.

For -tah

'also, as well' see note 2.44.

-i-

xo'^^i-nehwa-n-heh 'go QasyV < jco'^j 'carefully' (see note 1.26) nehwa-n 'resembling, like that' (inanimate 3rd person of neuter ne-si-d-wa-n 'be like, resemble') heh 'despite, even if.
-i-

31.22. 31.23.
31.24.

See note 5.49.

Literally,
c'''o-gy.

'she (customarily) brushes

him

out'

<

c'e-=c'i-Uyi-'^iA-

See note 5.27.

(customarily) uncovers him' < xo-wan=c'ianimate 3rd person customary of P-wa-n=Uyi-di-{w)i-xat'. For theme see note 10.7. For the adverbial modifier see notes 2.31 and 10.39.
xowa//?/:'>/c/e'^/Vxa;' 'she
kyi-di-'^i-l-xat',

31.25.

ya^ne'^ite-c' 'they all lie

down

to sleep'

<

ya=c'i-ni-'^i-tec'-i,
lie

3rd person customary of ni-(s)-te-c' '(two or more)

plural (ya-=).
lies

animate down', with

down'.

Non-singular theme parallel See notes 10.20 and 23.6.

to ni-(s)-tiW/te-n '(one)

31.26. 31.27.

See note 26.58.

'^e'^idaP 'it

(customarily)

comes

to rest, stays',

i.e.,

'(the child's

vom-

iting) stops'

<
to

'^i-'^i-daP,
sit,

'(one)

comes

inanimate 3rd person customary of iw}-da'^ stay'. Transitional of stative neuter si-da- '(one)

sits, stays'.

31.28.

See note 31.1.

622
32.1.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Kyiwan-nayda- '(someone) goes hunting; hunting occurs' < Uyiwan 'for, concerning (game)' + inanimate 3rd person imperfective of na--y=(w)-da-/da'^ '(one) hunts, stalks' (derivation obscure).

See notes 39.6 and 62.3.

32.2.

yiWo'^oMc'ini '(the country) might not know me' < yi-W-o-'^o-ic'i(d)ni, obviative 3rd person potential of 0-o-(w)-i-c'id 'know O' with first person singular object (Wi-). For the potential formation see note 10.56.

32.3. 32.4.
32.5.

See note 2.14. See notes 2.52 and 30.1.

nokye'^iWyaW

'I get through eating' < no-=lc>i-'^i-W-yaW-i, 1st person singular customary of of no=0-(n)-yaW/yan'^ 'leave (food) over when eating, stop eating', with indefinite 3rd person object (Icyi-). See notes 5.49 and 20.19.

32.6.

'I've been lying' < '^i-'^i-W-te'^, 1st person singular customary of (w)-te'^ '(one living being) comes to be lying', transitional of si-te-n '(one living being) lies somewhere'.
'^e'^iWte'^

32.7.
32.8.

See note 31.19.

come to be perceived' < inanimate 3rd person perfective of xo-{w)-i-c'^'in^ '(scent) travels, comes to be perceived'. Transitional of neuter '^a-=xo-ni-i-c'in 'there is an odor somewhere' (see note 13.12).
'^a-xowUc'^in'^

'(scent) has travelled, has

'^a-=xo-wi-i-c'Hn'^,

32.9.

See notes 9.25-26.

Literally, 'put
dilxi;^
it

32.10. 32.11. 32.12.

down'

(see notes 1.31 and 10.42).

'(merely a) fawn'. Diminutive form of dilxi^ 'fawn', with diminutive consonant symbolism (j>j).
no-ttin 'you lay (a living being) there'

< no-=ni-n-i-te-n, 2nd per-

son singular perfective of no-=0-(n)-i-tiW/te-n 'put (a living being) down, in that place', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.
32.13.
xokyiwiwatj'^il,

sleeps, there

is

progressive of impersonal P-kyi-(w)-wan/wan'^ 'P sleep for P' (see note 1.8), with animate 3rd person

indirect object.

32.14.

/:>ma-c'o7aW/ 'he might dream (about something)' < Uyi-na=c'-o-la-lni, animate 3rd person potential of P-na-=(s)-lai 'dream about P' (see note 24.1). For the potential formation see notes 32.2 (above) and 10.56.

32.15.

kyitiyaW 'herd of deer', literally 'what moves along eating, grazing'. Inanimate 3rd person imperfective of kyi-ti-(s)-yaW/yan'^ 'move along eating, grazing'.
dah-na-kyindiyan"^ '(deer) have come back from above eating, grazing' < dah 'above' na-=kyi-nin-di-yan'^-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of kyi-ni-(n)-yaW/yan'^ 'arrive eating, grazing', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).
-i-

32.16.

32.17.

'(which) I have put in the fire'. Assimilated from dede'^an, 1st person singular perfective of de- =di-( w)-'^aWPa-n 'put (a round object) into the fire'.
deda-'^a-n

32.18.

See note 3.13.

Hupa
32.19.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

623

'^a-diwan-nik>'arj-xoliw 'you have

ber'

<

'^a--di-wa-n 'concerning

heart, insides' (see note 25.36)

your wits about you, you rememoneself + ni-k>a-n 'your mind, + xo-liw-i 'it becomes abundant',

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of xo-(s)-liw/le'^ 'become numerous, abundant' (see notes 11.5 and 21.23). For the idiom see note
23.26.
32.20.

See notes 5.61 and 24.16.

33.1. 33.2.

< P-meq' 'inside of P'. darjWe'^-eh 'nobody'. Negative form of dariWo"^ 'someone' (see note 7.5), presumably formed with a truncated variant of the enclitic heh 'despite, even if, with regressive assimilation of the vowel
de-di-me-q' 'in
valley', literally 'inside this place here'
-i-

(Hoopa)

de-di 'this (place) here'

across glottal stop.

33.3. 33.4. 33.5.

See notes
it',

1.5

and 21.23.

miq'id-silin^-di}] 'late in the fall', literally

'when

it

becomes on top of
1st

perhaps referring to snow on the mountains.

'^oya-widilc'id

'we found out'

<

'^-o--ya--win-di-l-c'id,

person

plural perfective of 0-o--(w)-i-c'id 'know, find out about O', with plural lya--) referring to the subject, and unmarked inanimate 3rd

person object.
33.6. 33.7. 33.8.

For

classifier shift

>

with

first
'^-

person plural in-

flection see notes 11.29

and 29.21. For

initial

see note 4.15.

ya-tese-X 'we go off, contracted from ya-tesde'^K, 1st person plural perfective of ti-(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go off.

See note

16.9.
'I

xoi-ya-te'se-ya-

ya-=te--s-e--ya',

< xo-i 'with him, them' + person singular of ti-(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes off, with plural (ya-=) apparently modifying the indirect object of proclitic xo-i. For similar displacements of the plural marker see note 20.17 and further references there.
go off with them'
1st

33.9.

ya-ne-yay 'I went there'. The plural (ya-=) modifies the object of the preceding phrase (xo-wan). (See preceding note.)

33.10.

dax'^eda '^ahdiyaw-mii 'after doing what?' 76.20; for '^ahdiyaw see note 9.10).

(For dax'^eda see note

33.11. 33.12.

See note

1.33.

go back and fetch it' < '^-o-na-ni-n-c'^id, 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of 0-o--ni-(w)-c''id 'reach for O, fetch O' (see note 15.8), with iterative/reversative modifier
Vazatzc'*'/^ 'you
(na--).
>'a7ew/<ie'^///'^
ral

33.13.

'we looked over' < ya-=te--wi-di-'^itiP, 1st person pluperfective of te'-iwj-'^irp 'come to look, gaze', with plural {ya=). Transitional of extension neuter te'-si-'^inP 'look on, gaze'.
See note 3.12.

33.14.

33.15.

neheyaiwe-K 'we

all camped', literally 'night fell on us all' < nohe--ya-=wi-l-weK-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=(w)-lwil/we'K 'night falls on P' (idiom for 'P stays somewhere for the

624

XIV Northwest
night'), with plural (ya-=)

California Linguistics

modifying the indirect object (see notes

33.8-9 above). 33.16.

Uya-dayne- 'you gather acorns' < Uya--da-=n-ne\ 2nd person singular imperfective of lc>a--da-=(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'gather acorns' (for etymology see note 21.5). For V-n-n- contracting to V-y-n- see note 25.37.

33.17.

See note For

->?-

5.1.

33.18.

see note 11.22.

33.19.

'^aynese'^n

fective

'I thought so' < '^a-=y-n-e--sin'^-i, 1st person singular perof '^a-=y-ni-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think, feel' (1st and 2nd person forms only). See notes 4.3 and 25.35.

33.20. 33.21. 33.22.

See note 4.26.

te-y'^e'^n 'I

lar perfective

looked, came to gaze' < te--w-e--'^in^-i, 1st person singuof te--(w)-^in'^ (see note 33.13).

do--lan-s 'a

33.23.
33.24.

little', contracted from do--lan-ji < do- 'not' + -la-n 'many' + j/, consonant symbolic form of the diminutive enclitic -j/ 'little'. See note 5.7. For the theme, see note 21.13.

do-xohsle'^ 'it disappeared'. (see note 30.35).

xowaij-ya-nixohsle'^ 'they lost
(see note 11.56).

Perfective of transitional of

do-xolen

33.25.

it',

literally

'it

became

lost

The

plural {ya-=) modifies the indirect object

from them' of

xo-wan
33.26.

(see notes 33.8-9 above).

na-yyefn 'I stood back up' < na-=w-e--yin'^-i, 1st person singular perfective of (w)-yin'^ '(one) comes to stand' (see note 2.24), with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).

33.21

yateselay
e--la-i, 1st

'I picked up a few (acorns) here and there' < ya'=te--sperson singular perfective of ya-=0-(w)-liW/la' 'pick up (several objects)' with distributive modifier (te--, with ^-perfective). 'I thought of it again' < mi-na--na=w-e-liW, 1st person singular perfective of P-na-=(w)-liW 'remember, think of P', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

33.28.

m/na-na-y/W

33.29.

xa'^aRyidiWlaw 'things have happened to me like this' < xa'^a-=kyidi-W-law-i, 1st person singular of xa'^a-=0-law, suppletive perfective theme of xa'^a-=0-i-'^e-n 'treat O this way', with agentive passive object {Ryi-di-}. See note 31.7.
Wo-ic'id '(the country) has come to know me' < W-o-wi-i-c'id-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of 0-o--(w)-i-c'id 'know O', with 1st person singular object.

33.30.

33.31. 33.32.

Agentive passive.

See note 31.7.

diyWo'^-oW 'something or another'

-i-

< diy-Wo"^ 'something' (see note 1.39) (x)oW 'I guess, perhaps', enclitic form of evidential particle expressing uncertainty. (See note 7.5.)

33.33.

xe'^e-wilin '(acorns) lay

dropped in a pile'. Inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter, xi-'^e-=win-lin '(stream) flows off, away'. Used idiomatically to refer to objects lying dropped in a pile. (See also notes 26.26 and 68.47.)

Hupa
33.34.
tiij-'^a-yaikyow 'they

Texts: Linguistic Notes

625

were all very large' < tin 'very' (proclitic par'^a--ya-=ni-i-kyow-i, inanimate 3rd person of neuter ^a-=nii-k>ow 'be as large as that, be so large', with plural (ya-=). Irregular
ticle)

comparative form of descriptive neuter ni-k>a-w 'be notes 11.23 and 22.22).
33.35.
'^aniide-ne'^
'I

large'

(see

told you' < '^a-=ni-i + di-w-e'-ne'^, 1st person singuof '^a-=P-t + di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'tell P, speak thus to P'. Note that the prefix '^a-= is shortened to "^a- before the 2nd person singular object of the incorporated postposition. See note 3.18.
lar perfective

33.36.

Uy'a-da-naywe-ne'^ \Uyiiwe-) again gather acorns' < Uya--da--na-=yiwin-ne"^, obviative 3rd person perfective of kya--da-=(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'gather acorns', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). For the

etymology of the theme, see note 21.5. For -win- > -we-- see note 25.37; compare note 33.16 above. For the use of the obviative, see
note 1.55.

33.37.

'I became afraid' < ne--wi-W-l-gyid, 1st person singular perfective of ni-(w)-l-gyid 'become afraid', transitional of neuter nil-gyid 'be afraid'.

ne-Wgy'id

33.38.

yan'^-i,

do'-We-xolya^n 'I go crazy, lose my wits' < do- 'not' + W-e-=xo-linanimate 3rd person imperfective of P-e-=xo-(w)-l-yan'^ 'P comes to know things, have sense'. Transitional of neuter P-e-=xol-ya-n 'P knows things, has sense, understanding' (see note 8.19).
'it (customarily) does not know them' < ya-yi-xo-o-obviative 3rd person customary of 0-o--(w)-i-c'id 'know O', with animate 3rd person object {xo-} and plural {ya--) modifying the object.

33.39.

yayxo-'^oic'id
'^i-i-c'id-i,

33.40.

'I stay, live (there)'. Note the variation, in the same text, in the marker of 1st person singular subject in this stative neuter verb.

se-da-

Here
line 5

Sam Brown

uses the perfective allomorph {-e--), whereas above he uses the non-perfective allomorph {-W-).

in

33.41.

'they (braids) are so long, as long as that'. Inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter '^a-=Uyi-nin-t'e- 'be so long' (see note 22.15), with plural {ya-=).
'^a-ya-kyint'e-

'i^Al.

cehnawiKon

'braided again' ceh=(s}-Ko-'WIKon'^ 'braid hair'

tive/reversative

<

(passive

modifier {na-=).

ceh-na-=wi-d-Ko-n-i, passive of stem -Ko-n), with iteraFor the thematic prefix see

10.25.

33.43. 33.44.

See note 33.28 above. See note 30.18. See note 30.33.
niwarj xo^e-'^ c'o-nda^ 'she became sorry for you', literally 'her mind got thin for you' < ni-wa-n 'concerning you' + xo-^e-'^ 'her (state of) mind, her heart' (bound form, occurring only in compounds and idiomatic phrases) + co--win-daP, inanimate 3rd person perfective of co--(w}-da7 'become thin'. Transitional of neuter co-=da-y 'be thin, poor, lean'.
na-Wibiwirjaij 'I slept again' (probably misheard for na-Wihiwitjaff) < na-=Wi-kyi-win-wan'^, perfective of impersonal P-kyi-(w)-

33.45.
33.46.

33.47.

626

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

direct object

wan/wan"^ 'P sleeps, there is sleep for P', with 1st person singular inand iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See notes 1.8 and 4.13. For the construction with -xo see note 2.4.
'tomorrow'.

34.1. 34.2. 34.3.

yisxan"^

Abbreviated

form

of

yisxan-de"^,

literally

'when it dawns'. See note 33.6.

c'in 'they say'.

Evidential particle, indicating hearsay.

Abbreviated

from
34.4.

c'ine-

<

c'i-d-ne\ animate 3rd person imperfective of di-(w)-

neine"^ 'speak, say'.

(See note 3.1.)

'10'

34.5.
34.6.

For -heh-ne"^ see note 3.21. minian 'ten people' < minian

ni 'people' (see note 1.2).

tehsyay '(the group) went along', inanimate 3rd person perfective The subject is the of ti-(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes off, along'. group of ten as a collective entity (singular), not ten individuals

(plural).

34.7.

See note 33.15.

xona-yadewidilc'e'^ '^QdWsdX waiting for him' < xo-na- 'waiting for him' + ya-=de--wi-di-l-c'e'^, 1st person plural perfective of di(w)-l-c'e'^ '(two or more) come to sit, dwell', with plural (ya-=). Transitional of stative neuter de-s-l-c'e- '(two or more) sit, dwell'.
sida- '(a

34.8.

34.9.

group of three grizzlies) sits, dwells'. The singular verb is used for the three bears as a collective entity. See note 34.6, and compare the use of the plural equivalent (dehlc'e-) in line 16 (note
34.11).
ne-de-X 'we arrived'

34.10.

<

ni-di-de-X-i, 1st

ni-(n)-dil/de-X '(two or

more)

arrive'.

person plural perfective of For ni-di-d- > ned- see note

11.22.
34.
1 1
.

Compare
yiWo-tja-n

the use of the plural verb here with the use of the singular

(sida-) in line 13 (note 34.9).

34.12.

'(bear)

growled

at

me'

< yi-W-o-win-wan-i,

obwiat'iwc

3rd person perfective of 0-o--(w)-wa-n 'growl at O', with 1st perThe coalescence of -n- with stem-initial son singular object (Wi-).

w- as
34.13.

-rj- is

regular.
'(the grizzlies) stuck

< (their faces) down, forwards' 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-iCausative of '^e-K 'extend several objects down, to a certain place'. extension neuter theme no-=win-'^e-K 'several objects extend down,
noyniPe-K
no-=yi-ni-i-^e-X-i, obviative
to a certain place'.

34.14.

34.15.

room! make way!', literally 'lead it off!' < ti-n-loy'^, 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of 0-ti-(s)-loy'^ 'lead O off (with a rope)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. AssimiWo-'^olwi-l 'let me camp', literally 'let night fall on me!'. lated from We'^olwii < W-e='^-o--l-wil, inanimate 3rd person optative of P-e-=(w)-l-wil/we-K 'P camps; night falls on P'. The inn/oj"^ 'give

sertion of

-'^-

is

phonologically motivated.

Hupa
34.16.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

627

naWle- 'I carry (strap) around, have (strap) with me' < na=W-le-, 1st person singular imperfective of na-=0-(s)-le-/le'^ 'carry (several objects or a rope-like object) around', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. In the Hupa classificatory system, rope-like ob-

jects are treated as plural objects.

34.17.

me-yito'^n

'I caused it (spit) to jump at it' < m-e-=w-e--i-ton'^-i, 1st person singular perfective of P-e-=0-(w)-i-ton? 'cause O to jump against P', with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked) and inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-}.

34.18. 34.19. 34.20.

See note 21.3.

c'ilto'^n

'(grizzly)

jumped

out'

<

c'e=A7/-/-rc?n'^-/,

inanimate 3rd perseveral times'

son perfective of c'e-=(n)-l-torP 'jump out'.

naWinite-c'^'ay '(someone) threw loose dirt at
na-=c'i-Wi-ni-te--s-c''a--i,

me

<

animate 3rd person perfective of na=0-ni(w)-c'^a- 'throw (loose dirt) at O', with 1st person singular object (Wi-) and distributive modifier (te--, 5-perfective).
34.21.
wil&'e-n 'which had been prepared,

made

into (medicine)'.
c''en.

of
7.1

0-(s}-i-c'''e-lc'Hn^

'make O', with passive stem

Passive (See notes

34.22.

hit (the grizzly) by throwing (the pack strap)' < na-=ni-w-e--t-de-K-i, 1st person singular perfective of na-=0-ni-(w)i-deX 'hit by throwing (several objects or a rope)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. For classification see note

and 10.23) na-neyideX 'I

34.16.

34.23.

na-na7wilc'id 'she fell back down' < na--na-=c'i-wi-l-c'id, animate 3rd person perfective of na--(w)-l-c'id 'fall down', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). Note the shift to a animate 3rd

person subject.
34.24.
da7a-ya-c'idyaw 'they all ran for their lives', literally above' < dah 'on top, above' -i- '^a--ya-=c'i-d-yaw-i, person of '^a-=d-yaw, perfective theme of '^a-=t'e-n notes 1.49 and 7.10), with plural {ya-=). An idiom allel to English 'to up and (run)'.
'they did so

animate 3rd
'do so' (see roughly par-

34.25.
34.26.

Sapir notes that the relative form of a verb (e.g., c'ininyay) can't be used before the connective hijid.

sahwinde'^n 'a group went off < sah=win-din'^-i, perfective of the impersonal theme sah=(w}-dirf 'several go off to a distance'. (See note 5.43.)

34.27.

ya-WliWil

was picking up (acorns) as I went along' < ya-=wi-Wperson singular progressive of ya=0-(w)-liW/la- 'pick up (several objects or rope)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person
'I

liWil-i, 1st

object.

34.28.
34.29.

See note 27.13.

'^adiwina-

'around myself wina- 'passing around P'

'I

<

"^a'-di-,

reflexive possessor

P-

34.30.

c'e'ne'xan back)' <

took (the basket of acorns) out (from

behind

my

c'e-=n-e--xan-i, 1st person singular perfective of c'e-=0(n)-xaW/xan 'move (a filled container) out'.

628
34.31. 34.32. 34.33.

XIV Northwest
See note 34.16.
See note 34.17.

California Linguistics

'it ran up and stood' < '^i-na-=s-l-ia-d, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ni-na-=si-(s)-l-ia'd 'run, jump up from a lying position'. For the prefix see notes 2.27 and 21.3.

'^inahsia-d

34.34.

c'idac 'straight up, upright, vertically'.

Adverbial particle.

34.35. 34.36.

See note 2.24.

te-teMto'^n
/,

'it jumped along from place to place' < te-te-s-l-tonfinanimate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-l-ton'^ 'jump along, hop', with distributive modifier (ti- > te--).

34.37.

na'^ditehiwaX

'he spilled

it,

threw (a load)

down

here and there'

na-=c'i-di-te--s-i-wa-K-i, animate 3rd person perfective of

< na=0-di-

(w)-i-wal/wa-X 'throw (load) down, spill', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and distributive modifier (ti-, .y-perfective). See note 15.13.
34.38.
'I cracked (the strap), made it crackle' < lc>i-s-e--i-q'ic', person singular perfective of Uyi-(s)-i-q'ic' 'make (something) crackle, cause a cracking sound'. Causative of neuter kyi-q'ic' 'there is a cracking sound'.

U>isehiqic'
1st

34.39.

yayUyilay 'it reached up (with its paw)' < ya-=yi-}c>'i-win-la--i, obviative 3rd person perfective of ya-=Jcyi-(w)-liW/la- 'raise one's hand, reach up with one's hand', literally 'raise up (several specific objects)' (see note 27.22). Icyi-win- is sometimes reduced to /:>/before stems with nasal or lateral initial consonants (to which the n of win- assimilates).

34.40.

miWxe'^x '(bear's) cubs' < mi-, inanimate 3rd person possessor + P-Wxe'^x 'P's boys, sons, (animal's) offspring' (also found as PWxe"^; see note 62.1). Irregular possessed form of xixe-x 'boys' (see note 1.4). Compare xixiy 'boy, child' and P-Wxiy'^ 'P's boy, child,
son'.
do--sa'^ah-3 'a short time'
bial particle

34.41.

j,

< do- 'not' + sa'^a- 'a long time', adverdiminutive enclitic (with diminutive consonant

34.42.

change j > j). See note 26.29. See note 4.2.

c/Viro/z/^iV 'run for

34.43.

your

lives!'

<

cm=r-o/i-/-^iV,

2nd person plural

imperfective (imperative) of cin=ti-(s)-l-dil/de-K '(two or more) flee, run for their lives'. Fossilized derivation from directional Adil/de-K '(two or more) go somewhere'.

34.44.

nidiwe-n 'we arrived packing (acorns)' < ni-di-we-n-i, 1st person plural perfective of 0-ni-(n)-wiW/we-n 'arrive packing O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.
me-ya-widiia'^n 'we
all

34.45.

got to have enough', literally 'we

came

to

be

enough

< m-e-=ya'-wi-di-ian'^-i, 1st person plural perfective of P-e-={ni-)(w)-ian'^ 'come to be enough for ?', with plural {ya-=). transitional oi P-e=ni-ian 'be enough for P'. The possessive meaning of the form is unexplained, unless the theme is to
for
it'

(?)

be interpreted as a transitive derivatiion, -i-ian"^. But if so, the expected 1st person plural would be * ..-di-l-tan"^. (See note 5.11.)

Hupa
34.46.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

629

34.47.

yandaPa-n 'we all brought it' < ya'=0-ni-di-'^an-i, 1st person plural perfective of ni-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'bring (a round object)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and plural iya-=) modifying the subject. The supply of acorns that they returned with is spoken of as a single object. noy'^aW 'they leave something' < no=yi-'^aW, obviative 3rd person imperfective of no-=0-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'put (a round object) down'. The obviative subject refers to people (lc>iwinya'^nya-n) in general

(see note 1.55).

34.48.
34.49. 34.50. 34.51.

See note 31.17.

< xo-wi-di-ligy, verbal xowidiligy 'telling, relation, story' (gerund) from xo-(w)-ligy 'relate (a story)'.
See note 5.54.
me?-?e'^e'^<3'^ 'it

noun

always comes to lie in it' < m^"^ 'in it' + '^/-'^/-'^a'^, inanimate 3rd person customary of (w)-'^a'^ 'a round object comes to
lie'

(see note 10.33).

34.52. 34.53.

Error for cehicay.

The voice of Sam Brown's grandmother continues

text.

to the

end of the

35.1.

ro-

V/A:>'a-w 'the river gets high'

<

fo*

'water, river'

'^i-'^i-k>a-w-i,

inanimate 3rd person customary of (w)-kya-w 'become large, grow'. Transitional of neuter ni-kya-w 'be big'.
35.2.
35.3. 35.4.
35.5.

xoh
tilah

...

heh 'even

if

...'

(see note 5.3).

See notes 16.5 and

16.7.

'something floating'

<

ti-la-d,

inanimate 3rd person imper-

fective of ti-(s)-la-d 'float along'.

naq'a-ta-tj'^a--dirj 'gravel bar'

<

na-q'i 'gravel'

ta-=win-'^a-

'it

extends into the water' (inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter) + din 'at that place'.
35.6.
(mi-)wa-n=di-'^i-lin'^,

35.7.

< (customarily) flows over (gravel bar)' customary of impersonal P-wa-n=di-(we-s)-lin'^ 'water comes to flow over, off from P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (see note 1.46). Transitional of extension neuter Pwa-n=di-win-lin 'water is flowing over, off from P'. (For the adverbial modifier see notes 2.31 and 10.62). wan'^de'^ila-d 'she flosiis owQTiV < (mi-)wa-n=c'i-di-'^i-lad-i, animate 3rd person customary of P-wa-n=di-Win)-la-d 'float (on the water) over, off from P' (see preceding note).
wande'^ilirj'^

'(stream)

35.8. 35.9.

Literally,

'where (the stream) flows into (the canyon)'.

'she (customarily)

swims back out of (the river)' < 3rd person customary of tah-(s)miW/me-n 'swim out of the water', with iterative/reversative modi-

tahna^admiW

tah-na-=c'i-'^i-d-miW-i, animate
fier {na-=..d-).

35.10.

no'^onaPde'^Hwal 'she (customarily) throws herself back down' animate 3rd person customary no--'^a--na-=c'i-di-'^i-i-wal-i,

<
of

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California Linguistics

no-=0-(n)-i-wal/wa'X 'throw, fling O down to that place', with reflexive object {'^a'=di-) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
35.11.
x'^e-tilc'^e'^n
i,

'they grow on to her here and there' < xo-e-=ti-l-cHn'finanimate 3rd person imperfect! ve of P-e'=(w)-l-c'''e-n 'grow on to P', with distributive modifier (ti-). Note that the distributive modifier takes the customary/optative stem (-c'in'^), see also note 26.62. The distributive and the customary cannot co-occur (see note 12.19).

35.12.

na'^axad 'they (customarily) drop back off < na='^i-xad, inanimate 3rd person customary of (s)-xad/xat' 'several objects drop', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).
mila-n 'in the

35.13.

company of

(people)'
P'.

indirect object (referring to U>iwinya'^nya-n 'people')

< mi-, inanimate 3rd person + P-lan 'with

the help of P, in the

company of

35.14.
35.15.

See note
aware' <

2.4.

(customarily) listens', literally 'it makes itself 'being aware' (impersonal neuter, non-finite) '^a-=yi-di-'^i-t-&'e'^, obviative 3rd person customary of 0-(s)-ic'''e-/c''in'^ (customary /optative -c"^*^) 'make O', with reflexive object
kyiniW-'^ayde'^i-fc'^'e'^ 'ii

lc>'i-niW

-i-

(?a-cf/-).

35.16.

xe'^e-nayx'^e'^iiwal '(grizzly) (customarily)

xi'^e--na-=yi-xo-'^i-i-wal-i,

throws her away again' < obviative 3rd person customary of xi'^e-=0-(w)-i-wal/wa-K 'throw, fling off, away', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

35.17.
35.18.

See note 5.54.

tilah
'^a-diwilc'^e-n

drowned man)',
35.19.
me-da'^ay

i.e.,

'one whose self has been made to float (like a one who has been trained in this way. Passive.
(customarily) hears
it',

ye'^e'^ina-W '(grizzly)

literally

'it

goes into (grizzly's) head' < m-e-da'^ay 'its head' (see note 6.1) + yeh='^i-'^i-na-W-i, inanimate 3rd person customary of yeh=(w)ya-W/ya- '(one) goes in' (for ye h-"^- > ye'^-see note 21.14; for -naW see note 10.50). The common idiom for 'hear' (see note 25.5).
35.20.
yiwiso-l
'it

scratches, scrapes as

it

moves along'

viative 3rd person progressive of

< yi-wi-soi-i, ob0-(w)-sow 'scratch scrape O',

,

with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.

35.21.

'she did that to herself. Contracted from expected xa^a'^dilaw < xa-'^a-=c'i-di-law, animate 3rd person of xa-'^a-=0law, suppletive perfective of xa-'^a-=0-i-'^e-n 'do that to O', with reflexive object {^a-=di-).
xa'^dilah

36.1. 36.2.

daxo'^-'^a'^aniw 'he (customarily) dies', literally 'he does so

somehow' (see notes 9.15 and 20.3). /laya-c'//;'^ 'to there' < haya--, irregular combining form of hay ah 'there' + P-c'ln"^ 'to P'.
na-na-'^aya'^
'it

36.3.

(customarily)

is

(somewhere)' <

na--na-='^i-ya'^,

around again, continues to live inanimate 3rd person customary of

Hupa
na-=(s)-ya-/ya'^

Texts: Linguistic Notes

is

63
around',

'(one)

around,

goes

with

itera-

tive/reversative modifier {na-=).

36.4.

ya-dilyo"^

'we do (not) like it' < ya-=di-l-yo'^, 1st person plural imperfective of O-iwesj-l-yo"^ 'love, like O', with inanimate 3rd person object and plural (ya-=) modifying the subject.

36.5.

jahda--dirj 'greatly, to some great extent' excessively' + din 'at that place, time'.

<

^ahda- 'thoroughly,

37.1.

Jc>ehica-nirj, a variant

(found only in myths) of

lc>'eh-tca-n

'maiden,
(see note

young unmarried woman'

10.5).

<

Uye-ica'n-i

-n 'person'

37.2. 37.3.

See note 23.1.

'^e'^ilwil-e'-te-

'all

day long',

there'

<

'^i-'^i-I-wil-i,

literally 'night (customarily) will fall inanimate 3rd person customary of (w)-l-

wil/we-K 'night
tense.

falls'

e-(y)

'there,

at that point'

te-,

future

37.4. 37.5.

See note

2.4.

Literally, 'the

one there who

is

biggest' (see note 11.28).

37.6.

na-yatidce- 'the door was open (plural)' < na--ya-=ti-d-ce\ passive of na-=ti-(s)-ce- 'shove (plank-door) back along (its slot)', with itThe plural erative/reversative modifier (na-=) and plural (ya-=). element modifies the animate 3rd person object of the proclitic postposition (P-c'in'^ 'to P') (see note 33.8).

37.7.
37.8.

See note 21.32.

mit'ah '(wind blows) through (the door)' < mi-, inanimate 3rd person indirect object + P-t'aw '(moving) apart from it, escaping

37.9.

37.10.
37.1
1.

from it' See note 9.27. See note 11.38.

hayi-x'"e-mii 'and so on' (analysis unclear).

37.12.

diyWo'^-eh 'nothing' (also diyWe'^-eh). Negative form of diy-Wo'^ 'something' (see note 1.39), presumably formed with the enclitic heh 'despite, even if. (See note 33.2.)
c'ic'e-ye- 'the

37.13. 37.14.

connected to

youngest (of a family)'. Unanalyzable, but presumably Ryi-c'e-y{e)-'^ '(a man's) youngest child'.

kya^-^aW '\ wonder' (Emma Frank says /:>a'^-, Sam Brown g>'^-j < gya7 'lo and behold!' + ^aW, evidential particle indicating uncertainty.

37.15. 37.16.

See note 4.34.

H'a-na>'/xe72/W '(people) talk about it again' < (mi)-wa--na--n=yixi-win-neW, obviative 3rd person perfective of P-wa-n=xi-(w)-ne-W
8.8.

'speak about P', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See note For -niW in place of expected -nehW, see note 19.15.

37.17.

na'^xonW^e'^n 'she looked at her again' < na-=c'i-xo-ne--wi-i-'^in'^-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-ne--iw)-i-'^e-nPin'^ 'look at O',

632

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California Linguistics

fier (na-=).

with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modiSee notes 20.13 and 26.5.
Sapir writes
Icye"^.
...'

37.

8.

37.19.

iah-xo

...

sile'^n 'just like

(compare note

4.8).

37.20. 37.21. 37.22. 37.23. 37.24.

37.25.

See note 15.10.

See note 2.23.
Sapir writes Uco\

See note 24.27.

Sam Brown
roughly
'it

prefers xoW-gyarj'^ < looks like (I have done

'I

xoW
this)'.

gya^-'^arf.

The meaning

is

ma-

"^a-naWdiyaw

have established
'I

(this

medicine) for (the people

who

did it again for them' < m-a- 'for the benefit of (people)' + '^a--na-=W-di-yaw-i, 1st person singular of '^a-=d-yaw, suppletive perfective theme of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
will follow)', literally

37.26.

< '^-o--liw, inanimate 3rd person optative 'it should become' of (s)-liw/lin'^ 'become' (see note 7.2).
V/e/i
c'ite-te'^e'^n
/,

31 .21

'she looked around, in various places' < c'i-te--te-s-'^in'^animate 3rd person of extension neuter te--si-'^in'^ 'look on, gaze', with distributive modifier (//- > te--) and the zero allomorph of sperfective as required by the distributive (see note 9.7).

37.28.

niWon-^ '(something) that is the very best' < ni-Wo'n-i 'what is good, a good thing', relativized inanimate 3rd person of neuter niWon 'be good' + j/, diminutive enclitic. Compare the diminutive sense of English 'nice, exquisite, fine'.

37.29.

leave (a medicine, for people to use in the fuput (a certain thing) back there' < no--na-=Uyi-ne--'^a-n, 1st person singular perfective of no-=0-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'put (a round object) down, to that place', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and indefinite 3rd person object (Icyi-).
no-na-Ryina-'^an
ture)', literally
'I 'I

37.30.
37.31.

See note

9.3.

x^en*^ 'even with them, simultaneous with them'

person indirect object

2.22).

P-e-n"^

< xo-, animate 3rd 'even with, parallel to P' (see also
i.e.,

37.32.
37.33.

dahxo-'^-^a-'^adyah 'she does

something (bad)',

'she dies' (see

note 20.3).

xoliW, evidential enclitic indicating that the object note 1.13).

is

in

view (see

37.34.

xosa'^wiigyid 'she put a little dab in her mouth'. This problematic form may be a unique attestation of a theme otherwise unknown in the Hupa corpus {P-sa-=wi-i-gyid 'put a dab in P's mouth', imply-

ing an underlying directional *A-t-gyid 'dab (somewhere)'). More likely it is a mistranscription oi xosa^^wilced 'she put (a spoonful) in her mouth', from the well-attested directional A-O-i-ced 'shove (a sticklike object) somewhere'.

Hupa
37.35.
xo'^^i '(she laid

Texts: Linguistic Notes

633

the

her down) comfortably'. For a similar extension of the adverbial particle xo'^^i 'correct(ly), appropriate(ly)' see note 1.26.

meaning of

37.36.
37.37.

minia-ne- 'everybody' < "^aht'in 'all', adverbial particle minia-ne- 'completely', adverbial particle.
"^aht'in

^ayWiidiwe-ri^ '(people) tell me' < '^a-=yi+Wi-i+di-win-ne'^, obviative 3rd person perfective of '^a-+P-i+di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say something to P', with 1st person singular indirect object (see note 26.18). The stem vowel of the theme di-neine'^ 'speak, say, make a noise' is often shortened or deleted (see note 4.4).
'^a-na-'^adyaw 'she established this (medicine)',
literally

37.38. 37.39.

'she did

it

again' (see note 37.25).

hana^ 'behold, look

'^ana'^).

here!',

unanalyzable expressive particle (also

37.40.

daydi me'^-sa7a-n 'the one who has something (wrong) with him', literally 'the one in whom something (unknown) lies' < day-di 'what thing?' (< day-, inanimate pronoun stem + -di, interrogative pro-form formant) + me'^ 'in it' + si-'^a-n, inanimate 3rd person of stative neuter si-'^a-n '(a round object) lies' 'the one /, who', relative enclitic (to phrase). Sapir glosses this phrase: 'one who has nothing wrong with him', but is clearly in error.
-i-

37.41.

him be (his normal self) again' < '^a'-na=c'i-n-oanimate 3rd person optative of la-=ni-(we-s)-t'e'^ 'come to be so', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). Transitional of extension neuter '^a-=nin-t'e- 'be so' (see notes 1.20 and 30.49).
'^a-na7no-t'e'^ 'let
t'e"^,

38.1.
38.2. 38.3.

"^a-na-c'idyaw 'he instituted (this medicine)', literally 'he did

it

again'

(see note 37.25).

de-nohq'id

'in the sky', literally

'above us here'

<

de- 'here'

noh-q'id 'on top of us, above us'.

xowan-dahya?diwilay 'someone took all (his children) from him' < xo-wa-n 'concerning him' dah-ya-=c'i-di-win-la-i, animate 3rd
-i-

person perfective of dah=0-di-(w)-liW/la- 'take (several things) off away', with plural (ya-=) modifying the unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.
38.4. 38.5. 38.6.

xoWxe'^xi 'his children, boys' (see note 34.40).

Literally, 'he

would

get discontented' (see note 30.46).

na'^wint'aw 'he sinned, broke the rules' < na-=c'i-win-t'aw-i, animate 3rd person perfective of na-=(w)-t'aw, an otherwise unattested verb theme. It is very likely connected to the postpositional phrase P-nat'aw-i 'without P's knowledge, conscious control' and the noun P-na-t'aw(ip 'P's ghost, noncorporeal substance', in turn derived from na-=(s)-t'aw 'float about (in the air)'. The underlying meaning of the verb theme na-=(w)-t'aw is probably 'act without conscious control, lose control of oneself.

38.7.

xowarj yaninyay 'it came to them, reached them' < xo-wan 'to, concerning (them)' ya=nin-ya-i 'it arrived (plural)'. Note that the plural prefix (ya-=) in the (intransitive) verb construction
-i-

38.

Hupa
38.22.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

635
'coming from down-

yida'-c'in-yidah-c'iij 'from the north', literally

stream (and) from uphill' < yi-da-, combining form of yi-de"^ 'downstream' + P-c'in 'coming from that direction' + yi-dah-, combining form of yi-dac 'uphill' + P-c'in 'coming from that direction'.
I.e., from the Uyixinay heaven 'downstream and uphill'; see note 1.29).

in the north

(yide'^i-yidac

38.23.

misa7te-xa-n 'he put (liquid from bowl) into each (child's) mouth' < mi-sa-=c'i-te--s-xa-n, animate 3rd person perfective of P-sa-=0-(w)xaW/xan 'put (a filled container) into P's mouth', with distributive modifier (//- > re-and zero allomorph of ^-perfective).

38.24. 38.25.

See note 30.55.

"^a-winehi

repeatedly doing so, things are always happening' < inanimate 3rd person progressive of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so' (customary/optative theme '^a-=niw, from which the progressive
'it is

'^a-=wi-ne-l,

stem
38.26.
c'id,

is

derived).

yo-na-ic'id '(not

many) have learned about (me)' < y-o--na--winobviative 3rd person perfective of 0-o--(w)-l-c'id 'know O', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). The obviative is used here to refer to an indefinite or collective subject (see note 1.55); compare the use of the animate 3rd person subject in line 20 to refer

to a single individual.

38.27.

an intelligent, superior, smart way', literally 'being above things' < kyi-tis 'it is (moving) over things' (verb theme derived from the postposition P-tis '(moving) over P') e-(y) 'there, at that point' + xo 'in such a way'. See note 40.44.
lc>itis-e--xo 'in
-i-

39.1.
39.2.

See notes 37.25 and 38.1.

xoitisc'e"^ 'his sister'
itisc'e"^

Pfemale cousin; (woman's) brother, male cousin'. Compare P-de- '(woman's) sister, female cousin', P-lin '(man's) brother, male cousin'.
-i-

<

xo-, animate 3rd person possessor

'(man's)

sister,

39.3. 39.4.
39.5.

mirjUyil'^e-ni

'she

is

menstruating' (see note 5.55).

See notes 1.52 and 25.2. See note 5.16.

da',

39.6.

kyiwanay'^day 'he is hunting' < Ryi-wa-n 'for (game)' + na--y=c'ianimate 3rd person imperfective of na'-y=(w)-dalda? '(one) hunts, stalks'. Derivation obscure (see note 32.1); for plural, see note 62.3.

39.7.

dah-na-saPa'n 'lying again on top (of one another)' < dah 'on top, above' + na=si-^a-n-i, inanimate 3rd person of stative neuter siVrt '(a round object) lies somewhere' with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See note 20.7.
ya^te-wehsc^'e-n 'they

39.8.

grew up' < ya=c'i-te-wes-l-c''en-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-l-c''e-n/c"'in'^ 'grow', with plural (ya-=) and anomalous we^-perfective. The expected form is ya^tehsc'^e'^n (see note 4.1).

636
39.9.

XIV Northwest
jcow//7'^^>7ne'^-f///7 'at

California Linguistics

the back of his house'

'the

son possessor +
'at that place'.

P-/72/>2'^-/:>7>j-/'^

< xo-, animate 3rd perback (wall) of P's house' + din

39.10. 39.11. 39.12.

See note

9.3.

See note 37.31.

dah-na-Uyisxan '(plant) grew on top (of the bank)' < dah 'above, on top' + na=U>i-s-xa-n, inanimate 3rci person of stative neuter Ryisi-xan '(tree, plant) stands, grows somewhere again', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See note 27.14.

39.13. 39.14. 39.15.

namme-

< na=n-me\ 2nd person singular imperfective 'bathe!' (imperative) of na-=(s)-me-/me'^ 'swim around, bathe'.
See note 37.11.

iinUyite'^iyaW '(deer) (customarily)

ii-n=lcyi-ti-'^i-yaW,

come together while grazing' < inanimate 3rd person customary of P-n=J<.yi-ti(s)-yaW '(deer) move along toward P while grazing', with reciprocal indirect object {nil- >ii-}. See notes 32.15-16.
'^aY///t'>/A2a/;^e'^ 'their

39.16. 39.17.

own

P-Jcyinarjq'e'^ 'P's deer-lick',

deer lick' < "^a-c?/-, reflexive possessor possessed form of Ryinanq' 'deer-lick'.

-i-

< ya-=yi-wi-i-di-c'^e-n-i, yaywHdic'''e-n 'they (deer) have it made' obviative 3rd person of possessive neuter 0-wi-i-d-c'^e-n 'have lying made', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and plural Possessive of wi-l-c'^en 'be made', {ya-=) modifying the subject. passive of 0-(s)-c'^e-lc'Hn'^ 'make O' (passive stem -c'^e-n).

39.18.

mine-^i{d)-yice'^n
dle'

'down
'in the

at the waist', literally 'down(hill) at its

mid-

middle of it' + };/cm'^/ 'downhill'. instance of the metaphorical use of river-flow directional terms for directions on the body (here of a deer, but see notes 20.12 and

< mZ-nrj/J

An

71.18).

39.19.

no'^niic'''e-n

that

'(someone) had caused it to be made (blood colored) no-=c'i-ni-i-c'^e-n, animate 3rd person perfective of no=0-(n)-i-c''e-n 'cause O to be made'. Apparently the causative of passive wi-l-c'^e'n 'be made', with passive stem -c'^e-n, from Ofar'

<

(s)-t-c'''e-/c''in'^

'make O'.
'just as
if,

39.20.
39.21.

iah-xo

...

nehwan

just like...' (see notes 4.8

and 11.36).

See note 21.6.

na'te'^ildic'^e'^n

39.22.

na-=ti-'^i-l-di-c'^in'^-i,

< '(milkweed) (customarily) starts growing again' inanimate 3rd person customary of ti-isj-l-c'^e-n (customary /optative stem -c'^in'^) '(start to) grow', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..d-). See note 9.3.
na-Ryite'^ida-ye'^
na-=lcyi-ti-'^i-da-ye'^,

39.23.

'(milkweed) (customarily) starts to bloom again' < inanimate 3rd person customary of kyi-ti-(s)da-ye'^ '(start to) bloom', with iterative/reversative modifier (na=). Denominative verb theme, from Ryi-da-yieP 'flower, bloom'.

39.24.

yayne'^iiye'^ '(deer)

obviative

(customarily) eat it up' < ya-=yi-ni-'^i-i-ye'^, 0-ni-(s)-ye-/ya-n customary of person (customary /optative stem -ye"^) 'eat O up, devour O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and plural (ya-=). See note 31.17.
all

3rd

Hupa
39.25.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

637

on (milkweed)' < yi-wa-n + na=xoinanimate 3rd person customary of P-wan + na-=xo-(s)-lyiw '(animals) graze, forage for P; (people) gather, collect P', apparently with obviative 3rd person indirect object (>-/- for expected yidi-; see note 31.4). See note 16.21.
yiwana-x^^e'^ilyiw '(deer) graze
"^i-l-yiw-i,

39.26.

xo^e-'^-sil

heart'

tehsyay 'he got tired of (the noise)' < xo-^e-"^ 'his mind, unanalyzable particle + te-s-ya-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes off, away'.

sil,

39.27. 39.28.

See note 33.6.

dah-na-tita^ni '(a board) comes to lie on top here and there' < dah 'above, on top' -i- na-=ti-tarf-i, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of (w)-tan^ '(stick-like object) comes to lie somewhere' with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and distributive modifier {ti-}. Transitional of stative neuter si-tan '(a stick-like object) lies some-

where'. See note 6.5.

39.29. 39.30.

(re-analyzed) variant of xoiicay 'whiteness (of dawn)' (see notes 8.4 and 49.1).

dehsdilce- 'we (2) sit, dwell somewhere' < de-s-di-l-c'e\ 1st person See plural of stative neuter de-s-l-c'e- '(two or more) sit, dwell'. note 34.8.
mena'^kyisloy'^ '(PsLYithcr) tied (hazel-twine) to the
m-e--na-=c'i-kyi-s-loy'^,

39.31.

house again' < animate 3rd person perfective of P-e=0-(s)loy"^ 'tie O to P', with indefinite 3rd person object (/:>/-), inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-}, and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See note 12.19.

39.32. 39.33.

See note 3.12.

c'e-'?m5 /J 'they

fective of c'e-=(n)-sid

39.34.

< c'e- =c'i-nin-sid, dimmdiit 3rd person per'wake up'. For the phonology of the prefix string see notes 11.47 and 11.59-60. < '^a-=di-ne\ inanimate 3rd "^a-n-c'eh 'people were heard speaking'
up'

woke

duced stem) See note 11.43.

-I-

person imperfective of '^a-=di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'speak, say so' (with rec'iw 'it is perceived', non-visual evidential enclitic.
'^ile-xi^i-hid 'in (their)

39.35.

imagination' (see note 4.7).

39.36.

Analysis uncernorjxodine- (or nitjxodine) 'a roaring sound' (?). tain, but possibly based on the theme di-(w)-ne'lne'^ 'make a noise, speak'. But see note 41.3.

39.37.

do--na?wehsle'^ 'he will get poor, feeble again', literally 'he will become un-filled again' < do-, negative proclitic -\- na=c'i-we-sle'^, animate 3rd person perfective of {we-s)-le'^ 'become filled, satTransitional of isfied', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
(passive?) neuter wi-le- 'be filled, satisfied'.

40.1.

On purely formal Unanalyzable noun. 'thunder'. grounds a connection suggests itself with U>i-niW 'be conscious, aware' (impersonal neuter) and 0-{w)-niW 'hear about O, have news'. The verb theme kye'-{w)-niW 'to thunder' is a secondary formation from the noun (see note 40.40).
UyehniW

638
40.2. 40.3. 40.4. 40.5.

XIV Northwest
See notes 37.25 and 38.1.
See note 12.24.

California Linguistics

-ne-^i{d)-r' 'during, in the midst

of < P-nejid

'in the

middle of P'

+
40.6.

jco 'in

such a manner'.
1.34.

See note

"^a-na-wilah '(household articles)

were treated that way again' < "^a-na=wi-law-i, passive of '^a=0-i-'^en (suppletive perfective/passive theme '^a-=0-law) 'do so to O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
See note 37.11. Assimilated from -hid 'when'. See note 37.12.
wilca-n 'seen'. Passive of 0-l-can inanimate 3rd person object.
no- J/ w/n/a-A' '(baby)
i,

40.7. 40.8.
40.9.

40.10.

'see, find

O', with

unmarked

40.11.

had stepped, left its tracks' < no-=di-win-ta-Xinanimate 3rd person perfective of no-=di-(w)-tal/ta-K 'step, take a In the Goddard version (1904:292, line 5) step' (see note 16.3). the same verb is used, but the subject is apparently obviative 3rd person: noi-du-win-tai.

40.12.

na'^we-nehi 'some (child) had played' < na-=c'i-win-nei, animate 3rd person perfective of na-=(w)-ne-l '(a child) plays'. For -win-n> -we-n- see note 25.37.

40.13.

< c'i-te'-'^i-'^in'^-i, ani'he (customarily) looked around' mate 3rd person customary of te--(w)-'^in'^ 'come to be looking'. Transitional of extension neuter te--si-'^in^ 'look on, gaze'. See note
c'ite-'^e'^e'^n

37.27.

40.14. 40.15. 40.16.

See note 27.12.

miq'e'^isday 'stool', contracted
^'>e/z.yr'a(7'^

from miq'id-c'isday. See Glossary. < /:>'-e-5-?'an'^, inanimate 3rd person of neuter P-e-si-t'an^ 'be stuck on to P', with special indirect
'sticking to (the stool)'

object {U>i-).

40.17.

See note 4.34.

JcaTiJe'^n

40.18.

< x<3=wm-rfm'^-/, inanimate 3rd per'it had become near' son perfective of xa-=(w)-din'^ 'become near', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object. Transitional of neuter xa-=n-din 'be near,
close at hand'.

40.19.

< na-=c'i-ti-di-ye-W-i, animaie 3rd peris breathing' The nomison imperfective of na-=ti-(s)-d-ye-W/ye-c' 'breathe'. nal phrase introduced by hay ('that he was breathing') is the subject of the preceding verb ('it went in').
na'^//^>'eW 'he

40.20.

< nin'^i back down on the ground' m-e-na=c'i-ni-l-cil-i, animate 3rd person perfective of P-e=(n)-l-cil 'he squatted against P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-) and iterative/reversative modifier
nin'^i-mena-'^alcil 'he squatted
'earth,

ground'

-i-

(na-=).

See note 10.35.

40.21.

}'a-naV^/z5'^a'^ 'he

remained seated' < y a- -na=c'i- we- s-'^a'^, animate 3rd person perfective of ya-=(we-s)-'^a'^ '(one) comes to be, stay sit-

Hupa
ting',

Texts: Linguistic Notes

639

tension neuter ya-=win-'^a- '(one) See notes 16.10 and 21.41.

with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). Transitional of exsits', literally '(one) extends up'.

40.22. 40.23.

See note 25.1. xadcot' '(baby) crept out (from under something)' < xa-=win-dGot', inanimate 3rd person perfective of xa=(w)-d-GOt' 'wriggle, tumble up and out'.
See note 26.29.
me'^wiinaP 'he steamed (the baby, with medicine herb)', literally 'he cooked it' < m-e-=c'i-wi-i-naP, animate 3rd person perfective of Pe-=(w)-i-na-/na'^ 'cook P'

40.24. 40.25.

40.26.

xa-dmil '(plant) flung itself up and out (from under the house)' < xa-=win-d-mil, inanimate 3rd person perfective of xa-=(w)-d- mil '(several objects in a bunch) throw themselves up and out (from the Mediopassive theme from transitive xa-=(w)-i-mil/me-K ground)'. 'throw, fling (a load) up and out (from the ground)' (see note
38.14).
nalgya-s 'broken in two' < na-=wi-l-gya-s-i, passive of 0-(s)-i-g>a-s 'break O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and iterative/reversative modifier (na=).
ie'^-na-na'^asGot' 'he coiled (plant)', literally 'he bent
it

40.27.

40.28.

back around

into itself

<

ie"^

'into itself

na--na=c'i-s-i-Got\ animate 3rd per-

son perfective of na-=0-(s)-i-GOt' 'bend O around', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and iterative/reversative modifier
(na'=).

40.29. 40.30.

do

...

wint'e' 'never

(doing so)'.

See note

1.52.

< teh=c'i-win-la--i, tehc'iwilay 'he put (coiled plants) into water' animate 3rd person perfective of teh=0-(w)-liW/la- 'put (several The coiled plants are defined as a objects or a rope) into water'.

rope (see note 34.16, but see also 40.54 below).

40.31.
40.32.

dehxosini-mH

'after a

very short time'

after'.

<

dehxosin, unanalyzable

phrase + mii 'when,

nahsyaP '(baby) started to go around, walk' < na-=s-ya?, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-={s)-ya-lyd^ '(one) is around, goes around'.
'^a-da--yitoPaW-silivP
'it
'it

40.33.

acquires things,

becomes carrying something along

-I-

for itself,

becomes wealthy', literally < '^a-d-a- 'for i.e.,

yi-ti-'^aV^, obviative 3rd person imperfective (non-finite itself form, see note 1.5) of O-ti-'^aV^na-n 'carry along (a round object)' + si-lirP, inanimate 3rd person perfective of {s)-le-nUin' 'become'.

40.34.

dahc'idiwiniad 'he ran off < dah=c'i-di-wi-l-'lad-i, animate 3rd person perfective of dah=di-(w)-l-iad 'run off away' (see note
10.52).

40.35.

up (the ridge), reaching the top' < xa=c'i-s-liad-i, animate 3rd person perfective of xa-=si-(s)-l-tad 'run uphill (to the top, summit)'.
xa-'^asia-d 'he ran

40.36.

See note 37.17.

640
40.37.

XIV Northwest
k>arjk>oh 'hail storm'.

California Linguistics

k>oh 'rain-big'. of this form.

Unanalyzable noun, historically from *kya-nSee Sapir (1931[1949]:80-81) for the etymology

40.38.

'^irjxat' '(hail

storm) dropped down' < nin-xat', inanimate 3rd perFor a posson perfective of (n)-xad/xat' '(several objects) drop'. sible explanation of nin- > Vn- see note 11.1.

40.39. 40.40.
40.41.

A:'>7w//7g/VV 'there

was lightning'

<

/:'>/-

w/Vi-c/W, inanimate 3rd per-

son perfective of k>i-(w)-ciW 'there

is

lightning'.

k>e-winiW
fective of

'it

thundered'

< k>e-win-niW, inanimate 3rd person per'there is thunder' (see note 40.1).

!(>-(

w)-niW

The nominal phrase hay

back
at

him')

is

(fact) that he looked ... na'^xone-^e'^n ('the the subject of the following verb ('it did that').

40.42.

c'ixohsGod 'someone deviled him', literally 'someone poked him' < c'i-xo-o-s-God, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-o--(s)-God 'poke, spear at O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-).
mi^e-"^

40.43.

me-Vc'id '(the baby) was (customarily) affected', literally m-e-='^i-cHd, 'something touched its mind' < mi-^e-'^ 'its mind' inanimate 3rd person customary of P-e-=(n)-c'''id 'touch P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-).
-i-

40.44.

xa'^a-R>itis-a- (assimilated

from -e) 'over (others) to that extent', i.e., xa-'^a-=k>'i-tis < extraordinary (in toughness)' '(moving) over (other people) to such an extent' (verb theme derived from the postposition P-tis '(moving) over P') + e- 'there, at that point'. See note 38.27.
'so

superior,

40.45.
40.46.

< ni-Wo-n-i '(something) niWo-n-^i 'very nice (thing)' good' j/, diminutive enclitic. See note 37.28.
-I-

that

is

Assimilated from nona-kyindi'^an (1st person 37.29.

plural).

See note

40.47.

saying word af... c'ixiwine-Wil 'her speaking again and again, < c'i-xi-wi-ne-Wil-i, animate word'. Nominalized verb phrase 3rd person progressive of xi-ni-(w)-ye-W (animate 3rd person theme xi-(w)-ne-W) 'speak'.

hay
ter

40.48.

doijqa'^

nama-tidye-W 'before taking another breath', i.e., 'while ... holding one's breath' < na--na-=ti-d-ye-W-i, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of na-=ti-(s)-d-ye-W 'take a breath, breathe', with iterative/reversative modifier.

40.49.

See note 21.13.

xa'^ayo-s 'she (customarily) pulls (plant)
xa-=c'i-^i-yo-s-i,

40.50.

up and out (of ground)' < animate 3rd person customary of xa-=(w)-yo-s 'pull up and
out'.

(stick-like object)

40.51.

'(stem of plant) breaks' < "^/-Wa^, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of an otherwise unattested mediopassive theme, derived from 0-(s)-i-das/da-c' 'break (branch, stem, twig)' (see note 40.53).
"^//^a^

40.52.

meihoh

< m-e-=wi-t-kyow, inanimate 'it grew as big as (the plant)' 3rd person perfective of P-e-=(w)-t-kyow 'be, become as big as P'. Irregular comparative of neuter ni-kya-w 'be big' (see note 22.22).

Hupa
40.53.
siidaPc' (apparently

Texts: Linguistic Notes

641

misheard for seMda^c') 'I break (the stem of the s-e--i-da-c\ 1st person singular perfective of O(s)-i-das/da-c' 'break (branch, stem, twig)' (see note 40.51). Note the direct quotation of the medicine maker's thought ("If I break it, the child won't grow..."). medicine plant)'

<

40.54.

tehc'e'^itiW 'she (customarily) puts (plant) into

teh=c'i-'^i-tiW-i,

(cooking) water' < animate 3rd person customary of teh=0-(w)-tiW/ta'n

'put (stick-like object) into water'.

Note

that the plant is classified

it is

here as a stick-like object, while in line 27 above (note 40.30) classified as a rope-like object.

41.1.
41.2.
41.3.

See notes 37.25 and 38.1. Literally 'when (people) (customarily) do so

20.3).

in

some way'

(see note

See note 2.37.

nirjxondiij 'in plain sight, in full view'.

41.4.
41.5.

Analysis uncertain.
interior of his house)'

See

note 39.36 for a possibly related form.

le-na-l&'e-n 'placed in a circle

around (the

<

i-e--na-=wi-l-c'''e-n-i, passive of i-e--na-=0-{n)-i-c'''e-/c'^in^ 'cause

circle, place P in a circle'. For i-e-na-= '(coming) together, completing a circle' see note 2.14.

be in a
41.6.
41.7.

back

xa^aniarj 'that many, a great neuter, 'be that many'.

many'

<

xa-'^a-=niAa-n, impersonal

c'lWn
/,

'he had, owned (an abundance of necklaces)' < c'i-s-i-'^a-nanimate 3rd person of O-s-i-'^an 'have (a round object) lying, own (a round object)'. Secondary transitive (possessive) neuter, from primary intransitive (stative) neuter si-'^a-n 'a round object lies'. (See note 25.23.)

41.8.

See note 2.36.

>'e'^//c7^ '(fish)

41.9.

(customarily) fall into (his hands)' < yeh=V-l-c'id-i, inanimate 3rd person customary of yeh=(w)-l-c'id 'fall into some-

thing'.

41.10.

See note

5.3.

41.11.

xono-rj'^ay-din 'alongside of him'

rect object
-I-

<

xo-, animate 3rd person indi-

P-no-fj'^ay-din 'alongside of P' (fossilized

locative

phrase functioning as a postposition there' + din 'place').

< no-=nin-'^a-i

'it

extends to

41.12.

See notes 27.14 and 39.12.

'^adiwa-nan'^de'^ic'^id 'he

41.13.

(cusiomanly) wiped himself off < '^a-dianimate 3rd person customary of Pwa-n=di-(w)-c''id 'wipe something off of P', with reflexive indirect object "^a'-di- 'oneself and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). For the morphology of P-wa-n- see note 8.8.
wa--na--n=c'i-di-'^i-c''id-i,

41.14.

xowa-ninya' 'you go to him' < xo-wa=ni-n-ya:, 2nd person singular perfective of P-wa=(n)-yaW/ya- '(one) goes to P, through P\ with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-).

642
41.15.

XIV Northwest
dah-na'^nehsday

California Linguistics

'the one who has settled down up on (the platform)' < dah 'above, on top' + na=c'i-ne-s-da-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ne--(s)-da\, suppletive perfective theme of nicad '(one) sits down, settles', with iterative/reversative modifier

{na-=).

41.16.

< xo-lan xolan-nayaWte"^ 'I work (with them), helping them' 'helping them' + na--ya-=W-l-te'^, 1st person singular imperfective of na-=(s)-l-te'^ 'work', with plural (ya-=) modifying the object of
the proclitic postposition.

41.17.

mr/2//g>7W 'you are afraid of it' < m-e-=ni-n-l-gyid, 2nd person sin(See notes 5.54 gular imperfective of P-e-=ni-(s)-I-g>id 'fear P'.

and 5.58.)
41.18.
na-Ryiwirfxa'^

'(plant)

(continually)'

of li>i-(w)-xa'^

there grows there again, has grown < na-=Jc>'i-win-xa'^, inanimate 3rd person perfective 'come to grow there again, grow there still', with itTransitional of stative neuter

erative/reversative modifier (na-=).

fc>i-s-xan '(plant)

grows somewhere' (see note 41.12).

41.19.

< na-='^i-W-'l-xit', 1st 'I (customarily) touch, handle it' person singular customary of na-=0-(s)-i-xit' 'touch, feel O with the hand', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.
na-'^aWxit'

41.20.

41.21.

See note 8.21. naic'^e-n 'which has been made, caused

na'=wi-l-c'^en-i,

(to

be

there)

still'

<

with iterapassive of 0-(s)-i-c'^e-/c''in'^, The sense is, See note 26.23. tive/reversative modifier {na-=). 'the plant which has been made to grow here', i.e., which has been deliberately planted. (Compare note 62.69.)

41.22.

l(>iWa-n

'I

eat'

<

lc>'i-W-ya-n-i, 1st

lc>i-(w)-ya-n/yan'^ 'eat (something)'

(see note 22.16).

person singular imperfective of For -W-y- >

-W- see note

41.23.

21.8.

Wexoyan '(fish) are suspicious of me, shy away from me' < We=xo-yan-i, inanimate 3rd person of neuter P-e=xo-yan 'be suspicious, shy of P', with 1st person singular indirect object.
na'^Uyile- 'he feels

41.24.

around', literally 'he

moves

his

hand around'

<

na=c'i-liH-le-, animate 3rd person imperfective of na-=Uyi-(s)-le-lle'^

41.25.

Idiomatic derivation from na-=0-(s)the hand around'. 'move (several objects or a rope) around', with indefinite 3rd person object {Kyi-}. See notes 21.13 and 27.22, me-cah-^i-xosin 'it is a bit more difficult', i.e., '(that one) has a little more power' < m-e-cah 'difficulties about (that)' j/, diminutive

'move

le-lle"^

-i-

-I-

xo-sin 'there are', inanimate 3rd person of enclitic neuter. note 24.27.)

(See

41.26.

ALII,
41.28.

na-na-UyiWme- 'I pick them up again, sort them out' < na--na-=UyiW-me-, 1st person singular imperfective of na-=Uyi-{w)-me- 'pick things up, gather', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). extension neuter < ta-wilin 'it flows into the water (ocean)' ta=win-lin 'flow into the water'. aV/c"7V/ 'he releases (someone's body)' < na=c7-^/-c"7W, animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-di-(w)-c'^id 'let go of O', with un-

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

643

marked inanimate 3rd person object and reversative derivation

(na-=).

41.29.

MntiWi^

'I work (at it)' < lc>i-n=ti-W-l-'^i;^, 1st person singular imperfective of P-n=ti-(s)-'^i^ 'pull at P, spend effort on P', with special indirect object (A:>/-j. (See note 10.49.)

41.30.
41.31. 41.32.

'^aY/e7 'belonging to

'P's possessions,

himself < '^a-^/-, reflexive possessor + P-ey what belongs to P'.

See note 5.61.

no-nandilah-dai]'^ 'ever since (the world) floated back to there' < no--na-=nin-di-lad-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of no-=(n)-

lad

'float

to

there,

tive/reversative modifier {na-=..d-)

lodge somewhere after floating', with + danP 'after, ever since'.

itera-

See

note 24.29.

41.33.

na-U>'iwirixaP

'sweathouse

wood was

left

there',

literally

grew there

wood
41.34.

is

stood there again' (see note 41.18). spoken of as if it were a living plant or tree.
still,

'(plant)

Sweathouse

'^a-dino-sehi '(supernatural power, "heat") penetrates into oneself < '^a-di-no-=sei, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of P-no=(w)-sei 'heat penetrates into P', with reflexive indirect object C^a'-di-).

Transitional, derived
hot'.

from the neuter theme si-sel

'(thing, person) is

42.1.

ie'^de'^iliw

'he (customarily) slays, murders'

<

ie-=c'i-di-^i-liw-i,

person customary of ie-=di-(w)-liw 'slay, murder (people, animals)'. Idiomatic derivation, apparently with reciprocal indirect object {nii- > i-), from P-e-=di-(w)-liw '(war party) at-

animate

3rd

tacks, falls

upon

P'.

42.2. 42.3.

See note 2.14.

Wiwan-na-na-lwin-te'it

will melt

away from me' < Wi-wan 'away

from me, proceeding from me' +

na-na=wi-l-we-n, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=(w)-l-we-n 'melt away, disappear', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=) + te\ future tense.
42.4.
Wiwarj-'^a-dixadya-n 'my enemy', literally 'the one who is ashamed about me, has done something shameful to me' < Wi-wa-n 'concerning me' + '^a'-di-xa-=n-d-ya-n-i 'the one who is ashamed', inanimate 3rd person of neuter '^a--di-xa-=ni-d-ya-n 'be ashamed', a fossilized derivation. (See note 16.23.)
Uyilte'^

42.5.

'he gets killed'

<

(c'i-)Icyi-i-te'^,

fective of U>i-(w)-i-te'^ 'get killed'.

initial c'i-

animate 3rd person imperSee note 18.4. (For elision of

see note 3.4.)

42.6.

xonoyxineW

'(people) overpower him', literally 'they penetrate him with speech' < xo-no=yi-xi-neW-i, obviative 3rd person imperfective of P-no-=xi-ni-(w)-ye-W (animate 3rd person theme Pno=xi-(w)-ne-W) 'overpower P, penetrate P with speech', with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-).

644
43.1. 43.2. 43.3.

XIV Northwest
na-ya'^tehidic''e-n 'they

California Linguistics
into existence (in

came

myth

times)'.

(See

note 9.3.)

See note 16.16.

"^aw-i,

(For

c'i-

see note 5.16).

na-na'^Rya'^a'^aw 'he (customarily) sings again'

<

na-na=c'i-UH-'^i-

animate 3rd person customary of na-=kyi-{w)-'^aw 'sing (in general, no particular song)', with iterative/reversative modifier Sapir appears to write -"^aW, (na-=) (see notes 2.25 and 2.49).

43 A.
43.5.

which is either a transcriptional error or possibly indicates that the form is an adverbial participle with enclitic -xo. See note 37.11. noheWwileh 'they attack us' < noh-e-=c'i-di-win-liw, animate 3rd person perfective of P-e=di-(w)-liw '(war party) attacks P', with
lst/2nd person plural indirect object (noh-).

(See note 42.1.)

43.6. 43.7.

See note 4.34.

"^a-na-yaydiyaw 'we all have established (this) medicine', literally 'we all have done so again' < '^a--na--ya-=di-di-yaw-i, 1st person plural of '^a-=d-yaw, suppletive perfective theme of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=) and plural (ya-=) (see The 1st person plural subject marker (di-) has the note 37.25).

allomorph y- before the

43.8.

c^-classifier.

nehe-, assimilated from nohe- (see note 43.5).

See note

18.4.

The

sequence heh 'despite, even if + ne"^, enclitic of obliusual in negative commands (see notes 3.21 and 34.4); the meaning is '(you) must, no matter what'.
enclitic
is

gation,

See notes 3.18 and See notes

noMirj
1.31

4.4.

and 30.7.

'your brother'

< noh-, <

lst/2nd person plural possessor

P-Un
43.14.

'P's brother, cousin, relative'.

'^a-dohni 'you

say

(this)'

'^a-=d-oh-ne-,

2nd person

plural imper-

fective (imperative) of '^a-=di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say (this)', with reduction

of stem vowel typical of this theme (see notes 3.18 and 4.4).

43.15.

iena-Ryixodilah

< i-e'let us collect (the pieces of) him again!' na-=lc>i-xo-di-law, 1st person plural imperfective (functioning as together, collect O', with optative) of i-e-=kyi-0-(w)-law 'gather animate 3rd person object {xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier

{na-=).

For the theme see note

be
so!',

1.32.

43.16. 43.17.
43.18. 43.19. 43.20.

Error for no-nahiwai (see note 35.10).

xa-t'e-heh
(variant
'let
it

hortatory phrase.
'despite,

Presumably

<

xat'i

xadi)

'still'

+ heh

even

if.

him wear (his war-jacket)!' < c'i-t-o-c'iW, animate 3rd person optative of ti-{s)-c'iW 'wear (a coat, cover) along'.
c'ito-c'iW 'let

xon'^-dini 'fire-pit, ashes', literally 'what

is at

the fire'

< xon^

'fire'

din, locative enclitic

/,

relative enclitic.

See note 15.10.

Hupa
43.21.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

645

wahiq'ahs '(you two) knock (a stone) through (bottom of basket)!' < (mi-)wa-=oh-i-q'a-s, 2nd person plural imperfective (imperative)
of P-wa-=(n)-i-q'a-s 'throw (a round object) through P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi- > zero, see note 1.46).

43.22.

43.23.

daPohliW 'you (2) lay (caps) on (yourselves)' < dah 'above, on + '^-oh-liW, 2nd person plural imperfective (imperative) of top' (w)-liW/la- 'put (several objects) somewhere'. (For da-"^- see notes 4.15 and 21.14.) < Ic>inahsni-nahdii 'you (2) dance in front of (the warriors)'
IcHna-sni 'in front of, facing (a line of dancers)', unanalyzable pro+ na-=oh-dil, 2nd person plural imperfecclitic adverbial phrase
tive (imperative) of na-=(s)-dil/de-K '(two or

more) go around'.

43.24.

xoi-Uyiic'ixa-nyay 'there was fighting with him' < xo-i 'with him' impersonal theme of the UyHc'ixa-=win-ya--i, perfective -IUyHc'ixa-=iw)-ya''Wlya- 'they fight, there is fighting' (see note

27.17).

43.25.

yidah-c'irj wirfa^
i.e.

the sun

moves above

'(coming here) from uphill (the sun) came to lie', the mountains to the east, about 9 a.m.

(See note 3.12.)

43.26.

< (c'i-)lcyi-win-ce:, animate Ryiwince- 'they started War Dancing' Note 3rd person perfective of Uyi-{w)-ce- 'dance the War Dance'. that -ce- functions as both imperfective and perfective stem. (See

note 5.40.)

43.27.

wilky'id '(the girls) were seized (by their wrists)' < wi-l-kyid, passive see note of O-i-kyid 'catch, sieze O' (theme without perfective; 26.51).

43.28.

'^a-c?/wa7aV/w//a- 'they took off all (their caps)' < '^a--di-wa--ya-n=c'i-di-win-la\ animate 3rd person perfective of P-wa-n=0-di-(w)liW/la- 'take (several objects) off, away from P', with unmarked inreflexive indirect object C^a'-di-), and animate 3rd person object plural (ya-=) modifying the object. For P-wa-n- see note 8.8.
,

43.29.

ya^tehida-W 'they spun

(their caps) run

(their caps) (like tops)', literally 'they made along (in circles)' < ya-=c'i-te--s-t-daW-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-ti-(s)-i-da-W 'make O run along', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and plural iya-=) modifying

the object.

43.30.

(one end of) the line of dancers' < ce-=win-'^a- '(one) xo 'being extends out in a line', extension neuter (see note 2.53) in such (a place)'.
c'e-rj^a--xo 'at
-i-

43.31.

na^de-lya'^ 'they came to stand' < na-=ci-de--wi-l-ya^, animate 3rd person perfective of na-=de--(w)-l-ya7 '(two or more) come to stand'. Transitional of stative xxqxWqx na=de-si-l-ya- '(two or more)

are standing'.

43.32. 43.33.

Sapir incorrectly glosses this form: 'you will wear

it

along'.

xosasta-n-c'iswai 'a war-whoop (was made)', literally 'his tongue beat time like a rattle' < xo-, animate 3rd person possessor -f Psastani 'P's tongue' (< sa=s-ta-n, inanimate 3rd person of stative z, relative neuter sa=si-tan '(a stick-like object) lies in the mouth'
-i-

646
enclitic)

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+
c'i-s-i-wai-i,

California Linguistics

animate 3rd person perfective of (s)-i-wai

'beat time (with stick, rattle)' (see note 10.2).

43.34.

"^a-de^Ryiwiitiw 'he

in war fashion' < '^a-d-e=c'i-kyiperfective of '^a--d-e-=UH-(w)-t-tiw 'dance around in war-dance fashion', literally 'measure oneself. Idiomatic use of P-e-=Un-iw)-i-tiw 'measure P' (see note 1.31), with reflexive indirect object C^a'-di-).

danced around

wi-i-tiw-i, animate 3rd person

43.35.

< c'i-di-wi-c'il-i, arrow) again and again' animate 3rd person progressive of 0-di-(w)-c'^id 'shoot (an arrow)', literally 'let go of (arrow)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person
c'idiwic'il 'he shot (an

object.

43.36. 43.37.

c'isiwiiwe-l 'he killed (one)

again and again' < c'i-si-wi-l-we-l-i, animate 3rd person progressive of 0-si-{s)-l-we-lwe-n 'kill (one)'.
c'e'^xonifja-n 'he killed, slaughtered
i,

them

all'

<

c'e-=c'i-xo-nin-wa-n-

animate 3rd person perfective of c'e-=0-(n)-wa-n 'kill, slaughter O', literally 'destroy O out'. The coalescence of -n- and stem-initial w- as -//- is regular. (See note 34.12.)
43.38.

na-najajde'^K 'we have come back into existence, we are in existence still', i.e., 'we live on' < na--na--ya-=wi-di-de-K, 1st person plural perfective of na-=(w)-dil/de-K '(two or more) come into existence', literally '(two or more people) begin to go around', with iterative/reversative modifier (na=). (See note 4.34.)

43.39.

xono-xine-W 'someone overpowers him', trates him with speech' (see note 42.6).

literally

'someone pene-

44.1.

nic'^'e'^n-c'itj

ugly', relative

'(who was) of an ugly sort' < ni-c'"irP-i '(who) was -c"m 'of form of inanimate 3rd person of neuter
-i-

that sort' (see note 1.9).

44.2. 44.3.

See note

9.3.

c'e^ite^ 'he

(customarily) lay there' < c'i-'^i-te'^, animate 3rd person (w)-te'^ '(a living being) comes to be lying somewhere'. Transitional of stative neuter si-te-n '(a living being) lies somewhere' (see note 32.6).

customary of

44.4.

c'iwidil 'they

came along' < c'i-wi-dil-i, relative form of animate 3rd person of progressive neuter wi-dil '(two or more) are going along' (see note 13.14).
See note 26.29. nah-nin cai 'a couple came along', literally 'two people came < nah-nini 'two people, a couple' along (as a single entity)' (collective noun) + cai-i, relative form of suppletive 3rd person progressive neuter wi-yai '(one) is going along' (see note of
12.11).
UyiRyidiwiidirP '(that one) will come to be loved (by people)' < di-wi-l-dinP, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(w)-}-din/din'^ 'be (For the in love with O', with agentive passive object {U>-di-). agentive passive formation see note 31.7.)

44.5.

44.6.

44.7.

Hupa
44.8.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

647

xonaya'^siwila'^ 'they made fun of him'' < xo-na-ya=c'i-si-win-ld?, animate 3rd person perfective of P-na-=si-(w)-la-/la'^ 'make fun of P', with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-) and plural (ya-=)

modifying the subject.

44.9.
I.e., "It's

gotten to be the case that they have

all

gone by" (see note

3.5).

44.10.

< t-o-l-c'^in^, tol&nrj'^ '(people) might grow up (to be handsome)' inanimate 3rd person optative of ti-(s)-l-c'^e-n (customary/optative stem -c'^iri^) 'grow' (see note 4.1).
Collective plural (see note 1.2).

44.1

1.

44.12.

miy^ilay '(women) despise (the ugly one)' < m-e-=yi-3i-la--i, obviative 3rd person imperfective of P-e-=^i-(s}-la-/la'^ 'hate, despise P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-}.
xohan-no-'^o-ya'^ 'he might think

44.13.

about (me)', literally 'his mind xo-kya-n 'his mind, heart, insides' na-='^o--yd^, inanimate 3rd person optative of (proclitic noun) + na-={w)-ya-lya^ '(one) starts to go around'. (See note 27.12.)

might

(start to)

go around'

<

44.14.

m//a'^-/:^m'^ '(deer's) front-leg

bone, between knee and foot' < mi-, inanimate 3rd person possessor + P-la'^-kyin-(iP 'P's wrist(bone)' (< P-la"^ 'P's hand, arm' + kyin 'base' + -/^, possessed noun formant). (See note 45.14.)

44.15.

dahUy'Hce-K 'he broke (bone) in two' < dah=Icyi-wi-t-ce-K-i, animate 3rd person perfective of dah=0-(w)-cil/ce-K 'break O in two (by pounding with a rock)', with indefinite 3rd person object (kyi-). Proclitic dah 'above, on top' here functions as a disjunct adverbial prefix (compare dah=di-(w) 'off, away'), possibly a caique on the

The prefix strings kyi-wi-i- and kyi-wiEnglish idiom 'break up'. to kyii- and kyil- (see notes 28.18, I- are sometimes contracted 34.39, and 57.20).
44.16.
de--s-iiw-i,

44.17.

na-naPde-Uw 'he drew a line (with paint) back across' < na-na=c'ianimate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-de--(s)-Uw 'draw a line across O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and iterative/reversative modifier {na=). (See note 23.16). < A:'^/-, special indirect object + P-nA:W/7x/c' 'alongside of (girls)' The idiom for 'getting close to, making out xic' 'close by P'. with (a woman)'.

44.18.

See note 2.21.

xowane'^ '(fight) over him'. 'concerning him, about him').

44.19.
44.20.

variant of

xowan

(<

xo-wa-n,

kyiic'ixa-na-te-diyay 'they all fought

again', literally 'fighting

went
is

on again

in several places'

<

kH-ic'ixa--na-=te--s-di-ya--i, perfective

of the impersonal theme kyiic'ixa-={w)-ya-lya' 'they fight, there with distributive modifier (/e-, fighting' (see note 27.17), perfective) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).

s-

44.21.

^e-s-la"^,

kyide-na'^^ehsla? 'they got to be despised again' < kyi-d-e-na=cianimate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=3i-(s)-ld^ 'hate, de-

spise P', with iterative/reversative modifier {na=) and agentive passive indirect object (ky-di-). (See notes 31.7 and 44.12.)

648

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45.1. 45.2. 45.3.

See note 37.1.

See notes 37.25 and 38.1. See note 31.27.

wilcan-tah-xole-n 'many (people) were seen in different places' < wi-l-ca-n '(people) were seen', passive of 0-i-cis (suppletive perfective/passive stem -ca-n) 'see O' + P-taw 'among (places), here and there' + xo-len-i 'they were numerous, abundant' (see note
3.15).

45.4.

45.5. 45.6. 45.7. 45.8. 45.9.

For reduction of See note 44.13.

initial n- to

'^-

see note 2.27.

c'inehstin 'she lay

down
much'

(to sleep)'

<

c'i-ne--s-te-n,
lies

animate 3rd peras large as that'

son perfective of ni-(s)-tiW/te-n '(one)

xa'^aikyoh-x'' 'that

down'.
'it

< xa-'^a-=ni-i-k>ow

is

+
45.10.

jco 'in

such a manner'.

See note 37.12.

de--xo yidahcin nonyay '(the sun) went to that point from this way < de-xo 'this place, here' + uphill', i.e. around 9 in the morning yidah-c'in '(coming) from uphill' + no-=nin-ya--i 'it went to there'.

(See notes 22.42 and 43.25.)

45.1
1.

yehJiyine-ndirj"^ '(sun)light
din'^,

shone into the house' < yeh=lcyi-ne--wininanimate 3rd person perfective of yeh=Uyi-ne--(w)-din'^ 'light comes to shine in'. Transitional of neuter yeh=Uyi-ne--n-de-n 'light
shines
in'.

45.12.

do-

one (can't) look at him' < dolooked at him', animate 3rd person perfective of 0-ne--(w)-i-'^e-nPin'^ 'look at O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) (see note 20.13) + te-, future tense, here indicating
c'ixonePin'^-te- '(just as though)

'not'

c'i-xo-ne--wi-l-'^in'^ 'he

future possibility.

45.13.
45.14.

See note 11.48.

jcoGe-/t>me'^ 'his ankle'

Ge--kin-i^ 'P's ankle'

old root for 'leg' note 44.14.)

-i-

< xo-, animate 3rd person possessor + P(< ce-, unidentified element, presumably an -/'^, possesed noun formant). (See kin 'base'
-i-

45.15.

See note 2.53.

45.16.
45.17. 45.18. 45.19.

See note 16.23.

^avzaWanah-dirj

'I

am around

again'

< na-na^W-ya,
is

fective of na-=(s)-ya-/ya'^ '(one)

1st person imperaround, goes around'.

literally

dawned'.

yisxani-mH 'two days See note 30.15.

-i-

later',

'when twice

it

had

dah-sil'^e-X 'roofed (with flint)', literally '(planks)

dah 'on

shoved on top' < having been extended'. Stative passive neuter from O-i-'^e-K 'extend (two or more objects)', causative of extension neuter win-'^e-K '(two or more obtop, above'

si-W^e-K '(two or

more)

lie,

jects) extend'.

45.20.

See note

9.3.

Hupa
45.21.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

649

See note

11.3.
'I

45.22.
45.23.

naWay

am

around' (see note 45.17 above).

"^a-na-Ryileh

'you fix things up, prepare them' < '^a--na-=}c>i-n-liw, 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative, with optative stem) of
'^a-=U>i-i-'^e-n

(things), treat (things) so' to 'do so (optative/customary theme '^a-=lc>'i-liw), with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). (See note 3.3.)

45.24. 45.25.

See note 33.6. miyeh na^KyisGod 'he poked something around beneath (the house)' < mi-yiw 'beneath it' + na-=c'i-lc>i-s-God, animate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-(s)-God 'poke, spear O around', with indefinite 3rd person object (^W-j. This curious idiom is used to describe the (magical) transportation of a house through the air, a standard feature of

Hupa myths. (See

also note 66.55).

45.26.

See notes 37.25 and 38.1.

46.1.

I.e.,

he (kyixinay) came into existence (see note

11.3.

9.3).

46.2.
46.3. 46.4.

See note

See note 45.3.

do-xolin-tah-xole-n 'few (women) were about' < do--xolin '(they are) few' (< do-, negative proclitic -i- xo-le-n 'they are numerous, abundant') + P-taw 'among (places), here and there' + xo-len-i 'they are numerous, abundant' (see note 3.15). (See note 45.4.)

46.5.

See note

17.3.

46.6.
46.7.

See note 40.20. xokyan-nahsya7 'he thought about (it)', literally 'his mind went < xo-kya-n 'his mind, heart, insides' around (concerning it)' noun) + na-=s-ya?, inanimate 3rd person perfective of (proclitic na-={s)-ya-lya7 '(one) is around, goes around'. (See note 27.12.)
ya^wehs'^a^ 'he stayed seated' < ya-=c'i-we-s-'^a^, animate 3rd person perfective oi ya-=(we-s)-'^a'^ '(one) comes to be, stay sitting'. Transitional of extension neuter ya-=win-'^a- '(one) sits', literally '(one) extends up'. (See notes 16.10 and 21.41.)

46.8.

46.9.

yaywUkyid '(smoke) rose

into the air'

3rd person perfective of ya-=yi-(w)-i-kyid '(cloud, (See notes 3.13 and 25.39.)

< ya-=yi-wi-l-kyid, inanimate smoke) rises'.

46.10.
46.11.

See notes 20.13 and 26.27. )t'>7Vg>7^e'^-j/-^/jwa7i 'it was almost

^"^
-i-

like rotten

wood'

<

Uyi-i-g'id-

'(wood's) rottenness, state of being rotten' (< /:'>/-, indefinite 3rd possessed noun forni-i-gyid 'it is rotten' person possessor nehwan-i 'it is like, jz, diminutive (i.e., 'almost, close') mant) resembles' (see note 12.46).
-i-

i"^,

-i-

-i-

46.12.

Uyic'in^ 'tipping

it

over' (see note 5.45).

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46.13.

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no'^nirjGod 'he
stick)'.

California Linguistics

poked it (over)' < no=c'i-nin-God, animate 3rd person perfective of no=0-(n)-God 'poke O to that place (with a

46.14.

around again (for the pipe)' < na-na=Uyi-sinanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=lc>i-(s)-lei-le'^ 'move the hand around again, feel with the hand', with iterative/reversative (See note 41.24.) modifier (na-=).
na-naUyisle"^ 'he felt
le"^,

46.15.

me- -xonist'e'^-x''eniW 'he was happy about (what had happened)' < m-e- 'to it' + xo-nist'e"^ 'his body' + xo-win-niW 'it was aware', inanimate 3rd person perfective of xo-(w)-niW 'be awake, aware'. An unusual construction; the postposition P-e- 'to, at P' is usually incorporated into the verbal prefix complex. Here it is proclitic to an idiomatic phrase (see note 30.54).

46.16.

me-na'^wiiwa-K 'he struck (pipe) back against (sack)' < m-e-na=c'iperson perfective of P-e-=0-(w)-iwi-i-wa-K-i, animate 3rd wal/wa-K 'throw, fling O against P', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and iterative/reversative modifier (=).

46.17. 46.18. 46.19. 46.20.

haj'^ 'behold'. tion of g>'a'^ay.

Contracted from ha'^ay,

Emma

Frank's pronuncia-

See note 24.8.

w/7/Je'^ '(the fire's)
-I-

smoke'

<

mi-, inanimate 3rd person possessor

-lid

P-lid-e"^,

possessed form of

'smoke'.

yiteMk>'id '(smoke) travelled along'

< yi-te--i-k>'id, inanimate 3rd person perfective of yi-ti-(s)-i-kyid '(cloud, smoke) moves along'. (See note 3.13.)

46.21.

< yehyehna-wilini '(the creeks) that flow back into (the river)' na-=win-lin-i, inanimate 3rd person of extension neuicr yeh=win-lin 'flow into', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
do'-wildifj'^ [Sapir

46.22.

ally 'being

appears to write do--mildifj] 'lonesomeness', liter< do- 'not' -i- wi-l-din'^ 'being content discontented' with it', verbal abstract (gerund) from 0-(w)-i-din/din'^ 'be content with O'. (See note 30.46.)
na-xowilc'id

46.23.

'(lonesomeness)

fell

down,

descended

(on

him)'

<

na-=xo-wi-l-c'id, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=(w)-l-c'id 'fall down' with areal-situational prefix (xo-).

46.24.

(see note 31.8). The quiver equated with the fisher from whose hide it was made. Compare the animate classification of a shaman's mink-fur pipesack (text 28, line 10). See also notes 74.13 and 76.24.
Literally, 'he took (a living being) out'
is

treated as animate

being

46.25.

opened' < na-=ti-d-ce-, imperfective of na-=ti-(s)-d-ce-, mediopassive of na-=ti-(s)-ce- 'open the door' (literally 'point, shove (stick) along back', with iterative/reversative modifier, na-=). (See note 9.26.)
na-tidce- '(door) opens, gets

46.26.

ya-xono-na-wice-'^ 'their door' < ya--xo-, animate 3rd person plural possessor -i- nona-wice- 'door' (see note 9.25) -f- -(ip, possessed

noun formant.

Hupa
46.27.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

65

mecah-yaPxosin 'they were

'difficult

difficult about (being seen)' < m-ecah about (that)' + ya-=ci-xo-sin 'they were so', animate 3rd person of enclitic neuter xo-sin 'be so', with plural {ya-=). (See notes 24.27 and 41.25)

46.28.
46.29. 46.30.

See note 30.24.

na-te-widce- '(the door) had been opened' < na-=te--wi-d-ce\ passive of na-=ti-(s)-ce- 'open the door' (see notes 9.26 and 46.25).
ya-xoi-c'ide-n'^
'....,

they said' (see note 3.17).

Note

that the plural

morphologically prefixed to the indirect object of the proclitic postposition (ya--xo-i 'with [i.e., to] them'), although it modifies the animate 3rd person subject of the verb.
prefix (ya--)
is

46.31.
46.32.

de-

'I

see',

evidential particle indicating first-hand (visual) infor-

mation.
winya-l '(that) you are going along' < wi-n-yai-i, 2nd person singular of progressive neuter wi-ya-l '(one) is going along'.
na'te'dice- '(the door) opened' diopassive (see note 46.25).

46.33. 46.34.
46.35. 46.36.

< na-=te--s-di-ce\ perfective of me-

See notes 9.8-9.

See note 33.6. na7a-diWwal 'I'm throwing myself around' (idiom for 'I'm in a hurry') < na--'^a-=di-W-wal-i, 1st person singular imperfective of na'=0=(s)-wal/wa-X 'throw, fling O around', with reflexive object The shortening of the vowel of na-= is unexpected, but ('^a-=di-).

may be
46.37.

regular before reflexive "^a-di- (see also note 68.71).

naPxohsme-K-sile'^n 'it became (as though) somebody had thrown them around' < na-=c'i-xo-s-me-K-i animate 3rd person perfective
,

of na-=0-(s)-mil/me-K 'throw O (in a bunch) around', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) + si-lin^-i 'it became'.

46.38. 46.39. 46.40.

46.41.

See note 5.12.

wint'e'it is'

(see note 25.2)

is

used here instead of hi^id 'and, then'.

na'-miq'eh

following the others'. Adverbial phrase iterative proclitic + mi-q'eh 'following it'.
'last,

<

na--,

See note 40.34.

xoi-na-te-dilid 'he sweated himself again'
na-=te--s-di-lid '(the sweathouse fire)

46.42.

< xo-i 'with him' + burned again', inanimate 3rd

burns',

person 46.43. 46.44.

perfective

of

ti-(s)-lid

'(fire)

with

itera-

tive/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).

(See note 20.17.)

xoi-no-nilid 'he finished sweating', literally 'with

him

(the sweat-

house

fire)

burned down'.
-t-

See previous note.

< dah-ya-naPwehs'^a^ 'he sat back down on top (of the platform)' ya--na-=c'i-wes-'^aP 'he sat down again' (see dah- 'above, on top' note21.41).
miq'eh-nana-'^aste'^n 'he

46.45.

combed

(his hair)', literally, 'he

moved
-i-

(a

comb) around through

na-mi-q'eh 'along it' na-=c'i-s-tirP-i, animate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-(s)-tin/tin'^ 'move (a stick-like object) around', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).
(his hair)'

<

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46.46. 46.47. 46.48.

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California Linguistics

Literally, 'his head', but in this context referring to his (head) hair.

(See notes 6.1 and 31.11.)

See note 33.32.

c'i-nehwan 'it looked like (the women) were quite < dedi 'this (here)' + P-xandin 'near, close to P' (see note 40.18) + j/, consonant symbolic form of diminutive enclitic -j/ + c'inehwan 'they resembled' see note 1.23) (i.e. 'very close';
dedi-xandin-^
close'

(see note 14.1).

46.49.

yo'^ohdii 'you (two)

go in!' < yeh='^oh-dil, 2nd person plural imperfective (imperative) of yeh=(w)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go in'.

46.50.
46.51.

yeh='^oh

>

ye'^oh

>

yo'^oh.

See note 33.15.

.rv/ia'^je/i^/a'^ 'she
s-la"^,

comes

to dislike

him

(again)'

<

xo-e--na-=c'i-^e--

animate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=3i-(s)-la-/la'^ 'hate, despise P', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). (See notes 44.12

46.52.

and 44.21.) See note 24.8.

Sapir's gloss is in error. This form can c'iicHn 'she smells' (?). only mean 'he or she stinks, has an odor' < c'i-ni-i-cHn, animate 3rd person of neuter ni-i-c'nn 'stink, have an odor' (see notes 13.12 The most likely interpretation of the clause is 'the and 32.8).

46.53.

(tobacco smoke) will have an odor, be pungent', with minde'^Uc'^e'tobacco' treated as an animate being.

46.54.

^aygye+, exclamation, indicating whom one is separated.

a desire

to

see

someone from

47.1.
47.2.
47.3.

See note
See note

9.3.

11.3.

xa-U>i'We--x'''e'^ise'^n

'they always

dug

(potatoes)',

literally

'digging

potatoes always happened' < xa-=Uyi-We- 'digging (potatoes)', inanimate 3rd person imperfective (non-finite form; see note 1.5) of xa-=0-iw)-We-/We'^ 'dig up O' (see note 20.20) + xo-'^i-sinU 'it always happens', inanimate 3rd person customary of xo-iwysin"^ 'come to be so', transitional oi xo-sin 'be so', enclitic neuter.

47.4. 47.5.

Both camehsXon 'women' and Uyehican 'young women' are collective plurals, formed with -ni 'people'. (See note 1.2.) < ya-xo}'ajcc>/207;*^a>''^-jc'' '(he passed) close by, alongside of them' animate 3rd person plural possessor + P-no-rj'^ay'^-x'\ variant of P,

no-rj'^ay-din 'alongside

of P' (see note 41.11).

47.6. 47.7.
47.8. 47.9.

See note 3.21.

See note 11.23.

See note 4.31.
'^a-niwiic''o'^n
'it looked pretty' < '^a'=ni-wi-i-c'^on'^-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of '^a-=ni-(w)-i-c'^'on'^ 'come to be so beautiful, good'. Transitional of neuter '^a-=ni-i-c''o-n 'be so beautiful, good' (see note 1 1.23).

Hupa
47.10.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

653

< ni-we-s-linP-i, relative of niwehsle'^n '(river) that was flowing' inanimate 3rd person perfective of ni-(we-s)-lin'^ '(stream) comes to flow', transitional of extension neuter nin-lin '(stream) flows' (< niwin-, see note 62.109) (see also note 25.32).
iah-x'''
...

47.1

1.

sile'^n 'just like

...'

(see note 37.19).

47.12. 47.13.

daydi ... -warj 'why? what for?' + P-wa-n 'concerning P'.

"^aic'^orj-x'"

< day-di 'what?'

(see note 37.40)

to

'^aniwehst'e'^ 'it looks so beautiful', literally, 'it has come be in so beautiful a way' < '^a-=ni-i-c'^o-n 'it is so beautiful' (see note 47.9) + xo 'in such a manner' + '^a=ni-we-s-t'e'^ 'is has come to be so' (see note 23.4).

47.14.

< nin-t'anint'a--na'widyay 'he turned around and started home' + 'turning around, turning back', proclitic adverbial phrase na'=c'i-win-d-ya-i, animate 3rd person perfective of (w)-ya-W/yamodifier iterative/re versative somewhere', with goes '(one)
(na-=..d-).

47.15.

See note 4.34.

na-ysdilin^
1st

47.16.

< na=s-e-di-lin'^, 'I turn (back) into, become (again)' person singular perfective of {s)-liw/linP 'become', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-). < c'i-te-s-dic'ite-dicow 'he bent (himself) over (like a branch)' cow-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-d-cow 'bend oneself,
bow', mediopassive of ti-0-(s)-i-cow 'bend (branch,
limber ob-

47.17.

ject)'.

47.18.

< na-=de--wi-l-ya'^, animate na-delyaP-tah 'wherever they stand' 3rd person perfective of na-=de--(w)-l-yaP '(two or more) come to stand' (see note 10.51), transitional of stative neuter na=de--si-l-ya'(two or more) stand' + P-taw 'among, at, in the places where...'
animate 3rd person perfective of teh=(w)-d-cow 'bend (oneself) into the water' (mediopassive; see note 47.17).

47.19.
47.20.

See note 41.18.

47.21.
48.1.
48.2.

See note 10.28. See note

9.3.

c'irjkya-w-e- '(the)

< c'i-n-kya-w, older one', literally 'the big one' animate 3rd person of neuter ni-kya-w 'be big' (see note 11.28) +
-e-

'the

one

that...'.

48.3.

had (the fishtrap) lying there, he owned (the fishtrap)' < c'i-s-i-ta-n-i, animate 3rd person of neuter 0-si-i-tan 'have (a sticklike object) lying somewhere', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person
c'Hta-n 'he
object.

Possessive of stative neuter si-tan (See notes 25.23 and 41.7.) as stick-like objects (see note 16.4).

'(a stick-like object) lies

somewhere'.
48.4.

Baskets are classified

c'iwiidic'^e-n 'he

has (luck-basins) made', animate 3rd person of possessive neuter O-wi-i-d-c'^en 'have O lying made', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object (see note 39.17).

654
48.5.
wan-c'e'^ite'^

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California Linguistics

'he lies there (watching) for it' < (mi)-wa-n 'concerning it, (watching) for it' + c'i-'^i-te'^, animate 3rd person customary of (w)-te'^ '(a living being) comes to be lying somewhere' (see note 44.3).
is singing' < (c'i-)lc>i-wi-'^ai, animate 3rd person progressive of li>i-(w)-'^aw 'sing (in general)' + xo '(doing) For the temporal phrase with -xo, see note 2.4. so'.

48.6.

Uyiwa'^aM-x''' 'while he

48.7.

detime'^n 'they all get filled up' < de--ti-mirP-i 'it becomes full in several places', inanimate 3rd person imperfective of de--(w)-min^ 'become full', with distributive modifier \ti-). Transitional of neuter ^^-^-mZ/i 'be full'.
wan-n/VVre'^
W-te'^, 1st
-te"^)

48.8.

'let me lie (in wait) for it!' < (m/j-wavi 'for it' niperson singular optative of ni-(s)-tiW/te-n (optative stem '(one) lies down' (see notes 45.7 and 48.5).
-i-

48.9.

See note

1.31.

48.10.

Jco'^jZ-mzVca/z-jZ-An/V 'after a little while'

<

xo'^J/ 'really, truly'

+ mi-

i-cad

deep as (it)' (comparative of ni-sad 'be distant, deep'; see notes 11.23 and 22.22) + j/, diminutive mii 'with, when, after'.
'as distant,
-i-

48.11. 48.12.

See note 22.18.

mitis-c'isle'^n 'he got extraordinary (in his greed), (his appetite)

went

out of control', literally 'he got above

top')

it'

(cf.

<

mi-tis '(moving) over

it'

c'i-s-lin?-i

English 'over the 'he became'.

48.13.

himself up' < na--'^a-=c'i-di-ne--s-i-ya-n-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-ni-(s)-i-ye-/ya-n 'eat O up, devour O' with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=, irregularly shortened to na-) and reflexive object {'^a-=di-). The thematic prefix ni- is lengthened to ne-- in perfective forms.
/2a'^aVz>2e/z^>'<3' 'he ate

48.14.

are/iW/ro'^n '(his head) rolled jumping back' < na=te-s-l-di-ton'^/, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ti-isj-l-torf 'jump along, hop' with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..d-) (see note 34.36).

48.15.

na-naynehico'^n 'it banged, hit back to it' < na--na-=yi-ni-wi-icorf-i, obviative 3rd person perfective of na-=0-ni-(w)-i-con'^ 'hit at, against O', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

48.16.

Note the use of the past tense

enclitic {-ne'^in) to

mark

the (literal)

severing of the possessive relationship between the younger brother and his head: 'the head that was formerly his'.

48.17. 48.18.

xodiiwa- '(moving) past him' < xo-, animate 3rd person indirect object + P-diiwa- '(moving) past P', unanalyzable postposition.

nona'^nihen 'he overtook (the floating fishtrap)', literally 'he put (the living being) back down' < no-na=c'i-ni-i-ten-i, animate 3rd
person

down, place

of no-=0-(n)-i-tiW/te-n 'put (a living being) being)', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). This appears to be an idiom, if Sapir's gloss is correct. It is also not clear why the trap is being referred to as a living being. Perhaps the Money-animal is meant.
perfective
(a

living

48.19.

yidenaiweK
fell

'(fishtrap) stayed again for the night', literally 'night

it'

again on

< yid-e--na-=wi-l-weX-i, inanimate 3rd person per-

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

655
P' (idiom for 'P stays

fective of P-e-=(w)-l-willwe-K 'night falls

on

see note 1.24), with obviative 3rd person indirect For the object iyidi-} and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). (obviative) animacy of the fishtrap (see note 1.55), see preceding
for the night',

note.

48.20.

Or dedi. Sapir
yinace-'^n-c'irj'^

transcribes [dei:].

48.21.

< yinac-e-rP 'the upstream 'on the upstream side' (< yinaci 'upstream' + P-en^ 'even with P, on the P side'; see 2.22) + P-c'irP 'to, towards P').
side'
'it

A^.ll.

dah-yiwinta-n
top'

set (stick-like object)

yi-win-ta-n-i, obviative 3rd person

object.

tiW/ta-n 'put (stick-like

mate 3rd person

48.23.

< dah 'above, on of 0-(w)object) somewhere' with unmarked inani Note the classificatory treatment of the
on top'
perfective

fishtrap (considered a basket) as a stick-like object (see note 48.3).

c'imiwinyo-l 'he chased it along' < c'i-mi-wi-n-yoi-i, animate 3rd person progressive of the theme P-ne-yod 'chase P, drive (an aniIn the progressive forms of this unusual mal)' (see note 11.24).

theme, the underlying string P-ne-wito P-wi-n-.

48.24.
48.25.

is

metathesized and reduced

See note 40.20.

See note 11.12.

See note 46.39.
na-nahsde-K '(money) swam around again' < na--na-=s-de-K-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=(s)-dil/de-K '(two or more) move around, exist', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). Note that non-directional themes (with adverbial modifier na-=(s) not have ^-classifier with the itera'here and there') do

48.26. 48.27.

tive/reversative modifier.

48.28.

na>'5c*''e'^n 'it

started to increase'

<

na=>'/-j'-^-c"'/V-/, obviative

3rd

person perfective of of ti-l-c'^en 'grow').

49.1.

na-=(s)-i-c'^e-/c'^in'^ 'increase'

(non-directional

jco^/Gfl}''^

'her whiteness (of dawn)'

iicay-i 'whiteness,

<
is

jco-,

animate 3rd person pos-

sessor
clitic.

white' -f- -'^, possessed noun enre-analysis of the local noun xoiicay, see note (Apparently a
-I-

what

8.4;

see also note 39.29).

49.2.

tinaW

approach (of dawn)'

'(whiteness of dawn) which comes along, moves', i.e. 'at the < ti-naW-i, irregular inanimate 3rd person For -naW imperfective of ti-(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes off, along'. see note 10.50.

49.3. 49.4.

Sapir writes kyehica-n, evidently a transcriptional error.

See note 13.11.

yidikyan
na-'^ayaP
'it

49.5.
49.6. 49.7. 49.8.

(customarily) thinks (about

it)',

literally

'its

mind goes around'

See note 40.13.
See note 23.6.

(see note 27.12).

See note 39.33.

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49.9.

XIV Northwest
'^a-da'-na'^wirj'^a'^

California Linguistics

self
P')

(<

'he gets something for himself < '^a-d-a- 'for onereflexive indirect object + P-a- 'for the benefit of na-=c'i-win-'^a'^, animate 3rd person perfective of na'=0-(w)"^a'-di-,

'come to carry (a round object) around, obtain (it)', inceptive of non-directional theme na-=0-(s)-'^a-Pa'^ 'carry (a round object) around, possess (it)' (see note 13.26),
"^a-Pa"^

49.10.

lc>iniW

'^a'^de'^iic'^'e'^ 'she always listens', literally 'she makes herself aware of things' < U>'i-niW 'aware of things' + '^a-=c'i-di-'^i-l-c'^e'^, of 0-(s)-l-c''e-/c'"in'^ person customary 3rd animate (optative/customary stem -c"'e'^) 'make O', with reflexive object

C^a-di-).

49.1

1.

always stays (there)' < na-=c'i-'^i-da'^, animate 3rd person customary of (win)-da'^ '(one) comes to sit, stay', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See note 22.23. For the contraction of the prefixes, see note 1.3.
na'^ada'^ 'she

49.12.

xoh

...

heh 'even

if

...'

(see note 5.3).

49.13.

'^a^diwinehi 'she continually

'^a-=c'i-di-wi-nei,
ne'/ne'^ 'say,

says

(i.e.,

animate

3rd

person

progressive

< sings the words) so' of '^a-=di-(w)(see note 49.9,

line 5

speak so'
Error for
'^a-da-na'^wiij'^a'^

49.14. 49.15.

'^a-da'-na'^wirj'^ah.

above).

from -ne"^) 'he tells me' or 'he speaks ambiguous, but the second interpreThe theme '^a-=P-i + di-(w)tation is what is probably intended. ne-/ne^ can mean either 'S speaks to, tells P' or 'S speaks, tells about
'WWiic'ide-n'^ (stem contracted

about me'.

The meaning

is

P'.

50.1.

do-

tinya^-xo

xolirj

'you can't go',

literally

'your going off

is

not

frequent,

common' <

might go' goes off)

(for do..

do- 'not' + ti-n-ya"^ 'you (want to) go, you (2nd person singular optative of ti-(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one) + xo '(doing) such' -i- xo-le-n 'it is plentiful, abundant'

xo-len see notes 2.18 and 46.1).

It is

50.2. 50.3.

Mrs. Marshall pronounces the name xoyiq'id or xoyHqid. malized here to the more common x'^iyiq'id.

nor-

wanrya-

'I

go through

it'

< (m/-jwa=/i/-e-ya-,

1st

person singular

perfective of P-wa-=(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes through P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi- > zero, see note 1 .46).

50.4. 50.5.

ya- (< ye-, assimilated to following '^a-j 'there (in view)', evidential
enclitic.

^a-Ryine- 'there

was a sound' < '^a-=U>i-d-ne-, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of '^a-=kyi-di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'something makes a noise, a noise is made' (see note 4.4).
te-siW^e'^n
'I

50.6. 50.7.

look on' <

te--si-'^in'^

te--si-W-'^in'^-i, 1st

person singular of exten-

sion neuter

'look on, gaze'.

heh naWyehW

'X^X

me. VQSiV

<

A:>^/2,

hortatory particle

+ na-='W-l-

ye-W, 1st person singular imperfective (functioning as optative) of na-=(w)-l-ye-W 'rest'.

Hupa
50.8.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

657

kya^tehicnw 'he cried out' < lcya-=c'i-te--s-l-c''iw-i, animate 3rd perFossilized son perfective of Uya-=ti-{s)-l-c'Hw 'cry out, scream'. derivation from (w)-c'Hw 'cry, be crying'. Thematic A:'>a= is possibly from Ry-a- 'for something'.
See note 41.6.
na^wa- '(people) were going around, were there'. Literally, '(one) was going around', referring to a crowd as a single entity (see notes
1.7

50.9.

50.10.

and 11.43).
(see

50.11. 50.12. 50.13.

See note 27.14.

nint'a--naPwidyay 'he turned around and started home' 47.14).

note

na-na^winyaP 'he came back to

again'

live there, he took up residence there < na'-na-=c'i-win-ya^, animate 3rd person perfective of of '(one) comes to be (going) around' (see note na-=(w)-ya-lyaP

11.4), with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).

50.14.

yeh< yehnaic'id '(dentalium) fell back into (the fish trap)' na-=wi-l-c'id, inanimate 3rd person perfective of yeh=(w)-l-c'id 'fall into something' (see note 41.9), with iterative/reversative modifier

(na=y
51.1.
51.2.

dom

'at

some (unexpected)
and formulas.
is'

time'.

Unanalyzable

particle,

used only

in prayers

xosin-de"^ '"whenihcTQ
'if,

when', conditional future.

'if I

< jco-^m 'being so', enclitic verb + de"^ The phrase dom xosin-de'^ appears

to

mean

am

lucky, perchance'.

51.3.

na-ne'i'^in

'you look at it again' < na-=ne--wi-n-i-'^e-n, 2nd person singular perfective of 0-ne--(w)-i-'^e-n 'look at O' (see note 20.13), with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=) and unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.

51.4.

See note 11.23.

na-na-ndiyay 'you (sun) have gone

52.1.

down

again', literally 'you

have

gone back across' (see note 25.38).

52.2.
'^aPdiwiiwal 'he is flinging himself along', i.e., 'he moves along '^a-=c'i-di-wi-i-wal-i, animate 3rd person of progressive quickly' < neuter 0-wi-i-wal 'be throwing, flinging (a stick-like object)
along', with refelexive object {^a-=di-).

52.3.

See note 46.15.

53.1. 53.2.

See note

1.26.

See note 19.11.

^a/i-fi/Wra^

53.3.

< ^a/i 'above, on top' + di'I step on top of (you)' W-tal, 1st person singular imperfective of di-(w)-tal/ta-X 'step out, take a step' (see note 16.3).
niwehs'^e-K '(several things) that have extended somewhere' < niwes-'^e-K-i, relative of inanimate 3rd person perfective of ni-(we-s)-

53.4.

658

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California Linguistics

VA' '(several things) come

to extend somewhere', transitional of extension neuter ni-win-'^e-K '(several things) extend somewhere' (see note 62.109).

53.5. 53.6.

"^ant'eh

'clearly,

in noticeable quantities'.

Unanalyzable adverbial

particle.

See note

6.7.

53.7.

See note 44.12.

53.8.
53.9.

See note 25.29.

nana'^ya'^ (or na-na'^aya'^) 'he (customarily)

around again'

<

na-na-=c'i-'^i-ya'>,

of na-=(s)-ya-/ya'^ '(one) is tive/reversative modifier (na-=).

is around again, goes animate 3rd person customary around, goes around', with itera-

53.10.

yixo'^oiyoi
'it

'it

blows

at

(customarily) swears at him, wishes him ill', literally him' (see notes 5.24 and 16.8). Obviative 3rd person

subject referring to (n)inis'^a-n 'earth, country'.

53.11. 53.12.

See note
no'^nila-

11.1.

'she puts (pieces of firewood) away', literally 'she puts (several things) down there' < na-=c'i-nin-la-, animate 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-liW/la- 'put (several things) down', with

unmarked inanimate 3rd person

54.1.
m/^acV//'^ 'to a distance
rect object

object.

from

it'

<

mi-, inanimate 3rd person indi-

P-sa--c'in'^ 'to a distance

from

P'.

Compare ni-sad
<
"^a-di-,

'be

distant, deep'.

54.2. 54.3.

^a-de- 'for

myself,

literally 'to, against

myself

reflexive

indirect object

P-e- 'to, against P'.

na-xowiniWii '(my
again'

54.4.

body) will continually have (good) feeling < na-=xo-wi-niWil, inanimate 3rd person progressive of xo(w)-niW '(body) has feeling, (person) is awake, conscious', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). For idiom, see notes 30.54 and 46.15. na-Wisohite"^ 'you (pi.) carry me around' < na=Wi-s-oh-l-te'^, 2nd
person plural perfective of na-=0-(s)-i-te-/te'^ 'carry (a living being) around', with 1st person singular object (Wi-).

54.5. 54.6.

dinan 'facing
wehiqis
'to

(that way)', enclitic adverbial particle.

one side of it' < (mi)-, inanimate 3rd person indirect object (unmarked before a stem with initial w-; see note 1.46) + PweMq'is 'on one side of P', complex postpositional base of uncertain derivation.

Cf

P-q'is 'half of P'.

told'
'tell

54.7.
54.8.

^a-Wiidiwine"^
'^a-=P-i
-I-

'I

was

<
P,

'^a-='Wi-l

di-wi-d-ne'^, passive

of

di-(w)-ne-/ne'^

speak with P' (see note 3.17).

< m/-, inanimate 3rd person indirect '(I eat) with (people)' object -I- P-lan '(helping, assisting) with P' (often used in the sense of 'eating with P').

milan

55.1.

na-ffa'^

'it

comes

to lie there again, lies there

{w)-'^a'^ '(a

still'

<

na-=win-'^a'^,

inanimate 3rd person perfective of

round object) comes

Hupa
to lie

Texts: Linguistic Notes

659

sitional of stative neuter si-'^a-n '(a

somewhere', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). Tranround object) lies somewhere'.

See note 5.61.

55.2. 55.3. 55.4.

55.5.

See note 25.29, and also text 53, line 2. For idiom, see notes 30.54 and See text 54, line 4, and note 54.3. 46.15. < '^a'=ni-i + di-W-ne- (with reduction of '^an(i)-idiWn 'I tell you' stem to -ni), 1st person singular imperfective of ^a=P-i + di-(w)neine'^ 'say something to P', with 2nd person singular indirect object (ni-). See notes 3.17-18. '^ontan (error for "^ontanP) 'you hold on to (my person)' < '^-o-n-ntarP, 2nd person singular of the neuter theme O-o'-ni-tan^ 'be holding on to O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. For

initial

'^-

see note 4.15.

56.1.

See note 10.18.

See note 46.16.

56.2.
56.3. 56.4.

See note 3.18.

^isdo"^ '\ wish...' (see

note 17.11)

xoW

'\

guess, probably', evi-

dential particle indicating mild doubt or uncertainty.

56.5.

naWagular

< na=W-Wa-, irregular 1st person sin'I am around, alive' na'={s)-ya'lyaP '(one) is around, goes imperfective of around'.
c'^a-xoiwe-K 'darkness (of night)', literally 'the darkness of night that has come' < c'^a'=xo-wi-i-we-K-i, relativized inanimate 3rd person perfective of c'^a'=xo-iw)-l-willwe'K 'darkness (of night) comes,

56.6.

night

falls'.

For the contraction of xo-wi-i-

to xoi-

compare note

44.15.
56.7. 56.8.

See note 55.5.

< na-=wi-e--^aP, 1st person 'I come to have it, possess it' singular perfective of na-=0-(w)-'^a-Pa'^ 'come to carry (a round object) around' (see note 13.26).
na-y'^oP

57.1. 57.2.

See note

9.3.

< na-=win-xa^, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-={w)-xa^ '(a filled container) comes to lie again, still lies' (see notes 21.20 and 41.18).
na-rjxa7 '(a lake) lay there (continually)'

57.3. 57.4.

See note 41.11. See note 13.14.

'on behalf of, ceremonially leading (the other salmon)' < m-, inanimate 3rd person indirect object + P-a- 'for the benefit of P' din 'at that place'. See notes 5.26 and 7.16.

57.5.

ma-din
-I-

57.6.

See note 7.11.

nasdorj-x''
'all

57.7. 57.8.

by oneself, alone'.

Unanalyzable adverbial phrase.

-i-

te'wi-naiiw 'things that swim around in the water, water creatures' na=liw-i. < tewi 'in the water', unanalyzable locative adverb

660

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California Linguistics

57.9.

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of na-=(s)-liw 'swim around underwater (like a fish)' (see note 7.15). < c'i-s-i-'^a-n-i, animate 3rd c'iPa-n 'she had, possessed (a house)' person of stative neuter 0-si-i-^an 'have (a round object) lying', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. See note 25.23.

57.10.

See note

5.1.

57.11.

< ye-d Sapir notes the analysis ye-di-'^aij^ (Notebook III, p. 43a) 'yonder', demonstrative particle + '^an'^ 'it is so'. This is possible, but a more likely analysis is ye-do-rp < ye- 'there (in view)', evidential enclitic -i- do-tj"^ 'it is (undoubtedly) so' (possibly a contraction of ^o-'^^Aia//'^ < do- 'noV + "^a-n, interrogative particle + '^an'^ see note 62.9). 'it is so', assertive particle;
xotehina'^we-'^ 'his quiver'

57.12.

<

xo-, animate 3rd person possessive

-i-

prefix

tehl-na'^we- 'quiver' (see Glossary)

-i'^,

possessed

noun

formant (see note 25.31).

57.13.

nincah

< ni-n-ca-d, 2nd person singular imperfective 'sit down!' (imperative) of ni-ca-d '(one) sits down, settles' (with suppletive perfective; see note 41.15).
See note 21.3. See note 2.14.

57.14. 57.15. 57.16.

57.17.

57.18.

See note 41.24. < sa-=c'i-win-me-K-i, 'he threw (berries) into his mouth' animate 3rd person perfective of P-sa-=0-(w)-mil/me-X 'throw O in a bunch into P's mouth', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person obThe absence of a marked object with P-sa-= indicates that ject. the motion is into the subject's mouth (see note 21.51). yehya'^wilaw 'they have put them in' < yeh-ya-=c'i-win-law-i, animate 3rd person perfective of yeh=0-(w)-law 'put (a bunch of

^aV/meA'

things) in', with plural (ya-=).

57.19.

c7w/We-A' 'he ate (the berries)' < c7-w/-W^-A'-/, animate 3rd person perfective of (w)-l-dil/de-K 'eat berries'.

57.20.

See note 5.34.

,

Note that this is a perfective form ( < ta-=c'i-lcyibefore stem-initial with Ryi-win- contracted to win-me-K-i) (see notes 34.39 and 44.15).

M-

57.21.

57.22.

57.23.

poured (the mush) out (into two or more basanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-di-(s)-i-wal/wa-X 'pour O out', with Icyi- indefinite 3rd person object (referring to acorn mush) and distributive modifier See note 15.13. (ti- > te--). yehkyiwilcot' 'the thing that is bent in (into a circle)' < yeh=Uyi-wil-Got\ passive of yeh=0-(w)-l-G0t' 'bend O in', with indefinite 3rd person object (Icyi-). < xo-da-=c'i-wi-l-ta-d-i, animate xoda^wilia-d 'she ran downhill' 3rd person perfective of xo-da-=(w)-l-ia-d 'run downhill (to the
na'^lc>'iditehiwa-X 'she

kets)'

<

na-=c'i-lcyi-di-te--s-i-wa-K-i,

bottom)'.

Hupa
57.24.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

661

< na=c'i-xo-di-we-s-l-'^in'^-i, naPxodiwehs'^e'^n 'he watched her' animate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-di-(we-s}-l-'^in^ 'watch, keep
an eye on O', with animate 3rd person object {xo-}.

See note 66.21.

57.25.

< Ryiwirjxa'W 'she dipped up fish (in a net), she netted fish' (c'i-jhi-win-xa-W, animate 3rd person perfective of Uyi-(w)-xa-W Derived from the transitive directional 'dip up fish (in a net)'. theme A-O-xaWlxan 'handle (a filled container)', with thematic indefinite 3rd person object {Uyi-} referring to a fish net.
ia7a-xe-l 'one basketful,

57.26.

one basket-load'

<

ia^ 'one'

-i-

xel-i

'(which

is a)

load'.

51 .21

xa-'^aswe-n 'she packed (a load) up to (the house)' < xa-=c'i-s-we-n(a i, animate 3rd person perfective of xa-=0-si-(s)-wiW/we-n 'carry

load) uphill (to the top, summit)', with

unmarked inanimate 3rd

person object.
57.28.

^i^i^WwiWA'
(a fish)

'he cut (the fish) up' < nm=c'/-/:>/-w/W-VA'-/, animate 3rd person perfective of nin=lcyi-(w)-t-'^alPa-K 'butcher (game), cut

up

(for drying)'.

57.29.

yehUyite-God 'she
roasting)'

poked sticks in (the pieces of fish, for spit< yeh=(c'i-)lcyi-te--s-God, animate 3rd person perfective of yeh=0-(w)-God 'poke (a stick) in', with /:'>/- indefinite 3rd person
object (referring to pieces of cut fish) and distributive modifier
(ti-

>
57.30.

te--,

with 5^-perfective).
all

ie-na^Uyineino'^ 'she stood (the spits)

na-=c'i-kyi-ne--wi-i-no'^,

around (the

fire)'

3rd person perfective na'=0-ni-(w)-i-no'^ 'cause O to stand erect in a circle', marked inanimate 3rd person object. Causative of stative e--na-=ne- -si-no- '(several objects) stand erect in a circle'. e-na-=di- '(coming) back together, completing a circle' 2.14.

animate

< i-eof i-e-with unneuter i-

For

i-

see note

57.31.

tahna-te-God (presumably misheard for tahna'^te-God) 'she poked each (skewer) back out of the fire' < tah-na-=c'i-te--s-God, animate 3rd person perfective of tah=0-(s)-God 'poke O out of (the fire)', with iterative/reversative (na-=) and distributive (ti- > te--, with sperfective) derivations.
x'''e-w

57.32.

object

'beneath him, at his feet' < xo-, animate 3rd person indirect The idiom for '(place P-e-w-i 'beneath, under P'. food) before him'.
-I-

57.33.

yan'^-i,

no--ya-=c'i-lcyi-nin< no-yaPUyininyaPni 'they (both) quit eating' animate 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-yaW/yan'^ 'leave (food) over when eating, stop eating', with plural (ya-=) and indefinite 3rd person object (/:>/- j, referring to food. See note 20.19.

57.34.

c'e-ninyay 'he went out'. Either a transcriptional error for c'e'^ninyay or, if correctly transcribed, a switch to inanimate 3rd person to indicate a switch in subject from the preceding clause (see note 1 .5).
c'idiwUne"^ 'he played (his flute)'

57.35.

< c'i-di-wi-i-ne'^, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-di-(w)-i-ne-/ne'^ 'cause O to speak, make a noise; play (a musical instrument)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd

662
person
57.36. 57.37.

XIV Northwest
object.

California Linguistics

Causative

of

di-(w)-ne-/ne'^

'(person)

speaks,

(animal, entity)

makes

a noise'.
while'.

xadic'i-mii 'every
xoioqe"^ 'her fish'
ioq'i 'fish'

little

Unanalyzable adverbial phrase.

<

xo-, animate 3rd person possessive prefix

+
its

-(ip,

possessed noun formant.

initial,

+ The noun stem

it

here retains
{Wilo-q'e'^

voiceless

but in line 45 below

is

voiced

'my

fish').

57.38.

Sapir writes Jco/:>'/H'//7'^a'?A2, but this is an error. The underlying form 1.8 is xo-kyi-win-wan'^-i, with -n-w- assimilating to -ij- (see notes

57.39.
57.40. 57.41.

and 4.13). < ^i-c'^a-n'^ 'my excrement', "^isca-rf 'my (dear little) excrement!' with diminutive consonant changes (M- > "^is- and c"- > c-j.
Obviative 3rd person subject, referring to the excrement.
A:'>7re-We*^

'he started digging'

<

fc7-jA:'>7-re--5-\ye?,

animate 3rd per-

son perfective of
57.42.
57.43.

]lyi-ti-{s)-'We-IV^e'^ 'dig

along, start digging'.

See note 26.24.

'he dug off < (c'i-)Icyi-di-win-We'^, animate 3rd person perfective of di-(w)-We-/We'^ 'dig something away, cut something off by digging'.
IcyidirjWe"^

57.44.

dahna'^diwin-la-d 'he ran off back' < dah-na-=c'i-di-wi-l-iad, animate 3rd person perfective of dah=di-(w)-l-ia-d 'run off, away' For (see note 40.34), with iterative/reversative modifier {na'=). dah=di-(w) 'off away' see note 10.52. The dissimilation of /-

classifier to n- before -ia-d is characteristic of this

theme.

57.45. 57.46. 57.47.

See note 57.37 above.

yitan '(people) eat (fish)'.
to

people

in the collective

The obviative 3rd person subject refers sense (see notes 1.55 and 5.54).

yehwile-lii '(the First

fish)'.

Salmon) swims in repeatedly' < yeh=wi-leiil, inanimate 3rd person progressive of yeh=(w)-liw 'swim in (like a

58.1. 58.2.

See note 23.1.

to--no-r}'^a--dirj
to-

'by the ocean', literally 'where the water reaches' < 'body of water, ocean' + no-=nin-'^a-, extension neuter, '(one din 'at that place', locative enthing) extends to a certain point'
-i-

clitic.

58.3. 58.4. 58.5.

See note 12.8. For

'^isq'oc'.

58.6.

contraction of /:W/ia-c?iV/a- 'picking berries' < lcyi-na-=diinanimate 3rd person imperfective of kyi-na=di-(w)-da'/da'^ da\ 'pick, gather (berries)'). < c'i-'^i-da'^, animate 3rd perce'^ida'^ 'she (customarily) sits, stays' son customary of (wj-da"^ '(one) comes to sit, stay'. Transitional of stative neuter si-da- '(one) sits, stays'.
A:'>7Ma-^a-,

58.7.

dedi-me-q'

literally,

'inside

this

(place)',

referring

specifically

to

Hoopa

Valley.

(See note 33.1).

Hupa
58.8. 58.9.
do--x''e'^iliw, variant

Texts: Linguistic Notes

663

of do-xo'^iliw.

See note 21.23.

See note 31.17.

niide'^se'^indil 'they (customarily)
"^i-n-dil-i,

58.10.

animate

3rd

person

'(two or more) go to meet P, ciprocal indirect object {nii-}.

meet each other' < nii-de=c'i-sicustomary of P-de-=si-(s}-dil/de-K move so as to encounter P', with re-

58.11.

no'^on^// 'they (customarily)

sit

down'

<

no=c7-''/-Az-^/7-/,

animate

3rd person customary of no-={n)-dil/de'K '(two or more) go a certain point, quit going', idiom for '(two or more) sit down'.

58.12.

c'ide'^ilwaW 'ihQy (customarily) talk, chatter' < c'i-di-'^i-l-wa-W-i, animate 3rd person customary of di-(w)-l-wa-W 'talk, chatter' (plural subjects only).
"^a-we-nel '(that)
i,

58.13.

58.14.

you have been doing right along' < '^a=wi-n-ne-lform of 2nd person singular progressive of ^a-=t'e-n 'do so' (customary/optative theme '^a-=niw, from which the progressive stem is derived). See note 38.25. nit'anq'i-no-'^ondiP 'your ?LCom-gaihenng claims' < az/-, 2nd person
relative

singular possessor + t'anq'i-no'^ondil-i'a.corn-gathcring claim' (for analysis see Glossary) + -'^, possessed noun formant.

58.15.

me'^winia^n 'they've become filled (with people)', literally '(people) have become enough for it, them' < m-e-=ci-win-iarP-i, animate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=(ni-)(w)-tan'^ 'it becomes plentiful for P' (see note 4.9), with inanimate 3rd person indirect object. See note 5.11.

58.16. 58.17.

See note 37.12.

kyaina-

<

^>a^A2e-,

assimilated to following
'l

"^a--.

58.18.

naya-lcyite-sehiwi^
1st

lip (baskcis) ovqt'

<

na--ya-=lc>'i-te--s-e--t-wi^,

person singular perfective of 0-ti-(s)-i-wi^ 'tip O', literally 'move (a long upright object) off, along', with iterative/re versative modifier (na-=) and indefinite 3rd person object (lc>i-) referring to
baskets.

58.19.

Uyada-ne- 'gathering acorns' (see note 21.5) xo-sin-i '(who are) being so', enclitic verb, i.e., 'the ones who are gathering acorns'. For other examples of formations with enclitic xo-sin see notes 13.15, 18.6, 24.27, 46.27, and 51.2.
-i-

58.20.

ya'xoq'ay'^timiP 'their pack-baskets'

plural
-i-

< ya-xo-, animate 3rd person

basket'
(see

possessor (see note 15.4) q'ay'^timii 'pack Glossary) -i'^, possessed noun formant.
-J-

58.21.

saying so about you' < '^a-ya=ni-i + c'i-dine\ animate 3rd person imperfective of '^a=P-i + di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say so to/about P' (see notes 3.17-18 and 49.15). Note the placement of the plural prefix (j'a=), which modifies the subject (ci-) and not the indirect object immediately following it (ni-). However, -yanii-, with shortened vowel before ni-, 2nd person singular indirect object, is expected (see notes 3.18 and 33.35).
'^6!7a72iVc7rt 'they are

58.22.

nayxe'^ine-W 'it always talks again, over and over' < na-=yi-xi-'^ine-W-i, obviative 3rd person customary of xi-(w)-neW 'speak, talk', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

664
58.23. 58.24.
59.1.
59.2. 59.3.

XIV Northwest
See note 26.34.

California Linguistics

See note 11.67. See note 23.1.

See notes
3.1

and 34.3.

< xo-, animate 3rd xoKinc'e'^ 'her co-wife (in a plural marriage)' person possessor + P-Kin-c'e'^ 'P's co-wife' (with the noun suffix
-c'e"^

'female'; see notes 14.14 and 15.1).

15.4.

59.4. 59.5.

See note

of ya-tese'de'^X) 'we go to our acorngathering claim {t'anq'i-no-'^ondil, see Glossary)', literally 'we go off -iya- = te- -s-e- -deX, \st (in the) autumn' < r'a//^7 '(in the) autumn' person plural perfective of ti-(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go off.
t'arjq'i-ya-tese-K (contraction

59.6.

See note

1.27.

59.7.

c'idiwiice-K 'she finished pounding (acorns into flour)', literally 'she

< c'i-di-wi-i-ce-k-i, animate 3rd person perfective it off of 0-di-(w)-l-cil/ce-K 'knock O off (with a rock or heavy implement)' with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.
knocked
59.8.
kyita-ya'^wiicid 'they leached acorn flour (in a leaching pit)' < A:Wta--ya=c'i-w>i-i-cid, animate 3rd person perfective of lcyi-ta-=(w)-i-

cid 'leach acorn flour'.

(acorns)'.

Idiomatic derivation

from O-cid 'pound

59.9.

59.10.

niiwah 'separate from each other' < nii-, reflexive indirect object P-wah 'apart from P, (lying) away from ?'. dahaijWo'^-oW 'to some extent or another' < dahan-Wo"^ 'to some (x)oW 'I guess, perhaps', enclitic form of extent' (see note 28.1) (See notes 7.5 and evidential particle expressing uncertainty.
-I-

-f-

33.32.)

59.11.
59.12.

See note 25.6.

misgiy'^3

< mi-s-giy'^, inanimate 3rd person of 'it was little, tiny' neuter si-mi-giy(eP '(one) is little' (3rd person: mi-s-giy(eP) + ji, diminutive form of -j/, diminutive enclitic, with symbolic consonant replacement (j > j). The stem is -giy(eP (alternately -Giy(eP), the diminutive of basic (but never occurring) -gyiy(eP, with symbolic
consonant replacement {gy>
g, g).

See notes 2.52 and 30.1.

w^-^-/^'?,

59.13.
59.14.

See note 19.18.

Wa-wehsle"^ 'ix suffices for mQ' < W-a- 'for me' mate 3rd person perfective of (we-s)-le'^ 'come
satisfied'.
-i-

inani-

satisfied'.

be enough, be Transitional of (passive?) neuter wi-le- 'be enough, be (See note 39.37.)
to

59.15. 59.16. 59.17.

See note 21.5.

See note 57.26.

XoM-xo

Xo-l 'packstrap'

< xehstaij '(a load of acorns) reaching to the packstrap' + xo 'at that place', locative enclitic -i- xe-s-tan,
'(water,

inanimate 3rd person of stative neuter xe-s-tan reaches to some level' (see note 27.13).

mass)

Hupa
59.18.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

665

59.19.
59.20. 59.21.

See note 4.13. Note shift to customary aspect. See note 4.23
'^ant'eh-ye-

quantities', unanalyzable

view' (?) < "^ant'eh 'clearly, in noticeable adverbial particle + ye- 'there in view', Sapir glosses this form 'just a little, barely to visual evidential. be seen', which seems not to be correct.
'clearly
in

59.22.

xe'^e-^ile'^n

'they (customarily) lie

dropped

in a pile'

<

xi'^e-=V-lin'^-i,

inanimate 3rd person customary of xi'^e-=(we-s)-liiiP 'come to be dropped in a pile' (see notes 26.26 and 33.33).
59.23. 59.24.

< '^a-='^i-iarf-i, inani'there are (customarily) so many' mate 3rd person customary of ^a-=niAa-n 'be so many, abundant'. na-na-dyay '(autumn) ended', literally 'it went back down' < nana-=win-d-ya--i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=(w)yaW/ya' '(one) goes down' with iterative/re versative modifier For the idiomatic use of the inanimate 3rd person of {na-=..d-}. intransitive directional A-yaWlya- '(one) goes somewhere' to describe the coming and going of seasons and occasions, see notes 12.10, 21.2, and 23.14.
'^a-'^aia'^n

59.25. 59.26.

See note 41.5.

na-^adliw
na-='^i-di-liw-i,

(customarily) turns back into, becomes inanimate 3rd person customary of 'become', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..d-}.
'it

again'

<

(s)-liwllirP

59.21

na-naja-Jcyisdiwe'^ 'we pack

we"^,

it all back home' < na--na--ya-=lc>'i-s-diperson plural perfective of na-=0-(s)-weiwe'^ 'pack O around', with indefinite 3rd person object (Icyi-), plural (ya-=), and iterative/reversative modifier (=).

1st

59.28.

micin^-q'is 'half of the

meat of (one acorn)'

< mi-cin(ip

'its

meat'

+
59.29. 59.30. 59.31.

P-^7.y 'halfofP'.

See note 59.26.

See note

8.5.

xa'^soya'^ '\ei

them come up' < xa=c7-5-o->'a'^, animate 3rd person optative of xa-=si-(s)-ya-W/ya- (optative stem -ya"^) '(one) goes uphill (to the top)'.
minian
'(a

59.32. 59.33. 59.34.

group

of) ten people'

(not minlatj)

<

minian-ni (see
to a

note 1.17).

Inanimate 3rd person subject (compare note 59.33), referring group of ten people collectively, not as individuals.

nah-din minian 'twenty people'

< nah + din 'two

note 1.17).

times, twice'

-f-

minian
59.35.

'ten'

-i-

ni, collective (see

ia'^ays-3 '(she

made a leaching pit) just once' < ia'^ays 'at just one time, just once', diminutive of ia'^ay-x'' 'at one time, at once' (see
note 11.37), with diminutive consonant symbolism {W, x'' > s) + j; 'little', the diminutive enclitic (-3/) with diminutive consonant sym-

bolism
59.36.

(3

>3).

See note 5.31.

666
59.37.

XIV Northwest
na-de-wime'^n
'(basket)
,

California Linguistics
full

became

again,

filled

back

up'

<

na- =de- -win-min'^-i

'become
59.38. 59.39.
59.40.

filled,

fill

inanimate 3rd person perfective of de--(w)-min'^ up' (see note 48.7), with iterative/reversative

modifier {na-=).

See note 57.21.

wint'e"^ '(she caused the loaves to) get cooked' < win-t'e"^, inanimate 3rd person perfective of the theme (w)-t'e'^ 'ripen, get cooked'
.

xa'^site-de-K 'people

came

uphill,

one

after another'

<

xa=c'i-si-te--

s-de-K-i,

animate 3rd person perfective of xa-=si-(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go uphill (to the top)', with distributive modifier (ti- > te--), and zero-allomorph of .s-perfective as required by the distributive.
Distributive derivation.

59.41. 59.42.

ya-nayU>itje-n '(a group of 10) packed all (her baskets) back' < ya-na-=yi-lc>i-nin-we-n-i, obviative 3rd person perfective of O-ni-(n)-

wiW/we-n 'arrive packing', with indefinite 3rd person object (A:W-j referring to acorns, plural (ya-=) referring to the object, and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). The obviative refers to the collecUyi-nin- is group of 10 men), see note 1.55. regularly contracted to Unn- (see notes 22.15 and 28.16); for -nw> -rj- see note 4.13.
tive subject (the

59.43. 59.44.

See note 29.35.

s-'^a-n-i,

'she put (one acorn) down in each (basket)' < no=c'i-te-animate 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'put (a round object) down', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and distributive modifier (//- > te--, with zero allomorph of sno'^ta-'^a-n

perfective).

59.45.

each turned into (a whole basketful)'. Inanimate 3rd person perfective of (s)-liwllin'^ 'become' (see note 59.26), with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-) and distributive modifier (ti> te--, with zero allomorph of ^-perfective).
na-te-dile'^n 'they

59.46.

eyes) popped out', literally 'they ran, leaped out' inanimate 3rd person perfective of c'e-=xo--(n)For the underlying theme see '^aWPa-n '(several) run, leap out'. note 2.23.
c'e-xo-nirj'^a-n '(her

<

c'e-=xo--nin-'^a-n-i,

59.47.
59.48.

Literally,

'when winter went off again' (see note

21,2).

na-nde-X 'it snowed (heavily)' < na-=win-de-K-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=(w)-dil/de-X '(two or more) come down', the usual idiom for 'it snows'.
tahnaysya'^n 'it thawed', literally 'something ate (the ice) back out of (the water)' < tah-na-=yi-s-yan'^-i, obviative 3rd person perfective of tah=0-(s)-ya-nlyan'^ 'eat O out of (water)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and iterative/reversative modifier
{na-=).
ie'^-nonaynirj'^a-n

59.49.

59.50.

'it

put (the snow)

down

again, one (layer) inside

another layer < i-e'^ 'in each other, together' + no-na-=yi-nin-'^a-n-i, obviative 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'put (a round object) down', with
the other',
i.e.,

the

snow

laid

down

Hupa
unmarked
59.51.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

667
iterative/reversative

inanimate modifier {na-=).

'^a'^^/fe-n^'^

3rd

person

object

and

'she said things' < '^a=c'i-te-s-ne'^, animate 3rd person perfective of '^a-=di-(w)-ne-/ne'f 'say something', with distributive modifier (ti- > te--) and zero-allomorph of the .s-perfective as required by the distributive modifier.
'the (acorns) that fell
'^e-=win-xic'-i, relative

59.52.

59.53.

59.54.

away, fell and scattered' < xiform of the inanimate 3rd person perfective of xi-'^e-=(w)-xis/xic' 'fall, drop away, fall scattering'. < ya-=w-e-'^an-i, 1st person ya-y'^a-n 'I pick (the acorn [?]) up' singular perfective of ya-=0-{w)-^aV^na-n 'pick (a round object) up'. It is not clear why the singular theme is used here, since it appears from the context that more than one acorn is meant. no-^ondice-d 'she starved, collapsed from starvation', literally 'she < no-=c'i-nin-distooped down to the ground (from weakness)'
xe'^e-rjxic'

ced-i, animate 3rd person perfective of no-=(n)-d-Ge-d '(a stick-like object) moves itself down to a certain point' (mediopassive theme). See note 21.45.

59.55.

Winasila- '(you) make fun of me' < Wi-na=si-n-la-, 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of P-na-=si-iw}-la-llaP 'make fun
of P, ridicule P'.

59.56.

< na--na-=w'I continue to live, reside still (in acorns)' person singular perfective of na-={y^)-ya-lyoP '(one person) comes to be around, takes up residence' (inceptive of nonwith itera4.34 and notes 11.4), theme, see directional tive/reversative modifier {na-=).
na-najya'^
e--yd^, 1st
xoic^'ili

59.57. 59.58. 59.59.

'swampy places' < xo-i-c'^il-i, inanimate 3rd person of descriptive neuter ni-i-c'Hl 'be wet', with areal-situational prefix {xo-}.
See note
1.46.

See note 11.67.

dah-c'e'^aPaW 'he (customarily) sets a snare', literally 'he puts (a round object) above' < dah 'above, on top' -I- c'i-'^i-^aW, animate 3rd person customary of O-iwy^aWHa-n 'place (a round object) somewhere', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.
Uye'^iloy'^

60.1.

60.2.

'he (customarily) snares (a deer)'

it

<

(c'i)-lcyi-V-loy^, ani-

mate 3rd person customary of

'handle

snare O', literally with a rope', with indefinite 3rd person object {l(>i-) pre0-(s)-loy'^ 'rope,

sumably referring
60.3.

to a deer.

Probably misheard for k^a-te'^ilc'^iw kya-teic'iw '(deer) cries out'. (see line 14 below) < Uya-=ti-'^i-l-Mw-i, inanimate 3rd person customary of lcya-=ti-(s)-l-c'''iw 'cry out, scream' (see note 50.8).

60.4.

See note 35.19.

na-se-yoP
'I

60.5.

go around

(there)'

<

na-=s-e--ya'^, 1st
is

perfective of na-={s)-ya-lyoP '(one)

person singular around, goes around'.

668
60.6.

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ya--i,

mida'^ninyay 'he went to the door (of the house)' < mi-da=c'i-ninanimate 3rcl person perfective of P-da=(n)-yaW/ya- '(one) goes to the door, entrance of P'.

60.7.

See note 34.29.

c'eya-nXe-t' '(belly)

60.8.

was all bulging out' < c'e--ya-=win-Ke-t'-i, inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter c'e-= win-Kef '(soft material) bulges out from a container', with plural {ya-=) indicating numerous bulges.

60.9.

was scraping (grass)' < (c'i-)lcyi-g>e-s, animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(w)-gye-s 'scrape O', with indefinite 3rd person object (^'>/-).
U>igyehs 'he

60.10.

xok'a-tpay 'his (pitiful little) arms', diminutive of xoRya-rpay 'his arms' (< xo-lcya=nin-'^a-i 'what extends away from him'), with diminutive consonant symbolism (/:> > k').

60.1

1.

Diminutive of
'^a-yah'ik' 'they

xoW

'I

guess' (see note 56.4), with diminutive con-

sonant symbolism

(W> s).

60.12.

ya-=ni-i-t'iUy, inanimate 3rd

slim', diminutive of '^a-yah'iRy < Vperson of neuter '^a-=ni-t-t'iUy 'be so slim', with plural (va=) and diminutive consonant symbolism (/:> > k'). Comparative form of descriptive neuter si-t'iRy 'be slim'.

were so very

60.13.

/:>'o'^w//a'?/i

'he didn't believe

it',

variant of

A:>(9'^w/<i/a'^n

<

Ry-o'-c'i-

win-d-lan'^-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-o--(w)-d-la-n/lan'^

'be unbelieving, incredulous of O', with indefinite 3rd person object (kyi-).

60.14. 60.15.

See note 30.33.

xokyalah '^akyidyaw 'he got angry' < xo-kya-n-lah 'opposite to his mind, heart' (< xo-, animate 3rd person possessor + P-kyan 'P's mind, heart, insides' P-lah 'opposite to ?') + '^a-=kyi-d-yaw-i 'it happened' (inanimate 3rd person of '^a'=d-yaw, suppletive perfective theme of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so, happen', with indefinite 3rd person
-i-

subject kyi-).

60.16.

make them bulge to animate 3rd person perfective of no-=(n)-i-c'''an'^ 'squeeze (flesh) to make it bulge to that point', with distributive modifier {ti- > te--, with zero allomorph of ^-perfective).
no'^tehlc'^'a'^n

'he squeezed (both his arms) to

no-=c'i-te--s-i-c'''an'^,

that point'

<

60.17.

xa-'^a'^teiaw

xa'^a'^te-dilaw)

legs)' (for expected animate 3rd person of xa'^a-=d-law, suppletive perfective theme of xa-^a-=fe-n 'do in that way', with distributive modifier {ti- > te--, with zero allomorph of s-

'he

did

in

that

way

to

(both

<

xa-'^a-=c'i-te--s-di-law-i,

peifective).

60.18.

'upside down, head-down'. Fossilized derivation, probably based on transitive directional A-O-ce- 'point (a stick-like object). (See notes 1.29 and 9.25-26.)
c'ehdiwice'^

60.19.

kyena'^xoicoc' 'he threw him back down to the ground (like a spear)' < ky-e--na'=c'i-xo-wi-i-coc\ animate 3rd person perfective of P-e=0-(w}-i-Go'W/Goc' throw (a stick-like object, spear) at P' with animate 3rd person object, kyi- special indirect object, and iterative/re versative modifier {na-=). In verbs of throwing the post'

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

669
idiomatically refers to

positional prefix Uy-e-=- 'against something'

throwing to the ground (see note 12.28).

60.20.
ie'^-yehna-dc'''aPn '(his face)

squeezed itself back in together' < i-e'^ each other, together' + yeh-na-=win-d-c'^an'^-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of yeh=(w)-d-c'''an'^ 'squeeze in, form a clump in(mediopassive theme), with iterative/reversative modifier side' Sapir's glossing of this form as an active transitive ("he (na-=). crushed it") is probably an error
'into

60.21.

le'^-yehna^tehice-K 'he
'together'

back in together' < i-e'^ animate 3rd person perfective of yeh=0-(w)-i-cil/ce-K 'pound O in (with a rock or heavy implement)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object, distributive modifier (ti- > te-, with zero-allomorph of ^-perfective) and iterative/reversative modifier {na=).

pounded (both

sides)

yeh-na-=c'i-te--s-i-ce-K-i,

60.22.
61.1. 61.2.

See note 11.67.

See note 26.29.

< c'i-xo-wi-i-we'^, anic'ixowHwe'^ 'he attacked her, beat her up' mate 3rd person perfective of 0-(w}-i-we-lwe^ 'fight, attack O', with animate 3rd person object {xo-}. < c'i-te-s-l-daW-i, animate c'iteMda-W 'he ran away in a hurry' 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-l-da-W 'run off, along'.
iah-xo 39.17).
that'.
...

61.3.

61.4.
61.5.

heh 'without (knowing)

exactly'

(see

notes

4.8

and
time

c'ica-l-id 'as she

was going along' <

c'icaii

+ hid 'when,

at the

61.6.
61.7. 61.8. 61.9.

See note 50.5. See note 4.16.

See note 46.39.

See note
1.46.
in the text is
is
tehs'^itj'^

61.10. 61.11.

The form
p.

tehsyay, but Sapir notes (notebook V,

c'itehsyay.

49a) that this

short for

tehs'^irj'^

c7vy//?o//'^//
i,

'(Coyote) was jumping, dancing along' < c'i-wi-l-tonPilanimate 3rd person of progressive neuter wi-l-torPil 'be jumping

along'.

61.12.
61.13.

xotaca 'between them' P-tac 'between P'.

<

xo-, animate 3rd person indirect object

< c'i-xo-we-s-l-yo"^, c'ixowehsyo'^ 'he (started to) love, desire her' animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(wes)-l-yo'^ 'like, love, desire
O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-).

(See note 30.3.)

61.14.

tahc'ixohste-n 'he took her out (of the dance)' < tah=c'i-xo-s-i-te-ni, animate 3rd person perfective of tah=0-(s)-i-tiW/te-n 'take (a from something', living being) out of (fire, water, etc.), extricate with animate 3rd person object (xo-). For the general semantics of the adverbial modifier, and the specific application to leaving a

danceground, see note

1.7.

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61.15.

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California Linguistics

nonet
1st

'let's sit down', contracted from no-ne-dH < no=ni-di-dil, person plural (dual is implied by the absence of the plural, ya-=) imperfective (functioning as optative) of no-=ni-(n)-dil/de-K '(two or more) settle down (to a resting position)' (idiom for '(two or more) sit down'; see note 11.15). For the disjunct prefix ni- see also note 26.6.

61.16.

"^ac'one- 'he thinking that

< '^a=c'-o-ne-, inanimate (it was Frog)' 3rd person imperfective of '^a-=0-o--(n-di-)(s)-ne-/ne'^, irregular suppletive animate 3rd person of '^a-=y-ni-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think so, feel thus' (see note 4.10).
nik>a-^ 'your dress', contracted

61.17.

from

nik>'a'^a'^

< <
i'^,

ni-,

2nd person

possessive prefix

kya"^ 'dress, skirt'

a'^

possessed

noun

formant.
61.18.
UyHtehl 'spread (your dress) out (as a mat, bed)!' < lc>'i-n-i-tei, 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of 0-(s)-i-tei 'spread O Causative of neuter out', with indefinite 3rd person object (kyi-). ni-te-l 'be wide, flat'.
c'ixo'ic'id 'he

61.19.

know her, found out about her' < c'i-xo-oof 0-o--(w)-i-c'id 'know, find out about O', with animate 3rd person object (see note 33.30).
came
to wi-i-c'id, perfective

61.20.

'^o-Ryiin '(the shells)

might break!'
'break,

<

'^-o-A:'>//-a2/,

son potential of theme).

61.21.

(s)-Uyil

split

open,
n)

tear'

inanimate 3rd per(mediopassive

sa-n (spoken with overlong vowel, sa

archaic exclamation Possibly it preserves the Pre-Hupa form of modern Hupa Wa-n(e-) 'only, in just this way'. The shift from general California Athabaskan *i to Hupa probably occurred within the past few centuries.
.

An

used only

in this

formula for closing a

story.

62.1.

xoWxe'^ '\\\s sons' < xo-, animate 3rd person possessor + P-Wxe'^ 'P's boys, sons, (animal's) offspring' (also found as P-Wxe'^x; see note 34.40). Irregular possessed form of xixex 'boys' (see note 1.4). Compare xixiy 'boy, child' and P-Wxiy"^ 'P's boy, child, son'.
x'^a^ad xohsle"^ 'he acquired a wife', literally 'his wife

62.2.

came

to

be

(abundant)' < xo-'^ad 'his wife' + xo-s-le'^, inanimate 3rd person perfective oi xo-{s)-liwlle'^ 'become numerous, abundant'. See note
11.5.

62.3.

Uyiwan-na-yay'^dH 'they are hunting' < Ryi-wa'-n 'for (game)' + na--ya--y=c'i-dil, animate 3rd person imperfective of na--y=(w)dil/de-X '(two or more) hunt, stalk', with plural (ya-=) infixed into na--y=. Derivation obscure (for singular theme see notes 32.1 and
39.6).

62.4. 62.5.

See note

1.52.

'(you) hunt!' < Uyi-wa--n 'for (game)' + na-y='^i-n-da\ 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of nay=(w)-da-/da'^ '(one) hunts, stalks' (see notes 32.1 and 39.6). The underlying string is na-y=n-na\ and epenthetic "^i- is inserted
Icyiwan-nay'^inda-

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

67

by phonological rule (for similar cases see notes 4.15, 21.14, 34.15, and 43.22).
62.6.

nahPaW

'(animals) are moving around, are around (there)' < na'=i-'^aW, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of na-=(s)-i-'^aWPa-c' '(animals) move around, are around'.

62.7.

UyiwaPahi 'he was still singing' < (c'i-)lcyi-wi-'^ai, animate 3rd person progressive of of kyi-(w)-'^aw 'sing (in general, no particular
song)'.
literally 'he says', contracted animate 3rd person imperfective of '^a-=di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say something, speak thus'. (See notes 3.1 and 26.40.)
'^a'^n

62.8.

'he sings (the

'^aPdine-

words of a song)',

from

<

'^a'=c'i-di-ne\

62.9.

^ana-rj'^ 'it isn't

(necessarily) so that

...

',

literally

'it is

questionable
so', as-

that

...'

<

-"^a-n 'is it?',

sertive particle.

interrogative particle See note 76.30.

-'^an'^ 'it is

62.10.
62.11.

See note 22.6.

dah-na-sixa-n 'flats, benches of earth' (?). Sapir's gloss is problematic. Etymologically, it should mean 'where (a lake) lies on top again, still' < dah, up, above' na=si-xan-i, inanimate 3rd person of stative neuter si-xa-n '(a filled container, a lake) lies somewhere', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See also note 39.12.
-i-

62.12. 62.13.

See note 40.20.

Despite Sapir's gloss, the context indicates that the better translation here is 'he told them'. The plural {ya-=) can modify either the subject (c7-j or the indirect object {xo-} (compare the forms in lines 11:8 and 11:26, and in lines 24:13 and 24:15). See also note 58.21.

62.14.

wan-nay^iWda?
them'
-I-

'I'll

hunt them, stalk them!'

<

(mi-)wa--n

'for

na--y='^i-W-da'^, 1st person singular optative of na--y=(w)-

da-ldaP '(one) hunts, stalks' (see note 62.5).

62.15.

na-ya-c'ondehsne'^ 'they thought

about it still, continued to think about it' < na--ya--c'-o--n-de--s-ne'^, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-o--(n-di-)(s)-ne-/ne'^ 'think about O', with inanimate 3rd person object, plural (ya--), and iterative/reversative modifier (na--). Suppletive animate 3rd person theme of {yi-)ni-(w)-sinlsinP 'think' (see note 22.6).
xonfl7za7a'^wi7/Vy 'they all thought about him again' < xo-na-naya-=c'i-win-liW, animate 3rd person perfective of P-na=(w)-liW 'think about P', with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-), plural {ya-=), and iterative/reversative modifier (na=).

62.16.

62.17. 62.18.

See note 15.10.

widg>'il '(deer) were running along (in a circle)' < wi-d-g'il, inanimate 3rd person of progressive neuter wi-d-gyil '(herd, crowd) is running, hurrying along'.

62.19.

yixosehiwin-tehi '(deer) are about to kill him' < yi-so-se-s-i-wen, obviative 3rd person perfective of 0-si-(s)-i-we-/we-n 'kill (one animal, person)', with animate 3rd person object {xo-} + tel, imminent future tense enclitic (see note 1.1).

672
62.20.

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California Linguistics

xo'^^i-c'ink>a-w 'the very oldest (of his sons)'

<

xo'^^i 'really, truly'

+
62.21.

c'i-ni-k>a-w-i,

animate 3rd person of neuter ni-k>a-w 'be big' (see

son's "body", i.e., personal characteristics) son impresses him, he thinks highly

note 11.28).
xoje-'^ yiiwe- 'his (oldest

fight his mind',

i.e.,

'his oldest

of his oldest son' < xo-^e-'^ 'his mind, heart' + yi-i-we- 'it fights it', obviative 3rd person imperfective of 0-(w)-i-we-/we'^ 'fight, attack O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.

62.22.

xanatesiij'^itj'^

'(you)

(mi-)xa--na-=te--si-n-'^in'^,

go back and look for (my arrow)!' < 2nd person singular (imperative) of exten-

sion neuter P-xa-=te--s-'^in'^ 'be looking for P, search for P', with iterative/reversative modifier {na'=). For the zero allomorph of the inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-) see note 1.46.

62.23.

xa-na-ytehs^irj'^ '(he

went off) looking for it' < xa'-na-=yi-te--s-'^in'^, obviative 3rd person of neuter P-xa-=te--s-^in^ 'be looking for P, search for P' (see note 62.22). Transitive verbs in non-finite clauses have obviative 3rd person subjects (see note 1.5).

62.24. 62.25.

See note 23.24.

yic'ilan '(deer)

were playing, being sportive' < yi-c'i-la-n, obviative 3rd person imperfective of c'i-(w}-la-nllan'^ 'play (^ rough sport)' (see note 13.15).

62.26.

xoda-dg>id '(deer) went (over the ridge and) downhill' < xoda'=win-d-gyid, inanimate 3rd person perfective of xo-da=(w)-dgnd '(crowd, herd) runs, rushes downhill (to the bottom)'.
ia'^a-dik>in '100'

62.27. 62.28.

<

ia'^a 'one'

di-kyin 'hundred', unanalyzable

'stick, tree'.
literally

numeral, apparently derived from kyin

^Wr/yaiy (Sapir's -yahW \s'm error) 'herd of deer', eats while moving along' (see note 32.15).

'what

62.29.
62.30.

See note 3.24. diwildal '(the white deer) was running along off (the ridge)'
wi-l-dai-i,

<

di-

inanimate

3rd

(progressive stem -da- 1)

person 'run off.

progressive

of

di-(w)-l-da-W

62.31.

< yi-no-=diis sticking into (the deer)' inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter P-no=di-'^a- '(one thing) extends penetrating out from P', with obviative indirect object {yi- for expected yidi-).
yino-da'^ay '(the arrowhead)
'^a--i,

62.32.

no-na'^nime-K 'he piled up (the dead deer)' < no-na=c'i-nin-me'X-i, animate 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-mil/me-K 'throw, hurl (a load) down', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

62.33.

iinyay '(the group) came together, congregated' < i-e-=nin-ya--i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of i-e-=(n)-ya-W/ya- '(a group) comes together'. Idiomatic derivation (with postpositional derivation i-e-= 'towards each other, together') from P-e-=(n)-ya-W/ya'(one) goes to P', with reciprocal indirect object {nii- > i-). For the phonological reduction of the prefex string see also note 22.34.
nirjkyiPai-xowinse'^n 'they started to butcher (the deer)', literally, 'butchering came to be' < ni-n-kyi-i-'^al 'butchering' (see note 6.6;

62.34.

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

673

inanimate 3rd person imperfective functioning as non-finite form; see note 1.5) + xo-win-sirP-i 'it came to be' (see note 47.3). 62.35. 62.36. 62.37.

See note 5.43. See note 15.2. hay meiah nondiyaPn 'the portion (of the butchered meat) that was + me-lah 'part, some' left over' < hay 'the (butchered animals)'

+
62.38.

no-=nin-di-yan^-i 'what

is left

over' (see note 5.49).

See note 57.44.

na-'^aldiia-d 'he arrived

62.39.

back running' < mate 3rd person perfective of ni-(n)-l-ia-d

na-=c'i-ni-l-di-ia-d. ani'arrive running',

with

it-

erative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).

62.40.

ie-nandiyay '(the group) reassembled, came back together' < i-ena-=nin-di-ya--i, animate 3rd person perfective of i-e-=(n)-ya-Wlyacomes together' (see note 62.33), with itera'(a group) tive/reversative modifier {na-=..d-).

62.41. 62.42.

See note 26.34.

See note 11.5. The plural of this form semantically modifies cameAlhsKo-n 'woman', but the syntactic subject is c^/j 'firewood'. though intransitive in form, the verb here functions as a transitive, i.e., '(they) had came to have none, (they) ran out of it'.
xinay 'O friends!'.
xo-dilc'^eh 'let's hire

62.43. 62.44.

Unanalyzable vocative form.

him (to get firewood)' < xo-o--di-l-c'^iw, 1st person plural optative of 0-o--(w)-i-c'^iw 'hire O, get O's help for something', with animate 3rd person object (xo-). See note 12.9.
c'^7j "^iVc^^r

62.45.

'collect firewood!', literally

0-(s)-i-c'''e-lc'Hn'^
c'o-ne'^
-i-

matic use of

62.46.

do-

hayi-x'"

negative particle 3rd person imperfective of 0-o--(n-di-)(s)-ne-/ne'^ 'think about O', with inanimate 3rd person object. Irregular suppletive animate 3rd person of {y-)ni-{w)-sinlsirP 'think, feel' (see notes 4.3 and 25.35); for a perfective form, see line 52.

'make firewood!'. An idio'make O'. 'he pays no attention to (this request)' < do-, hay-xo 'in this way' + c'-o'-n-d-ne'^, animate

62.47. 62.48.

Sapir writes hay cH^ should be omitted.

jcV>'-ne/z5'J//g>'iW
l-gyid, 1st

c'isc'^e'^n

here, but brackets

it,

indicating that

it

'we get to be afraid of them' < x'''-e--ya-=ne--s-diperson plural perfective of P-e-=ni-(s)-l-gyid 'fear P', with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-) and plural (ya-=). The plural can apply either to the subject or the object, or to both (only one plural can occur in a prefix string).
'they (got
to

62.49.

x'^e-ya'^nehsgyid

be)

afraid

of (their

husbands).

Added by Sapir
54a).

after the text

had been dictated (Notebook

IV, p.

62.50.

xoxa-na-teside'^itj'^ ''\c{''s,\o6k
di-'^irP,

around for him!' < xo-xa--na-=te--siperson plural of extension neuter P-xa-=te--s-'^itP 'be looking for P', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). (Compare note 5.1.)
1st

674
62.51.

XIV Northwest
xoxa-na-ya'^te-ij'^e'^n

California Linguistics

ya-=c'i-te--win-'^in'^-i,
'^in'f

< xo-xa--na-'they started looking for him' animate 3rd person perfective of P-xa-=te--(w)-

'come to be looking for P' with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and plural {ya-=). Transitional of extension neuter P-xa=tesi-'^in'^ 'be looking for P'.
62.52. 62.53.

See note 5.45.

Emended

to this

by

Sam Brown (Notebook

IV,

For the verb derivation see originally transcribed no'^oniwa-K. the fragnote 35.10. The theme refers to throwing an armload;

p.

55a).

Sapir had

ments of the dead

62.54.

tree

had turned into a

pile.

< '^a--na--ya-=te--s-i'^a-na-ya-teMk>ow '(their eyes) grew so big' kyow-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of '^a-=ti-(s)-t-kyow 'grow so big', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=) and plural (ya-=). Transitional of '^a-=ni-i-kyow 'be as large as that, be so large', the (irregular) comparative form of descriptive neuter ni-kyaw 'be large' (see note 33.34), with inceptive adverbial modifier {ti-is)
'off, along').

62.55. 62.56.

See note 16.23.

ya-na'^wehs'^e-K 'they sat
to
sit', literally

down
more

again'
things)

<

ya-na=c'i-we--s-'^e-K-i, ani-

mate 3rd person perfective of

'(two or

ya-=(we-s)-'^e-X '(two or

more) come

extend upward', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). Transitional of the extension neuter ya-=win-'^e-K '(two or more) are sitting', literally '(two or more things) extend upward' (see notes 16.10 and 21.41).
to

come

62.57.

See note 2.21.

62.58.

'we did something to him, treated him so' < '^a=xo-diperson plural of animate 3rd person perfective of '^a-=0-iVn (perfective theme '^a-=0-law) 'do so to O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-).
'^a-xodilah

law,

1st

62.59.

made us (ashamed)'. Note that lst/2nd person pluobject prefix precedes the animate 3rd person subject marker ral (see note 1 1.51).
nohc'isc''e'^n 'he
'^a-dixa-niwe-diyarf'^
yan'^, 1st

62.60.

'we got embarrassed'

plural

<

^a--di-xa-=ni-wi-di-di'^a--di-xa-=ni-(w)-d-yan'^

person

perfective

of

'become ashamed' (see note

to -we-di- is a regular

The reduction of -wi-di-di16.23). phonological process (see note 11.22).

62.61.

Probably to be read k.yisdilma'^c' 'we made a circle' < Ryi-s-di-lma-c\ 1st person plural perfective of Uyi-{s)-i-ma-c' 'make a circle' (see note 13.24). Causative of (unattested) neuter kyi-s-mac' 'be in a circle' (see note 4.14)
Probably misheard for
xa'^aikyoh-x'"' (see

62.62. 62.63.

note 45.8).

< m-e=c'i-ne-s-l-gyid, me'^nehsgyid 'he became frightened of it' animate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=ni-(s)-l-gyid 'fear P', with inSee note 5.54. animate 3rd person indirect object.
na'^wilid 'he

62.64.

burned again, got burned up' < na=c'i-win-lid, animate 3rd person perfective of (w)-lid 'burn, combust', with iterative/reversative modifier (na=).

Hupa
62.65.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

675

"^ade-ne- 'you say, speak'

<

'^a-=di-n-ne-,

2nd person singular im-

The loss of the perfective of'^a'=di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say, speak so'. 2nd person singular subject marker -n- before a stem with initial n-, with compensatory lengthening of a preceding short vowel, is
regular (see note 25.37).

62.66. 62.67.

See note 37.35.

< ya=c'i-ne--wi-l-gyid, animate 3rd ya?ne-lgyid 'they got scared' person perfective of ni-(w)-l-g>'id 'become afraid', with plural (ya-=). Transitional of neuter ni-l-gyid 'be afraid' (see note 33.37).
yaPxowiligy 'they told the story, they related it' < ya-=c'i-xo-win-ligy, animate 3rd person perfective of xo-{w)-ligy 'tell (a story)', with pluSapir incorrectly glosses this form as See note 22.52. ral {ya-=). 'they told him', mistaking thematic xo- for the animate 3rd person

62.68.

object.

62.69.

him up again', literally 're-make him' < na=xo-oh-i-c'^e\ 2nd person plural imperfective (imperative) of O(s)-i-c'*'e-/c'"in'^ 'make O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). (Compare note 41.21.)
na-xohic'^e- 'you (two) fix

62.70. 62.71. 62.72.

See note 2.23.

See note 2.23.
na-xoxinay"^ 'he got well again, recovered', literally 'he was saved again' < na-=xo-xi-nay'^, imperfective of impersonal O-xi-nay'^ 'O gets saved' (no perfective), with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). Transitional of 0-xi-nay 'O is saved' (see kyixinay in Glossary).

62.73.

xoxanaytehs'^iij'^

xoxa-naytehs'^itj'^)

for misheard (perhaps for him' 'looking < xo-xa-na=yi-te-s-'^irP, obviative 3rd person (non-finite form, see note 1.5) of extension neuter P-xa-=te--s-'^irP 'be looking for P', with animate 3rd person indirect object {xo-} and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
c'^olaP-n '(a

62.1 A.
62.75.

group

of) five (people)'

<

c^'olaP 'five'

-i-

ni, collective

plural (see note 1.2).

Inanimate 3rd person, with collective c^^olaP-n 'five (people)' later in the sentence with minian 'ten (people)').

(as

62.76. 62.77.
62.78.

minian

'(a

group of) ten (people)'

< minian-ni

(see note 1.2).

See note 34.40.

See note 62.73. The indirect object in this form is inanimate 3rd person {mi-, with zero allomorph before a velar, see note 1.46), since the nominal object is xoWxe^x 'his sons', a collective noun.

62.79. 62.80. 62.81.

See note 11.12.

See note 53.5.

nana^xehsdinaw 'someone had been moving (his body) back and < na--na-=c'i-xe--s-di-naw-i, animate 3rd person perfective forth' of na=xi-(s)-d-naw 'move (one's body, limbs) about', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).

See note 16.11.

676
62.82.

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California Linguistics
Fossilized verb phrase < dodistant (in space, time)'.

do-winsa'^ay 'not long afterwards'.

'not'

win-sa'^a--i

'it

has

become deep,

See note 26.29.

62.83. 62.84.

See note

1.33.

xoxehstan'^-diij 'alongside of him'.

Variant of xoxehsta-n-dirj (see

note 26.16).

62.85.
62.86. 62.87. 62.88.

See note 40.20.

See note 58.12.
de-sxa-n 'today', a temporal adverbial phrase contracted yisxan < de- 'here, now' + yi-s-xan-i 'it has dawned'.

from

de-

miqid-da^aijiW 'smoke

(this)!', literally 'put (fire)

mi-qid 'on
gular

it'

+ dah 'on

top, above'

on top of it' < + ^i-n-wiW, 2nd person sin-

62.89.

imperfective (imperative) of (w}-wiWlwe-n 'put (a pack) (See note 24.8.) For somewhere' (used idiomatically of fire). epenthetic "^i- see notes 7.2 and 13.34. seMcoc' 'I crunch it (between my teeth)' < se'-i-coc', 1st person
singular perfective of 0-(s)-i-Goc' 'bite, crunch (something brittle)'. causative derivation from descriptive neuter kyi-coc' 'there is a crackling sound' (see note 26.49).

A
62.90. 62.91. 62.92. 62.93.

midiiwa- 'in his turn, next'. Fossilized postpositional phrase diiwa- '(moving) past it' (see note 48.17).
c'ite-t'ot'i

< mi-

'he sucked (at the pipe)' < c'i-te--s-t'ot'-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-t'od/t'ot' 'suck in (smoke, liquid)'.

^e-rjUyil '(pipe) split in

two'

<

^e-=win-lc>'il-i,

inanimate 3rd person

to

perfective of ^e-=(w)-lcyil 'split apart'.

xowanac'imeK

'he threw (the pieces) back

him'

<

xo-wa'-

P-wa-=0-(n)mii/me-X 'throw (a load) at P', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person Note the asobject and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). similation and contraction of c'i-nin-meX > c'i-n-meK > c'imeK,
na-=c'i-nin-me-K-i, animate 3rd person perfective of

blocking the expected reduction of the animate 3rd person subject

marker from
62.94.
xoc'irj'^

c'i-

to

'^-.

yehc'iwinia-d 'he ran at

him

(to sieze him)', literally 'he

ran
-c'-

in

toward him'.
Uyiic'ixa'nyay (but Sapir here explicitly corrects

62.95.

More commonly
to -J-;

62.96.

Notebook V, p. 4; see note 27.17). For another theme with the same unanalyzable prefix string see note 62.116 below. na'^niisdite'^ 'they wrestled one another', literally 'they carried one another around' < na-=c'i-niii-s-t-di-te'^, animate 3rd person per(a living being) around' (see note 29.9), with reciprocal object inflection (n-H-..d-). Note that the reciprocal object here triggers the insertion of ^/-classifier. With ^-classifier in the underlying form, one would normally expect the classifier shift i > I (see note 2.28), but this has been blocked by the assimilation of -s-i- to -s-.

fective of na-=0-(s)-i-te-/te'^ 'carry

62.97.

See note 11.54.

Hupa
62.98.
tilte'^-x'"

Texts: Linguistic Notes

strong', literally

611
so in a strong way'

^aWfe-

'I

am

'I

am

<

ti-l-te"^ 'it is

strong'

+ xo

so'

(see note 30.49).

'in

such a manner' + '^a-=ni-W-t'e- 'I am This is the normal construction for a

predicate adjective.

62.99.

Wiq'id-'^indineh 'help me!', literally, 'do with yourself on me!' < Wi-q'id 'on me' + '^i-n-di-niw, apparently the 2nd person optative (imperative) of -d-niw, suppletive optative/customary theme of

(unattested) *-d-t'e-n 'do with oneself.

Mediopassive formation

from
62.100.

'^a--t'e-n

'do so' (see notes 11.61 and 38.16).

< c'e-=c'i-ni-l-ia-d, ?inimsdc 3Td person perfective of c'e-=(n)-l-ia-d 'run out (of house, enclosure)'. The dissimilation of -l-t- to -n-i- is normal with this theme; for the further contraction see notes 11.47 and 11.59. Sam Brown objected to Emma Frank's use of animate 3rd person here ("sounds as though the wedge is human") and thought it would be better to use inanimate c'inia-d. Note that Emma Frank herself switches to obviative and inanimate 3rd person when referring to the other magical objects in the following lines.
c'e'i'm^a-^ 'he ran out, leaped out'

62.101.

nayxoniteMt'iW

'[{hit

him (with

<

na-=yi-xo-ni-te--s-i-t'iW,

na-=0-ni-(w)-i-t'iW 'hit O modifier {ti- > te--, with j-perfective).

a wedge, maul) in several places' obviative 3rd person perfective of (with a wedge, maul)', with distributive

62.102.

mikyate-dilay '(pieces of flesh) began to come off of it in several places' < mi-Uya-=te'-s-di-la'-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-lcya-=(ni)-d-liW/la- '(several things) come away from P', with distributive modifier (ti- > te--, with 5-perfective) and inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-). Mediopassive of P-Uya-=0-{ni)liW/la- 'take (several things)

away from

P'.

62.103.

Sam Brown,

again feeling that the magical objects should be consistently referred to with inanimate or obviative 3rd person pronouns, corrected this form to '^ahic'ide-ne'^ 'he spoke to it'.

62.104.

yidite-Wai
'pull off

'it

di-te--s-Wai-i, obviative

pulled off both (the giant's arms) by hooking' < yi3rd person perfective of 0-di-(w)-Wai by hooking', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person ob(ti-

ject

and distributive modifier

>

te--,

with 5-perfective).

62.105.

(customarily) came to be like that again' < "^a-na-=ni-'^i-t'e'^, inanimate 3rd person customary of '^a-=ni-(-we-s)-t'e'^ 'come to be so', with iterative/reversative modifier. Transitional of extension neuter '^a-=nin-t'e- 'be so'. (See note 23.4.)
'^a-fia-ne'^it'e'^ 'it

62.106.

yehxoditeMwis
into

'it

drilled into

him

all

over'

<

yeh=xo-di-te--s-i-

wis, inanimate 3rd person perfective of yeh=0-di-(w)-t-wis 'drill

O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and distributive modifier (ti- > te-, with j'-perfective). The verb is repeated for

rhetorical effect:

"It drilled

and

drilled..."

62.107.
62.108.

See note 9.21.

yehna-RyixoteMt'ow '(leggings) slipped back over him on both < yeh-na-=lcyi-xo-te-s-i-t'ow-i, inanimate 3rd person per(legs)' fective of yeh=lcyi-0-(w)-i-t'ow '(fabric) slips (tightly) over O',

678

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California Linguistics
{ti-

with distributional derivation

tive/reversative modifier

>

te--,

with ^-perfective),

itera-

(na-=), and animate 3rd person object The underlying theme is U>i-i-t'ow '(clothing) fits', liter(xo-). ally 'put (clothing) where it fits'. The indefinite 3rd person object allowing a second object: Ryi-O-i-t'ow 'make (A:'>7-j is thematic,

(clothing)

fit

on O, put (clothing) on O'.

62.109.

niwifj'^e-K

< ni-win-'^e-K-i, inanimate '(bones) extend somewere' 3rd person of extension neuter ni-win-'^e-X '(several things) extend In all other extension neuters the prefix string nisomewhere'. nin-^a- '(one thing) extends somewin- is contracted to nin-:

where', nin-lin '(stream) flows somewhere', nin-^e-K apparently does not occur.

etc.

The

parallel

form

62.110.

ta-nayxohsceX, probably misheard for tanayxosceX 'it pounded him up into pieces' < ta--na-=yi-xo-s-i-ceK-i, obviative 3rd person perfective of ta-=0-(s)-i-cil/ce-K 'pound O to fine pieces (with a rock)', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier.
xe'^e'^te-me-K 'he

62.111.

threw (the pieces) away, to several places' < xianimate 3rd person perfective of xi-'^e=0-(w)mil/me-K 'throw (a load) away', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and distributive modifier {ti- > te--, with 5-perfective).
'^e-=c'i-te--s-me-K-i,
"^a-t'e-ni

62.112.

Wa-n
tense.

'just,

'^a-=t'e-n-i Wan-te- 'it just will (not) be so' < only' (enclitic form of Wane- 'only') An unusual construction.

'it is

so'

-i-

-i-

te-,

future

62.113.

xa'^a-yayxoidiwe-ne'^
-I-

xo-t P-i + di-(w)-ne'^ 'speak in this way to P, tell P this', with plural {ya-=) Note the position of the obviative 3rd modifying the subject.
di-win-ne"^,

'(the babies) told him' < xa-'^a--ya--yi obviative 3rd person perfective of xa-'^a-= +

person subject marker and the plural in the prefix string preceding The the incorporated postpositional phrase {P-i 'with, to P'). regular animate 3rd person subject marker {c'i-) follows the postpositional phrase.

62.114.

m^7a>'xow/n>'a'^M 'they became suspicious of it' < m-e-ya-=yi-xowin-yan'^-i, obviative 3rd person perfective of P-e-=xo-(w)-yan'^ 'become suspicious of P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect obTransitional of neuter P-e'=xo-ya-n ject {mi-) and plural {ya-=). 'be suspicious of P'.
contracted from nin-c'eh-'^atj'^ 'it seems like it is you' < -fc'iw 'it is nin 'you', 2nd person singular independent pronoun '^an'^ 'it is so', assertive perceived', non-visual evidential enclitic
nin-c'a-rj'^,
-i-

62.1 15.

enclitic particle.

62.116.

Ryii^ixa-yaywitj'^a-n

fought (with (or kyUc'ixa-yaywitj'^a-n) 'they Uyiichi'-xa--ya-=yi-win-'^a-n-i, obviative 3rd person of Uyiic'ixa-=(wPaWPa-n 'fight', apparently 'put (a round object)
him)'

<

into battle (?)'.

the parallel

The prefix complex is unanalyzable. Compare theme based on A-ya-Wlya- '(one) goes' (see notes

27.17 and 62.95).

Hupa
62.117.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

679

'^a-ya^aliw 'he (customarily) did so to

them' < ^a--ya-=c'i-'^i-liw-i, animate 3rd person customary of ^a-=0-i-'^e-n (perfective O-law, customary/optative O-liw) 'treat O so, do so to O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and plural {ya-=) referring to the ob'^idic'id

ject.

62.118. 62.119.

'wQ

die'

<

"^i-di-c'id, 1st

person plural imperfective of

-c'id

(no perfective)

'die'.

For

'^i-

see note 10.33.

naynHwai

'(fire) blazes up', literally '(fire) throws (embers) at something' < na-=yi-ni-t-wal, obviative 3rd person imperfective of na-=0-ni-(w)-i-wal/wa-tr 'throw (stick) at O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.

62.120.

See note 9.24.

62.121.

< dah-neino'^ '(hearts) have been made to stand erect on top' dah 'on top, above' + ne'-wi-l-no"^, passive of 0-ni-(w)-i-no'^ 'cause (several objects) to stand erect' (see note 26.9).
See note 12.28. See note 37.19. Wiseiwe-ni-heh 'don't kill me!', literally, 'let me not get do' + Wi-si-wikilled!' < Jo* ... /ze/i, frame for prohibitive statement
l-we-n-i
1st

62.122. 62.123.

62.124.

62.125.

0-si-(s)-t-we-/we-n 'kill O', with For other examples of gerunds or passives in prohibitions see notes 8.15 and 31.14. nii-na-yya? 'I marry you', literally 'I begin to go around with you' < ni-l 'with you' + na--w-e--ya7, 1st person singular perfective of na-=(w)-ya-lya^ '(one) comes to be around, goes around'. Inceparound, goes is tive of non-directional na-=(s)-ya-lya^ '(one) around'.
'I

get killed', passive of

person singular object.

62.126. 62.127.

See note 11.12.

xojaW^arf
sessor
'his

+ P-yaWad

daughters-in-law' < jco-, animate 3rd person pos'P's daughter-in-law'.

62.128. 62.129.

na-/?/\y '(water) drips, drops

down' < na-=w/-/-'^/W, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=(w)-l-^i'W '(water) drips, drops down'. < do- ... -heh, te-sohPe'^ni-heh-ne'^ 'you (2) must not look!' frame for prohibitive phrase (see note 62.124) + te--s-oh-'^in'^-i, 2nd person plural of extension neuter te--si-'^in'^ 'look on, gaze' +
ne"^

do-

'must', enclitic of future obligation.

62.130. 62.131. 62.132.

See note 2.27.

See note 39.13. xotiwah (read jcor/wa+ P-tiwa- 'among P'.

its

?)

<

xo-, animate 3rd person indirect object

rare postposition,

probably used here for

formulaic connotations.
(error for c'idehic'e-) '(Salmon trout
(there)'

63.1.

c'idehic'e'^

were living
63.2.

<

c'i-de--s-l-c'e-,
sit,

and her husband) animate 3rd person of stative

neuter de--s-l-c'e- '(two or more)

dwell' (see note 23.1).

See note

12.2.

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63.3.

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California Linguistics

< c'i-xo-ni-i-ten-i, animate 3rd c'oxoniiten 'they brought him' person perfective of 0-ni-(n)-l-tiW/te-n 'bring (a living being)', with animate 3rd person object (xo-). The conjunct adverbial prefix ni-, completive, is replaced in perfective forms by the perfective prefix ni(n)- (see note 7.15).
See note 24.9. See note
1.27.
'^a-na'^ne'^it'e'^

63.4. 63.5. 63.6.

would always feel (well) again', literally 'he became so again' < '^a--na-=c'i-ni-'^i-t'e'^, animate 3rd person customary of '^a-=ni-(we-s)-t'e'^ 'come to be so', with itera'he

(customarily)

tive/reversative

modifier {na-=). Transitional of extension neuter

'^a=nin-t'e' 'be so'.

63.7.

would always get sick (again)' < na-=c'i-di-'^i-c'a'danimate 3rd person customary of di-(w)-c'a-d 'become sick' (see note 12.2), with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).
na'^de'^ic'a-d 'he
i,

63.8.

'he would always devil him', literally, 'he (customarily) poked, speared him again' < na-=c'i-xo-^i-God, animate 3rd person customary of 0-(s)-God 'poke, spear O (with a stick)', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
na'^x'^'e'^icod

63.9.

See note 62.90.

63.10.

yaW^aW
1st

< ya=W-'^aW, 'I take out (the pain)', literally 'I pick it up' person imperfctive of ya-=0-(w)-'^aWPa-n 'pick up (a round

object)'.

63.11.

mehikyoh '(my mouth) is big enough for it' < m-e-=i-kyow, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of P-e-=(w)-l-kyo-w 'be, become as See note big as P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object.
40.52.

63.12.

See note 25.10.

sila- '(eel liver) lies there'

63.13.

neuter

si-la- '(several

eel livers

person of stative somewhere'. Either are classified as rope-like objects, or more than one liver is
si-la\ inanimate 3rd
lie

<

things or a rope)

meant.
63.14.

See note 16.10.

na-na-wiloy"^ 'his (hair)

63.15.

was

tied up'

na-=0-(s)-loy'^
ina-=).

'tie

around',

< na-=na-=wi-loy'^, passive of with iterative/reversative modifier

63.16.

me-na'^lcyini-tc'"id

63.17.

63.18.

'he pushed his hair back straight', literally 'he pushed something back against it' < m-e--na=c'i-lcyi-ni-i-c'^id-i, animate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=0-(n)-i-c'''id, 'push O against P', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=), indefinite 3rd person object (kyi-), and inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-). < Wi-wa-n=xo-n-ligy, 2nd perW/wa/7Jcc>//g>' '(you) tell about me!' son singular imperfective (imperative) of P-wa-n=xo-(w)-ligy 'tell (a story) about P'. See note 70.46. xoh ^at'en-heh 'in spite of doing so' < xoh ... -heh 'even if, despite' (see note 5.3)
-^

'^a-=t'e-n-i,

inanimate 3rd person imperfec-

tive of '^a=t'e-n 'do so'.

Hupa
63.19. 63.20.
64.1.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

681

See note 31.17.

See note 11.66.
'wind (customarily) blows' < re-'^Z-c'e'^, inanimate 3rd person customary of te--(w)-c'e'^ 'wind starts to blow, blows for a while'. Transitional of neuter te--s-c'e- 'wind blows' (see note 64.4).
rr'^/c/z^'^

64.2.

ie'^Uye'^Hye-c'

'one always ties it together' < ie-=c'i-lcyi-'^i-i-ye-c' -i, animate 3rd person customary of ie-=lc>'i-ni-(w)-ye-c' 'tie something
together (with a knot)'.
na'^Uyine'^iit'iUy

64.3.

'one stretches something across (wind's path)' < animate 3rd person customary of na=0-ni(w)-i-t'iUy 'stretch O across', with indefinite 3rd person object {Uyi-}. Causative of extension neuter na--nin-t'iUy 'stretch across in a line'.
na-=c'i-lcyi-ni-'^i-i-t'iky,

64.4.

tehsc'e-

'wind (that blows)', inanimate 3rd person of neuter 'wind blows; there is a wind' (see note 64.1).
(customarily) cuts

te--s-c'e-

64.5.

yayx'^e'^it'as 'it

him

up'

<

ya-=yi-xo-'^i-t'as, ani-

mate 3rd person customary of ya=0-(s)-t'as/t'ac'

pieces'.

'cut

into bits,

64.6.
64.7. 64.8. 64.9.

See note

9.3.

dehslin '(his eyes) were flowing out' < de--s-lin-i, inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter de--s-lin '(water) flows out'.

See note

12.8.

See note 21.32.

na'^Ja'^ 'he (customarily) lives there again, stays there' < na-=c'i-'^idal, animate 3rd person customary of (w)-da'^ '(one) comes to sit, stay', with iterative/reversative (see note 22.23). Transitional of si-

64.10.

da- '(one)

sits, stays'.

64.11.

c'e'^iwaPn 'he breaks (trees) to pieces'

< c'i-'^i-warP-i, animate 3rd person customary of 0-(w)-wa-n (customary /optative stem -wan'^) 'break O to pieces, destroy O, slaughter (several)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.
'Yiis

64.12.

xoye'^c'

breathing'

<

xo-, animate 3rd person possessor

ye-c' 'P's breath, breathing'.

One of

the

+ Pfew Hupa noun stems

64.13. 64.14. 64.15. 64.16.

stem (see notes 6.7 and 40.19). nahiyohi 'you (pi.) blow' < na-=oh-i-yoi, 2nd person plural of na-=(s)-i-yo-l 'blow around'.
that is also a verb
"^

isy ah

'\

feci

coldV
it!'

Unanalyzable exclamation.

'^aic'^e-

(imperative) of

2nd person imperfective 'make O so'. wan-na-nayaij'^e-X 'they were hanging on to him' < (mi-)wa-n
'^a-=n-f-c''e:,
'^a-=0-(s)-i-c'^e-/c'''in'^

'make

<

'from it' + na--na--ya-=win-'^e-K-i, inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter na=win-'^eX '(several things) extend, hang down', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=) and plural (ya=). See note 13.39.
64.17.
na-dite-kyii 'both (his eyes) break off, burst again'
kyil,

< na=di-te-sinanimate 3rd person perfective of di-(w)-kyil 'break off, burst'

682

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

with iterative/reversative modifier ina=) and distributive modifier (ti- > te\ with 5-perfective).

64.18.

my way back' < hay na-tcsdiyay came back, my coming back' hay, nominal phrase (< marker + na-=te-s-e-di-ya-i, 1st person singular perfective of ti(s)-yaW/ya- '(one) goes off, along', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-) + P-qeh 'along P', with the nominal phrase as the
hay natesdiyay-qeh 'along
'that
I

indirect object.

64.19.

U>e-yica-s

'I

threw

it

down wresding' <

U>-e-=w-e--ca-s-i, 1st

person

singular perfective of Uy-e-=0-iw}-ca-s 'throw (someone) wrestling)' with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.

down (in For hwind

e=
64.20.

in

verbs of throwing see note 12.28.

mii-ya-Uyite-c'e'^ '(houses)

were blown

all

over', literally 'the

them' < mi-l 'with it, them' + ya-=lcyi-te--s-c'e'^, indefinite 3rd person perfective of ya-=(we-s)-c'e'^ '(wind) starts to blow upward', with distributive modifier (ti- > te--, with zero-allomorph 5-perfective). A comitative construction (see notes 65.2 and 68.75).

blew upward, here and

there, with

64.21.

form of
64.22. 64.23.
k>eh

nandil 'snow' < na-n-dil-i 'what (plurally) comes down', relative the inanimate 3rd person imperfective of na-=(w)-dil/de-K '(two or more) come down, descend'. For -n- see note 10.50.
}c>iniW ^a-diW&'e'^
'let

me

hear the news', literally

'let

me make

myself informed' (see notes 4.5 and 19.19).

dima'^-xosirj-x''' '(very) quietly'

found only manner'.

64.24.
cally

in this construction

< c'ima'^ 'quiet', preverbal particle + xo-sin 'being so' + jco 'in such a

niijxostirj 'ice, frost',

a synchronically unanalyzable noun. Histori'on the ground' (cf. nin"^ 'ground', nin-, see note 11.1)+ *si-te-n 'it lies frozen'.

< *nin-xo

64.25.

de'^mine'de'^iyo'd 'he (customarily) chases (people) into the fire'

de-=c'i-mi-ne--di-'^i-yo-d,

<

animate 3rd person customary of de=Pne--di-(w)-yo-d 'chase P into the fire', with inanimate 3rd person in-

direct object (mi-) referring to 'people' in the collective sense.

The underlying theme

64.26.
Uyidle'^ '(he

is

P-ne-yod

'hunt, chase P' (see note 10.30),

fire'.

here with the adverbial modifier de-=di-(w) 'into the

causes) them to start to freeze' < Ryi-d-le'^ '(they) start to freeze', inanimate 3rd person imperfective of Uyi-(w)-d-le'^ 'come to be cold, start to freeze'. Transitional of neuter Uyi-s-d-le- 'be cold, frozen' (see note 69.33).

64.27. 64.28.

See note 11.66. See note 61.21

65.1.
65.2.

Hearsay evidential

particle.

See note

3.1.

xoi nonaxolcay '(flood waters) receded with (the whale)'. A comitative construction < xo-i 'with him, involving him' + no=na=xo-l-cay 'it dried back up', inanimate 3rd person perfective of no-=(w)-l-ca-y 'dry up, to to that point', with area/situation

Hupa
subject
(xo-)

Texts: Linguistic Notes

683
{na-=).

and

iterative/reversative

modifier

Medio-

passive from neuter ni-i-caj 'be dry'.

65.3.

This is an old Athabaskan tehla-n 'whale', unanalyzable noun. formation, apparently reflecting a verb teh=(s)-la-n 'be bom in the
water'.
to'-q'i-c'irj'^

65.4.

'in that

way,

'(lonesome) for the ocean' < + in that general direction'

to-

'water, ocean'

-q'i

P-c'irP 'towards P' (see

note 30.11).
65.5.
do-naPaide'^ni '(whale) gets lonesome again', literally 'she gets discontent (with things) again' < do- 'not' + na-='^i-din'^-i, animate 3rd person customary of 0-(w)-t-din/din'^ 'be content with O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See note 30.46.

65.6.

na^ne'^Hwal '(whale) always hits at it' < na-=c'i-ni-'^i-i-wal-i, animate 3rd person customary of na-=0-ni-(w)-i-wal 'strike at O, throw (stick) at O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. See note 62.119.
'there is a hollow, booming sound' < Uyi-'^i-dol-i, customary of impersonal lc>i-(w)-dol 'a loud, crashing sound happens'. Transitional of neuter lc>i-dol 'there is a loud crashing sound'. See note 25.1.
Icye'^idol

65.7.

65.8.

yehya^ana-W 'they (customarily) hear it', literally 'the (sounds) go into their heads' < x'^'-e-daPay 'his head, their heads' yeh-ya'='^i-na-W '(sound) goes in (severally)', inanimate 3rd person customary of yeh={w)-ya-Wlya- '(one) goes in', with plural {ya-=). Note that the plural semantically modiFor -na-W see note 10.50. fies the possessor of x''-eY/a'^a>' 'his head', but grammatically modifies the subject of the verb (see note 20.17).
x'''e-da?ay
-i-

66.1.
66.2.

nahxi xo'^ad 'he had two wives',

xo^e-"^

literally

'two (were) his wives'.

xo-je"? 'his mind'

< yiiwe- 'he cares for her', literally 'his mind attacks (her)' + yi-i-we-, obviative 3rd person imperfective of

0-(w)-i-we-/we'^ 'fight, attack O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.
66.3.
c'ixoUe-n 'she had lots,

many

(children)'

<

c'i-xo-i-le-n-i,

animate

3rd person imperfective of 0-xo-i-le-n 'have, possess (many)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object, possessive of neuter xo-le-n
'be numerous'.

66.4.

'^a-^aneh '(the girls)

always did so' < '^a-='^i-niw, inanimate 3rd person of '^a-=niw, suppletive customary/optative theme of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so'. Note the switch to inanimate 3rd person here, when it is made
clear that the subject
is

t'ehxi^ 'girls'.

66.5.

'^ina^se^in(i}ia-d

'she always

jumped

up'

<

'^i-na-=si-'^i-n-iad-i,

animate 3rd person

customary of ni-na-=si-(s)-l-ia-d 'jump

(see note 34.33).

up
/-

from a lying position'

66.6.

The

dissimilation of

classifier to n- is characteristic of this

theme (see note 57.44).

Sapir writes

kye"^,

an error.

684
66.1. 66.8.

XIV Northwest
Wo- 'me'. pronoun.
optative of

California Linguistics

Assimilated from

We\ independent
<
'^-o--ni-W-c''id,

1st

person singular
person singular

"^o-Wc'id '(let

me) take

it!'

1st

0-o--ni-(w)-c'^id 'reach for O, take O', with inanimate 3rd person object. See note 11.31.

unmarked

66.9.

sa'^k>'e'^ixa-W 'she

puts (acorn

mush)

(customarily) eats the acorn mush', literally 'she into her mouth' < sa=c'i-lcyi-'^i-xaW-i, animate
(lc>'i-).

3rd person customary of sa-=0-(w)-xa-W/xa-n 'put (a filled container) into P's mouth', with indefinite 3rd person object

66.10.

doesn't taste good' < do- 'noV + cVw, non-visual evidential enclitic -i- ii-xan 'it is sweet-tasting', inanimate 3rd person of neuter.
f/o-c'e^ ^aa/;
'it

66.1

1.

him (a filled + (mi-)wa-=c'i-xa-W-i, animate 3rd person imperfective of P-wa-=0-(n)-xa-W/xan 'give (a filled container) to P', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and inanimate 3rd
'she gives
(the mush)', literally 'she gives

waZxa-W

him

container)'

<

do-

'not'

person indirect object. (referring to the husband)

66.12.

It

is

not clear

why

the indirect object

is

inanimate 3rd person.

See note 32.1.

Ryine'^iwiW 'he (customarily) packs it home' < {c'i-)Uyi-ni-'^i-wiW, animate 3rd person customary of 0-ni-(n)-wiW/we-n 'arrive packing O', with indefinite 3rd person object (Icyi-).

66.13.

66.14.

yo'^ohxahW-ne'^ 'ye must bring il in' < yeh='^-oh-xa-W, 2nd person plural imperfective (imperative) of yeh=0-(w)-xa-W/xa-n 'bring in (a filled container)' ne'^ 'must', enclitic indicating future obligation. For the phonology of the prefix string see note 26.15.
-i-

66.15.

sa'^axa-W 'she (customarily) eats (the mush)' < sa-=c'i-'^i-xa-W-i, animate 3rd person customary of sa-=0-(w)-xa-W/xa-n 'put (a filled container) into one's mouth' (see note 66.9).

66.16.
66. 17.

For expected x'^ancHn-dirj 'where their mother 'their mother' + din 'at that place'.

is'

<

x'^-anc'^in

Sam Brown
tracted

corrected this to
na-ya-te-se-de-K

'^a'^xoi'^e-n,

'she treats him'.

66.18.

Sapir writes na-ya'^te-se-X, presumably an error for na-ya-te-se-K, condi-de-K-i,

'we all go back home' < na--ya-=te--siperson plural perfective of ti-(s)-dillde'K '(two or more) go off, with plural {ya-=) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). For contraction, see note 26.33.

from

1st

66.19.
66.20.
66.21.

Corrected by
'^a-iixan 'it's

Sam Brown

to xa'^aYe-n.

so sweet' < '^a-=ii-xan-i, comparative form of descriptive neuier ii-xan 'it is sweet-tasting'.

naxodiwes'^in'^ 'I v/aich her' < na-=xo-di-we's-e'-l-'^in'^, 1st person singular perfective of na-=0-di-(we-s)-l-'^in'^ 'watch, keep one's eye on O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-). See notes 57.24 and

76.22. 66.22.
acorn mush' < ta-=Uyi-win-me-K, animate 3rd person perfective of of ta-=lcyi-(w)-mil/me-X 'stir acorn mush'. See note 5.34.
ta'^Uyime'^K 'she stirred

Hupa
66.23.
Uya7ar) 'a hole'
ter.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

'there is a hole, cavity', descriptive

685
neu-

<

Ryi-'^a-n

66.24. 66.25.

See note 40.13.

te-wi-naPliyisGod 'she
stirred

(the

mush)',

literally

'she

poked

(a

unanalyzable locative adverb + na-=c'i-lcyi-s-God, animate 3rd person perfective of na=0-(s)-God 'poke O around', with indefinite 3rd person object (Icyi-). See note 45.25.
paddle) around in the water'
te-w-i 'in the water',

<

66.26.

naPnehice-K 'she struck (her elbow, with a rock)' < na=c'i-ni-ceK3rd person perfective of na-=0-ni-(w)-cil/ce'X 'pound, i, animate strike at O (with a rock)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.

66.27.

See note 38.21. See note 30.8.

66.28. 66.29.

winsei
(w)-se-l

'it

got hot'

< win-sei-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of

Transitional of descriptive neuter si-sei 'be

'it

gets hot'.

hot'.

66.30.

down into (the mush)' < tehperson perfective of teh=(we-s)-lin^ 'come to flow into water', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). Transitional of extension neuter teh=win-lin 'flow into water'.
tehna-wehsle'^n

'(blood) flowed

na'=we--s-liri^-i, inanimate 3rd

66.31.

c'iwehswa-X 'she lay there (after falling)' < c'i-we'-s-l-wa'K-i, animate 3rd person perfective of (we-s)-l-wa-X '(a stick-like object) comes to lie thrown'. Transitional of motion neuter si-l-wa'K '(a stick-like object) lies somewhere, having been thrown or poured'.

66.32. 66.33.

See note See note

12.2.

15.1.

66.34.
66.35. 66.36.
66.37.

ya-x'^anc'^in

< ya--xo-, animate 3rd person plural 'their mother' possessor + P-anc'^in 'P's mother'.
Note
that the indirect object is

mic'irj^ 'to (their mother)'.

inanimate

3rd person {mi-} not animate 3rd person.

See note 20.3. See note 22.23. See note 41.7.

66.38. 66.39.

Mwanay'^idaP '(whenever) he hunts'

na--y=c'i-'^i-da^ animate 3rd person

'(one) hunts, stalks'. also notes 39.6 and 62.3.

< Uyi-wa--n 'for (game)' + customary of na--y=(w)-da-/da'^ See Derivation obscure (see note 32.1).
sile'^n ('it

66.40. 66.41.

For the idiom see note 59.54. For

itW^/c' '(deer)skin'

became

(as though)...')

in this construction see note 46.37.

+ P-sic' A:'>/-, indefinite 3rd person possessor See notes 6.1, 68.27, and 69.20 for other instances of a body-part term with indefinite possessor referring to a
'P's skin, hide'.

<

(detached) part of a specific animal.

66.42.

See notes 28.3 and 30.7.

686
66.43.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

nitesehitin 'I take you along' < ni-te-s-e-i-te-n, 1st person singular perfective of 0-ti-(s)-i-tiW/te-n 'take (a living being) off, along', with 2nd person singular object (ni-).
ayniwinse'^n-de'^
think, feel (well) singular perfective of '^a-=(y)-ni-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think, feel in such a way' (see notes 25.35 and 30.6) + de'^ 'if.
'if
it',

66.44.

you want

literally 'if

you

about

it'

<

'^a-=y-ni-wi-n-sin'^,

2nd person

66.45.

'you must take it along with you' < "^a-di-i 'with oneself + ti-n-liW, 2nd person singilar imperective (imperative) of
"^a-dii-tiliW-ne"^

0-ti-(s)-liW/la- 'take (several objects) along', with

unmarked

inani-

mate 3rd person object +

66.46.

ne"^

'must'.

The phrase
sion of
it')

mito"^ c'isc'^e'^n 'he

made

its

juice'

(i.e.,

'he

made an

infu-

66.47.

na'^wime'^

was added by Sam Brown (Notebook IX, p. 37a.). 'he started to bathe' < na-=c'i-win-me'^, animate 3rd per-

son perfective of na-=(w)-me-/me'^ 'start to swim around, bathe'. Inceptive of non-directional na-=(s)-me-/me'^ 'swim around, bathe' (see notes 13.26 and 49.9).
66.48.
.xo>'ac'^'^ 'her
ya-c'e"^

animate 3rd person possessor + Pman's daughter is P-ce"^. Note that in the following verb {^ahic'indene'^ '(her mother) told her') the daughter is referred to with an inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked). But she is animate again as the subject of '^axoic'ide-ne'^ '(the daughter) told him' in the next line.
daughter'
a:o-,

<

'(woman's) daughter'.

66.49.

yehxoPa-n'^ 'you must ask him in!', contracted from yehxoi'^a--ne'^ < yeh=xo-n-l-'^a\ 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of yeh=0-(w)-l-'^a-/W 'invite O to come in', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) + ne"^ 'must'.

66.50.

ye'^inyahW '(you) come

in!' < yeh='^i-n-ya-W, 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of yeh=(w)-ya-W/ya- '(one) comes in'. For yeh-"^- > ye'^-sec note 21.14.

66.51.

See note 30.49.

66.52.
66.53.

See notes 15.8 and

ne-y 'your things'

16.6.

n-, 2nd person singular possessor 'what belongs to P, P's possessions'.

<

P-ey

66.54.

na-na-nya"^ 'you live (here) again' < na-na-=wi-n-ya'^, 2nd person singular perfective of na-=(w)-yaiya'^ '(one) begins to be around, takes up residence', with iterative/re versative modifier (na-=). See

note

1 1

.4.

66.55.

me-w nana^Uyiscod
(his house)',
i.e.,

'he

poked something around again underneath

(see

'he (magically) transported his house again'

note 45.25).

66.56.

wiPa'^-e-y 'they stay there, have come to be lying there' < inanimate 3rd person perfective of (w)-l-'^a'^ 'several objects lie' (see note 2.42) + ey 'there, at that point'.

wi-l-'^a'^,

come

to

66.57.
67.1.

See note

1.66.

See note 48.2.

Hupa
67.2.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

687

kyiwan-nayda- 'to go hunting' (see note 32.1). Inanimate 3rd person imperfective in a non-finite cause, here governed by me'^se'^ina-W 'he would climb the mountain' (see note 1.5).

67.3.

one who was) small', i.e., 'the younger (brother)' < animate 3rd person of descriptive neuter mi-s-ciye'^ 'be small' + j/, diminutive form of -j/, diminutive enclitic (see note The shift of c'i- to c'i- is either assimilation to the follow59.12). ing -s- or (more likely) diminutive consonant symbolism.
c'imisGiy'^3 '(the
c'i-mi-s-Giy'^,

67.4.

< na-=Uyi-i-Got\ inanimate 3rd person imperfective of na=0-(s)-i-Got' 'bend O around (in a circle)', with indefinite 3rd person object; non-finite clause (see note 1.5).
nalc>iiGot' 'setting snares'

67.5. 67.6.

See notes 25.38 and 52.1.

niiqid dah-na'sa^a-n 'lying one on top of the other' < nii-q'id 'on top of each other' dah 'above, on top' + na-sa?a-n '(a round object) lying again' (see note 39.7).
-i-

67.7.

See note 62.87.

'^e'^iyah

67.8.
67.9.

'(my fingers) always get hurt, wounded' < '^i-'^i-ya-d, inanimate 3rd person customary of (s)-ya-d 'get hurt, wounded'.

UyiWRyili-mii 'as a resuh of my ripping up (birdsd' < Ryi-W-i-Uyil-i, imperfective of 0-(s)-t-Uyil 'rip, tear, split O', with in1st person definite 3rd person object (/:>'/-) + mii 'with, from, after' An unusual instance of a result clause formed with -mii in the sense

'proceeding from...'.
67.10.
na-UyiwilGot'-dirj

'where the snares were

set as a snare',
-i-

set'

<

na-=Uyi-wi-l-Got'-i

'what has been

67. 11.

passive of na-=Uyi-(s)-i-Got' 'set a

snare' (see note 67.4)

din

'at that place'.

na-naPwilay 'he took (the snares) back down' < na'-na'=c'i-win-la/, animate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-(w)-liW/Ia- 'take (several objects) down', with iterative/reversative modifier {na=) and (unmarked) inanimate 3rd person object.

67.12.

See note 41.6.

c75/o>''?

67.13.

tive

'he snared (things)' < c7-5-/c>y'^, animate 3rd person perfecof 0-(s)-loy'^ 'rope, snare O', literally 'handle O with a rope'.

See note 60.2.

67.14. 67.15. 67.16.

See note 22.14.

c'ehdiyah 'I'm happy, pleased', unanalyzible expressive particle.

An

error for eilhQr ya^deMc'e- (neuter; see note 23.1) 'they were there' or ya'^deic'e'^ (transitional; see note 26.34) 'they (began, continued to) stay there'.
living
yisxa-ne-, literally '(when)
it

67.17.

Brown
67.18.

said

it

would be

better

had become daylight over there'. Sam to say yisxatj-hid 'when it had

dawned'.
xoxa-nayniwinte"^ 'he started looking for him' < xo-xa--na=yi-niwin-te"^, obviative 3rd person perfective of P-xa=0-ni-(w)-te/te'^ 'look for P', with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na=). The obviative is used here to

688
mark
67.19.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

the switch in topical subject from the younger to the older brother (see notes 1.55 and 29.11).
dahxo-'^-c'a-rj,

67.20.

contracted from dahxo-'^-c'eh-'^a-n 'in what perceptible < daxo"^ 'somehow' (see note 9.15) + c'iw, non-visual evidential enclitic + '^an 'it is?', interrogative enclitic. c'oya-diwiixid 'he asked them' < c'-o--ya-=di-wi-i-xid, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-o--di-(w)-t-xid 'ask O', with unmarked in-

way

is it?'

animate 3rd person object and plural {ya-=) modifying the object.
67.21. 67.22.
"^adiwe- ne"^ '{ihQ old

man)

said'

<

'^a-=di-win-ne'^, inanimate
tell'.

3rd

person perfective of '^a-=di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say,

me-ycahs-c'eh 'I've gotten to feel unenthusiatic about it, tired of it' < m-e=w-e--cas, 1st person singular perfective of P-e-=(w)-ca-s 'be, get unenthusiastic about P, lazy about P', with inanimate 3rd person postpositional object (mi-) + c'iw, non-visual evidential enclitic.

67.23.

UyiWil 'ripping (the

birds)'

<

Uyi-i-Uyil-i,

inanimate 3rd person im-

perfective of 0-l-Uyil, rip, tear, split O'. Non-finite clause by meycahs 'I feel unenthusiastic about ...'.

governed

67.24.

xode-siWn 'you growled

at

him'

<

xo-de--si-n-lan'^,

2nd person

singular perfective of 0-di-(s)-la-n/lan'^ 'scold, growl angrily at O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-).

67.25.

'you turn into, become' < "^i-n-liw, 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of (s)-liwllin^ 'become'. For initial '^- see notes 7.2 and 10.33.
"^ileh

67.26.

na'^winde-K-e- 'they (two)

came

to live, stay'

<

na-=c'i-win-de-K,

animate 3rd person perfective of na'=(w)-dil/de-K '(two or more) begin to be around, live', inceptive derivation from non-directional na-=(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) are, go around, live' + e-(y) 'there'.
68.1. 68.2. 68.3.

See note 37.25. See note 67.6.

IcyiniwiW 'he packs (deer) home' < c'i-lcyi-ni-wiW, animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-ni-(n)-wiW/we-n 'arrive packing O', with indefinite 3rd person object (/:W-j.
'^isde-wi-cH^e'^

68.4.
68.5. 68.6.

'madrone wood'

<

'^isde'w

'madrone'

-i-

P-c'^ij-e'^

'P's

wood'.

yidaci-ditj 'on top of (the load)', literally 'at the uphill place'.
dah-na-na-Uyinirj'^e-K

'(madrone wood)

lies

dah- 'above' +
tive derivation

na--na-=lcyi-nin-'^e-K indefinite 3rd

back across on top' < person of exten-

sion neuter na-=nin-'^eX '(several objects) extend across', with itera(na=). See note 12.16.

68.7.

xalcot' '(tree) pulled out of the ground by bending' < xa-=wi-lGot\ passive of xa-=0-(w)-i-Got' 'pull O out of the ground by bending'.
na'^awa'^n 'he breaks
it

68.8.

animate 3rd person customary

(back) up into pieces' < na-=c'i-'^i-wan'^, of 0-(w)-wa-n (customary/optative

Hupa
stem -wan"^) 'break
68.9.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

to pieces, destroy

689

iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

O, slaughter (several)', with See note 64.11.

na^tiigya-s 'he breaks pieces (back off) (with his hands)'

ti-i-gya-s-i,

<

na-=c'i-

animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(s)-l-gya-s 'break O' with distributive modifier (ti-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). See note 40.27.
68.10.

See note 67.2.

'^iskya-y

68.11.

'my

little

kyay 'my daughter's symbolism (W > s).

68.12.
Reportative enclitic.
^^^(i/ya- '(people) person perfective

grandchild'. Diminutive vocative form < Wichild (woman speaking)', with consonant

See note

3.1.

68.13.

na=ni-n-di-ya-i, 'manimaic Srd of ni-(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) arrives', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=..d-). The inanimate 3rd person is used with UyiwinyaPnya-n 'people' in the collective sense. The singular verb indicates that this is happening to people one by one.
jco/a'^ 'he noticed,
it was'. Contracted from jco/otz 'visible, before one's eyes', visual evidential particle (see note 4.11) + "^an^ 'it is',

come home' <

68.14.

assertive particle.

68.15.

iah-^i

'many

times', diminutive of iah-^i

(with consonant shift j

>

j) < iah 'once' + j/, diminutive enclitic, i.e. once'. For semantics see notes 6.4 and 21.35.

'somewhat more than

68.16. 68.17.

me'^dili-x"' 'ai me'^dil-diri'

'canoe-place' (village)

-i-

< me'^dil(i) 'canoe', stem of me'^dil-din xo, locative enclitic. <

'^a-=c'i-xo-o--n-de--s-ne'^,

'^aZxondehsne'^ 'he thought about her'

animate 3rd person perfective of '^a'=0-o--{ni-d)-(s)-ne-lne'^ 'think so about O', with animate 3rd person object {xo-}. See note 4.3.
68.18. 68.19.

See note 22.52.

See note 45.4.

xonya- 'the time comes for him' < xo-e-=nin-ya\ inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=(n}-ya-W/ya- '(one) comes to P'. See notes 12.10 and 22.34.
do'-kyiwile- 'old

68.20.

68.21.

woman',
-i-

literally 'the

one who

is

weak, poor'

<

do-, negative proclitic

Ryi-wi-le 'the one

who

is filled

(with food),

satisfied' (see note 9.21).

68.22. 68.23. 68.24.

See note 40.4.

See notes
c'ix'^'e-wehi

1.8

and 4.13. 'someone was packing him along'

<

c'i-xo-wi-wel,

animate 3rd person of progressive neuter O-wei 'be carrying O as a pack, packing O along', with animate 3rd person object xo-. See
note 13.28.

68.25.

See note 53.5.

68.26.

< nononandixic' '(bones) had fallen (back to the ground)' na-=nin-di-xic\ inanimate 3rd person perfective of no-=(n)-xis/xic'
'drop down, fall to a certain position' modifier (na-=..d-). See note 3.24. with
iterative/reversative

690
68.27.
ky'ic'ine"^

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California Linguistics

'(detached) bones, skeletons' < kyi-, indefinite 3rd person possessor + c'in 'bone' + -z"^, possessed noun formant. See note 66.11.
"^aicah (Sapir writes '^aica- here, a transcriptional error)
'to

68.28.

(that)

distance, as distant as that'

<

'^a-=ni-i-ca-d.

from ni-sad 'be

affrication of the

distant, (water) is

stem

initial after

Comparative derivation deep' (see note 48.10). Note the -i- in the derived form (see note

10.66).

68.29.
68.30.

iah-xo

...

min'^dayi-q' 'outside of a house,

house'. note 15.11).

See note 4.8. on the stone platform in front of a Unanalyzable locative adverb, based on min"^- 'house' (see
'just like
...'.

nehwan

68.31.

always kills them' < c7-A:o-5'/-'?/-^-we'^, animate 3rd person customary of 0-si-(si)-l-we'/we'n 'kill (one animal or person)', with animate 3rd person object xo-.
cVjco^e'^iVwe'^ 'he

68.32. 68.33.

See note 31.21.

noWinirjen-e- 'you put me back down there' < no=Wi-ni-n-wenperson singular perfective of no-=0-(n)-wiW/we-n 'put (a i, 2nd pack) down', with 1st person singular object (Wi-) + e- 'there, to a
certain point'.
dahyikyixont'a'^c'

68.34.

'(obsidian blades) would cut him in two' < dah=yi-U>i-xo-win-t'a-c\ obviative 3rd person perfective of dah=Uyi0-(w)-t'as/t'a-c' 'cut in two, cut O off ', with animate 3rd person object (xo-).

68.35.

yewi-yinac-xoliW-din-dirj 'yonder at a place some distance away upstream' < ye-wi 'yonder' + yinaci 'upstream' + xoliW-din 'located in the distance but in view' (see note 1.13) + din, locative
enclitic.

68.36.

'^ana-xoW-kya'^ay

'It

really looks like (he'll

so',

me)'

<

"^ana- 'it

must be

xoW
68.37.

'probably, I guess' 37.14, 46.17) 'behold!'.

spend many nights with unanalyzable exclamatory particle + kya'^ay (for expected gya'^ay, see notes

c'iwinda'^ 'he took a seat,

came to stay' < c'i-win-da"^, animate 3rd person perfective of (w)-da'^ '(one) comes to sit, stay; (one) continues to stay'. Transitional of stative neuter si-da: 'one person sits, stays'. See note 9.8.
the

68.38. 68.39.

xa'^aikyoh '(she thought)

enormous (thought)',
that' (see

literally

'(she

thought something as large as

note 45.8).

See note

14.1.

68.40.
68.41. 68.42.
68.43.

See note 45.18.

nayde"^ '{commg) back downstream' < na-, iterative/reversative prefix yi-de'^ 'downstream'. See notes 10.65 and 68.68.
-I-

See note 62.87.

yideiwe'^K 'night has fallen on it', i.e., 'it spends the night, camps for the night' < yid-e-=wi-l-we-K, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=(w)-wil/we-K 'night falls on P', with obviative indirect obThe reference of the obviative pronoun is not clear. ject (yidi-).

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

69
Did he mishear

and Sapir's gloss "it has day-ed" is not elucidating. Sam Brown's translation "it has stayed"?
68.44.

xa-Rya'a-n 'there's a hole coming out of the ground' < xa-=U>i-^a-ninanimate 3rd person of descriptive neuter. See note 66.23. i,

68.45. 68.46.
68.47.

See note

1.42.

< ca-n 'woman's can-c'Hn-^ 'dirty, discarded aprons' apron' + c^^in 'dirt, filth' + j/, diminutive enclitic.
niiq'id

buckskin

dahwilin '(aprons) lie piled on top of each other' < nii-q'id 'on top of each other' + dah=win-lin '(stream) flows on top', used idiomatically to refer to objects lying dropped in a pile. (See also notes 26.26 and 33.33.)
'she fed
it'
it

68.48.

caught it for him' < manimate 3rd person imperfective of 0-iky'id 'catch, seize O' with indefinite 3rd person object ^'>7- (see note Note the use of the inanimate 3rd person indirect object 31.19). (mi-) to refer to her monster father.
ma'^Ic>'i-ik>id

to him', literally 'she

a- 'for

him,

c'i-i-k>id,

68.49.

< c'^^/n 'hunger', fossilized proanimate 3rd person perfective of Fossilized P-e-=do--(we-s)-le'^ 'be unfilled, unsatisfied regarding P'. from the phrase: m-e- 'to it, for it' + do-, negative proclitic + wes-le"^, animate 3rd person perfective of (we-s)-le'^ 'become filled, satisfied' (transitional of neuter wi-le- 'be filled, satisfied'). See note 39.37.
c'^'in-me'^do-wehsle'^ 'he got hungry''
clitic

noun +

m-e-=c'i-do--we-s-le'^,

68.50. 68.51.

See note 19.17.

mitis-e-xo
'in

the luckiest,

most superior way',

it'

literally

'being

above

it'

<

mi-tis '(moving) over

e-(y) 'there, at that point'

+
68.52. 68.53.

xo, 'in such a way'.

See note 38.27.

See note 31.17.

xanc'iswin 'he packed you up (the mountain)' < xa-=ni-c'i-s-wen, animate 3rd person perfective of xa-=0-(s)-wiW/we-n 'pack O up (to the top of a mountain, riverbank)', with 2nd person singular Note that 2nd person objects occur to the left of the object (ni-). animate 3rd person subject marker.

68.54. 68.55. 68.56.

See note 27.14.

See note 38.27.
yisxande'^-yisxa-n 'the day after tomorrow',
(next)
'it

literally

'tomorrow's
yi-s-i-xa-n-i

dawn' < yisxande'^ 'tomorrow' (see note

6.4)

dawns'.

68.57.

nide'nahsdiya- '(beings) will meet you' < ni-de=na'=s-di-ya\ inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-de-=(s)-ya-Wlya- 'meet P', with 2nd person singular indirect object {ni-} and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).
dox'^e-yd^nilgyid 'they are not to be feared', literally 'one

68.58.

does not

fear them'

<

do- 'not'

--

xo-e--ya-=c'i-ni-l-gyid, inanimate 3rd per-

son imperfective of P-e-=ni-(s)-l-gnd 'fear P', with animate 3rd person indirect object {xo-} and plural {ya-=).

692
68.59.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

c'ixosoMwe'^ni-ma-n 'lest someone should kill him' < c'i-xo-s-o-iwe'^ni, animate 3rd person potential of 0-si-(s)-i-we-/we'n (potential stem -we'^ni) 'kill (one person, animal)' with animate 3rd person object (xo-) (see notes 10.56 and 16.16) + man 'because of that'.

68.60.

See note 9.10.

niwan-ne-ya' 'I come to you, marry you' < ni-wan 'to you, for you' + n-e--ya-, 1st person singular perfective of ni-(n)-ya-W/ya'arrive'. See also notes 11.4 and 11.8.
tehsdiceh '(clouds) shove themselves along' < te-s-di-ced, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-d-Ge-d '(a sticklike object)

68.61.

68.62.

shoves
68.63. 68.64.

itself along, propells itself (see

note 1.25).

See note 8.11.

dah-U>idiwehsc'e'^ 'a breeze blows above' < dah- 'above' + Uyi-diwe-s-ce>, inanimate 3rd person perfective of di-iwe'sj-c'e"^ '(a Transitional (with special subject Un-) of breeze) starts to blow'. extension neuter di-win-c'e- '(wind) blows off.
xahs'^a- '(the trail) runs

68.65.

up

(the mountain)'

<

xa=si-'^a- '(a stick-

like object) extends

up

(to the

top of a mountain, riverbank)', ex-

tension neuter.

68.66.

na'^wildidai 'he was running along back, kept on running back' < na-=c'i-wi-l-di-dai-i, animate 3rd person of progressive neuter wi-ldai '(one) is running along', with iterative/reversative modifier This is the progressive theme matching directional A(na-=..d-). l-daW 'run (somewhere)' and (suppletive) non-directional na-=(s)^-^/j 'run around' (see note 10.49). Formations on this theme are to be distinguished from the progressive aspect of an active base formed on A-l-da-W (such as the form at note 62.30).

68.67.

xowiyeh
phrase.

'a

steep place, where

it

is

steep'.

Unanalyzable locative

68.68.

na-yce^n '(going) back downhill' < na\-, iterative/reversative proclitic + yi-cin'^ 'toward the stream, downhill'. See notes 10.65 and

68.41. 68.69.

See note 57.44.

naididahi-x"^ 'while you are running back home, on your way back (running)' < na-=wi-n-l-di-da-l, 2nd person singular of progressive neuter wi-l-dal 'be running along' (see note 68.66) + xo
'while, at (that time)', locative enclitic.
ma'^aY//7o>''^

68.70.

68.71.

'you tie yourself to it' < m-e-'^a=di-n-loy'^, 2nd ^ptv^on singular imperfective of P-e-=0-(s)-loy'^ 'tie to P', with reflexive object ^a=di- and inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-}. See note 20.8. The shortening of the (assimilated) vowel of m-e= is unexpected, but may be regular before reflexive "^a'-di- (see also note 46.36).

68.72.

'^adiwan-na'^lc>isle'^ 'he felt

around (toward) himself, i.e., 'he huraround himself < "^a-di-wa-n 'toward oneself na-=c'i-k>'i-s-le'^, animate 3rd person perfective of na-=lcyi(s)-le-lle'^ 'move the hand around again, feel with the hand'.
riedly pulled the rope
-I-

Hupa
68.73.
kyiwic'e'^il 'a

Texts: Linguistic Notes

693
indefinite 3rd

wind was blowing along' <

wi-c'e'^il

lc>'i-wi-c'e'^il,

person of progressive neuter

'(wind) blows along'.

68.74.

nisah-ji-nehwa-n 'from what closely resembled a great distance' ni-sad 'at a distance' + j/, diminutive (i.e., 'almost, closely') nehwa-n-i 'it is like, resembles' (see notes 12.46 and 46.11).
xoi-ya-k>iwehsc'e'^ '(wind) blew

< +

68.75.

up into the air with him'. Comitative construction (see note 65.2) < xo-i 'with him' + ya- =!<>'- wes-c'e'^ '(wind) starts to blow upward' (see note 64.20).
See note 64.19.

68.76.
68.77.

See note 8.12.

'(wind) quits blowing', literally 'it falls back down' (a caique on English 'wind falls'?) < no-=na-=l-c'id, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of no-=(n)-l-c'id 'fall down to there', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
no-nalc'id

68.78.

68.79.

da^a-na7dilaw 'he untied himself, literally 'he undid himself again' da-'^a--na-=c'i-di-law-i, animate 3rd person of da-'^a-=0-law < (suppletive perfective theme of da-'^a-=0-t-'^e-n) 'undo', with reflexive object ('^a-=di-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). See note 26.20.

68.80.

Sam Brown emended

p. 47a).

this to daharjWo'^-dafj'^-xoW.

(Notebook VI,

68.81.

xona-'^

... '^e-na-nde'^n 'she lost her sight', literally 'her eyes became lacking again' < xo-na"^ 'her eyes' + '^e--na-=win-din'^-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of '^e'=(w)-din'^ 'become lacking', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). Transitional of neuter '^e-=din 'be lacking' (see notes 12.1 and 22.44).

68.82.

me'^wilaw 'she scooped (the water) into (her eyes)' < m-e'=c'i-winlaw-i, animate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=(w)-law 'handle (a mass) toward P'.
c'ite-ij'^e'^n

68.83.

'he started looking (for a sign)'

te--(w)-'^inP

mate 3rd person perfective of

68.84.

< c'i-te'-win-'^in'^-i, ani'come to look, gaze', tran-

sitional of extension neuter te--si-'^in'^ 'look on, gaze'.

yana-dceh '(woman) shoved herself up', i.e., 'she propelled herself up, showed up' < ya--na-=win-d-Ge-d, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ya-=(w)-d-Ge-d '(a stick-like object) shoves itself up'.

See

notes 1.25 and 68.62.

68.85.

See note 21.22. For time expressions with See note 26.34.

-jco

see note 2.4.

68.86. 68.87.
68.88.

See note 24.27.

xv'^Az 'together with him,

contemporaneous with him' P-erP-i 'even with mate 3rd person indirect object
-i-

<

xo-, ani-

P, parallel to

P' (see also 2.22).

68.89.

68.90.

myth times' (see note 9.3). This and word were added by Sam Brown to clarify the passage. (Notebook VI, p. 50a). yd^oPoP 'she always sits' < ya-c'i-'^i-'^aP, animate 3rd person customary oi ya-=(we-s)-'^aP '(one) comes to sit'. Transitional of extenI.e., 'it

came

into existence in

the preceeding

694

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California Linguistics

sion neuter ya-=win-'^a- '(one) is sitting', literally '(one thing) extends upward' (see note 16.10).

68.91. 68.92.

}i>iwiKoM 'she is weaving baskets' < (c'i-)lcyi-wi-Xoi, animate 3rd person progressive of lcyi-(s)-Xo-/Kon'^ 'weave a basket'.

See note 26.29.

climbs up (the ladder from the house pit to the storage platform)' < ky-e-=c'i-s-ya\ animate 3rd person perfective of Pe-=si-(s}-ya-W/ya- '(one) climbs up P', with special indirect object
Rye'^isya- 'she
{Uyi-}.

68.93.

68.94.

xon'^-na'^kye'^ilaw 'she (customarily) gathers things

back up' < xon"^ animate 3rd person customary of xon"^ + /:W(w)-law 'collect things (for a ceremonial purpose [?])', with iteraThis theme is based on undertive/reversative modifier {na-=). lying Uyi-law 'collect, handle a mass of things' (see note 1 1.32), but the preverbal xon"^ (< 'fire', i.e., 'ceremony'?) appears also to connect it with xori^ + 0-liw (perfective O-law) 'gear O up for a ceremony' (see note 1.14).

na-=c'i=l(yi-'^i-law-i,

68.95.

< dah=na=di-n-l-iad, 2nd dahna-diniah 'you run back home' person singular imperfective (imperative) of dah=di-{w)-l-ia'd '(one) runs off, away', with iterative/reversative modifier {na'=). For dah=di-(w) 'off away' see note 10.52.

68.96. 68.97.

See note 68.70.

Xo'ci-yinac, misheard for Xoq'i-yinac '(going) upstream (through) < Xo-q'i 'prairie, open grassy area' -ithe prairie' yi-nac-i

'upstream'.

68.98.

no-na'^aitiW 'she overtakes (a person)', literally 'she puts (a person) back down' < no--na=c'i-i-tiW, animate 3rd person imperfective of no-=0-(n)-i-tiW/te-n 'put (a living being) down', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

68.99.

nandaW

'(a person) comes back' < na=ni-n-da-W, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of ni-(n)-d-ya-W/ya- 'one arrives', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-).

68.100. 68.101. 68.102. 68.103.

68.104. 68.105.

See note 68.79.

See note
This
6.4.

and the (Notebook VI,

Substituted by
travels along'.

preceding
p.

word

were

added hay

by

Sam Brown.
one
that

53a.)
for original
p.

Sam Brown

c'ical 'the

(Notebook VI,

53a.)

nisah
tant',

'far away', inanimate 3rd person of neuter ni-sad 'be disused here adverbially.

kyiwa'^ai 'she

was singing' < c'i-lcyi-wi-'^a-l-i, animate 3rd person progressive of lcyi-(w)-'^aw 'sing (in general, no particular song)', with regular progressive stem formation (*-'^aw-al > -'^a-l).
See note 46.8.

68.106. 68.107.

was coming back' < na=c'i-wi-da'l-i, animate 3rd person of progressive neuter wi-yai '(one) is going along' (see
na'^wida-l 'she

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

695

theme the
68.108.

In this note 4.5), with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-). <i-classifier of the reversative derivation fuses irregularly with stem-initial y- (see also note 2.13).

hay
to

... xoi-yixowiligy 'what (his grandmother) had told him, related him' (see note 22.52). Obviative 3rd person subject.

68.109. 68.110.

na-miq'eh-dit] 'finally, the last time' (see note 1.43).

'^ayWe'^iliw '(people)
'^a-=yi-Wi-'^i-liw-i,

< (customarily) do so to me, treat me so' obviative 3rd person customary of '^a=0-i-'^en so', with 1st (customary /optative ^a-=0-liw) 'do so to O, treat person singular object {Wi-}. See note 13.9.

68.1

1.

hay

fast as) that

'as fast as he could run away', literally '(as running away of his' < hay 'that' + xon 'he', animate 3rd person independent pronoun 4- xodahdilia-de^ 'his running away' (< xo-, animate 3rd person possessor + dah=di-l-ia-d 'running away', inanimate 3rd person imperfective of dah=di-(w)l-la-d 'one runs off, away' + -i"^, possessed noun formant).

xoij xodahdillade'^

68.112.

See note 48.23.

ya-na-Uyiwehsc'e'^

68.113.

< ya-na-=Uyi-we--s-c'e'^, '\n'it blows back up' '(wind) blows animate 3rd person perfective of ya-=(we-s)-c'e^ upward', with iterative derivation {na-=) and /:>/- indefinite 3rd person object. Transitional theme of extension neuter ya-=win-c'e'wind blows upward, toward the sky'.
wind met him on
its

68.114.

xode-kyisiwehsc'e"^ 'the

way'

< xo-de:=ky'i-

si-we:-s-ch'e?, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-de=si-{wes}c'e^ '(wind) starts to blow close to P, touches P', with animate 3rd Transitional of P-de-=si-win-c'eperson indirect object {xo-}.

'(wind) blows close to P'.

68.1 15.

do-

xoh '^oicis-te- 'you will always be hateful to (people)', literally 'you will not see (people) in vain, quarrel with (them)' < do'not' + xoh 'in vain' + "^i-n-i-cis, 2nd person singular of 0-i-

cis/ca-n 'see O'.

68.1 16.

See notes 45.25 and 66.55. See note 11.66. See note
4.1.

68.117.
69.1.

69.2.

< (c'i-)lcyi-wi-i-din'^-i, 'he fell in love (with someone)' animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(w}-i-din/din'^ 'be in love with O', with indefinite 3rd person object /:'>/-. See note 44.7.

MwUde'^n

69.3.
69.4.

See note 61.13.

til]

xoyi^ehsla"^ 'she hated

him exceedingly'

<

tin

'very much', ad-

3rd person perfective of P-e-=3i-(s)-la-/la'^ 'hate P', with animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-). See note 44.12.
verbial particle

xo-e-=yi-3e--s-la'^ 'she hated him', obviative

69.5.
69.6.

See note 21.1.

ya-rpay '(the log's front end) stuck up in the person of extension neuter ya-=win-'^a- '(one ward'. See note 16.10.
air'.

thing)

Inanimate 3rd extends up-

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.

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U>e'^niwiPe-K 'he leaned (slabs of bark) against it' < Uy-e-=ni-wi-i'^e-K-i, animate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=0-ni-(w)-i-'^e-K, 'cause
(several things) to extend towards, against P', with special indirect Causative of extension neuter P-e=ni-win-'^e-K object {l(>i-). '(several things) extend toward, against P' (see note 62.109).

69.8.

ienirjxen '(clouds) came floating together' < i-e=nin-xen-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-e-={n)-xi'Wlxe-n '(a mass) floats, drifts up against P', with reciprocal indirect object {nil- >i-).

69.9.

na-nyay

'it

rained, there

was

rain'

<

na-=nin-ya--i, impersonal

neuter (see note 30.28).

69.10.

tehsde-K 'snow started', literally '(several) started off < te-s-deK'(two or more) i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-dil/de-X start off, go along'.

69.11. 69.12.

See note 59.48. See note 39.33.

na-xehsta-n '(snow) reached back up' < na'=xe'-s-ta-n-i, inanimate 3rd person of stative neuter xe'-s-ta-n '(water, mass) reaches up (to some level)' (see note 27.13), with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

69.13.

69.14.
69.15.

See note 64.21.

ya-me-na-da^ay '(snow) piled up', literally 'it extends to them again' < ya--m-e--na-=di-'^a--i, inanimate 3rd person of P-e=di-'^a- '(one thing) extends toward P, is joined to P', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and inanimate 3rd person plural indirect object (ya-This is apparently an idiom. mi-\ see note 15.4).

69.16. 69.17. 69.18. 69.19. 69.20.

See note 12.12. See note 31.17.

Literally, 'subsisting

on himself (see note 12.12).

See note 22.3.

Uye-we"^ '(deer)

marrow'

< ^W-,

indefinite 3rd person possessor

P-e-we"^ 'P's marrow'.

See note 66.41.

69.21.

< teh-na-=wi-l-'^iW, "it dripped (down) into the water' inanimate 3rd person perfective of teh=(w)-l-VW 'drip into the water', with iterative/reversative modifier (na:=). See note 62.128.
tehnaf^iW
io'^ya-Wi 'trout'.

69.22. 69.23.

Contracted from ioq' 'fish' (see notes 1.37 and + -yaW-i 'small, young', noun suffix. xe'^e-wilw-e- 'it dove by there', contracted from xe'^e-wiliw-e- < xi10.48)
'^e-=win-liw-i,
'dive,

inanimate

3rd

person

perfective

of
e-

jc/-V=fw)-//w
'there,
at

swim

into the distance, out of sight'

that

place'.

69.24. 69.25. 69.26.

de-wime'^n 'it filled up' < de-win-min'^-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of de--(w)-min'^ 'become full'. See note 48.7.

See note 12.17.

See note 6.11.

Hupa
69.21
.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

697

diwine"^ '(some animal) made a noise' < di-win-ne'^, inanimate 3rd person perfective of di-(w)-ne-lne'^ '(person) speaks, (animal, entity)

makes
69.28.

a noise'.

< dah + win-xic\ dah-wirjxic' '(bird) flew up on top (of house)' inanimate 3rd person perfective of dah + (w)-xis/xic' 'fly up on top,
alight'.

69.29.

dah-yiwirjin '(bird) carried (hazel nuts) up to the top' < dah + yiwin-we-n, obviative 3rd person perfective of dah + 0-(w)-wiW/we-n 'pack O above, to on top', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. See note 24.8.
^iwa-Uyisdixit' 'ripe nuts', literally 'what had loosened out of (the outer shell)' < ji-wa-=kyi-s-di-xit'-i, relative form of indefinite 3rd

69.30.

person perfective of ^i-wa-=(s)-d-xit' 'move slowly apart, loosen

up'.

69.31. 69.32. 69.33. 69.34.

See note 45.8.

See note 61.16.

U>isdile-y 'he is frozen'

<

(c'-)Uyi-s-di-le--i, relative

3rd person of neuter Un-s-d-le- 'be cold, frozen'.

'^ad-t'e-n '(being) a

form of animate See note 64.26.

married man',

literally 'the

one who does (with

a) wife, is wifed'.
t'e'n-i

+ Fossilized derivation from P-'^ad 'P's wife' 'the one who does so' (relative form of the stem of '^a--t'en
(can) eat'

'do so').

69.35.

kye-yaij'^ 'I

<

Jiyi-w-e--yarf, 1st

of Uyi-{w)-ya-nlyarf 'eat (something)'. 'I wish...' see also notes 17.11 and 56.4.

person singular perfective For the phrase with '^isdo'^

69.36.

always brings (things) home' < c'i-ni-'^i-'^aW-i, animate 3rd person customary of 0-ni-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'bring (a round object)'. See note 29.7.
c'ina'^a'^aW 'he
"^ayine-

69.37.

'?a-=yi-(mi-)i

+
69.38.

< about it' it', literally 'she tells (people) (di)-ne\ obviative 3rd person imperfective of '^a=P-i For morphological details see di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'speak so to O'.
'she refers to

notes 3.17-18,
)t'>oWA:^/5 'let

26.18, and 29.40.

me spear for fish!' < /:'>-<?- Vy-^/:>/5, 1st person imperfective (functioning as optative) of 0-o--(w)-l-kyis 'strike out at (with a spear)', with indefinite 3rd person object (/cW-j.

69.39.

Apparently misheard for naieh 'diving around' < na-=liw, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of na-=(s)-liw 'swim around (like a
fish)'.

69.40.

do-niWorj-xo niWo-n 'surpassingly good, beyond (mere) good', A common idiom to express a suliterally 'un-goodly good'.

perlative.

69.41.
69.42.

See notes 1.10 and 2.44.

See note
4.8.

69.43.

na'^nehikyis 'he hit

< na=ci-ni-wi-i-kyis, animate it with his spear' 3rd person perfective of na-=0-ni-(w)-i-kyis 'strike against O (with a spear)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.

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69.44.

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toggled off, literally 'it took inanimate 3rd person perfective of c'e-=(n)-d-'^a-n '(a round object) takes itself out', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). Mediopassive theme of c'e-=0(n)-'^aWPa-n 'take (a round object) out'.
c'e-na-lc>inda'^a-n 'the (spear) got loose,
itself

back out'

<

c'e--na-=lcyi-nin-di-'^a-n-i,

69.45.

Sapir's transcription is not clear, but apparently what is meant is yixonta'^n 'it caught hold of him' < yi-xo-o'-win-tan'^-i, obviative 3rd person perfective of 0-o--(w)-tan'^ 'catch hold of O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-). Transitional of neuter O-o-ni-tan"^ 'be holding onto O'.

69.46.

xa-wehs^a'^ '(his mouth) came to stick out (of the water)'. Inanimate 3rd person perfective of xa-=(we-s)-'^a'^ '(one thing) comes to extend Transitional of extension neuter xa-=win-'^aup from beneath'. '(one thing) extends up from beneath'.
Wa--lc>Hk>'id-ta--'^a-n (assimilated from Wa--lc>'iik>'id-te--'^a-n) 'will you feed me?', literally 'will you catch something for me?' (see note "^a-n is the apparently the relative form of the interroga31.19). tive enclitic, which is usually found as "^atj; the vowel of the preceding future enclitic (-te-) regressively assimilates across the glottal

69.47.

stop.

69.48.

tahnaniseMtin

'I

take you (back) out of the water'

< tah-na=ni-s-

e--i-ten, 1st person singular perfective of tah=0-(s)-i-tiW/te'n 'take

2nd person singular object For the shortenand iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). ing of na-= before the object pronoun see note 3.18.
(a living being) out of (the water)', with (ni-)

69.49.

tahnayxo(h)swa-K

'it

threw him out of the water'

< tah-na-=yi-xo-

s-i-wa-X-i, obviative 3rd person perfective of tah=0-(s)-i-wal/wa-X

'throw O out of (the water)', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

69.50.

See note 35.10.

tahc'islos 'he pulled (the fish) to shore'

69.51.

<

tah=c'i-si-lo's-i,

animate

3rd person perffective of tah=0-(s)-lo-s 'pull with a rope, line'.

out of (the water)

69.52.

(jumped up and) ran around' < na-=s-i-'^i3, inanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=(s)-i-'^i3 'run, jump around'. Suppletive non-directional theme associated with directional A-l-daW 'run (somewhere)' (see note 10.49).
nahs'^i^ 'she

69.53. 69.54.

See note 46.15.

c'iynirjen 'she

we-n-i,

'pack O person object.

packed (the basket) out of the house' < c'e=yi-ninobviative 3rd person perfective of c'e-=0-(n)-wiW/we-n out of a house, enclosure', with unmarked inanimate 3rd

69.55.

over the fire' < xon"^ 'fire' + m-e=ni-ispread over it', inanimate 3rd person of P-e=nii-tel 'be spread over P' (comparative form of descriptive neuter nitei 'be flat, spread'; see note 22.22) e- 'there, at a certain point'.
xon'^-mi-ttei-e- 'spread out

tel 'flat against

it,

-i-

69.56.

na'^ai'^ij 'she

was running around' <

of na-=(s)-i-'^i3

na-=c'i-i-Vj, animate 3rd per-

son imperfective

'run,

jump around'

(see

note

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

699

It is not clear why the narrator uses the animate 3rd per69.52). son subject here but the obviative 3rd person subject in the preceding sentence.

69.57. 69.58.

'^adiwen'^ 'she said', contracted from '^adiwe-ne'^.

See note 3.18.

Wiqo'^ohdine- '(you all) help me!', contracted from Wiq'id-'^ohdine< Wi-q'id + "^-oh-di-ne-, 2nd person plural imperfective (imperative) of P-qid + (w)-d-ne-/ne'^ 'help P', with 1st person singular indirect The derivation of this idiom is obscure. object.

69.59.

xoq'owine'^ 'helping her', contracted from xoq'id-wine'^ < xo-q'id + wi-d-ne"^, verbal noun (gerund) from P-q'id + (w)-d-ne-/ne'^ 'help P' For the prohibitive formation with do- ... (see preceding note). heh (literally 'no helping her!') see note 8.15.

69.60.

See note 40.23.

69.61.

cooked (the fish)' < (c'i-)Uyi-s-i-me-^-i, animate 3rd person perfective of P-(s)-i-me-^ 'cook P by boiling', with
M>'isme-^ 'she boiled,

indefinite 3rd person object

(^'>7-).

69.62. 69.63.

k>iwidmadi

< Ryi-win-d-mad, inanimate 3rd per'it stared boiling" son perfective of Uyi-(w}-d-mad '(water) boils',

wandiwinyay

'it

went over the (top of the cooking basket)'

inanimate
3rd

<

(mi-)wa-n=di-win-ya--i,

person perfective of Pwa-n=di-(w)-ya-W/ya' '(one) moves off of P' (see note 2.31), with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (basically mi-, see note 1.46).

69.64.

xe-ntaPn '(foam) reached up' < xe--win-tarP-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of xe--{w}-tarf '(water, mass) comes to reach some level'. Transitional of stative neuter xe--s-ta-n '(water, mass) reaches (to some level)' (see note 27.13).
no-nto'^ 'water

69.65.

came

to reach to that point'

<

no-=win-to'^, inani-

mate 3rd person perfective of

point'.

no-=(w)-to-/to'^ 'water reaches to that

69.66. 69.61.

See note 26.34.

wan-no-iceh 'you take a shot at it', literally 'you shove (a stick) to no=m-n-iit' < (m/)-wa-n 'for it' (see note 1.46) ce-d, 2nd person singular perfective of no-=0-(n)-i-Ge-d 'shove (a
that place for
-i-

stick) to that place'.

69.68.

na-na-daPa- '(ground) stands back up' < na-na-=di-'^a-, inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter na-=di-'^a- '(one) stands, sticks up (like a tree)', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).

69.69.

Error for Kyitis-e- (see notes 38.27 and 40.44).

xohwirjxic' '(bird) falls down' < xoh=win-xic'-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of xoh=(w)-xis/xic' 'fall (flying) down to the

69.70.

ground'.
69.71.

< na=c'i-di-wi-i-'^a?, animate naPdiwH'^a? 'he put (one knee) up' 3rd person perfective of na-=0-di-{w)-i-'^aP 'cause (one thing) to stick up, stand (like a tree)'. Causative of extension neuter na-=di'^Q'(one) stands, sticks up' (see note 69.68).
ya^Ryinyo-s 'he raised the bow and pulled the bowstring' < ya-=c'iya=0-{y\^)-yos Ryi-win-yo-s-i, animate 3rd person perfective of

69.72.

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up (on

a rope,

string)',

with indefinite 3rd person object

69.73.

See note 15.12.

xoda'^l(>ir}'^ij

69.14.

'he shot (the bird) down' < xo-da-=c'i-lcyi-win-'^i3, animate 3rd person perfective of .xo-da-=0-(w)-'^i^ 'shoot O (so that it
falls)

downhill', with indefinite 3rd person object

'it

(Ic^i-).

69.75.

x'^e-Ryine'^

provided for (all the people)' < xo-e-=Uyi-win-ne'^, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of P-e=fc>i-(w)-ne'^ 'be provided for P, P has a share in it', with animate 3rd person indirect object. Derivation obscure.
is

69.76.

'who were about to leave (this world)' < tah=s-ya\ inanimate 3rd person perfective of tah=(s}-ya-Wlya- 'come out of (the te\ future water, a dance, something entangling)' (see note 1.7) This is one of the verbs used in myths to describe the enclitic. departure of the Icyixinay from this world to make way for human
tahsya--te-i-

beings.

69.11.

kyitewehskyo-d '(feathers) were stolen (from him)' < Uyi-te--we--s-lkyo-d-i, perfective of Icyi-te--(we-s)-l-kyo-d 'come to be stolen'. Transitional of passive Uyi-te--wi-l-kyo-d 'be stolen', from kyi-ti-(s)-l-kyo-d For another tran'steal (something), be a thief (see note 16.14). sitional of a passive neuter see note 59.14.

69.78.

ia'^ayis-3 'just

(one

little

feather)'.

Diminutive of

ia'^ay-x'^

'just,

69.79.

symbolism (x"'>W>s) + j/ < -J/, diminutive enclitic, with consonant symbolism (j>j). na-na-diwal '(feather) was wiggling' < na--na-=di-wal-i, inanimate
only' (see note 11.37), with consonant

3rd person imperfective of na-=di-wal/wa-X 'throw oneself out, throw oneself across', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). Mediopassive theme (see note 15.13).

69.80. 69.81.

See note 5.11. a7^e'^A' 'we come

to live, stay'

< na-=wi-di-deK,

\si

person plural

perfective of na-=(w)-dil/de-X '(two or more) come to be around, go around'. Inceptive of na=(s)-dil/de-K '(two or more) are around,

go around'.
70.1. 70.2. 70.3.

See note 23.1.

UHn

'brothers,

sessor

male cousins (to each other)' < P-iin '(man's) brother, male cousin'.

ii-,

reciprocal pos-

>'ajco^f/5c'e'^ 'their sister,

son plural possessor

70.4.

female cousin' < >'(3-xo-, animate 3rd perP-itisc'e"^ '(man's) sister, female cousin; (woman's) brother, male cousin'. See note 39.2.

dah-ya'^kyiice-X '(someone)

dah 'above, on
70.5. 70.6. 70.7.

< threw a rock up on (their house)' animate 3rd person perfective of ya-=kyi-(w)-i-cil/ce-K 'throw (a stone) up, into the air'.
top'

ya-=c'i-kyi-wi-i-ce-K-i,

See note

12.2.

See note 20.3.

no-y^-ya'^xosc'^e^n 'they buried him', literally 'they

covered up, buried'

<

no-y"^

caused him to be 'covered up, buried, hidden', unana-

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

701

lyzable adverbial particle + ya=c'i-xo-s-t-c'^irP-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(s)-i-c''e-lc'^in? 'make O, cause O to be ...', with animate 3rd person object xo- and plural ya-=.

70.8.

naysxa-ni 'day again came' < na-=yi-s-l-xa-n-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of yi-(s)-i-xa-lxa-n 'it dawns, daylight comes'.

70.9.

< iah-xo iahx''e-heh 'just for nothing, accidentally' (see note 5.23) + heh 'despite, even if. See note 17.3.
"^ayaydiyaw
'it

'just,

only'
so'

70.10.

has happened to us', literally 'we

all

have done

<
fix

'^a--ya-=di-di-yaw-i, 1st person plural of '^a-=d-yaw, suppletive

70.11.

70.12.

For pretheme of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so', with plural {ya-=). phonology see note 43.7. naPay a^ 'somcont (customarily) is going around' < na-=c'i-'^i-ya^, animate 3rd person customary of na-=(s}-ya-/yaP '(one) is, goes around'. See note 3.10. See note 68.28.
perfective
do--yaPxohsle'^ 'they got used up, died off,
literally 'they

became

un-abundant' (see note 21.23).

See note

2.4.
'(a

no-^ondiya7n

person) remained, was

left

over'

< no=c'i-nin-di-

yarf-i, animate 3rd person perfective of no-=(n)-d-ya'W/yan^ 'be left

over from eating'.

See note 5.49.

lie

See note 22.34.

ninte'^-ne'^

'you must

down, go

to sleep'

<

ni-n-te'^,
-te'^)

2nd person
'(one)
lies

singular optative of ni-(s)-tiW/te-n (optative stem down' (see note 48.8) + ne"^, enclitic of obligation.

70.18.

sitin '(she

went somewhere) to sleep' < si-te-n, inanimate 3rd person of stative neuter si-te-n '(a living being) lies somewhere'. Inanimate 3rd person subject in the non-finite clause governed by

c'itehsyay 'she went off.

70.19.

wan-na^ne'^icad 'he (customarily) sits down to watch over (the < (mi-)wa-n 'for the purpose of (watching)' + na=c'i-ni"^i-ca-d, animate 3rd person customary of ni-cad '(one) sits down', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) (see note 57.13).
graves)'

70.20. 70.21. 70.22.

See note 30.42.

See note 21.41.

< xo-Hd-i, xoiidi-cahi 'a noise of steps on earth coming along' inanimate 3rd person of descriptive neuter xo-iid 'there is a sharp noise' + Gal, irregular inanimate 3rd person form of progressive neuter wi-yal '(one) goes along'. See note 12.11. See note 69.67.
xoq'id dah-na'^diwiPa'^ 'he
literally 'he hit him with an arrow', caused (an arrow) to stick out on top of him' < xo-q'id 'on (top of) him' + dah 'above, on top' + na-=c'i-di-wi-i-'^a7 'he made (an arrow) stick out' (see note 23.12).

70.23. 70.24.

70.25.

ma'^a'^diniic^id 'he started to run off, took off, literally 'he

pushed

himself against it' < m-e--'^a-=c'i-di-ni-i-c''id-i, animate 3rd person of P-e-=0-ni-(n)-l-c'''id 'push O against P', with reflexive object

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{'^a-=di-) and inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-). ently an old idiom, not a caique on English "push off.

Appar-

70.26.

na-=di-wi-l< na-diwilwa'^K '(blood) that had been spilled out' waK-i, passive of na=0-di-(w)-i-wal/waK 'pour out, dump, spill O' (see note 15.13).

70.27.

was lying there dead', literally 'he had been thrown down, dumped' < no-=c'i-wi-l-wa-K, animate 3rd person passive of no-=(n)-i-wal/wa-X 'dump (a liquid) out, throw (a stick) down'.
no'^wilwa'^X 'he

70.28. 70.29.

See note 59.10.

^a'^U>int'e-

'he

was

(so)

tall'

<

'^a-=c'i-U>'i-nin-t'e\

of extension neuter '^a-=Un-nin-t'elength'. See note 33.41.

'be

(so)

long,

animate 3rd person have (such a)

70.30.

clwehswa-K 'he remained lying (thrown

in a heap),

was

left

lying'

<

c'i-we--s-l-wa-K, animate 3rd person perfective of (we-s}-l-wa-K '(a Transitional of stick, liquid) comes to lie thrown, stays lying'.
stative neuter si-l-wa-K '(a stick, liquid) lies thrown'.

70.31.

diyWo'^-oW 'something (uncertain)' (see notes 1.39 and 59.10). Note the variation in the indefinite/interrogative impersonal pronoun stem {diy- ~ day-) in the repetitions of this form in sentence
32.
nohi'^irj

70.32.

perfective

'(you all) look at it!' < n-oh-i-'^e-n, 2nd person plural im(imperative) of 0-ne--(w)-l-'^e-nPin'^ 'look at O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. See note 20.13.

70.33.
70.34.

ya-'^asiiq "hQ rolled

away'

<

ya-=c'i-s-liq\

animate 3rd person per-

fective of ya-=(s)-tiw/iiq' 'rot away, (dissolving) into pieces'.

naya'^xone-'^iPe'^n 'every

na-ya-=c'i-xo-ne--'^i-i-'^in'^-i,

< they looked at him' animate 3rd person customary of 0-ne(w)-i-'^e-nPin'^ 'look at O', with animate 3rd person object {xo-), plural {ya-=), and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).

now and them

70.35.
70.36. 70.37.

See note 70.26. See note 69.39.

yanediPiij'^'Xti' ^dXWookdXiXV
ral

< >'a-=nr-^zW-'?iV, 1st person pluoptative of 0-ne--(w)-t-'^e-nPin'^ 'look at O', with plural iya-=) and regular classifier change {i > I) with the 1st person plural
marker
di-.
kyile-

70.38. 70.39.

Vocative form, apparently derived from the guys!'. stem of P-k>H 'P's younger brother' and k>ile-xi3 'boy'. ya-Ryidiqa'^ 'let's rub, file them' < ya=kyi-di-q'a'^, 1st person plural optative of ya-=0-(s)-q'a- (optative/customary -q'a'^) 'rub, file O, grind O into bits', with indefinite 3rd person object (/:'>/- j.
'pals!

70.40. 70.41.
70.42.

See note

1.46.

nii^e-n '(the bones) shone (like pearls)'

<

ni-i-^e-n-i,

inanimate 3rd

person of descriptive neuter.

See note 26.34.

70.43.

yayxowan

< ya-=yi-xo-wa-n, obviative 'it was destroying them all' 3rd person imperfective of 0-(w)-wa-n 'kill, destroy O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and plural (ya-=) modifying the object.

Hupa
70.44.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

703

nayde'^Hxif '(a child) is (customarily) affected by a hereditary ailment', literally 'something touches, feels along on it' < na-=yi-diobviative 3rd person customary of na=0-di-{s)-i-xit' "^i-l-xif, 'touch, feel along on O'.
c'eUye'^iGod 'a stabbing pain (customarily)
is felt

70.45.

(through

its

ears)'

< c'e-=k>i-'^i-God, inanimate 3rd person customary of c'e-=lc>i-(n)God 'a stabbing pain is felt'. Idiomatic derivation with indefinite 3rd person object {lc>'i-) from c'e=0-(n)-God 'poke O out (with a
stick),

spear

out'.

70.46.

wana-yarj'^x'^e'^iUgy 'they (customarily) tell

about

(this)

again (to the

child)'

<

{mi-)wa'-na--ya-n=c'i-xo-'^i-lig>\ animate 3rd person cus-

tomary of P-wa-n=xo-(w)-ligy 'tell (a story) about P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object, plural {ya-=), and iteraFor tive/reversative modifier {na-=). See notes 62.68 and 63.17. the morphology of the prefix string with P-wa-n= see note 8.8.
70.47.

See note

12.3.

70.48.
70.49. 70.50.

See note 47.10. See note 2.38.

ya--si-'^i-xaW-i,

c'ixoya-se'^ixaW 'they (customarily) pay him'. Probably < c'i-xo-o-animate 3rd person customary of an otherwise unattested theme 0-o-si-xaW 'pay O', with plural (ya--; for position see Possibly a derivation from directional A-xa-W/xa-n note 27.10). 'move (a filled container) somewhere', i.e., 'thrust (a filled basket) (in payment)'(?). at

70.51.

node'^ic'a-d 'the pain (customarily) stops'

<

no-=di-'^i-c'a-d-i, in-

animate 3rd person customary of no-=di-(n)-c'a-d 'pain stops'.

71.1. 71.2.
71.3. 71.4.

See note
'to

3.1.

^^/zaz/lVo'^-^a/;'^ 'long ago', literally

'some time ago'

< dahan-Wo'^

some

extent' (see note 28.1)

+ darf

'after, in the past'.

was a famine' < ti-win-maP, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ti-(w)-maP 'a famine occurs'.
r/w/ma'? 'there

See note 59.54.

See note See note
5.2.

71.5.
71.6. 71.7.

5.1.

See notes 11.54 and 28.7.

See note 2.11.
See note 29.41.
yehc'iwiiGe-d 'he landed the canoe, came ashore (in a canoe)', ally 'he shoved (a stick) in'. See notes 1.25 and 1.40.
liter-

71.8.
71.9.

71.10.
71.11. 71.12.

See note 40.10.

ta-na?wHGe-d 'he started back across the river (in his canoe)', literally 'he shoved (a stick) back into the water'. See notes 1.25, 1.32,

and

1.40.

704
71.13.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

tahdehsya- '(a person) came out of the water' < tah=de-s-ya-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of tah=di-(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one) comes out of the water, comes to shore'.

71.14.
71.15.

See note 22.2.

niwarj Wi^e-"^ c'o-nda'^ 33.46.
'I

pitied you, got sorry for you'.

See note

71.16.

c7WoWca'^ iet him see me' < cV-W-o-^-can'^, animate 3rd person
optative of 0-i-cis (suppletive perfective/passive stem -can, customary/optative -can"^) 'see O', with 1st person singular object
(W/-).

71.17. 71.18.

< n/-w-e=5m'^-z, 1st person singular perfective nese'^n 'I thought' of (y-)ni-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think so, feel thus'. See notes 4.3 and 22.6.
xo^e-'^-xH-yice'^n

'down

his chest (to

below

his waist)'
yicin'^i

'his chest, front', literally 'at his heart'

< xo-^e-'^-xo 'downward along

(his chest)', literally 'downhill' (see note 39.18).

71.19. 71.20.

See note 70.29. c'ixowinHw 'someone had rubbed (grease) on him' < Hw-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(w)-Hw (grease, paint) on O'. See note 59.12 diyWo'^-man 'barely',
son'.
literally

c'i-xo-win'rub,

smear

71.21.

71.22.

'because of something'

<

diy-Wo"^

'something' (see note 1.39)

+ ma-n-i 'because of

that, for that rea-

71.23.
71.24.

See note 69.46.

ya-silqahs 'acorns lie scattered here and there' < ya-=si-l-q'a-s, passive neuter, with plural iya-=). Derived from the directional theme A-O-i-q'as 'throw, fling O somewhere'.

71.25.

dah-nincah 'you sit up on (the fishing platform)' < dah 'up, on top' + ni-n-ca-d, 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of ni-ca-d '(one) sits down'. See notes 41.15 and 57.13.
See note 57.25.
'^aWt'e-n

71.26.
71.27.

'lam (that person)', literally 'I do, perform (that role)' < '^a=W-fe-n-i, 1st person singular of '^a-=t'e-n 'do so' (suppletive perfective '^a-=d-yaw). See notes 11.61 and 38.16.
... -tah 'the ones among them who were (his relatives)' (see xo-maiyaw"^ 'his relatives' (see note 20.14). note 13.18) -i-

71.28. 71.29.

hay

Ic>a-da-ya-dine'^ '\et us gather acorns'

<

lcya--da--ya-=di-ne'^, \st per-

son plural optative of kya--da-=(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'gather acorns', with plural (ya-=). For the theme see note 21.5.
71.30. 71.31. 71.32.
c'e-sid '(people)

woke

up'

<

c'e=sid, inanimate 3rd person imperup'.

fective of c'e-=(n)-sid

'wake

See note 1.46. hay ... -tah 'on the

'fallen logs'

(uphill side of fallen logs) only' mi-t'aw-i 'on the uphill side of them'.

nistan-i

Hupa
71.33.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

705

there'

noyawilin 'many streams (of acorns) poured, flowed down to < no--ya-=win-lin, inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter

no-=win-lin '(liquid) flows to a certain point', with plural {ya-=).

71.34.
(the acorns) into (baskets)' < yehya-=c'i-win-sow-i, animate 3rd person perfective of yeh=0-(w)-sow 'scratch, scrape inside', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person ob-

yehyaPwinsow 'they scooped

ject

and plural {ya-=).

71.35.

na'^tehidite'^ 'ihey gol strong agSLin''

<

na-=c'i-te--s-l-di-te'^, animsite

3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-l-te^ 'be, get strong', tive/reversative modifier {na-=..d-).

with itera-

71.36. 71.37. 71.38.

72.1. 72.2.

See note 59.54. See note 26.28. See note 9.10.

See note
11.3.

72.3. 72.4.

was) his chum, friend' < xo-, animate 3rd person possessor ii-l-yo"^ 'friend', literally 'those who -;"?, possessed noun formant. like one another' (see note 18.11) See note 33.8. ie-ne-X 'we come together, meet'. Contracted from -te-ne-de-K < ie-=ni-di-de-K, 1st person plural of i-e-=ni-(n)-de-K '(two or more)
xoiilyaw'^e'^ (for xoiilyo'^e'^) '(he
-i-i-

come
72.5.
72.6. 72.7.

to P', with reflexive indirect object {ii-}.

1.52.

See note
c'e'^rr /ay
i,

See note 9.14.

'he took them out (from several places)' < c'e-=c'i-te--s-la-animate 3rd person perfective of c'e-=(n)-liW/la- 'take (several things) out', with distributive modifier (ti- > te--, and 5-perfective,

see note 2.25).

72.8.
72.9.

xa-di (variant xa-fi)

'still,

(remaining) the same'.

Unanalyzable adof, talked

verb.
"^aMdiwine'^-dirj '(the) place that

had been spoken

about'
'tell

<
72.10.

'^a-=i

di-wi-d-ne"^, passive of '^a=P-i

-i-

di-(w)-ne-/ne'^

P,

speak with P' (see note 54.7)

/2<3ce- 'first,

din

'at that place'.

ahead (of the other)'. Unanalyzable adverb, possibly < na-, iterative/reversative prefix + -ce- 'head(ed)' (see notes 1.29 and 60.18).
de-q'arj- hid 'after a while'

72.11. 72.12.

<

de- 'here'

+ ^a
little

'recently'

+ hid
i.e.,

'when,

at the

time

that'.

xo-wehs'^e'^ni-ji-mi-l

'when (things) became a

visible',

'at

the first light of day' (see notes 1.23 and 3.14).

72.13.

'he ran, clambered up (a black oak)' < l(>-e-=c'i-s-l-fad-i, animate 3rd person perfective of P-e=si-(s)-l-lad 'run, jump up against P', with special indirect object {lc>'i-).
/:>e'^/5/a-<i

72.14.

na-ya'^alyiW 'they (customarily) rested' (for expected naya'^alyehW) < na--ya-=ci-'^i-l-yeW, animate 3rd person customary of na--{w)-lye'W 'rest', with plural {ya-=). See notes 1 1.63 and 50.7.

706
72.15.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

'^axah-xa'^a-nt'e- 'you are very light in weight'

light in weight', proclitic

adverb +

< '^a-xah '(so, very) xa-'^a=ni-n-t'e\ 2nd person sin-

gular of extension neuter xa-'^a-=nin-t'e- 'be so (as described), be that way' (see note 28.8).

72.16.

mexanditj 'close to (Orick)' < m-, inanimate 3rd person indirect object + P-exandin 'close to P'. Postposition derived from impersonal neuter P-e-xa-=n-din 'be close to P' (see note 40.18). See note 68.37.

72.17. 72.18.

< Hwanin 'alone', irregular formation (possibly wit/z the locative enclitic din 'at that time, place') from iiwan 'one person' (see note 1.30) + j/ 'little', i.e., 'just (one), barely', diminutive enclitic (see note 59.35).
^/wa/i/n-j 'just one (man)'

72.19.

ne-de-K 'we arrive' < ni-di-deX-i, 1st person plural perfective of ni(n)-dil/de-K '(two or more) arrive'.

72.20. 72.21.
72.22.

See note 20.1.

neX 'we

arrive'.

Contraction of nede'^K (see note 72.19).

< no=c'i-de-ni-l-'^iW, animate no'^de-niPiW 'he noticed (things)' 3rd person perfective of no=0-di-(n)-l-'^iW 'notice O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. Derivation from an otherwise unattested theme. See notes 57.24 and 66.21, and the similar but differently derived theme in line 40 below (note 72.38).
c'^in'^-da-nyay

72.23.

'(things)

that

had spoiled, been destroyed

'(one) goes to ruin,
is

grave)' <
c'^in'^

c'^in'^

+ da-=win-ya--i, inanimate 3rd person

+ da-=0-(w)-ya-W/ya-

(at the perfective of spoiled'. See

note 1.53.

72.24.

wan-na'^ne'^ida-W 'he (customarily) comes back for it' < (mi-)wa-n 'for it' + na-=c'i-ni-'^i-daW-i, animate 3rd person customary of ni(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) arrives', with iterative/reversative modifier For -daW see note 2.13. {na'=..d-).

72.25.

< xa--na-=c'i-'^i-liW, xa-na'^aliW 'he (customarily) digs (them) up' animate 3rd person customary of xa-=0-(w)-liW/la- 'take (several things) up out (of the ground)', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=).

72.26.

< na-=te-s-e--di-ya\ 1st person 'I go back (home)' singular perfective of ti-(s)-ya-Wlya- 'one goes off, along', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-). The prefix string te'-s-e--dina-te-ysdiyais

regularly contracted to te-ysdi-.

-arj)

11.11

dorjqd^-arp (Sapir writes

this)'.

'before

(I

come)

it

is

(always like

11.1%. 11.19.

Apparently an error for na^tehsde-K 'they started back'.

U>iniW
'(let

'^a-na-diWc'^e'^ '(let me) go back and spy around', literally me) make myself informed (of things) again' (see note 19.19).
is

The verb
72.30.

optative.

na-na-^asya^ 'he was around again' < na--na-=c'i-s-ya'^, animate 3rd person perfective of na-=(s)-ya-/ya'^ '(one) is around, goes around', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See note 36.3.

72.31.

For -hid.

Hupa
72.32.
c'inirj'^a-n

Texts: Linguistic Notes

107

'he brought (all the spoiled things) there' < c'i-ni-n-'^a-n-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ni-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'bring a round
object'.

72.33.
72.34.

See note 20.14. we'dii 'let's be going along!' <

wi-di-dil, 1st person plural of pro-

gressive neuter wi-dit '(two or more) are going along'.

72.35.

ya^UyisGod 'they deviled (someone)', literally 'they poked, speared him' < ya-=c'i-k>i-s-God-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(s)God 'poke, spear O', with indefinite 3rd person object (/:>/- j and plural (ya-=). See note 63.8.
Sapir writes ^a-RHdya^, a transcriptional error.

72.36.

1231

ya-xona-i 'in their presence, before them' < ya-xo-, animate 3rd person plural indirect object + P-nai 'in P's presence, before P's
eyes'.

72.38.

See note 57.24.

meixe'^i
(mi-).

72.39.

< m-e-=wi-l-xe'^, passive of P(grave) was finished' e-=(n)-xiw/xe'^ 'finish P',with inanimate 3rd person indirect object
'

See note

8.5.

72.40.

c'ide-ne'^ '...he said'.

p.

Word

inserted by

Sam Brown. (Notebook X,

38a.)
9.4.

72.41. 72.42.

See note

yaic'^e-n '(packs)

were made (for both of them)' < ya=wi-l-c'^e-n-i, passive of 0-(s}-l-c'"e-/c'Hii7 (passive stem -c'^e-n) 'make O', with plural {ya-=). See note 7.1.

72.43.

xowehsk>id-ne'^in 'he could have been caught, he was all but caught' < xo-we--s-l-kyid, perfective of 0-(we-s)-l-k>'id 'O comes to be caught', with animate 3rd person object (xo-). Transitional of Owi-l-knd 'O is caught', passive of 0-t-k>id 'catch hold of O' (theme without perfective) + ne'^in, past tense enclitic, here in a subjunctive sense.

72.44. 72.45.

See note

1.22.

Unantehitigy 'he squeezed it (back) together' < ii-na--n=te--s-i-tigy, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-n=ti-(s)-i-tigy 'squeeze O toward, against ?', with reciprocal indirect object (nii- > U-) and itFor ii-n= see note 39.15; erative/reversative modifier {na-=). for relative positions of U-n= and na= see note 10.62.

72.46. 72.47.

See note 33.28.

c7jcma>' 'he escaped'
is

72.48.

< c'i-xi-nay, 3rdperson of neuter 0-.v/-/7av 'O See note 62.72 and Uyixinay in Glossary. '^a-naWlah '(what) I did' < '^a-=na-=W-law, 1st person singular perfective of ^a-=0-law, suppletive perfective of '^aO-i-'^en 'do so to
saved'.

O', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).

72.49. 72.50.

See note 22.8.

c'e-Wiad
caught'
'run,
'I

< jump

ran out (away from his grasp)', i.e., 'I escaped being c'e-=n-iW-l-ta-d-i, 1st person perfective of c'e-=(n)-l-iad
out' (see note
1

1.59).

72.51.

See note 11.66.

708

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

73.1. 73.2.
73.3.

See note See note

3.1.

9.4.

generation grew up to maturity', literally 'a 'something grew back up, matured' < na-=U>i-ne--s-di-ya-n-i, indefinite 3rd person perfective of ni-(s)-yiw/ya-n 'grow up, mature', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-). See note 6.17.
na-Ryinehsdiya-n
r/Y//j>'a/7'^.ve-nrW 'they

73.4.

swore, talked against the rules'

<

ti-ya-n=c'i-

xi-win-neW-i, animate 3rd person perfective of tin=xi-(w)-ne-W, suppletive animate 3rd person theme of tin=xi-ni-(w)-ye-W 'speak The prefix phonology of astray, wrongly', with plural (ya-=). verbs with disjunct prefixes of the shape CVn= is idiosyncratic (see note 2.31). In this case the -n- of tin= seems to be repeated. Compare the formation in note 4.27.

73.5. 73.6.

See note

1.1.

naya'^acod

(customarily) carried ceremonial deerhides on poked it around' < na--ya-=c'i-'^i-God, animate around', 3rd person customary of na=0-(s)-God 'poke, spear with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and plural (ya-=). (See
'they
poles', literally, 'they

also notes 45.25 and 66.25.)

73.7.

See note 10.42.

See note
8.6.

73.8.
73.9.

ya'^ta'^a'^aW 'they

took (salmon) along' < ya-=c'i-ti-'^i-'^aW-i, animate 3rd person customary of ti-(s)-'^aWPa-n 'carry (a round object) along', with plural iya-=).

73.10.

^e-ya'^at'as 'they (customarily) cut

< ^e--ya=c'i-'^i-t'as-i, it in two' animate 3rd person customary of ^e-=0-(w)-t'as/ta-c' 'cut O in two, split O apart', with plural {ya-=).
See note
'^il-i,

73.11. 73.12.

1.15.

jco^a7a?A;'>'^e?// 'they

swam down

the river'

<

xo-da--ya-=c'i-Jcyi-'^i-

animate 3rd person customary of xo-da-=(w)-'^il 'two or more The function of the inswim down (slope)', with plural (ya-=). definite 3rd person subject/object marker (lc>i-) is not clear here, and may be an error. Note that it is lacking when this base is repeated in

the next sentence.

73.13.

V^e-cfa'^o}' 'their

own head

(hair)'

<

"^a--^/-,

reflexive possesor

P-eda'^ay 'P's head' (see note 6.1).

73.14. 73.15.
73.16.
73.17.

See note 26.7.

tehsc'eh^i 'swallow'
.

Variant of tehs^eh^i.

See note 12.37.

See note
1.54.

73.18.
73.19.
74.1.

See note 21.23.

See note 9.10.
See note
3.1.

74.2.

See note 39.2.

Hupa
74.3. 74.4.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

709

See note

12.8.

74.5. 74.6.

See notes 27.12, 44.13, and 46.7. See notes 20.17 and 46.42.

See note 24.1.

hayi-heh 'nevertheless'
if.

74.7.

< hayi

'that (thing)'

+ heh

'despite,

even

Compare

note 13.35.

74.8.

do- mila-n Rya-n 'he did not eat with them' < do- 'not' + mi-la-n 'with their help, in their company' (see note 35.13) + (c'i-)lc>'a-n-i, irregular animate 3rd person imperfective of lc>i-(w)-ya-n/yan'^ 'eat

(something)' (see note 3.4).

74.9.

See note 22.34.

74.10. 74.11. 74.12.

See note 26.55.

See note
2.4.

na-yme'^ 'I (begin to) swim' < na-=w-e--me'^, 1st person singular perfective of na-=(w)-me-/me'^ 'begin to swim around', inceptive derivation from non-directional na-=(s)-me-/me'^ 'swim around'.

74.13.

74.14.

animate 3rd being) person Note that the quiver, made out of the skin of a fisher, is along'. See also notes 46.24 and referred to as if it were still an animal. 76.24. < na-=de--s-min, inanimate na-dehsmirj 'full (again) of (arrows)' 3rd person of stative neuter de--s-min 'be full', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See note 8.2.
c'itehite-n 'he
c'i-te--s-te-n-i,

perfective

took (the quiver) along' < of 0-ti-(s)-i-tiW/te-n

'carry

(a

living

74.15. 74.16.

See note

1.8.

Uy'isoPwinya- 'something

ate him up', literally 'he has gone into something's mouth' < lcyi-sa-=c'i-win-ya-, animate 3rd person perfective of P-sa-=(w)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes into P's mouth', with special indirect object (kyi-). See note 17.6.

74.17. 74.18.

See note 45.22. no'^nHcow 'she crushed (a blanket) down (into it)' < no-=c'i-ni-icow-i, animate 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-i-cow 'bend,
crush (springy substance) to a certain point', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.

74.19.

See note 68.93.

head of a creek, river'. Inanimate 3rd person of din extension neuter no-=win-lin '(water) flows to a certain point' note 71.33. See 'at that place'.
no-wilin-dirj 'the
-i-

74.20.

74.21.

xoda'^winyay 'she went down (to the lake)' < xo-da=c'i-win-ya--i, animate 3rd person perfective of xo-da-=(w)-ya--i '(one) goes See notes 20.18 and 22.42. downhill (to the bottom)'.

74.22. 74.23.

See note 10.64.

^a/iro-x" 'where the water reaches up to' < Ja/2=/(y, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of dah-(w)-to-/to'^ 'water extends, reaches up' + xo 'at that place'. See note 69.65.

74.24.

See note 2.14.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

74.25.
74.26.

tiwimah 'shore, beach'. Unanalyzable noun. nehsnoy '(foam) was standing (in peaks)' < ne-s-no-i, inanimate
3rd person of stative neuter ne-si-no- '(several things) stand erect'.
winto'^ 'water reached' < win-to"^, inanimate 3rd person perfective oi {w)-to-/to'^ 'water reaches, extends'.

14.21

74.28.

na-na'^kyiswei 'she packed (the bones) away' < na--na-=c'i-k>i-s-iwei-i, animate 3rd person perfective of na=0-(s)-i-wei 'store away, fill (a pack) with O', with indefinite 3rd person object (^'>7-j and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).

74.29.

< (c'i-)lc>'i-s-i-te-l-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(s)-i-tei 'spread O', with indefinite 3rd person object (k>i-). Causative of ni-tei 'be wide, flat'.
UHste-l 'she spread (a blanket)'
ya-na'^witje-n 'she put
it (back) up on her back (to pack)' < ya'na-=c'i-win-we-n-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ya'=0-(w)wiW/we-n 'pick up (as a pack)', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). See notes 1.12 and 15.2.

74.30.

74.31.

xaytehik>id '(mist) lifted up here and there' < xa-=yi-te--s-i-kyid-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of xa'=yi-(w)-i-kyid '(cloud, smoke, mist) rises up from the ground', with distributive modifier (ti- > te--, and ^-perfective; see note 2.25). For the theme see note 3.13.

74.32.
74.33.

See note

1.27.

no-nayniikyid '(fog) settled down' < no--na-=yi-ni-i-kyid, inanimate 3rd person perfective of no-=yi-(n)-t-kyid '(cloud, smoke, mist) setSee note tles down', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). 3.13.

74.34.

See note 26.24.

re*- wm-c'e'^, inanimate 3rd per'wind starts to blow off, along'. Inceptive derivation from extension neuter te--s-c'e- 'wind blows along'. See notes 64.1 and 64.4.
r^-Azc'e"^ 'it

74.35.

started to

blow a wind' <

son perfective of

te--(w)-c'e'^

74.36.

kyido-ico'^n '(limbs)
con"^ 'bang,

were flipped, thrown about (by the wind)'

O', with agentive

<

kyi-d-o'-wi-l-con'^-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of 0-o--(w)-iflip,

hit at

passive object {kyi-di-}

status

which demotes the formal subject to object animate 3rd person subject.. See note 31.7.
74.37.

and marks an

in-

See note 10.10.

74.38.

< na-=c'i-xo-te--win-le'^, na'^xote-wiW 'someone pulled her back' animate 3rd person perfective of 0-ti-(w)-le-/le'^ 'pull, attract O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). The thematic prefix //- is lengthened to te-- in perfective forms.

74.39.

iah-xo

...

sile'^n 'it

was

as though...' (see note 37.19).

74.40.

< ya-na^winta-X 'she could take another step, lift her foot again' ya-na=c'i-win-taK-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ya-=(w)tallta-K 'lift one's foot, take a step', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).

Hupa
74.41.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

711

no'xo-we/z5'^e'^ '(things)
l-Vti^-i,
is

were seen at that place' < no=xo-ni-we--sinanimate 3rd person perfective of no-=0-ni-(we-s)-l-'^in'^ 'O seen at that place', with areal-situational prefix (xo-). Mediopas-

sive derivation

from

0-ne--i-'^e-nPirP 'look at O'.

74.42.

See note 41.15.

Rye'^niwHt'iJiy 'she tied (her basket) to (a tree)'
t'ilcy,

lAA?).

<

lc>'-e-=c'i-ni-wi-i-

animate 3rd person perfective of P-e-=0-ni-(w)-i-t'ilcy 'stretch O to P in a line, tie O to P', with (unmarked) inanimate 3rd person object and special postpositional object (/cW-J. See note 26.7.
74.44.
maPdisloy'^ 'she tied herself to (a
lated vowel)
ject {^a-=di-)
fir tree)'.

from

me'^a7disloy'^

<

m-e'-'^a-=c'i-di-s-loy'^,

person perfective of P-e=0-(s)-loy'^ 'tie O and inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-}. note 68.71.
Ryo-'^ontaPni 'she

Contracted (with assimianimate 3rd to P', with reflexive ob-

See

74.45.

< ky-o'-cH-ni-tan^-i, is holding on to (the tree)' animate 3rd person of neuter 0-o--ni-tarf 'be holding on to O', For the unusual order of with indefinite 3rd person object (/:>/-). the subject and object prefixes, see note 12.9.

74.46. 74.47.

< milay'^d 'the tops of (the fir trees)' possessor + P-lay'^-di 'P's top-place'.
'^e'^idwa^n '(tree tops)

mi-, inanimate 3rd person

warf-i, inanimate

3rd

apart, fall to pieces'.

were (customarily) breaking off < '^i-'^i-dperson customary of -d-wa-n/wan'^ 'break Mediopassive of 0-wa-n 'break O to pieces,

destroy O'.

74.48.

'the wind (customarily) blew' < kyi-te'-'^i-c'e'^-i, indefinite 3rd person customary of te--(w)-c'e'^ '(wind) comes to blow off, along'.
Uyite-'^ic'e'^i

74.49.

c'ima'^-na-xowinse'^n

-i< c'ima'^ 'quiet' 'it became quiet again' na-=xo-win-sin7-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of xo-iwj-sin^ 'come to be so', with iterative/reversative modifier {na=). Transitional of c'imaP-xosin 'be quiet' (see note 64.23).

74.50.

74.51.

See note 68.79. ie-ya-naW '(the people) who all live together', i.e., 'neighbors (in the same village)' < i-e--ya-=n-ya-W, inanimate 3rd person imperSee note fective of P-e=yaWlya- '(a group) comes together'. 62.33. > For -na-W see note 10.50.
See note 48.17.
c'ixowinc'''ay 'she buried him'

74.52. 74.53.

74.54.

< c'i-xo-win-c'''a--i, animate 3rd person perfective of O-iwj-c'^a- 'do to O with dirt, a loose mass', i.e., 'bury O', with animate 3rd person object (xo-). For the stem see note 5.40. Wii-xowidligy 'I was told' < Wi-l 'with me, to me' + xo-wi-d-ligy, passive of xo-(w)-ligy 'say, tell (a story)'. See note 22.52.
See note 12.24.
See note 61.13.

75.1. 75.2.

XrV Northwest

California Linguistics
'it

75.3. 75.4.

nisah-mii 'from a distance' < ni-sa-d person of neuter + mii 'from (there)'.

is distant', inanimate 3rd See note 68.74.

yima-n'^-^i-mii 'from close across the river'.

For expected yima-ni-^imii 'across the river-a little-from (there)'. The -'^- cannot be explained, and is possibly a transcriptional error; but see also yima'^niin note 76.26. (For parallel formations see notes 48.10 and 68.74).
See note 25.38.

75.5. 75.6. 75.7.

See note 72.11.

yehna^te-de-K 'they came back into the house (one after another)' < yeh-na=c'i-te--s-deK-i, animate 3rd person perfective of yeh=(w)dillde-K '(two or more) go into the house', with distributive modi> te--, and 5-perfective, see note 2.25) and iterafier {titive/reversative modifier (na-=).

75.8. 75.9.

See note 29.35. See note 58.12. literally '(whenever) '(whenever) they laughed', io'^-x'"e'^ise'^n xo-'^i-sin'^-i, inanimate 3rd laughter happened' < io^ 'laughter' Compare the person customary of xo-iwj-sin'^ 'come to be so'. alternative formations in notes 19.18 and 75.11. < xo-a-=c'i-'^i-io'^, animate 3rd r'a-'^e'^iio'^ 'he (customarily) laughed' person customary of P-a-={w)-io'^ 'laughter happens for P' (i.e., 'P laughs'), with animate 3rd person indirect object {xo-}.
-i-

75.10.

75.1

1.

75.12.

See note 2.40.

c'e^te-de-K '(the

75.13.

de-X-i,

men) went out (one after another)' < c'e=c'i-te-sanimate 3rd person perfective of c'e-=(n)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go out', with distributive modifier (ti- > te--, with sperfective; see note 2.25).
'^a'naya'^lc>ilaw 'they put (the eating baskets)
i.e.,

75.14.

xo'^^a

again',

'they put (the baskets) away'

correctly'

'^a--na--ya-=c'i-l(>i-law-i,

back in order proper way, animate 3rd person perfective

<

jco'^j/

'in a

of '^a-=0-law, suppletive perfective of '^a-=0-i-'^e-n 'do so to O', with indefinite 3rd person object (^W-j, plural {ya-=), and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).

75.15. 75.16.

See note

1.2.

Note the inanimate 3rd person subject here (referring

contrasting with the animate 3rd person subject in the note 75.13 (referring to men). See note 1.55.

to women), same verb in

75.17.

See note 16.10.

c'e-'^indil

75.18.

'(those who) go out'< c'e-=c'i-n-dil-i, animate 3rd person imperfective of c'e-=(n)-dil/de-X 'two or more go out (of an enclosure)'.

75.19.

xoXehkyin

< xo-, animate 3rd person possessor + '(at) her waist' P-Xeh-k>in-i 'P's waist', literally 'what is (at) the base of P's crotch'.
See note 2.28.

75.20.

75.21.

ya'^xoUe-n 'he lifted her up' (contracted from expected ya'^xowiite-n; see notes 44.15 and 56.6) < ya-=c'i-xo-wi-i-te-n-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ya=0-(w)-i-tiW/ten 'lift up (a living being)'.

Hupa
75.22. 75.23.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

713

See note 66.43.

c'ixowiite-l 'he kept carrying her along'

<

c'i-xo-wi-i-tei-i,

animate

3rd person of progressive neuter 0-wi-t-tei 'be carrying (one living being) along', with animate 3rd person object (xo-).

75.24.

dahandi-de'^ 'when (will he ever put me down)?' < dahan-di 'to what extent?', i.e., 'how far (in space or time)?', interrogative adverb (< dahan-, indefinite/interrogative pro-adverb of extent de"^ 'when (in -di, interrogative pro-form formant; see note 28.1)
-i-

-i-

the future), if.

75.25.

ya-rj'^

'(when)
-i-

is

(the time) to be?'

<

ye- 'there (in view)', evidential

enclitic

'^an'^ 'it is',

assertive particle.

75.26.

no'^WinHtin 'he puts me down' < no-=c'i-Wi-ni-t-te-n, animate 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-i-tiW/te-n 'put (a living being) down', with 1st person object (Wi-).

15.21.

"^a-diwarjWwiiwa-K 'she threw off (her cap)' < '^a--di-wa-n=c'i-diwi-l-wa-K, animate 3rd person perfective of P-wa-n=di-(w)-fwal/wa-K 'throw O off from P', with reflexive indirect object C^a-di-).
'^a-diciq'e'^
-I-

75.28. 75.29.

'her (own) hair-tying straps'

-I-

<

'^a-di-,

reflexive possessor

clq 'hair-tying strap'

-i'^,

possessed noun formant.

c'e'^nih'ow 'she slipped (her hair-tie) loose'

<

c'e'=c'i-ni-l-t'ow-i,

animate 3rd person perfective of c'e-=0-(n)-i-t'ow 'slip O out (of a tight covering)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.
75.30. 75.31.

See note 62.32. See note 63.3.

75.32. 75.33.
75.34.

See note 68.37.

See note
12.8.

< daxo-'^-q'i 'in some daxo'C^jq'i-xoW 'in some (unknown) way' way' (see note 9.15) -i- xoW, evidential particle indicating mild Sapir transcribed -xiW in the original text, doubt or uncertainty. which Sam Brown corrected to -xoW (Notebook IX, p. 22a).

75.35.

See note 35.19.

See note 2.21. See note 67.2. See note 57.44.

75.36.
75.37. 75.38.

75.39.

< nana-ya^wildHa-d 'she ran, jumped back up (among them)' person perfective of ya-=(w)-liad '(one) runs, jumps up', with iterative/reversative modifier
ya-=c'i-wi-l-di-ia-d-i, animate 3rd

(na-=..d-).

75.40.

do-de'^-tah-xoW 'perhaps'
uncertainty,
i.e.,
'it

<

do'-de"^

'it

might not be'

-i-

tah 'also,

as well, alternatively' (see note 1.10)

+
it

xoW,

particle expressing

might be, or again

chasing me'

might not be'.

75.41.

c'iWiwinyoM

'he

is

<

c'i-Wi-wi-n-yo-l,

from underly-

ing *c'i-Wi-ni-wi-yo-l, animate 3rd person of progressive P-ni-wiyoi 'be chasing P, driving (an animal)', with 1st person indirect The metathesis -ni-wi- > -wi-n- is regular with this object (Wi-). derivation. See note 48.23.

4
7

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

75.42.

dahna'^diwidgyid 'they all ran back (frightened)' < dah-na=c'i-diwin-d-g>id-i, animate 3rd person perfective of dah=di-(w)-d-gyid '(a crowd) rushes off away (frightened)', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). For the adverbial modifier dah=di-(w)- 'off, away' see note 10.52.
meda'^a- '(the canoe) was sitting to the shore', literally 'it was joined < m-e=di-'^a-, inanimate 3rd person of extension to (the shore)' neuter P-e=di-'^a- '(one thing) extends to P, is joined to P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-}. See note 27.20.

75.43.

75.44.

c'enaxota-'^an 'they
ran

all

ran back out (one after another)',

i.e.

'they

down

to the river'

< c'e--na=xo-te-s-'^an-i, inanimate 3rd per-

son perfective of c'e-=xo--(n)-'^aWPa-n '(several) run out', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=) and distributive modifier (ti- > te-, with 5-perfective; see note 2.25). For the use of the inani-

75.45.

theme see note 2.23. nona'^te-deK 'they all sat (back) down' < no--na=c'i-te--s-de-K-i, animate 3rd person perfective of no-=(n)-dil/de-X '(two or more) sit down' (see note 11.15), with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and distributive modifier (//- > te--, with ^-perfective; see note
mate 3rd person with
this

2.25).

75.46. 75.47.

See note

1.25.

'(the canoe) went back to (shore)' < m-e--na-=nin-diced, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-e=(n)-d-Ge'd '(a stick, canoe) propells itself to P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-) and iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). The sequence na-=nin-di- is regularly reduced to nandi-. See note 11 .61

me-nandiced

75.48.

See note 11.66. See note

4.1.

76.1.
76.2.

xo^e-'^-sa'^a-n 'he is

mean,

fierce',

literally

'his

mind

lies there'

<

xo-^e-"^ 'his heart, (state of)

of stative neuter
76.3.
la'^

si-'^a-n '(a

mind' + si-^a-n-i, inanimate 3rd person round object) lies'.

ia'^

+
76.4.

xoRyina-kyiP 'he had one slave', literally 'one (was) his slave' < 'one' xo-, animate 3rd person possessor -i- Uyina-kyil 'slave' -(ip, possessed noun formant.
-i-

c'e'^Uy'e'^imil

'he used to bail out (water)'

<

c'e-=c'i-Uyi-'^i-mil-i, ani-

mate 3rd person customary of c'e-=0-(n)-miI/me-K 'throw

cating that the object
is

(a load)

out, bail out (water)', with indefinite 3rd person object (A:>/-j indi-

water.

76.5.
76.6. 76.7. 76.8. 76.9.

See note 69.9.

See note 74.35.

See note See note

8.2.
1.8.

See note 24.1.

'^a-diyUyiwiitiw '(the dipper-basket) ran

76.10.

and dodged

in

war fashion'
literally

<

'^a--d-e-=yi-kyi-wi-i-tiw-i, obviative 3rd

person perfective of "^a-dfashion',

e-=Kyi-(w)-i-tiw

'dance

around

in

war-dance

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

715

'measure oneself. Idiomatic use of the derivation P-e-=kyi-(w)-ttiw 'measure P' (see note 1.30), with reflexive indirect object C^adi-).

76.11.

ne'^diwileh '(v^arhoTs) attack you' < n-e-=c'i-di-win-liw, animate 3rd person perfective of P-e--di-(w)-liw 'attack, fall upon P', with

second person singular indirect object

76.12.

(ni-).

See also note 42.1.

nana/oj'^ 'you tie your hair' < na*-na-=n-/o>''?, 2nd person singular imperfective (imperative) of na-=(s)-loy'^ 'tie (hair) around', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=). See note 10.47

76.13.
76.14. 76.15.

See note 39.33. See note 57.7.

< (c'i-)lcyi-ya-n, animate 3rd person im'as he was eating' perfective of Uyi-(w}-ya-nlyari^ 'eat (something)' (see note 3.4) + For the expression of duration, see xo 'as, while, in such a way'.
^'>a/7-jc"'

note 2.4.

76.16

See note 11.43.

Literally
'I

did so', see note 70.10.

na'^wa- 'he

(the river)' < na-=c'i-wa:, irregular animate 3rd person imperfective of na-=(s)-ya-/ya? '(one) is around, goes around'. See note 27.19.

was around

tehslah '(arrows) were floating along' < te--s-la-d, inanimate 3rd person perfective of ti-(s)-la-d 'float, drift along (on the water)'.
dax'^'e-d-a-rj"^

'what

is it?

how

is this?'.

Contracted from dax'^e'-di 'in

what way? how?' (<

76.21.

dax'^'e--,

adverbial pro-form stem

-i-

-di, inter-

rogative pro-form formant)

xa-na-'^asdiia-d 'he ran

"^arf 'it is',

emphatic

enclitic.

back up

(to the village

from the

river)'

<

xa--na-=c'i-s-l-di-ia-d-i, animate 3rd person perfective of xa-=si-(s)-

l-iad 'one person runs up (to the top)', with iterative/re versative modifier (na-=..d-). See note 40.35.
76.22.
na'Undiwe-s'^ifj'^

< na=U>'i-di-we--s-e--l-'^iii7-i, 'I have noticed things' person singular perfective of na-=0-di-(we-s)-Vn'^ 'watch, keep an eye on O', with indefinite 3rd person object (lc>'i-). See note 66.21. Note the use of direct quotation where English normally
1st

employs
76.23.

indirect quotation.

c'ixowirjarj 'they

have killed them' < c'i-xo-win-wa-n, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-wan 'kill, slaughter (several), destroy O', with animate 3rd person object {xo-}. A plural object is implied by the theme.

76.24.

took out (his quiver)' < c'e-=c'i-ni-ianimate 3rd person perfective of c'e-=0-(n)-f-tiW/te-n 'take out (a living being)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object. For the animate classification of fisher-skin quivers and other artifacts made from animal hides, see also notes 46.24 and 74.13, and
c'e'^m/^/y^/en, for c'e'^Ai?Vr^7i 'he
te'n-i,

text 28, line 10.

76.25.

See note 68.83.

716
76.26.
yima'^ni-{

XIV Northwest
for

California Linguistics
yima-ni-\

expected

but

see

note

15A)yinah-c'itj
side'.

'coming
16.21.

in this direction

from upstream on the opposite

See

note 1.33.

xe^enya- 'it went past, away' < xi-'^e-=win-ya\ inanimate 3rd person perfective of jcZ-V^fyvj-ya-W/ja- '(one) goes past, away, out of
sight'.

76.28.

As

in note 76.11, with similated to neh-).

first

person plural indirect object (noh-, as-

76.29.

xoc'in'^-c'eya-neya-

76.30. 76.31.

The plural prego out to (confront) them'. fix in the verb {ya-=) marks the plurality of the indirect object of For similar transpositions of the plural proclitic P-c'in'^ 'to P'. marker see note 20.17 and further references there. qad '^ana-rf 'has anything (happened)?' < qad 'now' + "^a-n, inter'I

rogative particle

-'^an'^ 'it is',

assertive particle.

na-UyiPe-n 'something (special) happened to you', literally 'you did something (special)' < na-=lc>i-n-i-'^e-n-i, 2nd person singular of '^a-=0-i-'^e-n 'do so to O', with indefinite 3rd person object {Uyi-}.

76.32. 76.33.

crown of your head' < n/-, 2nd person singular possessor + P-cida"^ 'the crown of P's head'.
nicida"^ '(on) the

c'e'^xone-ninyo-d 'they chased, drove (them) out' < c'e=c'i-xo-ne-nin-yo'd-i, animate 3rd person perfective of c'e=P-ne-{n)-yo-d

'chase, drive

out', with

animate 3rd person indirect object {xo-}.

76.34. 76.35.

la'^a-dikyin 'one hundred'

<

ia'^i

'one'

di-Ryin-i 'hundred'.

ya'^xo-05 'they shot at him' < ya-c'l-xo-o'-win-'^i^, animate 3rd person perfective of O-o-fwj-^/j 'shoot at O', with animate 3rd person The underlying meaning of the diobject (xo-) and plural (ya--). rective derivation (O-o--) is that the described action does not neccessarily reach its goal. Compare the non-directive derivation from The position of the plural in this the same theme at note 69.74. form should be compared to the position in the directive derivations in notes 27.10, 67.20, and 70.50.

76.36.

'^adiqid-c'ixe-ne-W 'he talked to

him (while

fighting)',

literally

'he

talked on, for himself < '^a--di-q'id 'on himself + c'i-xi-win-neW, animate 3rd person perfective of xi-ni-{w)-ye-'W 'speak, talk' (see note 19.1). The idiom is obscure.

76.37.

Wila'^-me'^

noitiW 'give

me

(the quiver)',

literally

'

put

it

in

my

hand'

no--n-i-tiW, 2nd person hand' singular imperfective (imperative) of no-=(n)-i-tiW/te-n 'put (a livFor the animacy of the quiver, see note 76.24. ing being) down'.

<

Wila'^-me'^ 'in(to)

my

-i-

76.38.

76.39.

winta^n '(my bones) have come to lie there' < win-tan'^-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of iw)-tan^ '(a stick-like object) comes to lie somewhere'. Transitional theme of stative neuter si-tan '(a stick-like object) lies somewhere'. xowa'^aiten 'he gave (the quiver) to him' < xo-wa-=c'i-ni-i-te-n-i, animate 3rd person perfective of P-wa-=0-(n)-i-te-n 'give (a living being) to P', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and animate 3rd person indirect object {xo-}.

Hupa
76.40.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

< Wi-wa-n-i 'toward me, near diminutive enclitic + xoliW, evidential particle indicating that the object is in view. See notes 1.13 and 1 1.57.
Wiwa-n-^i-xoliW 'very close to me'
j/,

me' +
76.41.

nanya- '(you) get (closer to me)!'

< na-=n-ya\ 2nd person singulat imperfective (imperative) of non-directional na-=(s}-ya-lyd^ '(one) is around, goes around'.
wandimil '(arrows) go through' < (mi-)wa-=nin-di-mil-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-wa-=(n)-d-mil '(several objects in a bunch) go through P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-, see note 1.46).

76.42.

76.43.

< no-=nin-ya-'(the sun) reached a place (here upstream)' inanimate 3rd person perfective of no-=(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes to that place'. (For other uses of intransitive directional A-ya-W/ya'(one) goes' to describe the movement of the sun, see notes 13.11, 22.42 and 25.38.)
nonyay
i,

76.44.

See note 43.37.

x''e-da^ay 'his hair', literally 'his head' (see note 6.1).

76.45. 76.46.

< his head)' it grew on it out (of where xa--ya'=c'i-wi-i-xay-i, animate 3rd person perfective of xa-=0-(w)up and out (of the ground)', with unmarked inanii-xa-y 'shoot
xa-ya?wiixa-y 'they shot

mate 3rd person

theme.)
76.47. 76.48.
77.1.
'^ant'eh 'clearly,

object.

(This

is

the only attestation of this verb

in

noticeable quantities'.

Unanalyzable adverbial

particle.

See note 53.5.

See note 66.31.

Wic'''o--neVn

'my
-i-

late
ne'^in,

grandmother'

<

Wi-c''o-

'my maternal

grandmother'

named
77.2. 77.3. 77.4. 77.5. 77.6. 77.7. 77.8. 77.9.

relative

is

past tense enclitic, here indicating that the deceased and the kinship tie no longer exists.

See note 22.52. See note 71.1. See note 71.3.

Uyina7-tah-x''

'among
-t-

the Yurok'

< RyinaP 'Yurok' (unanalyzable

P'
-i-

noun; see Glossary)

P-taw 'among

xo, locative enclitic.

See note See note

4.6.

See note 76.23.

4.1.

cYxoc'e-fi? 'liar'

<

son imperfective oi xo-(w)-c'ed

77.10. 77.11. 77.12. 77.13.

c'/-j:o-cW-/, relative form of the animate 3rd per'tell a lie'.

See note

17.3.
1

See notes 76. 1

and 76.28.

See note 34.43. See note 30.33.

it'>'a'?re7e/7^c"7vy

77.14.

'he cried out in

one place

after another'

< l(>o=ci-

te--te--(s)-i-c'''iw,

animate 3rd person perfective of kya-=ti-{s}-l-Mw

718

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
(ti-

'cry out, scream' (see note 50.8),

te-,

witii 5-perfective; see

with distributive modifier note 2.25).

>

77.15.

(have started to) kill us' < noh-c'i-win-wan, animate 3rd person perfective of O-wan 'kill O', with 1st person plural object (noh-). See notes 11.51 and 76.23.
nohc'iwirjaij 'they

77.16. 77.17.

diyWo'^ 'things, possessions', literally 'something' (see note 1.39).

See note 34.24. See note 72.18. See note 72.47.

77.18. 77.19. 77.20.

See note 27.17.

See note See note
18.4.
6.1.

77.21. 77.22.
77.23.

kye-ya'^U>itehiwa-K 'they
ya-=c'i-lc>i-te--s-i-wa-X,

chopped off (people's heads)'

<

Ry-e--

animate 3rd person perfective of lc>e-=0-(w)i-wal/wa-K 'split, sever O (with a stick-like instrument)', with distributive modifier (ti- > te-, and j'-perfective; see note 2.25) and
plural (ya-=).

77.24.
77.25.

See note 9.24. See note 11.19.

yehya'^Uyite-God 'they stuck (several sticks) into (the hearts)'
ya-=c'i-lcyi-te--s-God,

77.26.

< yehanimate 3rd person perfective of yeh=0-(w)God 'poke O into something', with indefinite 3rd person object (lc>i-) and distributive modifier (ti- > te--, with ^-perfective; see note
2.25).

77.27. 77.28.

See notes 4.12 and 57.30.

ya'^xite-na'^

'(people) escaped'
fvvj-na'^

person perfective of
plural {ya-=)

< ya-=c'i-xi-te--s-na'^, animate 3rd 'become safe, escape, survive', with

.s-perfective;
safe, escape,

see note 2.25). survive'.

and distributive modifier (//- > te-, with Transitional theme of neuter xi-na- 'be

77.29.

77.30.

pack several loads' < na--ya-=c'i-lcyi-s-we'^, animate 3rd person perfective of na-=(s)-we-/we'^ 'carry O around as a pack', with indefinite 3rd person object (kyi-) and plural (ya-=). sila'-ne'^in '(valuables) which were lying (in ta'^Uyimii-diijY < si-la-,
na-ya'^Uyiswe'^ 'they

inanimate 3rd person of stative neuter

si-la-

'(several

objects)

lie

77.31.

somewhere' + tie'^in, past tense enclitic, here indicating that the articles no longer were in the village, having been stolen in the raid. na-ya'^winiid 'they burned (the houses) down' < na--ya-=c'i-winiid,

animate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-(w)-lid 'burn O (down)', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and plural
{ya-=).

tional

Transitive (causative) theme parallel to intransitive direcA-lid 'fire burns (somewhere)'; the stem is probably con-

tracted

from

*-i-lid.

77.32.

'^a-diqi(d)-no-ya'^nir}'^an
q'id 'on

'they put (regalia) on themselves' < "^adithemselves' no--ya-=c'i-nin-'^a-n-i, animate 3rd person perfective of no-=0-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'put a round object down, to
-i-

Hupa

Texts: Linguistic Notes

there', with plural {ya-=).

regalia.

The idiom

for putting

on ceremonial

See also note

1.14.

n.33.
77.34.

See note 26.22.

ta--ne-jid 'in the

middle of the
in

morpheme occuring only

of P'.

river' < ta-- 'water, compounds + P-ne-^id

river',
'in the

bound
middle

n.35.

ta-na-yaPwiita-K 'they had a Boat Dance again', literally 'they kicked something (i.e., danced) in the water' < ta--na--ya-=c'i-wi-l-ta-K-i, animate 3rd person perfective of ta-=0-(w)-t-tal/ta-K 'kick in the with unmarked water', inanimate 3rd person object, iterative/reversative modifier (na-=), and plural (ya-=). The standard

term for 'dance the Boat Dance'.

77.36.
dek-i, animate 3rd

came back home' < na-ya=c'i-ni-te-sperson perfective of ni-(n)-dil/de-X '(two or more)come, arrive', with distributive modifier (//- > te-, with sperfective; see note 2.25) and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
na-ya^nite-de-K 'they each

77.37.

See notes 11.32 and 43.15.

ya-xomaiyaw'^-ne'^in 'their dead relatives' < ya-xo-, animate 3rd person plural possessor + P-maiyaw'^ 'P's relative, friend' (see note 20.14) + ne'^in, past tense enclitic.

77.38.

77.39.

See note hay

...

9.4.

77.40.

-tah 'those

among them who

swore

(knew)'.

See note 13.18.

11 A\.

ya^Uyite-tehiyo-l 'they each

Yurok)' < ya-=c'i-U>'i-te--te-s-i-yoi, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-ti-(s)-i-yo-l 'blow at O', with indefinite 3rd person object {l(>'i-), plural (ya-=), and distributive modifier (ti- > te--; see note 2.25). See note 17.2.
at (the

77.42. 77.43. 77.44. 77.45.

Literally 'they

made

it

again' (see note 62.45).

See note 18.12. See notes

1.8

and 4.13.

ie-naiya'^ 'revenge

sive formation

<

is taken, the score is evened'. Apparently a pasi-e--na-=wi-l-yaP, but of uncertain derivation.

For i-e--na-= '(coming) back together, completing a

2.14.

circle' see

note

77.46.

'^a-yanohc'ilah 'they did so to us'

<

'^a--ya'=noh-c'i-law, animate

3rd person of ^a-=0-law, suppletive perfective of '^a-=0-i-^e-n 'treat O so', with 1st person plural object (noh-) and plural (ya-=). For the shortening of long vowels before 2nd person (singular or plural) object markers, see note 3.18.

77.47.

See note 58.12. See note

12.9.

77.48.
77.49.
77.50.

See note 68.28.

ie-na'^niwilne-s 'they

met together, assembled from different places' ie-na=c'i-ni-wi-l-nes-i, animate 3rd person perfective of iena-=ni-(w)-l-ne-s 'meet together'. An idiom of obscure derivation, but presumably from neuter ni-nes 'be long, tall' with i-e-na = '(coming) back together, completing a circle' (see note 2.14), possibly via P-e=ni-i-nes 'be as long, tall as P' (see note 25.14).

<

720
77.51.

XIV Northwest
>'/w/>2}'a/2'^ 'that

California Linguistics

(people) eat'

<

yi-win-yan"^,

obviative 3rd person

perfective of 0-{w)-ya-nlyan'^ 'eat (something)', with animate 3rd person object.

unmkared

in-

77.52.
77.53. 17.54.

Wico- 'my (maternal) grandmother' < Wic'^o, with diminutive consonant symbolism (c"- > -c-/ See note 77.1.

See note 22.18.

daniaijWo'^n 'several people' < danian-Wo^ 'some number, sevni, collective human plural (see note 1.2). eral' (see note 2.3)
-i-

77.55. 77.56. 77.57.

77.58.

See note 77.29.

k>e-da'^ay 'heads (of fallen enemies)'

<

k>'i-,

indefinite 3rd person

possessor

-i-

P-e-da'^ay 'P's head' (see note 6.1).

See note 61.2.

ya'^xo-ne- '(those

who) know about (medicine)' < ya--c'i-xo-o-ne-, animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-o--(n-di-)(s)-ne-/ne'^ 'think, feel about O', with areal-situational prefix (xo-) and plural (ya-=). Suppletive animate 3rd person theme of 0-ni-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think, feel about O'.
-tah 'also, as well' (see note 1.10).

77.59.

77.60. 77.61. 77.62.

77.63. 77.64.

See note 2.25. See note 39.33.

See note 21.34.

See note
series of

1.24.

The

distributive

is

used because

this is the first in a

camps.
canoes) came out, emerged
(at the

c'e-te-dice-d '(the

river),

one

after another'

<

c'e-=te'-s-di-Ge-d-i,

mouth of the inanimate 3rd per-

son perfective of c'e-=(n)-d-Ge-d '(a stick, boat) propells itself out', with distributive modifier (//- > re*-, with 5-perfective; see note See also note 9.23. 2.25).

77.65.

ma-na'^way

who goes

'the one who is the (dance) leader', literally 'the one about on behalf of (people)' < m-a- 'for the benefit of, na-=c'i-wa--i, nominalized anileading (people)' (see note 5.33) mate 3rd person imperfective of na-=(s)-yaiya'^ '(one) is around, goes around'.
-i-

77.66.

See note 16.16.

me-te'diceh '(the canoes) each landed, went in to shore' < m-e-=te-s-di-ced, inanimate 3rd person perfective of P-e=(n)-d-Ged '(a stick, canoe) propells itself to P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object and distributive modifier (//- > te--, 5-perfective; see note See note 75.47. 2.25).

11 .61

77.68.
77.69.

See note 77.28.

See note 62.58.

11 .10.

'we all drink' < ta-ya-=wi-di-di-nan'^, 1st person pluThe perfective of ta-=(w)-d-nan 'drink', with plural (ya-=). 1st person plural subject marker (di-) has the allomorph y- before the c^-classifier (see also note 1 1 .22).
ta-ya-ydinan"^
ral

Hupa
77.71. 77.72.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

(see

721
36.5).

^ahda- 'too much,

('because')
is in

excessively'

note

Sapir's

gloss

error.

See note

17.3.

77.73. 77.74. 77.75.

See note 43.26.

See note 3.16.
i.e., 'they worked themmind, their hearts' (bound form, occurring only in compounds and idiomatic phrases) + ya-=win-sei-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of (w)-sei 'become warm, hot', with plural (ya-=). Transitional of descriptive neuter sisei 'be warm, hot'.

xoje-'^

ya-nsei 'their (hearts) got heated',

selves up'

<

xo-^e-'^

'their (state of)

77.76.

them back and forth' < na-=c'i-xo(-)-s-ianimate 3rd person perfective of non-directional na-=(s)-lxe-/xe'^ 'ferry, haul O around', with animate 3rd person object (xo-). For the theme see note 1 .40.
na^xohsxe"^ 'they ferried
xe"^,

11 .11

miniff yaywila- '(wolves) raise up their heads (to howl)' < mi-nirf 'their faces' + ya-=yi-win-la\ obviative 3rd person perfective of ya-=0-(w)-liW/la- 'raise up (several objects)', with plural {ya-=).
yinaGe-n^-c'ir)'^ 'on the
miniij'^

11. IS.

upstream

side'.

See notes 2.22 and 48.21.

77.79.

yaywitj^an '(two) play wolf, raise a wolf cry' < mi-nirP 'its face' -H ya-=yi-win-'^a-n, obviative 3rd person perfective of ya=0Compare the use of (w)-'^aWPa-n, 'raise up (a round object)'. the plural theme in note 11.11.

77.80

See notes 2.22 and 2.26.

to--c'irj'^-c'itj'^
-I-

'on the river side'

<

to-

'water'

P-c'irP 'on that side'

P-c'irP 'toward P' (see notes 2.26

and 25.16).

See note 76.33.

See note 35.19.

See note 76.20.
yanohk>'o-war}'^ 'let us

go to sleep' < ya'-noh-h-O'-wan'^, optative of impersonal P-kn-wanlwan^ 'P sleeps', with lst/2nd person plural indirect object (noh-) with plural prefix (ya--). For the shortening of a long vowel before 2nd person (singular or plural) object markers, see note 3.18. For the unusual structure of the theme see note 1.8.
c'iste-n

77.86.

'he lay there'

<

c'i-s-te-n-i,

neuter si-te-n '(a living being)

lies

animate 3rd person of stative somewhere'. See note 70.18.

it

11 .SI

c'inya--tehi-c'iw

'(my heart)

feels like

were about

to

come

out'

<

c'e-=nin-ya\ inanimate 3rd person perfective of c'e-=(n)-ya-W/ya'(one) comes out' -i- tel, imminent future enclitic + c'iw-i 'it is perceived', non-visual evidential enclitic.

77.88.

See 13.44.
xoxaq'e^
U>inahsni
clitic
'all

77.89.

over his body'

<

xo-xaqe"^ 'his frame, (entire) body'.

11 .9Q.
77.91.

facing (a line of dancers)', unanalyzable proadverbial phrase. See note 43.23.

'in front of,

na'^God 'they dance with (his head) on a pole', literally 'they poke < na=c'i-GOcl-i, animate 3rd person imperfec(his head) around'

722
tive

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

of na-=0-(s}-God 'poke See note 73.6.

around,

move

around a

stick

'.

77.92.

See note 10.20.

tehc'iwehst'iUy 'a line (of warriors) extended (downhill) to the water,

77.93.

reached to the river' < teh=c'i-we--s-t'ilcy, animate 3rd person perfective of teh=(we-s)-t'iUy 'come to extend into the water, reach to the river'. Transitional theme of extension neuter teh=win-t'iUy '(a line) extends into the water'.
77.94.

See note 68.41.

Sapir indicates that a sentence in the original text is to be omitted '(Curving) back yide'^e-'^n-c'irj'^ nayce'^n dah-xo na-yde"^ downstream above (the village), on the downstream side (a line exhere:

77.95.

tended) back downhill.' (Notebook X,

p. 5).

77.96.

See note 76.33.

same
77.97.
77.98.

prefix string {-xo-ne-nin-

Note the two different surface realizations of the > -xonen- ~ -xone-nin-.

See note 22.22.

xoda-te-le'^n '(streams of blood)

xo-da-=te-s-lin'^-i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of

lin'^

flowed downhill, here and there' < xo-da-={w)'come to flow downhill', with distributive modifier {ti-> te--,

with j'-perfective). Transitional of extension neuter xo-da=win-lin '(water) flows downhill'.

77.99.

See note

1.2.

77.100.

na-xay '(the) wounded'. Unanalyzable noun, historically from a verb theme na=xay 'be wounded' that is attested in Hupa only in the derived theme 0-i-xay 'shoot at O, wound O (with an arrow)'
(see note 76.46).
Iterative/reversative modifier of the verb in note 77.29.

77.101. 77.102.

^e-ya'^wiiwal 'they went along splitting (the bodies) in two' < ^eya-=c'i-wi-'l-wal-i, animate 3rd person progressive of ^e-=0-(w)-iapart (with a stick-like instrument)', with unwal/wa-K 'spit marked inanimate 3rd person object.

77.103.

c'^-jfl'^w/Z/W// 'they take

them

right along'

<

c'e--ya-=c'i-wi-liWil-i,

animate 3rd person progressive of c'e-=0-(w)-liW/la- 'take (several objects) out', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and plural {ya-=).

77.104.

na-ya'^tiwiyo-sil 'they (their

were

all

pulling (the knives)

back through

< na--ya-=c'i-ti-wi-yo-sil-i, animate 3rd person mouths)' progressive of 0-ti-(s)-yo-s 'pull (a stick-like object) along its length', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object, plural {ya-=), and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).
77.105.
dahya'^kyiiwa'^K 'they

< dah-ya-=c'i-lcyi(his head) off person perfective of dah=0-(w)-iwal/wa-X 'sever O (by hitting with a stick-like object)', with inFor dah= in definite 3rd person object (/:'>/-) and plural (ya-=). other verbs of cutting and severing see notes 44.15 and 68.34.
chopped
3rd
wi-i-wa-K-i,

animate

Hupa
77.106.

Texts: Linguistic Notes

723

c'itecod 'he danced (back and forth) with (the chief's head) on a stick', literally 'he poked it along' < c'i-te-s-cod-i, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-ti-(s)-cod 'poke O along'.

77.107.

na-tiwidcei '(canoes) were coming along on the way home' < na-=ti-wi-d-Ge-l, inanimate 3rd person progressive of ti-(s)-d-Ged '(stick, canoe) propells itself along', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). See note 68.62.
ta-lcnnende'^n '(light from the fire) shone on the water' < ta-=kyiperson perfective of ta-=Uyi-ne--(w)din^ 'light comes to shine on the water'. Transitional of neuter ta-=Uyi-ne--n-din 'light shines on the water'.
ne- -win-din'^, inanimate 3rd
iid,

77.108.

77.109.

na-yaPteUd 'they burned each of (the houses)' < naya=c'i-te--sanimate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-(w)-Ud 'bum O', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object, distributive modifier {ti-> te--, with 5-perfective) modifying the object, and plural {ya-=) modifying the subject. See note 77.31.
naPtindil 'they
na-=c'i-ti-n-dil-i,

77.110.

77.111. 77.112.

were going along (there) on the way back' < animate 3rd person imperfective of ti-(s)-dil/de-K '(two or more) go off, along' (see note 30.26), with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=). For -n- see note 10.50. See note 76.20.
'^aPUnlaw '(what special thing) has happened to (the Requa people)?', literally '(what special thing) did they do?' < '^a-=ci-Unlaw-i, animate 3rd person of '^a-=0-law, suppletive perfective

theme of
ject

'^a-=0-i-'^e-n 'do so to

O', with indefinite 3rd person ob-

(^'^/-j.

See note 76.31.

77.113.

Uyiwarfxoya-n 'old man'. Literally, 'the one who shies away from things' < kyi-wa-n 'concerning things, away from things' + xoyan-i, relative form of inanimate 3rd person of neuter xo-ya'n 'be suspicious, shy away'.

77.114. 77.115.

nohni 'you people'.

mina- siwohla^ 'yoxx 2nd person plural perfective of P-na-=si-(w)-la-/la'^ 'ridicule, make fun of P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-). See note 44.8.

Second person plural independent pronoun. have ridiculed them' < mi-na=si-w-oh-la?,

77.116. 77.117.

See note 18.24.

na-to-mew
to'

'(even) under the water'

<
it'.

'water'

m-e-w-i 'underneath

na-- iterative proclitic

An

especially obscure

phrase.

77.118.

m/x/neW^'? 'their language' < m/-, inanimate 3rd person possessor xi-neW-i 'speech, language', literally 'what one speaks' (see note 19.1) + -(iP, possessed noun formant.
-I-

77.119.

ta-naW

ta=naW,
77.120.

Hupa language) goes out, reaches the water' < inanimate 3rd person imperfective of ta-=(w)-ya-W/ya'(one) goes into the water'.
'(the

na-sa'^an 'there is a tradition (about the Hupa language)', literally 'it lies there still, again' < na=si-'^a-n-i, inanimate 3rd person of

724

XIV Northwest
stative neuter si-'^a-n '(a

California Linguistics

tive/reversative modifier (na-=).

77.121.

na-tj'^a'^

'(the

round object) lies somewhere', with iteraSee note 20.7. world) settled into position', i.e., 'came into existence'
'what (do you suppose)
'^ana-rf,
it

(see note 5.61).

77.122.

dax''e-di-na-fj'^

is'

<

dax'^edi 'in what

way?' (see note 76.20) +

77.123. 77.124. 77.125.

interrogative particle expressive

uncertainty (see notes 62.9 and 76.30).

nohsin 'you

(all) think'

<

n-oh-sin-i, 2d person plural imperfec-

tive of (y-)ni-(w)-sin/sin'^ 'think' (see note 22.6).

See note 43.37.

na--de--c'irj'^-c'iij'^

'back on this side of (Requa)'

<

na--,

itera-

tive/reversative prefix

de- 'this, here'

P-c'in"^

'on the side

of

+
77.126.

P-c'in'^

'toward, in the direction of P'.

ie-nandiyay 'they arrived back (having made a round trip)' < ie-=na-=nin-di-ya--i, inanimate 3rd person perfective of i-e--na-=ni(n)-d-ya-W/ya- '(one) arrives circling back' (see note 25.3).
line 74.

11 All

Sapir mistakenly writes na'^kyiwinceh, and also Unceh at the end of See note 43.26.
'let's all

77.128.

dance with the (dead chief's head) on a stick', around' < na--ya-=di-God, 1st person plural imperfective (functioning as optative) of na=0-(s)-God 'poke O around', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and plural See note 77.91. {ya-=) modifying the subject.
na-ya-dicod
literally, 'let's

poke

it

77.129.

xa'^a-'^aPe-n

'one treats (a head) in that way' < xa-'^a-=c'i-i-'^e-n-i, animate 3rd person imperfectve of xa-'^a=0-i-'^en 'treat O in that way' with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object (see note 12.37).

77.130. 77.131.

See notes 8.5 and 17.9. ya'^tecod '(the Chimarikos) went off with the (chief's head) on a

poked it off, along' < ya-=c'i-te--s-God, animate 3rd person perfective of 0-ti-(s)-God 'poke O off, along', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and plural (ya-=).
stick', literally 'they

77.132.

ya'^deic'e'^ 'they
c'e"^,

< ya-=c'i-de--wi-lstayed on, continued to stay' animate 3rd person perfective of de--(w)-l-c'e'^ '(two or more)

come

Transitional of stative to stay, dwell', with plural {ya-=). ya'^deic'e'^ 'they neuter de--s-l-c'e- '(two or more) stay, dwell', stayed on, continued to stay' < ya=c'i-de--wi-l-c'e'^, animate 3rd person perfective of de'-(w)-l-c'e'^ '(two or more) come to stay, dwell', with plural (ya-=). Transitional of stative neuter de--s-l-c'e'(two or more) stay, dwell'.

ANALYTIC LEXICON
Introductory Note
The
analysis of

Hupa morphosyntax used

in

tiiis

work

is

based on the model

of Athabaskan grammar that Sapir used in his publications on other Athabaskan

Volume VI of The Collected Works, 21-222); on the more elaborate model, derived from Sapir' s, that Harry Hoijer developed for Navajo and some other languages (of. Sapir and Hoijer 1967); and as far as poslanguages (reprinted in

on the analysis implicit in Sapir's Hupa files. Special guidance has been taken from Sapir's only direct statement on Hupa structure in his brief field resible

port (Sapir 19281, reprinted in the Appendix). Nevertheless, the present analysis

should not be mistaken for the grammar of

Hupa

that Sapir

would have written

in Golla's dis-

had he

lived,

and essentially

reflects Golla's

understanding of the language.

Another version of substantially the same analysis can be found

sertation (1970) and,

more briefly, in his grammatical sketch of Hupa Handbook of North American Indians (Golla 1996a).

in the

The Element
language, and

List that follows includes all of the themes

found

in the

com-

bined Sapir-Golla

Hupa

corpus.

Themes

are the primary lexical elements of the

fall into

three morphological classes verbal, nominal, and partiParticle

cleaccording

to their inflectional valences.

themes (including a num-

ber that are proclitic and enclitic to verbs) are uninflected. Nominal themes can

be inflected only for pronominal possessor. Verbal themes can be inflected for
subject, object,

mark

indirect

and for aspectual and modal categories. Verbal themes can also objects through the incorporation of postpositional
In addition to inflectional affixation,

(morphologically nominal) elements, the pronominal possessor functioning as

the indirect object.

many

verbal themes

can also be adverbially modified by one or more derivational affixes. complex verbal themes also include proclitic nominals or particles.

Some

The
cludes

first part
all

of the Analytic Lexicon

is

an alphabetic Element List that in(all

of the morphemic elements of

Hupa
all

attested verbal

and nominal
af-

stems, and particle elements, together with

fixes).

inflectional

and derivational

For each stem or

in

particle element, all attested occurrences in verbal

(In the analysis presented here, the
class.)

and

nominal themes are noted.

same element
inflec-

may occur

more than one morphological

element
is

The function of each

tional or derivational

defined by reference to the appropriate section

726

XIV Northwest

California Linguisics

or sections of the second part of the Analytic Lexicon, a Morphological Outline of verbal and nominal structure.

Users of the Analytic Lexicon

who

are familiar with other

Athabaskan

lan-

guages should note the following two points:

most other Athabaskan languages, Hupa has only a few basic modal inflection, most of these involving a two-way distinction between non-perfective and perfective stem shapes. On the other hand, a contrast between "heavy" and

Compared

to

patterns of stem variation that are directly linked to aspectual and

"light" stems

due

to the nominalization of verb

forms with the relative

is

enclitic

pervades the morphology. Only the former (morphological) variation

the

noted in

Element

List.

Hupa

neuter and active verbs, particularly the former, enter into complex

theme derivation, in particular with regard to aspectual inflection (e.g., secondary active themes derived from neuters) and object inflection (e.g., secondary transitive themes derived from intransitives). These derivational
patterns of
patterns are described in the Morphological Outline and, except for instances of

idiomatic usage, regularly derived themes are not noted in the Element List.

The form

that the

izational skills of
script prototype

Sean O'Neill,

Element List takes owes much to the analytical and organwho expanded the present version from a manutexts

and combed the

and

files for further

instances of themes.

Here, as elsewhere in this work, O'Neill's contribution has been invaluable.

Element List
all of the morphemic elements (verbal and nominal stems, and inflectional and derivational affixes) that occur in the SapirGolla corpus of Hupa. Noted for each element are all of the attested occurrences in verb and noun themes, and in other words. Verb themes are cited only analytically. Nouns and other words are cited both analytically and (in following parentheses) in surface phonemic form; when only one form is cited, it is phonemic.

Listed here are

particles,

The following abbreviations

Paragraph references are

are used in identifying

to the

themes and elements. Morphological Outline:

mediop.

active

primary modifier (26) phrase (63) adverb anaphoric modifier (29) aspect aspect (19-22) causative theme 47) cmpd. compound dem. demonstrative pronoun theme adverb (69) (27) neuter neuter theme end. (53-64) neuter extension neuter theme exclamation neuter ideophonic neuter theme impers. impersonal theme (10) (28) LN notes phr phrase (62)
adv. pfx.

active

theme (41-43)
adverbial

modal
n.

pfx.

mediopassive theme (47) modal (23-24)

prefix

prefix(es)

adv. phr.
adv.

adverbial

ana. pfx.

adverbial

prefix

noun nominal phrase (61) neuter neuter theme (30-35) non-directional

n. phr.

non-dir. active

active

pfx.

prefix

theme (42)

caus.

(37,

els. pfx.

classifier prefix (2)

obj. pfx.
per.

pron.

(66)

plural pfx.

dir. active

directional active

poss. pfx.

(41)
adv.

dir.

directional

dist. pfx.

distributive prefix

ds.

descriptive

(34)

enclitic

ex.

(31)

excl.
id.

(32)

iter./rev. pfx.

iterative/reversative

prefix

linguistic

to the texts

loc.

locative

numeral (68) object (11-14) pron. personal pronoun (65) (16) possessive and object (15, 50) postpositional phrase (52) postposition (52) pro-form form (67) neuter progressive neuter theme (33) neuter neuter theme (30) stem stem (4.2-3) subject (7-10) thematic thm. (2) verb = marks (2)
num.
prefix
plural prefix indirect

prefix

post. phr.

post.

indefinite/interrogative pro-

procl.

proclitic

prog,

St.

stative

sfx.

suffix

sub. pfx.

prefix

pfx.

prrefix

V.

disjunct prefix

728

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
e*2

COMPARATIVE
P-e*= adv. pfx. (compared) to P Used to form a base with the comparative form of a descriptive
neuter (see Xi 'classifier').

a*

FOR (THE BENERT OF)

P-a* post, for the benefit of P Sometimes incorporated into verb themes as a proclitic.
e-3

1ST
e*-

PERSON SINGULAR
1st

P-a'-min (-a'mig)

post,

ahead of

sub. pfx.

person singular

P, leading P Cf. niin4 'for (the purpose of)'

a**^

PARASITE
P-a**^
n.

P's louse, lice; parasite

cf.

onP
Contracted from P-ya''-i';
'louse'.

subject An allomorph occurring in perfective forms of active bases with zero or \ classifier. It is secondarily reduced to y- in forms where modal win (perfective) is preceded by a prefix with a long vowel: CV--win-e' > CV*y.

ya'j

The

loss of y-

is

irregular.

See the primary entry under person singular'.

e*4

'1st

dah +
Cf.

dah

m-a*'' n. dogwood 'above, away'.

(EMPHATIC RELATIVE)
-e*

a*d

OLDER SISTER
n.

end. who, what

is

(there)

An
P's older sister
n.

P-a*di (-a*d)

P-a*di-c"in (-a*dic"ir)) father 's sister

Cf. c*in4 'class, kind'.

P's

emphatic version of the relative enclitic (i), with mild locative force; used with -XO3, locative enclitic, to

form ethnonyms ('the ones who are at...'). For a related verbal enclitic see
e-(y).

an MOTHER
P-an-c*in (-anc*iij) mother
n.

e*^

IN
P-e'^

P's
only

post,
in

in

P
(it)'

Not productive.
me'' 'in

Cf. 'ine* 'mother', c'*in4 'class, kind'.

Normally occurs and te'^ 'together'.

a*S SISTER'S

CHILD
n.

e'Cah DIFHCULT
P-e'cah + xo-sin v. difficulties exist about P; be difficult about P
(neuter)

P-a's-cV

P's sister's daughter,

'sister's

niece The diminutive form of a'W

son'

ce'' 'female'.

Usually impersonal (me'cah + xosin

'it is

a-W SISTER'S SON

P-a'Wi (-a*W)
e'l
n.

difficult (to
'it is

do

it)',

We-cah +

xosin

difficult to get

me

(to

do

P's sister's son

TO, AGAINST, TOUCHING

P-e* post,
to

but sometimes personal (me'cah + c'ixosin 'he is difficult about it'). Cf sin3 'be so'.
it)'),

P-e"=(nin) adv. pfx. up to P, up against P in a position of rest

me'cahxcsirj-x"' adv. really, extraordinarily, quite Literally, 'in a difficult way'.

e*c'

p.e'=(w) adv. pfx. touching P,

moving up against P
P-e*=(s) adv. pfx. attached to P Found mainly with themes referring
to tying.

BREATH. Seeye-c'

en BACK
P-e-n-P (-e-ne^
spine,
-e-n'')

n.

P's

backbone
n.

P-e*=si-(s) adv. pfx.

up along

P,

not necessarily reaching top With inanimate 3rd person object (me-=)'up a mountain'.

P-en'' + cin-'' (-e-nVii}'') back, backbone

P's

Cf

c'in 'bone'.

P-e*n-i''-q'iw (-cn'^qeh) post.

along P 's back Cf qiwj 'following'.

Hupa

Texts:

Element

List

729

P-e*n-e'-q'i (-e*ne*q') post, at the

e'xandin close
P-e*xandin (-cxandig) post, near

back ofP
Cf. e*(y) 'there', q'id 'on'. Cf. n2 'back'.

P
Cf. din2

e*n'^

PARALLEL, SIDE
post,

e*y POSSESSIONS
P-e*yi (-e*y) n. P's possessions;

P-e*n'^

even with P, parallel

to P;

even

in time,

contemporary

with

P
(yide'^-cn'^-'^'ii)'')

what belongs
e*3 PENIS

to

P
n.

yide'^i-cn'^-cin''

post. phr.

on the downstream,

P-e'3-i'' (-e*3e'')

P's penis

north side
Cf. yide'' 'downstream'.

e*(y)

THERE (COMPLETIVE)
verbal enc. (arri^'ing) there,

e*(y)

yinaci-cn'^-cin'' (yinaG-e*n''-cii]'')
post. pr.

on the upstream, south

(coming to be) at a specific point (in space or time) Probably an

emphatic version of the
enclitic
(i).

side
Cf.

r^'^.tivizing

yinac 'upstream'.
(yidaG-e*n''-c'ig'')

The

variant with -y

yidaGi-e*n''-c'in'^

post. phr. on the uphill, east side Cf. yidac 'uphill'.

usually occurs in word-final position, but not always. For a related nonverbal enclitic see '4.
i

yisin-cn'^-cin'' (yiscn'^-cig'')
post. phr.

RELATIVE ENCLITIC
i

on the downhill, west

side Cf. yisin 'downhill', combining form of yicin''.

yima*ni-e*n'^-c'in'^
(yima'n'^-cii]'')

end. the one that

marking
and
in

Historically, an enclitic
relative clauses
still

post. phr.

on the opposite side (of

'across'.

the river)
Cf.

yima'n

den'' +

c'in'^

(dcn'^-c'ig'')

adv.
cf.

on

this side (of the river)

e*n'
il

functioning in this verb forms, however, the relativizing function of the enclitic short vowel (elided in phrase-final position) has been lost, and the heavy stem form historically conditioned by the enclitic has assumed an independent morphological role.

some contexts way. In many

Contracted from de'-e'n'-c'in'; 'parallel', c'in'' 'to, toward'.

PROGRESSIVE
wi-..-il aspect pfx. and stem sfx. progressive aspect

on

P-dcn'^-cin'' (-dcn'^-c'iij'') post. this side of P

e*q INSIDE

The progressive aspect of active themes is marked by the aspect prefix

post,

P-cqi
vagina'.

(-e*q')

inside of P
'inside P's

wi- and the suffixed stem element

0*1

-il.

With an animate object:

OPTATIVE
o*-

e*Wi

BONE MARROW
(-e'we'^)
n.

P-e*w-P

P's bone

marrow
e*W2 UNDER
P-e*wi (-e'w) post, under
Cf. yivvj 'under'.

optative mode 3rd-person optative forms; 1st person and 2nd person optatives have no mode marker. Initially, or when preceded by a full vowel, the prefix becomes ''o*. Occurs with the imperfective stem variant

modal

pfx.
in

Occurs only

unless a special optative variant

is

distinguished.

kye'wi (k^cw) adv. hidden, secret From P-c'wi 'under P' with k^'i, indefinite object: 'under something'.
te*wi (te'w) adv. in the water,

o'-ni modal pfx. and stem

sfx.

potential mode 3rd-person forms take the optative

modal

prefix o*- plus the potential

-ni,

under water
Cf. teh 'into water', tiw4 'water, shore'.

stem suffix

variant. Cf. 1115 'potential

with the optative stem mode'.

730
0*2

XIV Northwest
DIRECTIVE

California Linguistics

V2
V3

LONGTIME
V.

O-o*- thm. pfx. (acting) toward,

Indicates that the action is at directed at O but does not connect

si-''a*

be a long time (impers.

neuter)

with

it

(e.g., 'strike at' vs. 'hit').

ROUND OBJECT
v.

The object is marked by the direct object pronouns (0-), not the indirect object pronouns (P-) that are normally used with postpositional prefixes.

na'=0-''aVa''

carry a round

object around (non-dir. active) See also ''a'Wi, Viij, ''a^.

'^a*4

oh 2ND PERSON PLURAL

oh- sub. pfx. 2nd person plural
subject A following
I

UNDERSTAND
v.
it

P-l=di-ni-(w)-t-V/'^a''

classifier

is

replaced by

(knowledge/technique) is clear to P, is understood by P (impers. active)

V5

OW

UNCERTAINTY
end. doubtful, uncertain
'I

ORDER, COMMAND, CALL (ANIMAL)

oW

Apparently a truncated form of xoW guess', used with indefinite proforms.

O-i-V/'^a*' V. ask O to do something, invite O, call O (an animal) (active)

V6

THUS, SO
ana. pfx.
thus, so
in this

''a*=

xa-''a"= ana. pfx.

way

'^

ANIMATE 3RD PERSON

''-

Anaphoric adverbial modifier used with verbs of being and doing, quotative verbs, and with the comparative forms of a descriptive
neuters.

sub. pfx.

animate 3rd person

''a''

subject

Perfective stem of

'^a'2, 'a*4, ^a's.

Reduced form of c i-, used when preceded by a disjunct prefix with full vowel and followed by a consonant. The form is ''i- when
immediately preceding n or
perfective, or
I

Vi

SEVERAL OBJECTS LIE, EXTEND

V.

l-'^a''

several objects
to

come

to

lie;

one comes

extend (active

or

classifier.

See cij 'animate 3rd person'.

transitional) Irregular transitional of si-la* (st. neuter) 'several objects lie' but also connected with ''a'l 'one extends'.

Vi

ONE EXTENDS
^ac'

SNEEZE
V.

A-win-/s-''a* v.

one object extends

(w)-l-''ac

sneeze (active)

somewhere
A-di-'^a*
V.

(ex. neuter)

Vc

ANIMALS MOVE, TRAVEL ALONG

animals move,

one object extends out

A-t-'^aW/'^ax' v.

(ex. neuter)

See di2 'inceptive thematic'.

P-e'=di-''a* v.

travel along (impers. dir. active)

be doctoring

P by

^adi WIFE
P-''ad
n.

sucking (neuter) Also the derived transitional theme. Literally 'extend out from P', although most likely denominal from
'head' (see below).

P's wife
"^ad
n.

P-yaW+
law
Cf. ya'Wj
''ad

P's daughter in

'young'.
n.

+
is

t'e*n

P-e*diV-i (-e-da'^ay)
Literally,

P's head 'what extends out from P'.

n.

Literally, 'the

one

married man who does (with

t'cn 'do so'.

a)

wife,

wifed';

cf.

Hupa
'^ad2

Texts:

Element List
''aLt

731

FLAT CLOTH-LIKE OBJECT

V.

ROUND OBJECT
round

A-0-''ad

handle aflat cloth-

like object; flap

(dir. active)

na*=0-''ad
like object

v.

move aflat

cloth-

0-wi-''al V. be handling a object (prog, neuter) See al.so ''aWi, Viij, '3*3.
''als

around; flap

O around
SEVERAL PEOPLE RUN, JUMP
lies

(non-dir. active)
si-d-''ad V.
flat, lies

a cloth-like object having been flapped

st.

several people are running (prog, neuter)

xo*-wi-''al V.

(impers.
^a'de*^

neuter)

See also
''a'l

''a*n3,

'aW2.

GRASSHOPPER
n.

CUT UP SALMON
v.

Vde'' + 31 (*'a-de*^3) grasshopper

ta-=(kyi)-(s)-t-''a-I

cut up (a

Cf. 31, variant of 311, diminutive

enclitic with diminutive

salmon) for drying (active)

Passive stem: 'a'X.

consonantism.
''aloh

HOT (SENSATION)
excl.
it

^a'di

REFLEXIVE
''aloh

^a'sdi- obj. pfx. reflexive object Used with all persons when the subject and object are identical.
''a'-di-

feels hot!
''alj, "^sAi,

''a'X

Perfective stem of

poss. pfx.

reflexive

possessor Used with all persons when the subject and possessor are identical; most commonly found with body part
terms, but not restricted to these.

''an

QUESTION
sent.

''arj

mod.

is it?

"^a'dis

ANT
31

sent. mod. seeing, noticing (with surprise), unexpectedly

'ag-gya''

Vdis +
''ah

Ca'diss)

n.

ant

Cf.

gJ'a''

'mirative'.

Cf. 3ii, diminutive enclitic.

''ana'ij''

sent.

mod.

it is

not so;

it

CLOUD
n.

is

definitely questionable

''ah

cloud

Cf. 'an' 'definitely'.

'^aht'in

all
Caht'ii))

''a*ni

ROUND OBJECT
v.

''aht'in

adv.

all,

completely
''aht'in-e*

A-O-'^aW/'a'n
object
(dir.

handle a round

active)

adv. everything,
Cf.
e"i,

everywhere
relative.
''all

emphatic

si-'^a'n

V.

a round object
'3-3, 'al4.

lies

(st.

neuter)

See also 'aWj,

BUTCHER
v.

nin=(k>i)-t-''al/''a*X

(game), cut up (a fish,

(active)
''al2

butcher for drying)

nini-s-''a*n

n.

land, country,

(surface of the earth); mountain From nin' 'earth' + sa-Vn 'the (round
object)

which

lies there'.

CHEW
''a*n2
v.

HOLE, CAVITY
there
is

O-'^al/VX
''al3

chew

(active)

(HEADREST)
rest

kyi-'a'n v.

a hole, cavity

(impers. neuter)

ky-e-=ce--(w)-l-''al/''a'K v.

one 's head on a headrest, wooden

pillow (active)

P-Vn

(-'aij)

n.

P's hole, den (of

an animal)

732

XIV Northwest
SEVERAL PEOPLE RUN, JUMP
jump
(dir. active)
v.

California Linguistics
'^aW4

Vn3

WONDER

A-xo*-''aW/''a'n v. several people

''aW sent.

run,

na*=xo'-''a'n

several people run

mod. / wonder Indicates uncertainty on the part of the speaker as to what will happen.
gya''aW sent. mod. /

about (non-dir. active)

See also 'aWj,
'^ana'^
''als-

wonder

Indicates uncertainty on the part of the speaker as to what will happen.

Cf. g>a'''lo!'

notice
excl.

''ana''

take notice! look

^aWxi WEALTHY
''aWxi-ce'' n.
Cf. ce'' 'female'.

here!

'^ana-n'^

questionable
sent.

wealthy

woman

''ana'ij''
is

mod.

it is

not so;

it

^ayeh tired
''ayeh excl. I'm tired Said when sick, suffering from weakness; it is taboo to say this during the ceremonial dances.

definitely questionable
''an 'question'

Contracted from
'definitely'.

''an''

Cf. do'n'' 'indeed'.

'^an'^

DEFINITELY

''aij''

sent. mod. // is definitely so Usually stressed, and with high pitch.

^a'Siw*^

MUSHROOM
(''a*3iw'')
n.

In
is

compounds,

the initial glottal stop

''a*-3iwi''

the "tan-

often lost (e.g., haya*t-ag'').

oak " mushroom, the commonest

edible mushroom Possibly incorporating 3iw
''e'l

^ant'eh

clearly
adv.
clearly, in noticeable

'ear'.

''ant'eh

quantities

AWAY
adv. pfx. away, out of passing into the distance

^aWi FOOL,DECIEVE
P-no*-(w)-''aw
(active)
V. fool,

xi-V=(w)
deceive

sight,

Cf. ''eh 'turning

'^e*2

away, diverging'.

See no*4 'believe'.

LACKING

'^aW2 SING
kyi-''aw V. sing, be singing (in

v. be without something, be lacking (neuter)

''e'=din

general, no particular song)

(active)

^eh TURNING AWAY, DIVERGING

turning away from P before reaching it, diverging from
P-''eh post,

''aWi

ROUND OBJECT

A-0-''aW/''a*n v. handle a round object (dir. active)

See also
''a'nj, ''a'3, ''al4.

P
ti-''eh

adv.

in all directions,

aimlessly
each other';
mi-''eh
little

Literally, 'diverging
cf. \i 'reciprocal'.

from

''aW2

SEVERAL PEOPLE RUN, JUMP

jump
(dir. active)

A-xo'-''aW/''a*n v. several people

run,

Always

inflected for 3rd person

is

+ 31 (me''eh3) adv. a short, not quite making it Literally, 'turning away from it shortly before reaching it'; cf. 31,
diminutive enclitic, with diminutive

subject with the (unmarked)

even when the reference clearly animate, implying that the subject can only be collective. See
indefinite,

consonantism.
ce-''eh
Cf. cid2

31 (ce''eh3) adv.

a small

amount, slightly
'first' (?).

also

''a*n3,''al5.

"^aWs

ANIMALS MOVE, TRAVEL ALONG

A-l-''aW/''a'C
v.

VX

TWO OR MORE EXTEND

two or more extend

A-di-''e*X V.

animals move,

travel along (impers. dir. active)

out (ex. neuter) See di| 'inceptive'.

Hupa
A-win-/s-VX V. two or more extend somewhere (ex. neuter)

Texts:

Element List

733

Vwag
O

PITY
excl.

Vni DO
''a*=0-i-''e*n
v.

Vwag
''i-

with pity, having pity

^ CUSTOMARY
aspect pfx. customary/habitual Indicates that the action takes place as a matter of habit or custom.

do

thus, treat

thus (active; imperfective only) Imperfective theme, corresponding to perfective 'a*=0-iaw, customary/optative 'a'sO-liw, and
progressive 'a*=0-le'l.
'^e*n2

^il

TWO OR MORE MOVE IN WATER

A-'^il

ENOUGH
it

V.

two or more swim, bathe

(dir. active)

ti-(s)-l-''iW/Vn v.

proves

to

be

enough,
See
'^e-n^
le'n.

it

suffices (impers. active)

^ile-xij

AS THOUGH
adv. as though, in

''ile'xis

LOOK
v.

imagination
look at

0-ne'-(w)-t-Vn/'^in''
(active)

''it

EVERGREEN
"^il n. pine boughs (used for bedding)

Vn4

TREAT AS, USE FOR

v.

O-l-'^cn/'^in''

thing), use
(neuter)

Ofor

treat O as (such a (such a purpose)

P-''il-e'^

n.

P's pine boughs,

white cedar

bedding
"^ile"^

te*l

n.

Enclitic to a nominal; used only in a

few fossilized phrases:

lin

Probably from (mi-)''ile''-te"l, 'the one (whose) boughs are wide, flat'.

-(w)-l-Vn/''in'' v.

treat

me'P +
From

di-ta*n n. live

oak
evergreen

as a relation, claim
(active)

as a kinsman

mi-'^ile''

di-ta'n

'its

mln +

kyi-(vt'e's)-l-Vn/''in''

v.

leaves- are thick'; usually contracted to me'I'ta*n or me'Xta*n.

menstruate (active) Literally 'treat it as min'; proclitic min (mig) is also sometimes mini (min), and is possibly to be identified
with

'ine*

MOTHER
vocative mother! vocative mother!

''ine*

''ine'-go''

min4

'for (the

purpose

of)'.

Cf.
''in''

an

'mother'.

ca*d + c'l-l-'^cn-i n. ash (tree)

cf c'a"d2 'hat'.

(cah-c iPe*n)

SEE

Historically, 'what they use for a hat';

te'-si-'^in''

v. look on, gaze (ex. neuter) Transitional te--(w)-''in'

'come
me'l +
n.

to look, take a look'

ci-l-''e*n-i

(mehs-c'IPcn)

iris

(used for rope, twine)

cf.

na*y=we*-si-''in'' v.
(neuter)

be looking

Historically 'what they use for a net',

assimilated from mehi-c'il''e*n;

'net'.

mei

Apparently an idiomatic derivation from an extension neuter theme.

Transitional
is

na*y=(w)''in'

Ko*l
n.

(Xohs-c iPe*n) hazel (vines); heavy rope made

c i-I-Vn-i

na*=0-di-(we's)-l-''in'' v.

watch,

from hazel

vines
cf. Xo*l.

keep one's eye on

(active)

(active)
v.

Historically 'what they use for rope',

0-ne'-(w)-l-''e'n/''in''

look at

assimilated from Xohl-c'ilVn;

xanis +

ci-l-''e'n-i

(xanis-ciPcn)

0-0'-ni-(we's)-l-''in''

v.

is in

dipper-basket
Literally, 'what they use for a canoe'.

view,

is

seen by someone (impers.

active)

For etymology see xanis.

Semitransitive mediopassive of
ne'-(w)-t-Vn/'in''.

O-

Vs nSHDAM
''e's

See Vnj.

Cehs)

n.

fish dam, weir

734
^isde'w

XIV Northwest
MADRONfE
Cisdcw)
mod.
n.

California Linguistics
bo'se*

CAT
n.

''isde'wi

madrone

bo'se*

domestic cat

^isdo*^

WISH
sent.
/

From English pussy.

wish that

'^isdo''

would

that!

^isqC-c' BERRIES
Cisq'o'c) blackberries
''isqo'c'i
n.

berries,

Ca*di

ONE PERSON SITS

v.

ni-ca'd
(active)

one person

sits

down

''iWi

ENOUGH
it

Suppletive perfective:

ne*-(s)-da*; of.

ti-(s)-I-''iW/Vn V.

pro\>es to be

da*4.

enough,
See
le*n.

it

suffices (impers. active)

Ca*d2 DISTANT, DEEP

P-e'=t-ca'd V. be as distant, deep as P Derivation with e'2

^iWi SEE
A-d-'^iW
V.

look, notice

(active)

no

-0-di-(n)-(J/I)-''iW v. notice

'comparative' from sa'd 'distant,

deep', with secondary affrication of the stem-initial fricative.

(active)

^iWa DRIP
A-l-'iW
active)
v.
it

mitcah
drips (impers.
dir.

-1-

Literally, 'the

xo-sin one

n.

rattlesnake
is

that

(so) far

away';
for

cf.

sin3 'be so'.

Euphemism

XiwiW.
See

^iSl

SHOOT
hit

Cah DIFHCULT

C'Cah

0-''i3 V.
(active)

in

shooting
Ca'Ili

DEERSKIN APRON
n.

0-o'-''i3 V. shoot at

(active)

ca*n (car))

woman' s

deerskin

O-0*-ni-''i3 v. shoot at
(active)
'^i32

apron
once

camehsKo'n

n.

woman

RUN
v.

na*=l-''i3
active)

run about (non-dir.

Contracted from ca'n 'deerskin apron' + in-e*-s-Xo*n(-i) 'which is tied to her', with relative enclitic irregularly dropped.

Functions as the non-directional theme paired with directional AI-da*W 'run, trot (somewhere)'.
'^133

kyeWca'n

n.

unmarried young

PULL, TUG

Apparently a derivation from an oherwise unattested verb theme derived from ca'n 'deerskin apron'.

woman

ca*n2 SEE
P-n=ti(s)-l-''i3 V. pull, tug,
at P (active) Fossilized base with P-n=ti-(s) '(pulling) toward'.

work
0-}-ca'n

v. see (active) Suppletive perfective of O-t-cis; not

marked
Ca*Si

for perfective aspect.

LARGE IN DIAMETER

ni-ca*s v. be large in diameter, be big around the waist (ds. neuter)

beh

(FEAR)

Ca*S2 WHIP, FLING

''iSibeh excl. I'm afraid! (-b- probably represents the diminutive alternate of-w- ('isiwih is attested); 'i- is probably a contracted form of k>'i, indefinite subject or object.)

A-O-l-ca's

V.

whip

(dir. active)

P-e*=0-(w)-t-ca's v. throw, fling O against P (active) With indefinite postpositional object

(k^i):

'throw

down

(in wrestling)'.

Hupa
Ca*S3

Texts:

Element List

735

UNENTHUSIASTIC

p.e*=(w)-ca*s V. be unenthusiastic about P, be lazy (about P) (active)

no*=P-(w)-ce'^ V. extend P's head to there Attested only in a placename

(map D- 18).
See also
Ce-3
se*, ci

ca*yi

DRY

'head'.

ni-J-ca'y v. be dry, lean,

WAR DANCE
dance the war-dance

dessicated (ds. neuter)

Transitional/causative stem:
cay''.

kyi-(w)-ce* v.
(active)

Ca*y2

HAWK

Cf. ce*2 'head' or ce*4 'point stick-like

object'.

Kyi-ca*yi (Ryica'y) n. red-tailed

hawk
Ce*i

to be displayed

Heads of slain enemies used on sticks.

ce'.

Optative/customary stem:

STONE
n.

Ce'4

POINT STICK-LIKE OBJECT

v.

ce*i

stone
n.

A-O-ce*

shove, point (a stick(dir.

P's stone Contracted from P-ce'-i''.

P-ce'-''

active) Optative/customary: -ce'

like object)

ce*
Cf.
ce*

+ yiw +

(ce*-yeh) n. cave

Ce's

OPEN, SHUT DOOR

open
v.

yiwj 'under, inverted'.

na*=ti-(s)-ce* v.

(a door)

m-e*q'i

(cc-mcq')

n.

canyon

(active)

Cf. e*q 'inside'.

ce'tc'e*^

no*-na*=(n)-ce*
(active)
lisc'e',

shut (a door)

knife; metal, iron Possibly a contraction of *ce' +

n.
cf.

Hsc 'plank, board'.

Optative/customary:-ce''.

Derived from ce*4 'point stick-like object'.

ce*

lo'c'e''

n. flat

rocks on the
Ce*6
cilj

riverbank, riverbed rocks

Cf. losce' 'eel liver'.

(BLOOD)

See also cidj 'pound' and

with a stone'.

'do

ce*=win-Iin v. blood flows; there is bleeding (ex. neuter)

Cf. lin 'stream flows'.

Ce*2

HEAD
P's head
by
(cf. '3*5 'one extends').

ce*-lin
Ce*^

(ce'lig)

n.

blood

P-ce-'' n.

(GRASS)
-I-

dialect form, generally replaced

P-e'da'ay

Kow
P's
Q.er'^

ce''

(Xoh-ce'') n.

swamp

P-cc +

grass

Ge'c'-i*^

(-ce*-Gex'e'') n.

skull Cf. GC'C 'pelvis', 'move lamely'.

DAUGHTER (MAN'S)
n.
-I-

P-ce*''

P's (man's) daughter

n.

+ kJ'in-'' of P 's head

P-ceP-ce*

(-ce'-kJ'ii]'')

n.

back
P-ce*''

xiy

P's (man's)

Cf. k5'in2 'base, handle'.

daughters
Cf. xiy 'child, son'.
n.

liq'i-'^

(-ce*-liq'e'')

P's

brain
Cf. liq' 'soft

Ce'd DISCHARGE OF WIND

ce*d (ceh)
n.

doughy substance'.
n.

discharge of wind,

P-ce*

Xiwa''

P's long hair,

fart

bunched-up hair
Cf. wa'' 'hair'.

(w)-ce*d
(active)

V.

break wind, fart

ce*
Cf.

+ dilcay
cay

n.

gray-haired person

'white'.

Cehi PEEL OFF

ceh=(w) adv.
pfx.

P-na*-ce* post,

ahead of P

(peeling) off
referring to

Cf. na*5 'eye, presence, front'.

Found with themes

peeling and scratching.

736
Ceh2 (HEAD)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

cili

DOWTTHASTONfE
throw (a stone)
(dir. active)

na'-ceh adv. at first, ahead of others Probably from *na'-ce'-d < P-na'-ce*
'ahead of P' + -d locative enclitic.

A-k^i-t-cil/ce'K v.

somewhere
(active)

O-l-cil/ce'X V. pound,

hammer O

a.

na-5.

See also ccj 'stone' and cidj 'pound'.

v.

ceh=Xo*W/Xon'' Cf. Xo'W 'weave,

Ce*l

braid hair
Cil2

braid, tie'.

SQUAT
down
(dir. active)

WARM
warm

A-l-cil V. squat
na*=(s)-t-cil v.

0-t-ce*l v.

O up,

heat

move about

squatting (non-dir. active)

(active caus.) Cf. se*l 'warm'.

Cin (FLEE TO SAFETY)

cin=ti-(s)-l-dil/de'X v.

ce*X Perfective stem of cili.

Ce*S

two or

more flee, run for

(active)

their lives

(ARROW)
n.

Mediopassive derivation from A-O-t-

naxe'si (na*ce's)

arrow

dil/de*X

(arrowhead and shaft together)

Ci

v. 'throw small particles', 'two or more disperse (like thrown

i.e.,

particles) to safety'.

(HEAD)
P-cida'' n. P's crown, top of P's

Cin*^!

STAR
(cir)'')

cin'^

n.

star

head
See also
min''
t'a'.

Cin'^2
n.

MEAT, FLESH
(-cir)'')

cida*^

smokehole (of

P-cin'^

n.

P's meat, flesh

flesh'.

house) cf. min'

Literally, 'house crown';

See also sin2 'meat,

Cin'^3

'house'.
n.

TOWARD THE STREAM,

(yice'n)
dir.

ciwan'' (ciwag'')
Cf. ce" 'head'.

hair of head

DOWNHILL
yicin'^i

adv.

toward

Cidi

POUND
V.

the stream, downhill; to the west

For compounds see

yicin''.

O-cid

pound, crush
a pit
in the

(active)

Ciq' STRING,
ciq' n.

FRINGE

k5'i-ta'=(w)-l-cid v.

leach acorn

meal

(in

sand of the

riverbank) (active)
k^i-tasd n. leached acorn dough Probably contracted from *K''ita'cid.
kye'sde*' n.

deerskin string or ribbon with fur attached used for tying hair
k^a'^-ciq-i''
(fcya'^-ciq'e'^)

n.

fringes on a deerskin skirt

Cf. k^a' 'skirt'.

coarse leavings of
sifting
*k5'e'cide'' cilj 'do

acorns after
See also
a stone'.

Probably contracted from

ce'j 'stone'

ciSi
with

SEE

and

(active) Suppletive perfective: 0-t-ca*n; optative/customary stem varies

O-l-cis V. see

Cid2

HRST

between
ciS2

cis

and

can''.

cid adv. first, in the first place (Probably reduced from *ce*di < ce*
'head'

HANG
v.

na*=(w)-l-cis
(neuter)

be hanging
v.

+ d or din,

locative enclitic.)

Cigy (WHOLE)
dicigy n. unshelled acorns, whole

na'=0-(s)-t-cis
(active)

hang

up

Also heard as

cis.

Hupa
CiS3

Texts:

Element

List

137

EXTINGUISH (FIRE)
v.

K5'i-ni-(s)-t-cis

put (afire) out

Ca'i SEE-SAW

(active)

kyi-ni-(s)-cis v. fire

goes out
Kyi-(w)-c'a*
(active)
v.

(impers. active)
Cit'

play on a see- saw

KNOT
A-O-t-cif V. ravel, unravel O; cut O's hair (dir. active)
si-i-cit'

Customary/optative: -ca'.
C'a'2

(HORNET)
+ di-l-cay
n.

c'a*

hornet
cf.

V.

lie

knotted (impers.

st.

From
Ca*^!

di-l-cay 'whitish';

cay

neuter)

'white'.

CO'l

FEMALE GENITALS
(-co*P) n. P's female

LEAK
V.

P-co'l-i''

wa*=l-ca''

water leaks out

genitals

(impers. active)

No

perfective.

0-(w)-l-coi make

O vulva-shaped

Attested only in passive wilco'l, element in a placename (map D-11).

CV2 MAKE NOISE, ROAR

K>'i-(w)-c'a''
V.

something makes a

See also soi.

COn'^l

noise, roars (active)

GOOD (WEATHER)

0^3
Cf.

(EATING BASKET)
xay2

y-o'=ni-(w)-l-con'' v. (sky, weather) clears up (impers. active)

Transitional derivation from ni-so'n
'be pretty' (variant of ni-Wo*n 'be good, pretty' with diminutive consonantism) with secondary affrication of stem-initial; see also
c"on''.

xayca'' n. eating basket

'

root'.

da^4 (EEL)
c'a''

+ kya*w-i

(c'a'^-kva'w)

n.

small black eels found in creeks Probably reduced from caq-k''a*w;

c'aq' 'sucking',

cf.

k^a'w

'big'.

con'^2 HIT
c'an''

SOUND
v.

A-O-t-con'' V. bang, flip, hit against O (dir. active)

na*=yi-(w)-c'an''

a sound
's

is

COWi BLUE, GREEN

ti-cow
neuter)
V.

audible, reaches one (impers. active)

c'aq'

ears

be blue, green

(ds.

SUCKING
(like
is a sucking a bunch of eels put
id.

k^i-caq' V. there

di-I-cow V. be light-brown, orange, the color of deer-hide

the

sound
in

together) (impers.
Cf. ca''4 'eel'.
C'e*

neuter)

summer

(ds. neuter)

COW2 BEND OR CRUSH SPRINGY SUBSTANCE

A-O-l-cow
V.

TWO OR MORE STAY, DWELL

de'-si-l-cV V.

two or more people

neuter)

bend, crush

stay,

dwell

(st.

(something springy, like a tree limb or wadded paper) (dir. active)

Cf. di-lj 'group'.

c'e' (EEL)

CO*y MAN'S DAUGHTER'S CHILD

c'e''

+ kya*w-i

(c'e'^-k^a-w) n.

short

P-co*yi (-co'y) n. P's (man's) daughter's child

eels Cf. c'a''4 'eel', kJ'a'w 'big'.

738
C'eh

XIV Northwest
(TRANSLATE)
adv.
translating,

California Linguistics

Ce-y2

BRUSH

k>ide*c'eh

cVyi

interpreting Presumably a fossilized phrase (cf. ciw2 'non- visual

.

(cVy) n. brush; grave (fenced with brush)

n.

cVyi + din (cVy-diij)

graveyard

evidential').

Usually proclitic to

na'=k>'i-(s)-t-c*eVc*in''

'make

(it)

'cause the translation (to come) back'.

again, back',
i.e..

cVyi +
shrubs
ta*ys

3i

(c'e*y3)

n.

small brush,

c'eh

NON- VISUAL EVIDENTIAL:

cVyi-'' (ta'ys-cVy'') n.

brush used for sweathouse fire

See ciw2

Ce-ky

CLAW AT

RyinaWdan-ccy-'' n. split-stick rattle used in the Girls' Puberty

0-ce*k> V. catch, scratch claws (active)

Cf.
k-^e'c' 'nail,

Dance
with
Literally, 'first menstruant's brush';
cf.

da"7 'girls puberty'.

claw'.

Cli (DIRECTLY)
Ce'l

FOREARM, FOREARM MUSCLES

c'i-dai]''
n.

adv. at first, to begin with

'after,

(-cVr) forearm muscle

P-c'e*l-P
ks'i-cei-i''

P's forearm,

Cf.

dan'

when

it

is

past'.

c'i-daG adv. straight up, upright

n.

(k^icVP)

lower part

Cf.

dac

'up'.

of deer's foreleg

CI2 (PLAY)
c'i-(w)-la'n/lan'' v.

Ce*X GLUE

cVX

play rough sport) (active)

(e.g.,

(ce'^X)

n.

glue (from salmon,

sturgeon), used in attaching deer

CI3 (THIN)
c i-tan'ye* v. be thin (like paper)

sinew

to

bows
cf.

Alternative form;

cVq'i 'sticky,

(ds. neuter)

gummy'.
c'idi

KNOW

cVn

STIFF

di-si-cVn v. be stiff in the joints; have arthritis (ds. neuter)

Cf. c'in 'bone'.

0-o*-(w)-i-cid V. know O, recognize O (active)

Cld2 FALL
A-l-c'id V. fall (dir. active) Often used impersonally: 'it comes as
a gift,
it

cVq'i STICKY, GUMMY

glue (from salmon, sturgeon), used in attaching deer sinew to bows Alternative form of c'cX 'glue'.
ts'e*q
(c'e'^q')

befalls

someone'.

n.

c'iftin'^

BOW
(c'ittii]'')

cittin''

n.

bow,

rifle

Clma'^ QUIETLY

di-cVq
neuter)

v.

be gummy, sticky

(ds.

cima'' + xosin v. be quiet, silent

(neuter) Cf. sin3 'be so'.

C'e-q2

NAVEL
n.

P-cVq'i (-cVq*)

P's navel

Cln BONE, AWL

c'in (c'ii)) n. needle, awl (made from a sharpened bone)

P-cVq'i-d

n.

P's navel (cord)

C'e7i

YOUNGEST CHILD
n.

P-cin-(i)''

(cine',

-c'ig'')

n.

P's

k^i-cVy-P (kJ'icVy'') youngest child

c'i-c'e'y-e*
n.

man's
in

bone, leg
Cf. c'e-n 'stiff.

youngest child

P-c'in
Cf.
t'a''

tV

n.

P's forehead
'crown of head'.

family

'top', cida''

Hupa
P-we* + c'in-'' jaw-bone
kyi-c'in

Texts:

Element
C^a'i

List

739

(-we-c'ig'')

n.

P's

LOOSE MASS, DIRT

Ryi-c^a*

so*s-P (kyic'in-so'se'')

n.

V. do (violently) with a loose mass; hurl, fling, drop (e.g.,

quills
Cf. so'S 'sprout, quill '.

dirt) (active)

nancin (nanc'ig)
peak
C'is

n.

mountain

Ryi-d-c^a* v. a loose

mass flies,

drops (active)
0-c*a*
V.

do

to

SHAKE
O-t-c'is V.

loose

mass

(e.g.,

by handling a bury it) (active)

shake

(active)

Optative/customary stem: -c^a'

c'is

HANG

SeeCiS2

C*a*2

DARK
v.

cisde*^ (SOOT)
dah-c'isde'' n. fine particles of

c"a*=xo-t-wil/we*X

get dark

C^a*3

(TIGER LILY)
n.

soot (used in tatooing)

Cf.

dah

'above, away'.

c^a-k^ini (c^a-k-in)
Cf.

tiger lily

knni

'tree, stick'.

c'isnah bee
C^a*^

BEAVER
Beaver Creek

c'isnah

n.

bee
^wa?i (c^a'') n. beaver
c"'a''ay-me'^ n.

clWj WRITHE
A-c'iw
V.

squirm, wriggle, crawl

(dir.

(somewhere)

active)

C^ad

SIDE,

FLANK
n.

na*=ciw v. squirm, wriggle, crawl around (non-dir. active)

P-c^'ad

P's side, flank

C^an*^!

EXCREMENT
n.

CIW2 NON- VISUAL EVIDENTIAL

c'iw (c'eh)

c*an'^ (c^ag'')
P-c^a*!!*^
n.

excrement

end.

it is

evident by
Ia'n7 'visual

hearing, feeling, taste

Evidential particle;
evidential'.
cf.

P's excrement Contracted from P-c"'an''-i''.

Ga'c^'an'' (ca'c^'aij'')
n.

raven

Archaic or dialectal.

CO* MILK, WOMAN'S BREAST

CO'
n.

C^an'^2 CLUSTER,
k''i-si-c"'an''

SQUEEZE

milk
v.

P-c'o'-''

breast
c'oc'

P's milk, woman's Contracted from P-co*-i''.

n.

together
(st.

(e.g.,

be clustered a clump of bushes)

neuter)

Perfective stem of cos.

0-t-c"'an'^ V.
(e.g., flesh,

C'o-la

(MILLIPEDE)
millipede
'fuzzy'.

squeeze, bunch O up by pinching) (dir.

eat in a

active)
c'o'la-s-gye* n.

Cf.

g''e"2

na'=di-(w)-l-c*an''
(active)

v.

group, congregate for a feast

COS SUCK
O-t-c'os/c'oc
V.

suck

(active)

Cf. di-lj 'group'.

C^e'i

MAKE
make O,

0-(s)-t-c*e-/c*in'^ v.

construct O (active) Also several metaphorical extensions:

C^a

(CHINOOK SALMON)
n.

'make a collection of
child)',

(things)',

'gather (firewood)', 'give birth to (a

c^'aio'qV
Cf. Jo"q',

Chinook salmon;
salmon'.

and others.

summer run of salmon

lo'q'i 'fish,

Passive stem:-c*e*n.

740

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
C^e-y YEARLING
c^cyi (c*e'y)

minde*'' + "'i-t-c^e* n. tobacco Contracted from min'^-day'' 'outside the house' + ci-l-c*e* 'one gathers it'.
Cf.

OF ELK
n.

yearling of elk

min'

'house'.

Attested only in Sapir's notes.

xotid + K>idilc*e* n. pheasant Apparently 'the one who makes noise'

C^id REACH
A-c^id
V.

< xo-tid 'noise' + kyi-di-l-c^e* makes it', with di- 'speaking'

thematic prefix.

reach, do with extended

'it

arm

active) Translation varies considerably according to adverbial modifier.

(dir.

C*e*2

GROW, INCREASE
increase

na*=0-di-(w)-c*id
(active)

v.

let

go of P

na*=(s)-t-c*eVc*in'' v.
(non-dir. active)

For corresponding momentaneous theme see c"e*ni.

0-o*-ni-(w)-c'*id v. reach for O,

fetch

(active)

0-t-c"^id V.

push
V.

(active)

C^e*3 (ANUS)
P-c"e'xino'' n. P's anus Also heard as P-c*e*xin''

0-o--(w)-i-c"id
(active)

point at

C^ill

WET
V.

P-c*e* + kyin-P (-c^e'-kyin'^) P's rear end

n.

ni-t-c*il

be wet

(ds. neuter)

Possibly a reanalysis of the preceding; cf. k>in2 'base, handle'.

C^l2 DULL
di-c^il
V.
it is

dull,

blunted

(e.g.,

C*e-gy (REDDISH)
dilc"e-g>i
(dilc*e'g>i)
n.

a knife) (impers.
Also refers
kyg*?

ds. neuter)

to
n.

tanned buckskin

ponderosa pine
Historically from *di-l-c"e'g>'-i, the relative form of descriptive neuter

c*il

bobbed

tail

C^ils

HUCKLEBERRY
n.

meaning 'be

reddish'.

c*H-3

huckleberry

c^e'cah (ROBIN)
c"e*Gah
n.

Cf. 311, diminutive enclitic.

robin redbreast

C^ini DIRT, FILTH

c'^in

C^e-ni

GROW, INCREASE
V.

(c^irj)

n.

dirt, filth
v.

A-l-c"'e'n

grow (human,

m-e* + c"in=l-c*o'gy
trash, dirt (active)

sweep up

animal, or plant) (dir. active) For corresponding non-directional theme see c^e'2, c^in'!.

C*in2 STINK
ni-l-c^in v. stink (ds. neuter)

C*e*n2
c"in

HUNGER
+ m-e*=do'-wi-Ie'
v.

''a'=xo-ni-t-c*in

v.

there

is

an

be

odor
C^in3

(ds. neuter)

hungry (passive neuter)

Literally, 'be unsatisfied for hunger';

BOTHER
+ 0-o*-wi-lei
v.

note the incorporation of the negative

proclitic (do') into the verb as a

c*in

bother

(active)

conjunct prefix. Cf.

satisfied; poor'.

Ie*3 'filled,

C*in4 CLASS, KIND

c*in (-c"ig)
n. suffix

of that

P-e*=di-c"'e"n v. crave,

hunger for

class, kind, sort

(usually for food) (neuter)

C^e*n3

SMELL
an odor, catch a

t-c*e*n v. smell

scent (active) No perfective forms are attested.

Probably derived from c^cn, the passive stem of 0-(s)-l-c"'e'/c*in'' 'make O', i.e., 'made to be treated as'. It occurs productively, but is mostly found in fossilized derivations:
,

P-a*di-c*in

n.

P's father's sister

Hupa
P-an-c"'in
Cf. an.
n.

Texts: Element List

taboo.

741
object
is

P's mother

The subject or ninisVn 'the world'.

usually

cide'-c'^in
Cf. cide-.

n.

household things
cedar

C*in'^7

(GOOSEBERRY)

c'ime'-c^in
Cf. cime*.

n.

dah-c*ig'' n. gooseberry Cf. dah 'above, away'.

C*iq STRING TOGETHER IN LINE

do'lya'-c^in n.
lost

woman who has

(k>i)-(w)-c"'iq
V.

a child
n.

string (e.g., fish,

beads) on a line (active) P's father's father

P's mother-in-

P-ma''a-c*in
Cf. ma''

C^iWi CRY, WEEP,

c'^eh
n.

SCREAM
weeping weeping

P-me'-cV-c'^in

n.

crying,

law
Cf. ce'' 'female'.

P-c*iw-e'' n. P's crying,

c^eh + xo-sin

n. n.

orphan
mourning dove
cry out,

C^in*^!

GROW, C^JCREASE
increase

xo-n-sH +

c^'iw

na'=(s)-l-c*e'/c*in'' v.

c*iw

V.

weep, cry (active)

(active)

(non-dir. active)

kya*=ti-(s)-l-c"'iw v.

For corresponding momentaneous theme see c^cnj.

C*in''2

scream

MAKE
make O,

C*iW2 HIRE
O-0*-(w)-t-c^iw
V.

hire

(active)

0-(s)-l-c"'eVc"'in'^ v.

construct O (active) Also several metaphorical extensions: 'make a collection of (things)',

'gather (firewood)', 'give birth to (a
child)',

C^iwe* MOTHER'S FATHER

P-c"iwe* n. P's mother's father (maternal grandfather)

and others. Passive stem:

C^iW NOSE; SMELL WITH NOSE

P-n-c^iW
n.

P's nose
(active)

C^in'^a

DEFECATE
BAD, UGLY
v.

0-(s)-t-c"'iW V. smell at O,

(w)-c*in'' V. defecate (active)

investigate

P 's odor

Cf. c^^iW 'nose'.

C^in''4

C^i3 FIREWOOD
(ds.

ni-c"'in''

be bad, ugly
post phr.

neuter)
nic"'in''

c*i3

n.

firewood

cin''

towards

C^O*

MOTHER'S MOTHER

the

left,

(on) the left-hand side

'to,

Cf. cin'^
C^'in'^5

towards'.

n. P's mother's mother (maternal grandmother)

P-c*o*

SELHSH

di-wa'=ni-c"'in'' v. be selfish
(neuter)
Cf. c"in''4 'bad, ugly'.

P-co* n. P's mother's mother Diminutive form.

C^O'gy

SWEEP
V.

A-O-l-c^O'gy

sweep

O away

c^in'^6 (RUIN)

(somewhere)
c^ola*^

(dir. active)

+ da'=(w) thm. pfx. to ruin or spoliation Cf. da*3 'down'. Thematic in:
c"'in''

nvE
num. five

c^ola*^

C*0*n NICE, PRETTY

ni-l-c**o*n
v.

c*in''

+ da'= (w)-ya'W/ya* world) goes to ruin

v. {the

be nice, pretty

(ds.

c^in'^

+ da-= 0-(w)-l-tiW/te-n

v.

ruin (the world)

Refers to a metaphorical "ruining of the world" through the violation of

neuter) Derivation from ni-..-VVo'n 'be good, pretty' with secondary affrication of stem-intital. With preverbal 'be

V=

good'.

742
C^Oq TESTICLES
P-c^oq
n.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
Cat'2

PEEL
v.

P's testicles

wa'n=di-(w)-}-cat'
(active)

peel bark off

Ca*W

TIE

KNOT

C'a'di

ACHE
v.

k>'i-(w)-ca*W V. tie a knot to hold dress (woman 's buckskin dress) at the hip (active)

di-n-ca'd
neuter)

ache, be sick (ds.

cVi WIND BLOWS

A-win-/s-c'e* v.

wind blows

ca*d2 HAT
t-ca*d
V.

somewhere

(ex. neuter)

wear a hat

(active)

ca*d + ce'=win-''e'X-i (c'ahc'e*i)''e'X) n. a basket design

Historically, 'hats that extend out'

kyi-di-wehs-c'e* n. butterfly Evidently a fossilized derivation from 'wind blows'.

C'e'2

OUT (OF THE HOUSE)

(LN

VX

2.53; Sapir 1936e: 276-7). 'two or more extend'.

ci-l-''e*n-i

Cf.

c'e'=(n)

adv. pfx. out of the houseout of an enclosure or container

ca'd + n. ash
cf.

(cah-c'iPe*n)

(tree)
'treat as,

Historically, 'what they use for a hat'

Vn4

use

for'.

cahd (SUCKER)
da"-c ahd sucker (fish)

Translates 'down to the riverbank' is some contexts, since Hupa house doors always faced riverward. With themes refering to the motion of streams, bases with c'e*=(n) refer to the flowing of a tributary into a larger stream, or of a river into the ocean.

C'ahl

FROG
(c'ahl)
n.

CV3 WAKE
frog
n.

c'ahli

c'e'=ni-(n)-sid v.
C'e*^

wake up

(active)

c"'ahli (c*'ahl) Archaic form.

c'ahli

frog
tadpole

FEMALE
suffix:

Noun
n.

k>'eia't'e''

C'ahla*^

SUNFLOWER
+
Gad-e*^
n.

Jin-ce'' n. female dog, Cf. tig' 'dog, pet'.

P-a's-c'e''
n.

mare

c'ahla*^

sunflower

P's niece

Cf.

cad '(willow)

roots'.

P-Wan-c'e'' n. P's father-in-law

(?)

C'a*n

SHOUT, CRY OUT

v.

P-we*-c'e'' n. P's

(man's) wife's

m-e*=na'=(w)-c'a*n

shout, cry
dialect.

sister
P-ya'-c'e*^ n.

out (active) Said to be Redwood Creek

P's (woman)

Caq' JUMP, HOP FROG-LIKE

ya-=(w)-l-c'aq' v.

daughter
P-t-tis-c'e''
n.

P's (man's) sister

P's co-wife

jump up

(like

a
P-Xin-c'e'' n.

frog)

(dir. active)

na*=(s)-t-caq' v. hop around in squatting position (like a frog)

(non-dir. active)

'aWxi-c'e'' n.

wealthy

woman

CV

(MOTHER-IN-LAW)
n.

P-me'c'e*'-c*in (-me'c'c'^c^irj)
Cf. cahli 'frog'.

P's mother-in-law
Cf. c^in 'class, kind'.

cat'i

WOMB
P's womb, afterbirth,

P-c'at' n.

ce*d LIE
xo-(w)-c'e'd V.
tell

placenta

lie

(active)

Hupa
C'e-kyi

Texts:

Element
Cide*

List

1A2>

INTESTINES
n.

HOUSEHOLD THINGS
(cide*c"ig)
n.

P-cVky-e'^

P's intestines, guts

c'ide'-c*in

household things, cooking utensils

Ce'ky2 TASTE

STRONG

Cf. c*in4 'class, kind'.

di-n-cVRy
(hot,

v. be strong tasting peppery, gingery) (impers. ds.

Clli

FEATHER, FIN
n.

P-c'il-e''

P's feathers, fin, wing

neuter)

CII2

WEAKEN, WEAR OUT, DIE

v.

Cii

ANIMATE 3RD PERSON SUBJECT

wi-c'il

be weak (prog, neuter)

c i- sub. pfx. animate 3rd person subject Contrasts with yi-, obviative 3rd person subject (q.v.). Reduced to ''- in certain environments. Lost initially when followed by indefinite object prefix (k^i-). Assimilates to ci- when immediately preceding s- perfective.
Cf.

Cf. cid 'die'.

Cimal (LUPINE)
c'imal + Ryoh n. a variety of lupine used for medicine Cf. k>oh, augmentative enclitic.

cime* HR, CEDAR

c'ime'-c**in

xo 'human 3rd person

object'.

(cime'c^iij) n. cedar

Cf. c'*in4 'class, kind'.

CI2 BITTER
c'i-1-xan v.
ds. neuter) Cf.
C'ic'i

c'ime'-ya*W-i (cime'ya'W)
taste bitter

n. fir

(impers.

saplings Cf. ya'W 'young'.

xanj

'taste sweet'.

cime* + 31 (c'imehs)

n. fir tree

ELBOW
n.

Cf. 3ii, diminutive enclitic.

C'in

COMING FROM

P-cic

P's elbow

P-cin

C1C2 BOE.(ONBODY)
t-cic V. have a boil (neuter) Possibly an active base with winperfective.

(-ciij) post, coming from Postposition of restricted occurrence, found only with directional adverbs:

yida*

+ c'in (yida'-ciq) coming from downstream

Cf. yide' 'downstream'.

post. phr.

Cidi

HOUSEHOLD DIRT
n.

cid
c'i3

scraps, dirt

around house

yidah + c'in (yidah-c'iij) phr. coming from uphill

Cf.

post,

Cf. cide* 'household things'.

n. fine dirt Contracted from *c'id-3 'small scraps'; cf. sij, diminutive enclitic.

yidac

'uphill'.

yinah + c'in (yinah-cig) post, phr. coming from upstream

Cf.

yinac 'upstream'.
post. phr.

yisin

Cld2 WEAKEN, DIE

c'id
V.

+ c'in (yisin-c'irj) coming from downhill

Cf. yice'n 'downhill'.

die (active, no perfective)

V.

yi'^an-c'in
ti-(s)-c'id

(ya'^an-cig)

dir.

adv.

get weak, exhausted

coming from across the stream

Cf. yima'ii 'across'.

(active)

0-ti-(s)-l-c'id v.

wear

out,

exhaust

Clni FATHER'S
P-c'ini
n.

MOTHER
n.

(active)
(-c'in)

P-cid + yan-xe* (-ciyagxe') P 's deceased mother

P's father's

mother (paternal grandmother)

P-cid +

Cin2
c'inay''
(-c icinay'')
n.

IT IS

SAID

P 's

brother 's wife after death of brother; P 's wife 's sister after

death of wife

cini (c'in) sent. mod. so they say, so it is said (Reduced from *c'i-d-ne- 'they say'.)

744
clnay'^ sister in

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

law
(-c icinay'^)
n.

C'iyo-W (SURPRISE)
c'iyohW-dine* excL oh my!
Cf. ne*i 'speak,

P-cid + cinay''

brother 's wife after death of brother; P 's wife 's sister after death of wife
Cf. cid 'weaken, die'.

P 's

make

a noise';

see

c'iyo* 'frivolous'.

C'O'

WEAK,

IN

NEED OF HELP
v.

Cln*^ TO,

TOWARD
("Cirj'')

P-cin'

post,

to,

toward

co*=da* (heavy form: -da*y) thin, weak, poor (person)

Transitional:
c'o'=(w)-da''.

be

P-K>a'-cin'' (-kya'cig'') post.

P-c'o'=(w)-i-te*/te'' V. find,

away from P
c'in'^ah in

consider

weak; feel stronger than

front

(active) With reflexive object: 'be bashful,

P-cii]''ah

post, in front of P, serving as a protection

consider oneself weak'.

p.c'o*=(w)-neVne''

v.

help

Clnd

SICK,

DEAD
n.

c'o'n
sickness

PLOP

kn-cindi (k^icind)
cindi (cind)
thing
n.

corpse,

dead

k^i-cVn v. there is a plopping sound (as of a rock falling into

water) (impers.
id.

neuter)

c'indi + ni (cindin) n. people, ghosts, spirits

Collective plural;
cf. 1114

dead
'people'.

P-cindine-'^
Literally, 'P's

n. P's late father dead person'.

di CLASSIFIER
dels. pfx.

c'indini

+ taw + din

(c

indin-tah-

dig)

n.

Hell, land of the

dead
the dead

Literally, '(the place)

among

The

people')

clWj FINE PARTICLES

li-c'iW
n.

sand, dust

P-ciW-i'' (-ciWe*') n. P's dust, particles

ta'ys-ciW-i'' (ta*ys-c'iWe'') n.

d-classifier is thematic in some occurrences, but it often functions to derive reflexive or "middle" themes from transitive motion or action themes with zero classifier, and sometimes from themes with I classifier (although most J classifier themes form reflexives with the 1 classifier). In addition d-classifier functions as part of several

sweathouse soot
Cf. ta'ys, ta"k>iW 'sweathouse'.

polymorphemic

inflectional and

derivational strings:

to'^ciW n. pinole;

meal made from

t-ni-d- obj. pfx. and els. pfx.

crushed and parched tarweed

reciprocal object
ni-d- modal pfx. and els. pfx. potential mode 1st and 2nd person forms only. When the basic theme has \ or I classifier, compound classifiers (l-di and l-di)
result.

CIW2 COAT, COVER

ciW
V.

wear a
V.

coat, put

on a coat

(active)

O-l-ciVV
(active)

peel

off (bark, skin)

Clyo*

FRIVOLOUS

+ kMne* phrs. frivolous speech or behavior, prohibited at a

ciyo*

wi-d- thm. pfx. and passive or gerund

els. pfx.

Marks passive neuters derived from

active transitive themes with zero
classifier,

World Renewal ceremony Cf. ne'i 'speak, make a noise';

ciyo'W
'surprise'.

and gerunds derived from

see

all

active themes with zero classifier.

Hupa
na*=diter./rev. pfx.

Texts:

Element

List

745
-I-

and

els. pfx.

c*in''

da*=(w) thm. pfx. to

iteration of action, reversal of

ruin or spoliation
Cf. c^in'g 'ruin'.

motion The di classifier forms

part of the

iterative/reversative modifier only in

yida*-c'in

(yida'-cii))

dir.

adv.

motion themes, specifically: (1) transitive directional motion bases formed with ni-(n)- 'approaching,
arriving'; (2) all intransitive directional motion bases; (3) all

coming from downstream

The combining form of yide'
'downstream' with ch'in 'coming
from'.

progressive motion themes. When the basic theme has I or I classifier,

da*4

ONE SITS, STAYS

one person
sits

compound
result.

classifiers (l-di
classifier
is

and

1-di)

ne'-(s)-da* v.

absent in iterative/reversative forms of A-

(The di

down
ca'dj.

(active) Suppletive perfective theme of ni--

diI/de*X '(several)

move somewhere'

and associated themes.)

si-da* V.

one person
V.

sits,

stays

d2 LOCATIVE d
end. locative enclitic

A-O-t-da''

carry (one person)

(dir. active)

(somewhere)

dai (PRO-FORM)
Sub-morphemic element
stems.
See:
in

Derived from the transitional of the possessive of stative neuter si-da* 'one person sits, stays'
pro-form
'extent pro-form',
,

dahan
'

pro-form daman danj 'human pro-form', dantan 'niimAral nrr\_frvrm 'numeral pro-form', Havw^i" (daxo*'') pro-form dax^c (c 'manner pro-form', day (diy) 'general ^
,

pro-form', and
form'.

pro da'yj 'locative pro-

xo'^esday n. man, adult male Apparently reduced from xo-ci-s-da"-i 'the one who is sitting'. Only adult men were allowed to sit on redwood stools; woman and children sat on the ground.

Cf. di^ 'interrogative',

'indefinite'.

da*5 HUNT, GATHER

kyi-na*=di-(w)-da'/da'' v. pick, (e.g., berries)
(active)

da2

(SALMONBERRIES)

gather things
daxa'X-e'' n. salmonberries

da*i (MOUTH)
P-da'wi'' (-da'w'^) Probably from P-da*
hair'.
n.
-i-

wa'

P's whiskers 'P's mouth-

kyi-wan -h na*-y=(w)-da'/da'' v. one person hunts (game), sneaks up on (animal) (active)

Proclitic postpositional phrase k^i-

wa"n

P-da- + soI-P (-da-soie"^) P's

upper

lip,

TTie element soi

around P 's mouth may be a variant

genitals'.

'for, concerning (game)' a base of obscure derivation that is probably connected to the theme in k>'i-na'=di(w)-daVda'' 'pick, gather'.
-i-

of

coi 'female

da'6 THIN, POOR,

LEAN
v.

mi-da'-q'id post. phr. on the

c'o'=da' (heavy form:

thin,

riverbank

Literally 'on
lip'.

its lip'.

da*y) poor, lean (ds. neuter)

c'o'=(w)-da''.

be

Cf. da'' 'mouth,

Transitional:

da-2

ENTRANCE

da'7 GIRLS

PUBERTY

P-da'=(n) adv. pfx. to the door of P; at the entrance of P

Cf. da*| 'mouth'.

Ryin + na*=kM-l-daVda'' v. be having one's first menses; be an initiate in the girl's puberty dance
(neuter)

da*3

DOWN

Synchronically unanalyzable, apparently with proclitic k>ini

tree'.

'stick,

xo-da*=(w) adv. pfx. downhill,

downstream

746

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
dah=: adv. pfx. hover above, be suspension of motion Forms stative subthemes from
progressive neuters.
in

k>ina*tdan (knnahtdag) n. girl having her first menses; an initiate in girls puberty dance
'

From

Icina'tda* 'having her

first

menses' + 05 'person'.

yidah-cir)'' dir. adv.

toward

da*8

(THEMATIC)
n.

uphill

Combining form of yidac.

dah-3it
n. storage platform, shelves (inside traditional house)

da'3ah}

dog salmon
n.

da'c^irjq'ay''

fern (sp.)
(fish)

da'cahd sucker

dah + m-a*'' n. Cf. a*' 'parasite'.

moss (on

trees)

da*^ Transitional stem of da'4;

perfective stem of da's ^^'ida*^!

dahanC^) extent pro-form stem

dahan('')-di (dahan('')d) pro-

MOUTH. LIP
n.

form how far? when?

dahan('')-Wo*^ (dahai)('')Wo'') pro-

P-da''
P-da''

P's mouth, lips

n.

sic

P's lips

form
da*I

to

some

extent,

sometime

Cf. sic 'skin'.

RUN
v.

P-da'' + gnns-i*^ n. P's gums Cf. g>in3 'gristle, cartilage'.

wi-l-dai

be running along

P-we*-da'' n. P's chin Cf. we* 'jaw'.

Cf. da'i 'mouth'.

(prog, neuter) Cf. da-W.

dani ANIMATE PRONOUN stem

dan-di (dand) pro-form who?

da'^2 (TOP)

dan-Wo'' (darjWo'^) pro-form

P-cida'' n. P's crown, top of P's

someone
Cf. daj 'pro-form', n^ 'person'.

head
Cf. ce*. ci 'head';

see also

t'e'

'forehead'.

da*ni (FOOD)
P-da*n-i'^
sa''a*n
v.

da'^3 (SHELL)

is

frugal,

mida'' + 3i (mida'^3) n. small tubular shells (smaller than dentalia) used for necklaces
Cf. 3ii, diminutive enclitic.

has a hoard offood

Literally 'P's (gathered) food lies
there,

Vni

P has a supply of food'; 'round object'.

cf.

Probably also da*ne'

in k5'a'-da*=(w)-

da*c' Perfective of das

neVne' 'pick up, gather acorns',

literally 'gather

dac UP
from
yi-daci (yidac) dir. adv. away the stream, uphill See related compounds under yidac.

food for the benefit of

(people)'; cf. P-a* 'for the benefit of

P'.

da-n2 son-in-law

ci-daci (cidac) adv. straight up, upright

P-wan + da*ni (-wanda'n) son-in-law

dan*^! after,

n.

P's

dah ABOVE, AWAY

dah +
procl.

WHEN IT IS past
when
(in the

above, on top
in

dah-di adv. slow degrees

a slow way, by

dan'' (dai]'') end. past)

dan'^i
(da'^n)

adv. in the past

dah=di-(w) adv. pfx. o_ff, (drawing) away; (moving) away

slowly, stealthily

c'i-dar)''

adv. at first, to begin with

xiXe'^-dar)''

adv. in the

morning

Literally, 'after night'.

Hupa
3in-dar)'' adv.
in the late
'shine, be

Texts: Element List

747
inanimate pronoun

day

(diy)

afternoon
daylight';

Literally, 'after (full)

cf.

STEM
day-di, diy-di (dayd, diyd) pro-

sen

daylight'.

form what?
day-Wo'', diy-Wo'' pro-form

dan'^2 SPRINGTIME
dan'' (dag'')
dan''
n.

springtime
in the

something

+ hid

n.

springtime

day (ARROWHEAD)
dinday
n.

danfan numeral pro-form stem

dantan-di (danland) pro-form

arrowhead, bullet

da*yi LOCATIVE pro-form

stcm

how many?
danian-Wo'' (danJagWo'') proform some number
Cf. Ia*n 'be many'.

da*y-di (da'yd) pro-form where?

da*y-Wo'' pro-form

somewhere

da*y2

BLOOM
a flower blooms

kyi-da'ye'' v.

das BREAK, PULL

0-(s)-t-das/da*c' v. break O off by pulling (e.g., a branch) (active)

(impers. active)

da73 WEAK, POOR

co*=da* (iieavy form: da*y) thin, weak, poor (person)
Transitional:
v.

be

da-Si

HEAVY

co"=(w)-da''.

ni-da*s v. be heavy (ds. neuter)

day'' (PLANT)

da*S2 SINGE
0-o*-(w)-l-da*s
V.

Xow +
singe

(active)

oats,
Cf.

day'' (Xohday'') n. wild tarweed (used for pinole)

'grass, plant'.
-f-

Xow

daWi NEGATIVE
daw
excl. no! Cf. do- 'not'.

k^i-wah
'edge'.

day'' n. plant used for corpse-handling medicine Cf. wahj

daW2 MELT
(s)-daw
V.

min''

day'' adv.

outside (the

house)

melt away, disappear

Cf. min'' 'house'.

(impers. active)

O-t-daw

V.

melt

de*i
ojf (active)

HERE

de* adv. here, presently

da*W RUN
A-l-da*W
run, trot (dir. active) For associated non-directional theme see
v.
na*=l-''i3.

de'-d-i (de*d) adv. this here

hay

-H

de*

dem. pron. the one here

(hay-de*d) dem.
adv.
cf.

hay +
de*n''

de'-d-i

pron. this one here

A-0-ti-(s)-t-da*W v. spin O, O run along (dir. active)

make

4- c'in''

(de*n''-c'ig'')

on

this side (of the river)

de'-e*n''-cin'';

Contracted from

en''

daxo*''

See dax^e*

'parallel', c'in'' 'to, toward'.

dax^e* ADVERBIAL PRO-FORM STEM

dax^e'-di (dax*e'd) pro-form

P-de-n''-cin''

(-de'n''-cii)'')

post.

on

this side

of P

how?
Often truncated to x*e*d.
daxo*'' pro-form in From *dax"e"-Wo''.
Cf.

de*2 SISTER
P-de*
n.

P's sister (reciprocal)

n.

some manner
'in

P-deh3
enclitic.

P's younger sister

Probably formed with Jii- diminutive

such a

dai 'pro-form', X04

manner'.

748
de-3

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

HORN (OF ANIMAL)

elkhorn spoon,

de'K

Perfective stem of dilj, dil2,

P-de'' n. P's horn

dila.

ki-de* + k>in'' used by men

n.

de*Xi (PINE)
na'de'^X
n.

Cf. kyin' 'base, handle'.

bull-pine, pine nuts

de-4

CLOSE TO, TOUCHING

de-n GREASY, SHINING

ne'=n-de*n
v.

P-de* post, closely past P, moving to touch P

be rich, greasy

(impers. ds. neuter)

P-de*=(w) adv. pfx. close past P,

touching

de*5

INTOHRE

k5'i-ne-=n-de'n v. light shines (impers. neuter) There are two transitionals: (1) k^i-ne*
=(w)-dln'' 'a light
kyi-ne'=(s)-din'' 'a light

de*=di-(w) adv. pfx. into the fire

comes to shine'; comes on,

(2)

suddenly shines out'.

de*6 (TRANSLATE)
k-ide'c'eh

de*S CUT, SINGE

translatng,

adv.

interpreting Presumably a fossilized phrase (cf. c'iw2 'non-visual

evidential').

0-(w)-de's

V.

cut,

singe off P's

hair (active)

Usually proclitic to

de*W (MADRONE)
''isde'wi

na'=k5'i-(s)-t-c"eVc*in''

'make

(it)

again, back',

i.e.,

'cause the

Cisdcw)

n.

madrone

translation (to

come) back'.
dii INCEPTIVE

de*7 (THEMATIC)

de'-s-min v. be full (ds. neuter) The long vowel is retained in

transitional forms.

di-(w) adv. pfx. starting off; extending out; taking away

Cf. me'iii 'full'.

de'^l

IF,

WHEN
if;

dah=di-(w) adv. pfx. off, (drawing) away; (moving) away

slowly, stealthily

de''

end.

when

(in the future)

yisxa'n

+ de'' (yisxande*^) adv. tomorrow

Literally,

dah-di adv. slow degrees

(cooking) fire

in

a slow way, by

de*=di-(w) adv. pfx. into the

'when

it

will

dawn';

cf.

xa*n2 'dawn'.

P-wa*n=di-(w) adv. pfx. removing

hayah +
Cf.

de''

31

(hayahde'^s)
31,

(a cover), getting offfrom

conn, (shortly) after that

Cf. wa'ni 'concerning, from, away'.

hayah

'there';

diminutive

enclitic.

de'^2

DOWNSTREAM
dir.

Refers to a person getting off a horse, a blanket being removed from something, etc.

yi-de''

adv.

downstream
yide''.

di2 INCEPTIVE THEMATIC

thm. pfx. inceptive Thematic prefix in a small class of inceptive themes or subthemes:
diA-di-'^a*
v.

See related compounds under

de'^3

(GRASSHOPPER)
n.

Vde'' + 31 (''ade'^3) grasshopper

one object extends out

dehj YOUNGER SISTER

P-deh3
n.

A-di-'^e'X V.

two or more extend

out

P's younger sister

'sister'

Probably from de'2

di-taI/ta*X v. step out, take a step

311,

diminutive enclitic.

O-di-wal/wa'X

v.

pour

out

ta*deh3

n.

small

hawk

0-e'=di-(w)-Hw

v.

Hupa
dia 1ST PERSON
di-

Texts:

Element List
di-(w)-ne*/ne'' v.
it

1A9
(e.g.,

PLURAL
1st

some
its

animal) makes a noise, makes

sub. pfx.

person plural

characteristic
active)

sound (impers.
a musical

subject Replaced by y before di classifier or the stem of the theme A-dil/dcX. A following t classifier is replaced by 1
classifier.

di-(w)-l-ne*/ne'' v. play

instrument (active caus.) Literally 'make (something) make a

noise*.

di4 (REFLEXIVE)
reflexive object persons when the subject and object are identical.
''a*=di-

obj. pfx.
all

Used with

(V=)0-o*-n-di-(s)-neVne'' v. think, feel (in some way) (about O)

(active)

^a'-di- poss. pfx.

reflexive

ky-o'-di-d-xid

v.

beg

(active)

possessor Used with all persons when the subject and possessor are identical.

0-o*-di-(w)-t-xid v. ask questions

ofO

(active)
v.

0-o'-di-(w)-t-ye*W
(active)

whistle at

dis CLASSIHER: di6

See di

INTERROGATIVE PRO-FORM
Pro-form suffix, formmg
interrogatives:

kyiditc**e' n. pheasant xotid Apparently 'the one who makes noise'

-I-

< xo-tid 'noise' + kyi-di-t-c^e* makes it', with di- 'speaking'

thematic prefix.

'it

day-di, diy-di) pro-form what?

dan-di pro-form who?

da*y-di pro-form where?

dill (ADJECTIVAL)

thm. pfx. Thematic prefix

diin

in descriptive neuters

dax^e'-di pro-form

how?

what

referring to various qualities,

way?
dahan('')-di pro-form when? how

principally tactile:

di-c*il

V.

//

is dull,

blunted

(e.g.,

far?

a knife) (impers.
di-3id
V.

ds. neuter)
(ds. neuter)

dantan-di pro-form how many?

div

be short

DEMONSTRATIVE
de'-di (de*d) adv. this one

di-l-d-3e*w v. be sticky; sticky stuff (impers. ds. neuter)

di-si-k5'e*n
v.

dig OBVIATIVE
yidi- poss. pfx. obviative 3rd

be

stiff (ds.

neuter)

di-mcn
di-na'n
neuter)

v.

be sharp (as a knife)

person possessor
Cf. di4 'reflexive'.

(ds. neuter)
v.

be sloped, tipped

(ds.

di9 (AGENTIVE PASSIVE)

agentive passive prefix Transposes the marked subject to semantic object and leaves
Ryi-di-

pass. obj.

di-qa*n v. slant, lean, run up at an angle (e.g., a propped board or a mountain slope.) (impers. ds.
neuter)

the semantic subject unspecified

('people' or 'somebody').

di-ta-n v. be thick (ds. neuter)

diio

SPEAKING
in

di-si-cVn v. be stiff in the joints; have arthritis (ds. neuter)

verbs referring to

di- thm. pfx. Thematic prefix

di-cVq'
neuter)

v.

be gummy, sticky

(ds.

speaking or expressing:

(V=)di-(w)-ne'/ne'' (something) (active)

v.

say

dii2 (THEMATIC)
Thematic prefix
in

nouns:

The general quotative verb theme.

di3id
n.

small white seashells

750
dila'ni
n.

XIV Northwest
''water dog", small

California Linguistics
na*=kyi-di-l-ya* v. there is a string of beads (for a necklace) (impers. neuter)

salamander

dimah3
diniW
n.

n.

straw

manzanita

dina'' n.

milkweed

dance (in the White Deerskin or Jumping Dance); perform a World Renewal dance
di-l-yeVye'' v.
(active)

dicigy n. unshelled acorns, whole

acorns
dil2

THROW SEVERAL OBJECTS

v.

diwa'ni tanning
die'

n.

dried deerhide, before

A-0-t-dil/de*X

throw small

VALLEY QUAIL
n.

particles (e.g., berries) or a rope (dir. active)

cin=ti-(s)-l-diI/de-X v.

die
Cf.

valley quail
'grouse'.

diW

two or

more flee, run for

(active)

their lives

diky PECK;

CRACK BY PECKING
v.

(k5'i)-t-diKy
it

peck at

(rock), crack

Mediopassive derivation from the

preceding theme: 'two or more disperse (like thrown particles) to
safety'.

by pecking (active)

dill

TWO OR MORE GO
v.

A-n-dii/de'K
(dir. active)

two or more go
in

di-l2

MIXED COLOR
thm. pfx. and
els. pfx.

di-I-

n- is in classifier position person forms

3rd

mixed color
Thematic prefix
string in descriptive neuters referring to light-shaded or

na*=diI/de'X

v.

two or more move

v.

about (non-dir. active)

na-=kyi-(s)-dil/de'X

mixed

colors:

two or

more move about

wi-dil
V.

in

a crowd

(impers. non-dir. active)

di-I-Gay v. be light-colored (like deer-hide in late spring); be whitish (ds. neuter)

two or more are going

(prog, neuter)

gray

di-l-ma* (heavy form: ma'y) (ds. neuter)

v.

be

nin=si-(s)-dil/de'K v. (several) dance while standing in one place,

di-I-cow V. be light-brown, orange, the color of deer-hide

the

in

jumping up and down

di-li

summer
V.

(ds. neuter)

PLURALITY
thm. pfx. and
els. pfx.

di-I-Win
neuter)

be blackish

(ds.

di-I-

plurality

di-I-xi3 V. be speckled (like the

Thematic prefix

string, associated with dil] 'two or more go'.

hide of a fawn, a yearling) (ds.

neuter)
di-l-c*e*gy n. ponderosa pine Historically from *di-l-c*e"g>' 'be reddish'.

na'=di-(w)-l-c*an'' v. eat in a group, congregate for a feast

(active)

dil3
de*-si-l-c'e*
v.

two or more people

EAT BERRIES
one 's mouth (one by one)
transitive,

stay,
di-

(st. neuter) secondarily lengthened to de'before si-.

is

dwell

(w)-l-dil/de'X v. throw (berries)

into
(active)

di-(w)-l-wa-W
(active)

V.

talk,

chatter

Although semantically
object
is

no

morphologically expressed.

Plural subjects only.

dil4

RINGING SOUND

na'=de'-si-I-ya*

v.

two or more

people stand

neuter) di- is secondarily lengthened to de'before si-.

(st.

k-^i-dil V. there is a sound of ringing (impers. id. neuter)

Hupa
dilwa- DIFFERING FROM, GOING

Texts:

Element List
(dinig'^xine'W) Hupa,

751
Hupa-

ON

FROM
P-dilwa* post, in another way from P, differing from P; meeting and passing P

miditwa* adv.

in turn,

next

speaking person Fossilized verb form based on xi-niye*W 'speak'. The proclitic is presumably connected historically with the general Athabaskan term for 'person' or 'Athabaskan Indian'.
din*^ Perfective stem of din3.
din'^i

diX SHAKE, QUAKE, TREMBLE

(w)-l-diX V. it shakes, quakes (as an earthquake) (impers. active)

SEVERAL GO OFF

di-n STRONG PERCEPTION

di-n- thm. pfx. and els. pfx. strong perception Thematic prefix string in adjectival
descriptive neuters tliat refer to strong (distasteful) perceptions:

sah=(w)-din'^ v. several go off to a distance (active)

Inflected for 3rd person subject only

with the (unmarked) inanimate, implying that the subject can only be
collective.

dinday arrowhead
dinday
n.

di-n-c'a*d v. ache, be sick (ds.

neuter)

arrowhead, bullet

dinky four
dink>i (dinky) num. four

di-n-ce'ky v. be strong tasting (hot, peppery, gingery) (impers. ds.

neuter)
di-rj-q'oc
v.

diSi (ANT)

be sour

(ds. neuter)

Vdis +
diS2

3i

C'a'diss) n. ant

dini LOCATIVE
din (dig) end. the place where Locative phrase formant.

LUNGS
n.

P-dis + cay-'' Cf. Gay 'white'.

P-disqe*^
n.

P's lungs

P's lungs

hayah-dig conn, because of that Cf. hayah 'there'.

Alternative form.

diS3

CEDAR
n.

din2 CLOSE
xa*=n-din
v.

be nearby, close at
neuter)

xo-dis + Xo'n-i (xodisXo'n) white cedar

Cf. Ko*n 'weave, braid (grass)'

hand (impers.
close to

P-(e'-)xandin (-cxandiij) post.

diwi DROP, fall

na'=kyi-(w)-diw
the
v.

acorns drop
active)

to

minig'^-xandig n. the roof entry (and smokehole) of a sweathouse

Literally, 'close to
'face'.
its

ground (impers.

face';

cf nin'2

diW2 WASH
na'=kyi-(w)-J-diw v. wash something (in water) (active)

din3 LOVE, LIKE

P-e*=di-(w)-din/din''
(active)
v.

want

Often with iterative (na'=) and with proclitic teh 'in the water'.

diW (GROUSE)

0-(w)-J-din/din'' v. be content (active) with O; be in love with

diW + k^oh
augmentative

n.

grouse

Cf. die 'valley quail', k>'oh,

enclitic.

din4 LACKING, WITHOUT

''e*=din
v. be without something, be lacking (impers. neuter)

diy GENERAL PRO-FORM

diy-di (diyd) pro-form

what?

dinin (athabaskan)
dinin + c'i-xi-ne'W-i

diy-Wo*^ pro-form something Reduced form of day.

752
diye* affirmative
diye* excl. yes!

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
donse'^, do'se'' eyelid
P-na* + donse'' n. P's eyelids Also P-na* + do'se''. Cf. na'5 'eye'.
dosc'e"^
P-Ia*

di3 TWIST, WRINKLE

(k>i)-di3 V. twine (rope), twist
(string) (active)

(BARK)

dosc'e'' (tree 's)

bark (the

ni-t-di3 v. be wrinkled (ds.

neuter)

heavy bark of conifers)

doWi DODGE, DRAW BACK. SHRINK

P-na-=(s)-l-dow
v.

^i-s-dis n. string, twine

do*

NOT

dodge

P, act
(active)

furtively so as to escape

do* procl. not, unProclitic to verbal and nominal

phrases.

yeh-na*=(w)-I-d-dow v. draw oneself back, give a start (active)

ii-n=ti-(s)-l-dow v. shrink, wrinkle up (one's face in a frown, one's body when struck a blow)
(active)

do*-heh adv. not at all Cf. heh 'despite, even if. do*-heh
also used to frame a prohibitive

is

phrase (e.g., do* miq'eh na'd'a'^i-heh 'do not mind it!', literally 'no

minding

it!").

d0W2

CUT, SEPARATE

dol CRASHING SOUND

kyi-dol
V.

O-J-dow

there

is

a loud,
id.

O
neuter)

(e.g.,

V. cut O, make a cut in with scissors) (active)

crashing sound (impers.

dO'Iya*

BEREAVED
(do*lya'c*ig) n.

g^ a child
gya'^

do*Iya*-c*in

woman who has lost Cf. c*in4 'class, kind'.

do'lyaw (do'lyah)

MIRATIVE
sent.

n.

widower

gya'

mod.

lo!

dO'n (ALONE)
na'sdo*n-x" adv. alone

sent. mod. seeing, noticing (with surprise), unexpectedly

''aij-gya''

do-niW POISON
kyi-do*niW hereditary disease, contagion, due to unresolved feud Cf. niW] 'aware, conscious'.
Kyi-dorjx^'e*

Cf. ''an 'question'.

g>a''aW sent. mod. / wonder Indicates uncertainty on the part of

the speaker. Cf.

xoW

'wonder'.

power of an Indian

gyah (WOODPECKER)
kyila'gyah n.

Devil; poison

Acorn woodpecker

From

*k>i-do*niW-e".

don*^ STRAIGHT
ni-n-don''
ds. neuter)
v.

gya'S

BREAK, SNAP
V.

(s)-g>'a*s

break, snap (active)

be straight (impers.
0-(s)-J-g5'a's V.
(e.g., stick)

break

off, snap

(active)

do-n'^

INDEED
gye*i
sent.

ACHE
excl.

do'r)Vdo''oi)

mod.

// is

so!
^Sigye'

indeed! Probably contracted from

*do' 'not' + 'ana-n' 'questionable'.

ouch!

it

hurts!

Expressive of a groan.
''ayg>^e*

dondol
dondol

(BIRD)
n.

excl.

I'm lonesome

ocean

bird, pelican (?)

gye*2 (FUZZY) Apparently the stem of an old stative verb preserved only in
fossilized derivations.
s-

donqa*^

before
beforehand

dogq'a'' adv.

Hupa
P-c'i-s-gye'-''
n.

Texts:

Element

List

753
+
gyinse''
n.

P's fine feathers,

n.

p.^e-f

P's

down
man'' + ci-s-g^e'
Cf. man'' 'fly'.

breastbone, pit of P 's stomach

mosquito

Cf. 36*' 'mind, heart, breast'.

gyij
n. n.

crackle
V.

cVIa +

s-gye* s-g^e*

millipede
^^J-g*^i3

there

is

a crackling

nigxo +
gye*^

wild cherries,

sound (as when one eats carrots or

gristle) (impers. id. neuter)
k>^i-nin

chokecherries

(BERRY)
(kyig^e'^s)
n.

g^is-i'^

(kyinig-gyise'')

kyi-gye''-3i

n.

gristle in the

head of a salmon

strawberry
Cf. 311, diminutive enclitic.

Cf. nin3 and nin''2 'face'.

gye-Si

SCRATCH, SCRAPE
scrape

0-g5'e*s V. scratch,

g [Diminutive of g or
(with

gy]

claws

nails,

a rake)

(active)

gye-S2 (ELK)
g^e's

ge'^g
n.

two OR MORE ARE SMALL

two or more

+ kyoh (gyehsk^oh)

elk

si-mi-ge''gi-3 v.
neuter)

Archaic. Cf. k^oh, augmentative

enclitic.

things or persons are small (ds.

gye*y

squirrel
n.

The thematic
pine squirrel

K-gycyi (Jig^cy)
gy\

prefixes are reversed in 3rd person forms: c'i-ini-s-ge''gi-3 '(people) are small', mi-s-ge''gi-3
'(things) are small'.

(OWL)
mis-gyilo" n.

The stem

suffix

medium-sized owl

is

from the diminutive

enclitic 311,

with diminutive consonantism.

giye"^

gyidi

AFRAID

ONE IS SMALL

ne'-I-g^id v. be afraid (neuter)

P-e*=ne*-(s)-l-gyid v. fear
(active)

one thing or person is small (ds. neuter) The thematic prefixes are reversed in
si-mi-giy(e)''(-3) v.

ne*-si-l-gyid v.

fear (neuter)

3rd person forms: c'i-mi-s-giy''-3 'he/she is small', ini-s-giy''-3 'it is

small'. The stem suffix -3 is from the diminutive enclitic 311, with

gyid2

ROTTEN
//

ni-J-gyid v.

is rotten,

crumbling

from

rot (e.g., a

dead

tree)

diminutive consonantism.
gO*^

(impers. ds. neuter)

kyRgyide'' n. rotten

MOTHER
vocative mother!

wood

''ine'-go''

gyfda

BELCH
v.

xa'-na'=kyi-(w)-d-gid
(active)

belch up

gyid4

CROWD rushes
Ga* (RAVEN)
Ga*c'*an'' (ca'c^'ar)'')
n.

A-d-g^id v. a crowd, herd, flock (of animals or people) runs, rushes, stampedes (dir. active)
Probably a mediopassive formation from gyidi 'afraid', i.e. '(crowd)
panics'.

raven

Archaic or dialectal. Cf. c*an''|

'excrement'.

gyinje'^ gristle,

cartilage
n.

Gad (WILLOW) ROOTS

Gad
n.

P-da'' + gyinse'' Cf. da'3 'mouth'.

P's

gums

tree roots (esp. willow)

c'ahia''

cad-i''

n.

sunflower

754

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

GH'G THROAT, GULLET

P-ca'ce'' n. P's throat, gullet,
tonsils

oay WHITE
li-Gay
V.

be white

(ds. neuter)

Transitional stem: -cay''.

Gah (ANIMAL)
Gah3
n.

animal of some sort

di-I-Gay v. be light-colored (like deer-hide in late spring); be whitish

(ds. neuter)

(unidentified) Attested only in Sapir's notes. Presumably cah + jij, diminutive

enclitic.

Oe* (LEG)
P-GC* + 3iwoI-i'^ (-Ge*3iwoP) P's ankle (bone)
Cf.
n.

c^e'cah

n.

robin redbreast

wol 'round'.

Oal

(RASPBERRIES)
P-GCn.

k^in-'^

(-Ge'k>ir)'')

n.

P's

Gatk>ohd

raspberries Presumably cal + k>'oh, augmentative enclitic + d 'locative'.

Oa-l

lower

leg,

shin

Cf. k5'in2 'base, handle'.

ONE PERSON GOES

one person
is

Ge''

(GET UP)
one person

Ga'l V.

going along

(n)i-na*=(s)-d-Ge'' v.

(3rd person) (prog, neuter) See primary entry under ya* 'one person goes'. The progressive marker
(wi-)
is

gets up (active transitional) Stem and classifier probably reanalyzed from dace'; cf. dac
'uphill'.

absent

in

3rd person forms:

cicaht 'he is going along', going along'.

caM

'it is

GC'C'i

PELVIS
(-GC'c'e'')
n.

can (ARM)
P-oantao
n. P's shoulders Presumably P-Ga(')n + P-tac 'among, between P'.

P-GC'c'-i''

P's pelvis,

hips
P-ce*
skull
Cf. ce'2 'head'.

Ge*c -P (-ce*-Ge*c'e'') n. P's

Oa-n

DOG BARKS
Ge*C2

yi-k>i-(w)-Ga'n v. (dog) barks in deer-hunting (impers. active) Obviative 3rd person subject (yi-) is thematic. Reference is to the high staccato sound made by a dog when it catches the scent of a deer.

MOVE LAMELY
walk lame, limp

na*=(s)-d-Ge*c' v.
(active)

GC'd SHOVE STICK

A-0-}-Ge*d V. shove (a stick-like object); move, paddle, a canoe (dir.

Oa-q CLUMPED
si-Ga'q' v.

clubbed, clumped

(st.

active)

neuter)
''i-s-Ga'q'
n.

A-d-GC'd
clubs (suit in playing

V.

stick,

canoe moves,
shoved

propells itself

(dir. active)

cards)

si-l-GC'd V. a stick lies

in

Oas BULB, ROOT

Gas
n.

(impers.

st.

neuter)

Archaic.

edible bulb, root Compare gosj 'camas'.

n.

noi'^-GC'd n. fish trap (of basketry), held in place by stakes

Gas + k>oh

soaproot

The

analysis of
it

no'V

is

uncertain;

Cf. k>'oh, augmentative enclitic.

perhaps

is

connected to noleh 'dam,

waterfall' (see Iiw2).

caW YEW
caW n. yew GaW + k^oh n. redwood
Cf. k^oh, augmentative enclitic.

GC'S HOOKBE.L, KING

SALMON

Ge*s (Gehs) n. hookbill; fall run

of king salmon

Hupa
GIC TWIST

Texts:

Element

List

755

A-O-Gic
(dir.

V.

twist

ya*=(s)-d-GOC v. it breaks up, crumbles on picking up (impers.

(e.g.,

rope)

active)

active)
V.

ni-cic
neuter)

be crooked, twisted

(ds.

O-J-gos/goc v. bite crunch (something brittle) (active)

GOC2 RUN, SCAMPER, LOPE

be crazy

(kyidi)-(s)-t-Gic' V.

(active) Thematic agentive passive; 'agentive passive' for derivation.

cf. k^'idi

A-goW/goc

v.

run along,
(dir.

scamper, lope
GOC'i

active) Referring to long-bodied animals.

Gid CUT, SAW, HACK

0-(t)-Gid v. cut, hack, saw (e.g., with a dull flint-edge)
(active)

THROW STICK-LIKE OBJECT

(e.g.,
V. throw stick-like a spear) somewhere

A-O-t-GoW/GOC
object
(dir. active)

kyi-ti-(s)-l-GoW/GOC

v.

throw,

oiWi FORKED
li-GiW
V.

poke with a

stick-like object (e.g.,

be forked, have prongs

spear) (active)

(ds. neuter)

GOC2 TUMBLE
kyi-ti-(s)-l-GoW/GOc' v. tumble

Causative: 'pull (something forked) asunder, break (it) off at the fork'.

(used of a person) (active)

di-l-GiW V. be forked (as a forkedhorn deer) (ds. neuter)

GOC3 GAP, HOLE

ii-GOC V. there is a gap, a hole (impers. ds. neuter) Used mainly in idioms referring to being blind in one eye or blinking.

k^i-GiW

v.

there

is

lightning

(impers. neuter)

GiW2 TWITCH
na*=(w)-GiW
v. twitch (active) Usually impersonal, referring to the involuntary movement of a body part.

GOdi POKE, SPEAR WITH STICK

O-God

V.

poke, spear O;

move

about with

O on a stick
n.

(active)

Gi3i

THROW WITH STICK

v.

GOd2
with a stick;

(HEADDRESS)
headdress worn
in

A-0-Gi3

throw

k>i-se*-God

play shinny

(dir. active)

Gi32 ROAST OVER FIRE

na'=(k>'i)-(s)-i-Gi3 v.

the White Deerskin Dance Probably a metaphorical use of God2;

cf.

sc'head'.

roast (seeds)

over afire; parch coffee (active)

GOl

CRAWL
V.

GO*

WORM
GO* n.

A-l-GoI

crawl (somewhere)
V.

(dir. active)

worm

na'=J-Gol
dir. active)

crawl around (non-

GO*^

BEND, STOOP
v.

go''

stoop (active)

GOn

See

G03in
a crackling

GOC'i BRITTLE,
kyi-GOc' V.

CRACK
is

GO*n CRACKLE
kyi-GO*n V. there
id.

is

there

a crackling
brittle
id.

sound (as of something

snapping) (impers.

sound (as of dried hide) (impers.

neuter)

neuter)
elk

mi-kyiGoc'-i'' (mikyiGoc'e'') n. Literally, 'its crackling sound'.

GOSi

CAMAS
n.

Gos

camas,

" Indian

potato"

V-ni-GOC
neuter)

V.

be

brittle

(ds.

Compare cas

'root, bulb'

756

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

GOS2 BRITTLE, CRACK

O-I-gos/goc v. bite crunch (something brittle) (active)
Gpt'i

han*^ RIVER
han'^i

KNEE, JOINT

(han'') n.

river

P-GOt' n. P's knee

P-la''

hay NOMINAL PHRASE FORMANT

hay
procl.

cot' n.

P's knuckles

the

Cf.

la''

'hand'.

Proclitic

marker of a nominal phrase.

GOt2 BEND
O-t-GOt' n. bend
na*=si-GOt'
bent,
v.

hay-i (hay) dem. pron. the one

(that)

Cf.

i,

relative enclitic.

be humped over,

hay + hay
-H

de*

dem. pron. the one here dem.

crooked (neuter)
Got' n.

de*d-i (hay-de*d)

GO'

inchworm

pron. this one here

Cf. GO' 'worm'.

hay + yo'w-i (hay-yo'w) dem.

pron. that one
Cf.

GOt'a

WRIGGLE

yo'w

'there (near)'

A-d-Got' V. wriggle, tumble, scramble, creep (dir. active)

na'=d-GOt' V. wriggle, tumble, scramble, creep around (non-dir.
active)
Cf. GOt'2. 'bend'; perhaps

hay + ye*w-i (hay-ye*w) dem.

pron. that one (far off)
Cf. ye'w 'there (far)'

hayah there
hay ah
adv. there
-1-

'move

bent'.

GOWi THROW STICK-LIKE OBJECT

A-OI-goW/goc
like object (e.g.,
v. throw a spear)

de'' + 3! (hayahde'^s) conn, (shortly) after that Cf. de''i 'if, when'; 3!, diminutive

hayah

stick-

enclitic.

hayah + din (hayah-dig) conn.

because of that
Cf. din3 'locative'.

somewhere
poke with a

(dir. active)

K>'i-ti-(s)-l-GoW/GOc' V.

throw,

stick-like object (e.g.,

spear) (active)

hayah mil (hayah-mil) conn. and then; thereupon

-1-

Cf. mil 'when, after'.

G0W2 RUN, SCAMPER, LOPE

A-goW/goc
v.

hayaha3id conn, and then

Contracted from hayah + hisid 'and'.

run along,
(dir. active)

scamper, lope

haya'l conn, and then

Contracted from

Referring to long-bodied animals.

hayah +

hi! 'with'.

GOW3 TUMBLE
kyi-ti-(s)-t-GoW/GOc' v. tumble

he'^ile-n (HELL)
he'^ilcni n. the spirit

who

rules

(used of a person) (active)

Hell

GOjin LUMPS
(k>iG03in) n. lumps here and there, lumpiness (as on a
k>i-G03ini

heh DESPITE
heh end.
despite, even if

hayi-heh adv. nevertheless

Literally, 'in spite of that'.

frog) Also heard as k^i^ioon.

P-G03ini-'' (-cosine'') n. P's

tah-xo-heh adv. anyway, even

futile Literally, 'even lah 'one'
is
if

if

it

only';

cf.

lump; (sturgeon 's) lumpy backbone Also heard as P-Gonsine''.

Used with

ne'^i, the enclitic

of future

obligation, to indicate an

Hupa
exceptionless obligation must, no matter what').
(i.e.,

Texts:

Element List
kyatne*

757

'you

swamp robin
swamp robin INSIDES, MIND
n.

do*-heh adv. not at

do'-heh

k^aJne*
all

is also used to frame a prohibitive phrase (e.g., do* miqeh na'd'^a'^i-heh 'do not mind it!',

Rya'Ili

P-k>an

(-kyarj),

P-k^a-n-e*

literally 'no

minding

it!').

he*yag (greeting)
he*yai) excl. yes! indeed!; hello!

abdomen, stomach (metaphorically, 'mind'}

(-kya'ne*) n. P's insides,

P-k>a-n + si-Vn (-kyan-sa''a-n) n. P's heart

Literally, 'the (round object) that lies
(in) P's insides';
cf. ''a'ni

hid WHEN, AS SOON AS

hid end. when; as soon as Sometimes reduced to -id.
dan''

'round

object'.

+ hid (dag'^-hid)

adv.

in

the spring, springtime,

post, upsetting to P Contracted from P-kya'n-lah 'opposite to P's mind'; cf. Iah2 'opposite'.

P-k^alah

xonsil
the

+ hid (xonsil-id)

adv.

in

summer, summertime
in the

xay + hid (xay-hid) adv.

winter, wintertime

Used only as a proclitic in the idiom P-ki^alah + ''a'skyi-t'e'n 'P gets angry', literally 'something happens
upsetting to P'.

3in-kyow + hid (3ir)-kyow-id or 3ii3-kyo*d) adv. by day, during the day

Cf. 3e'n 'shine, be daylight'.

k^i-wi-l-kya*!!

v.

be pregnant

(neuter passive)

kya*n2 (hunger)
kya'n=xo-t-tiw
v.

beg for food

de'-q'ag-hid adv. phr. after a while

Cf. de*i 'here',

kya*n3 (rain)
k^a-n-kyoh (kyarj-kyoh) n. hailstorm Cf. fcyoh, augmentative enclitic.

qVni

'recently'.

hit

WITH
hi!

end. together with, along

with
Enclitic to the second element of a

kya'w big
ni-k^a-vv v. be big (ds. neuter) Cf. k^oh, augmentative enclitic.

comitative phrase
''isde'w hiJ 'tan

(e.g., k^'inehst'a'n

oak together with

\i 'with'.

madrone'). Derived from

kya-y

woman's daughter's child

hijid

AND

P-k^a-yi (-k^a-y) n. P's (woman's) daughter's child

Vi^fP

hi3id conj. and

TAIL
tail; (river's

hayaha3id conn, and then

From hayah
'there'

+ hi3id.

P-k^e'' n.

(animal's) or creek 's) mouth

k^e''

ne's-i

(k>'e''-ne*s)

n.

pine

ky

squirrel
Cf. ne*s 'long,
tall'.

fcya'

SKIRT
n.

kye'c' NAIL,
P-la'^

claw
(-la''-k>eV) n.

k^'a'^

woman's deerskin
skirt

kye-c

P's

skirt;

(modern)
P-k>a*''

fingernail(s)
Cf.
la''

or dress
skirt,

'hand'.

P's Contracted from

n.
J-k>'a''

dress

P-xe''

kye-c

(-xe''-k>e''c)

n.

P's

*P-k>'a''-l''.

toenail(s)
Cf. xe'' 'foot'.

V.

wear, put on, a skirt

in

(active)

si-Kye^c-i

Apparently transitive
Literally, 'put a skirt

some
(her,

(sikycc)

n.

acorn shells

bases.

on

oneself)'.

758
kyeh hortative
k^eh
sent.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
k^i-na*
k>ili

-t-

(kyina'kyil)

n.

mod.

let (it

be so)!

slave
Cf. na'g 'enemy'.
k5'il-e*

would
k>e*kyo*c

that!

(PURSE)

excl. friends! pals!

nil-k>e*k>o*c-i n. elkhorn (or deerhorn) purse for storing

kyila'gyah

woodpecker
n.

k>^ila'g>ah

Acorn woodpecker

dentalia
Cf. nit 'reciprocal'.

kyini stick,
k>in
n.

tree

k>e*la* FISH-TAIL

(kyig) n. stick, tree, timber

Cf. k^e-n 'stiff.

P-kye--l(ar
tail

(-k>e-l*')

(fish's)

k^in
'tail'.

Cf. kJ-e'

n.
n.

Vgya-n-i tobacco pipe

-I-

(kyirj-'^a-gya'n)

cahli-k>e*la*-t'e''

tadpole

Cf. cahli "frog'. k^e-P 'fish-tail'.

hollow tree yiq'. Contracted from k^in

k^iyiq' n.
-1-

kye*n stiff
di-s-k^e'ii V. be stiff (ds. neuter) Cf. k>1ni 'stick, tree'.

kyig''onq'o3 n. cascara,

buckthorn, "pigeon berry"

nis

+ kin (niskyig)
tall'.
-1-

n.

fir

k>e*nim eight
Rycnimi
kyii
(k^e'iiim)

Cf. ne*s 'long,

num. eight

kJin

na'=kyi-t-da'/da'^ v.

be

(SLEEP)
v.

having one's first menses; be an initiate in the girl's puberty dance

(neuter)

P-k>'i-(w)-wan/wan''
(impers. active)
Literally 'there
is

sleeps

Synchronically unanalyzable, apparently with proclitic k^iiii 'stick,

tree'.

sleep for P';

probably in origin an inalienably possessed noun theme.

si-k>in

-I-

c*in (sik>in-c*ig)

n.

kyi2

aAlL)
n.

firs Attested only in a placename (map D-23). Cf. "104.

k^i-lxahW

ring-tail cat

kyi-la'gyah n. small
Cf. kxe'
'tail'.

woodpecker

kyin2 base,
P-kvin-i''

handle
(-kvine'', -fcyin'')
n.

P's
n.

k-idi CLOUD, SMOKE MOVES

A-yi-l-k-nd v. clouds, fog, smoke move(s) (impers. dir. active)

base, handle

kH-de- + kyin-i'' (kide'-kyin'') elkhorn spoon, used by men

Cf. de*3 'horn (of animal)'

kidi CATCH, SEIZE

0-(no
(active)

P-n-kJ'in-i''

pf)-l-kyid v. catch, seize

(-gkyin'') n. the small of P's back, at the base of P's back

kyin3

hundred
num. one

With proclitic P-a' 'for the benefit of P' and thematic indefinite object (k^i-): 'feed P, procure food for P'
kyili

di-k>in-i (dikyin)

hundred
kyinc'e"^

YOUNGER BROTHER
(-kyil)
n.

box
wooden box or
n.

P-k^ili

P's younger

kyince'' n.

chest

brother
kyil2

P-kincV
(fcyilcxis)
n.

P's box

BOY
young

Contracted from *P-kJ'inc'e'-e'.

fcyis

k>il-e'-xi-3i

lunge, REACH AT

boy
Cf. xiy 'child,son', 311, diminutive
enclitic.

O-t-kyis
(active)

V. lunge at O with extended arm; strike out at O

Hupa

Texts:

Element List

759
[Diminutive of ky]

kWi

SWEATHOUSE
n.

ta'kyiW
Cf. ta-ys.

sweathouse

kyiW2 GESTURE
k>iW
n.

ka*y WOMAN'S DAUGHTER'S CHILDREN

insulting gesture

made

with the hand

k^O'C' (PURSE)
niJ-kye'kyo'c'-i n. elkhorn (or deerhorn) purse for storing

P-ka'yi (-k^a-y) n. P's (woman's) daughter's children Alternate form of k-^a'y with diminutive consonantism.
kil

YOUNGER BROTHER
Cikil) vocative younger brother! Alternate form of k^ili with
''i-kili

dentalia
Cf. nil 'reciprocal'.

RyO'd FLEE
(k5'i)-ti-(s)-l-kyo-d
v.

steal

diminutive consonantism.

(something), be a thief (active)

cin=ti-(s)-t-kyo'd v.

koh AUGMENTATIVE
koh end.
large, in a large Alternate form of kJ'oh with

one person

way

runs for his

fcyoh

life,

flees (active)

AUGMENTATIVE

diminutive consonantism.

kyoh end. large,

in a big way Augmentative enclitic. The alternate form with diminutive consonantism
is

ky

koh. Cf. k-^ow '(large)

size',

k^a-w

'big'.

kyo'n

ODOR
(-kyo'n'')
n.

Rya* P's odor

AWAY

P-k5'a*=(n) adv. pfx. separating

P-kyo'ni''

from P
P-kya--c'in''

RyO'S FABRIC
na'=0-J-k5'o*s v. carry a fabric
(e.g.,

(-kya-cig'')

post.

away from P
toward'.

Cf. c'in' 'to, going

a blanket) around (active)

A-O-l-kyo'S V. handle, carry a fabric (e.g., a blanket) (dir. active)

si-t-kyo*s
V.

Rya*

(GATHER ACORNS)

k>'a'-da*=(w)-ne*/ne'' v. pick up,

a fabric
(st.

(e.g.,

gather acorns (active)

Probably k^-a* 'for the benefit of (people)'; see da*ni 'food'.
(ds.

blanket) lies

neuter)

RyoWi (LARGE) SIZE

ni-t-kyow
neuter)
V.

be (such) a size

Rye*

CUTTING OFF: See qc*

Comparative theme (with adverbial

modifier ''a*= 'thus, so, or P-e*= '(compared) to P'), irregularly derived from descriptive neuter ni-k^a'w 'be
large'; also a transitional l-k>'ow
to be (such) a size'.

Rye-f

CREAK

there is a squeaking, creaking sound (as of a squeaky door) (impers. id. neuter)
kyi-kye't' v.

'grow

Cf. k>oh,

Rye*W HIDDEN, SECRET: See e*W2

Ryi

augmentative

enclitic.

INDEFINITE
k>^i-

3i-n-kyow v. be full daylight; there is sunshine (impers. ds.

neuter)

sub. pfx

indefinite

3rd person

Probably restructured from 3e*n 'shine' + k>'oh, augmentative enclitic.

subject Refers to an unspecified inanimate or

collective subject.

Many

intransitive

themes form impersonal subthemes

with thematic indefinite subject referring to a specific, understood
entity.

mi-kyow-i'' (mikJ'ow'')

n.

grizzly

bear
Literally
'its

hugeness'

760
Uy\-

XIV Northwest
obj. pfx.

California Linguistics
kyisfay*^ (jay)
kyist'ay''-c*in

indefinite

3rd

person object
Refers to an unspecified inanimate or
collective object.

(kyisfay'^-c^irj)

n.

Many

transitive

bluejay
Cf. c"'in4 'class, kind'.

themes form subthemes with thematic

indefinite object referring to a specific, understood entity.

k^isfay'-kyoh

n.

Clark crow

Cf. k^oh, augmentative enclitic.

k^i-

poss. pfx.

indefinite

3rd
knst'ay''-mili-3i (k^istay'^-milis)
n.

person possessor
Contextually understood impersonal
possessor.

small bird

hawk

Cf. mil2 'wedge-like', sij, diminutive

enclitic (?).

k^id SEVEN
kyiye*
xohk^^idi

again
adv. again

(xohkyid) num. seven

k^iye*

k^idi (AGENTIVE PASSIVE)

kyO'c'i
k^idi- obj. pfx. agent ive passive

SINEW
(k5'o''c)

prefix Transposes the marked subject to semantic object and leaves the semantic subject unspecified ('people' or 'somebody').
kyil SPLIT
k>il
V.

k^o'c

n.

sinew

kyox'2 STRETCH
(something O-J-k^o'c' V. stretch gummy or rubbery) (active)

break, split open; tear

kyoh PORCUPINE
kyoh
n.

(active)

porcupine, porcupine

O-l-kyil V. rip, tear, split

(with

quills

one 's hands) (active)

kyOW2 (ENVY)
P-wa*n + kya*=xa--(we*s)-l-kyow
is

kyRclxa*

hghting

v.

kyilcixa*=(w)-ya*W/ya* v. there fighting (impers. active)

kyRc'ixa-=(w)-''aW/''a'n v.
(several) fight (active)

get envious

(active) Cf. wa'iii 'concerning, from, away'.

ofP

These derivations, based on Aya'W/ya* 'one person goes' and A-O''aW/'^a'n 'move a round object', are quite obscure; the meaning seems to be basically 'fighting goes on', but
the prefix string (also heard as

CLASSIFIER
1-

els. pfx.

The

k>U3ixa*=)
kyin*^

is

unanalyzable.

OAK
(kyir)''-k>a*w)
n.

I classifier is thematic in some occurrences, but it often functions to derive reflexive or "middle" themes from transitive motion or action themes with \ classifier (although

kJ'in'^-kya'w-i

some

classifier

themes form

white oak
Cf. k^a-w 'big'.

reflexives with the di classifier). In addition I classifier functions as part

k>isd (POUND)
q'ay''-k>isd
n.

of several polymorphemic inflectional and derivational strings:

mortar basket

Cf. q'ay''2 'basket'.

wi-I- thm. pfx. and passive or gerund

els. pfx,

me'^isd n. pestle Contracted from me''

k^isd
is

Marks passive neuters derived from

'in
it'

k>'isd.

active transitive themes with

classifier,

K^i-cid 'pound

apparently contracted from Cf. cidj 'pound'. it'.

and gerunds derived from active themes with J classifier.

Hupa
i-ni-1-

Texts: Element List

sonde'' hazel (nuts),
Cf.
n.

761
-I-

obj. pfx.

and

els. pfx.

k^i-la-

reciprocal object Transitive themes with a basic \ classifier have an I classifier in

reciprocal object forms.
di-I-

chinquapin
k5'ila*g>^ah

3onde'

'belly'.

Acorn woodpecker
la'2.

\aP Perfective stem of

1st
la'^l

sub. pfx. and els. pfx.

HAND
n.
-h

person plural subject

I

classifier replaces I- classifier in

P-la'
P-la'>

P's hand, finger

(-la'^-kyeV) n. P'^

forms inflected for first-person plural

subject;
cf.

k^e-c'

6\2 '1st person plural'.

els. pfx.

fmgernail(s)
Cf. k^e'c' 'nail, claw'.

di-I-

thm. pfx. and

plurality

W2

(HVE)
num. five

Thematic prefix
in a

string, associated

with dill 'two or more go', occurring

c"ola''

handful of themes referring to

la*d FLOAT, DRIFT

A-la'd water)
V. float, drift
(dir. active)

plural

movement. Cf.
thm. pfx. and

di-lj 'plurality'.

(on the

di-I-

els. pfx.

mixed

color Thematic prefix

Cf. Iah2 'seaweed'.

string in a set of

lahj OPPOSITE
P-lah
k>'i-lah

descriptive neuters referring to lightshaded or mixed colors. Cf. di-l2

post,

opposite to P, in an
to

'mixed color'.
la*i

opposite

way

MOVE SEVERAL OBJECTS, ROPE

A-O-IiW/la* V. handle several objects or a rope (dir. active)

A-k^i-liW/la' V.

adv. doubtfully Used only in the idiom Pi-wag + k^ilah + Pz-k^an na'=wa''P2 considers
-t-

feel with the

si-la*
lie

move one's hand, hand (dir. aetive)

Pi suspiciously', literally 'P2's mind moves doubtfully concerning Pi'. Cf. ya'i 'one person goes'.

V.

(st.

several objects or a rope neuter)

k^i-si-la* V. several plants, trees are standing or a hand is lying

P-k>aIah post, upsetting to P Contracted from P-k^a'p-Iah 'opposite to P's mind'; used only as a proclitic in the idiom P-k>aiah + ''a'=k>'i-t'e-n 'P gets angry', literally 'something
happens contrary
to P'.

(impers. Cf. xa'nj

st.

neuter)

'filled container' for '(one)

Iah2

SEAWEED
n.

plant, tree is standing'.

lah
Ie'l2.

seaweed

See also Icj, liW3, and

Ia*2

Cf. la-d 'float, drift'.

HATE, RIDICULE
hate

la*i

DREAM
dream about P

p.e*=3i-(s)-Ia*/la'' v.
(active)

P-na'=(s)-la'l v.
(active)
la'Ili

P-na'=si-(w)-ia*/la'' v.

make fun of

BORN
V.

P
la*3

(active)

(s)-la*n

be born (active)

RELATIVE BY MARRIAGE

la*n2

PLAY
(e.g.,

P-Ia*-cin (-la'cii)) n. P's relative

c'i-(w)-la'n/lan''

by marriage (of men)

cin
is

v. play rough sport) (active)

the dimunutive of the

noun

la*n3
do*

STOP

suffix c"'in4 'class, kind'.

la*4 (TREE)
P-Ia* dose e'' (tree 's) bark (the heavy bark of conifers)
--

+ V-(w)-la*n/lan'' v. stop (doing it) (active) The theme docs not occur without the
negative proclitic.
Cf. do' 'not'.

762
la*n4

XIV Northwest
SCOLD
v.

California Linguistics
xon''

-I-

na*=kyi-(w)-Iaw

v.

put

things in order (for a ceremony)

0-cli-(s)-la*n/lan''

scold,

growl

angrily at

(active)

(active)

la-ns

DOUBT

yeh=(w)-Iaw

v.

put (a bunch of

things) in (active)

K>-0'-(w)-d-Ia'n/Ian'' v. be

laW2 DO
''a'sO-law
V.

unbelieving, give no credence to

something (active)
la*Il6

do

thus, treat

HELP
with the help

thus (active) Perfective theme, corresponding to

P-la*ni (-la'n) post,

of P; helping

P
v.

imperfective ''a"=0-J-''e*n, customary/optative ''a'=0-liw, and progressive ''a'=0-le*l.

Wila'n excl. help me!

P-la'ni

la*W BREAK OFF, CLEAN UP, EVEN

be

na'=(s)-l-te''

working for P, be helping work (active)

Cf.
te''3

our
in his

'work'.

0-(w)-la'W v. break O off, clean O off, even O up (active)

la'We'^

la'n?

VISUAL EVIDENTIAL
it is

BUCKEYE
buckeye

xoIa*n (xolai)) end.

evident

la'We'' n.

by sight
Enclitic particle;
cf.

layi LOOK!
c'iw2 'non-visual

evidential'.

layi excl.

look! (attracting

la-ng

(THEMATIC)

attention)
lay"^

dila'ni (dila'n) n. "water dog",

PEAK, TOP, POINT

small salamander
tehla'ni (tehla*n) n. Cf. teh 'into the water'.
lan*^

whale

P-lay'' n. P's peak, summit, pointed end

le*i

SEVERAL OBJECTS, ROPE

na*=0-(s)-le*/le'' v.
active)

Perfective stem of la*n2-5.

carry around

las NASTY!
''i-las

several objects or a rope (non-dir.

s is

exp. nasty! a diminutive alternate of W.

lat'

RIPPING

SOUND

na'=k>'i-(s)-le'/le'' v. move one's hand around, feel around with the hand (non-dir. active)

K>i-ti-(s)-d-Iat' v. make a ripping sound, as of rags being torn (impers. id. neuter) Also used deprecatingly of a heavy foreign

See also
le*2

la'j,

IiW3,

Ie-l2.

PULL,

ATTRACT

accent.

0-ti-(w)-le-/le'' v. pull, attract

(active)

laWi HANDLE A BUNCH

le-3

FE.LED, SATISFIED;

POOR

non-productive theme. Only the following derivations occur:

k>'-o'-(w)-law v. fish with line (active)

wi-le* V.

be filled (with food),

hook

and

te*=k>i-0-(w)-Iaw v. gather (them) together, collect (them) (active)

P-na*-''

satisfied (passive neuter) Usually with proclitic do* 'not': 'unsatisfied, poor, weak (with hunger)'. Transitional: 'go bankrupt,

become impoverished'.
do'-kyiwile* n. old
Literally, 'the

+ m-e*=(w)-Iaw

v.

drop

woman
is

the (water) into P's eyes by

one

who

poor, weak'.

hand(ful) (active)

Hupa
c*in

Texts:

Element
lin

List

763

+ m-e*=do*-wi-le*

v.

be

STREAM FLOWS

hungry (passive neuter)

Literally, 'be unsatisfied for hunger';

note the incorporation of the negative proclitic (do*) into the verb as a conjunct prefix. Cf. c'*e"n2 'hunger'.
le*4

A-win-/s-lin v. (stream) is flowing somewhere (ex. neuter)

ce'=win-Iin v. blood flows; there is bleeding (ex. neuter)

COLD, FROZEN
(person
is)

xiV=win-Hn
lie

v.

(several things)

dropped

Ryi-si-d-le* v.

cold,

Literally,

a pile (ex. neuter) '(stream) flows away, off.

in

frozen
le''

(ds. neuter)
le*i, le*2,

Idiom.
liw2
lin*^

Perfective stem of

BECOME
V.

le'Ii

BOTHER
+
0-o'-wi-le*l v. bother

(s)-liw/lin''

become

(so)

c*in

(active)

(prog, neuter)
le'l2

linkye'^

dog, pet
n.

SEVERAL OBJECTS, ROPE

P-lirjkJ'e''

Irregular possessed

P's dog, horse, pet form of lin''.

0-wi-le*l V. be carrying, handling several objects or a rope (prog,

neuter)
kyi-wi-ie'I
v.

iiWi

ATTACK
v.

P-e*=di-(w)-Iiw

attack, fall

be moving one's

upon

(active)
v.
kill,

hand, be feeling around with the

te*=0-di-(w)-liw
(active)

murder

hand

(prog, neuter)
la'j,

See also
Ie*l3

Icj, and liW3.

Cf. di2 'inceptive thematic'.

DO
V.

liW2 SWIM (nSH-LIKE)

UNDERWATER

V=0-lei
(active)

do

thus, treat

thus

A-liw
fish),

swim underwater (like a move fish-like in the water

V.
n.

Progressive theme, corresponding to imperfective ''a'=0-t-Vn, perfective ''a*=0-law, and customary/optative

(dir. active)

noleh

dam, waterfall,
'it

V=0-iiw.
le*n PLENTIFUL,

obstruction in the water

ABUNDANT

From
liW3

no'-nin-liw (no further)'

swims

to there

xo-lcn

v.

be plentiful, abundant,

DO
V.

manifest (neuter)
Irregular transitional: xo-(s)liw/Ie'^/liw. Causative: 0-xo-l-le"n.

'a'sO-liw
(active)

do

thus, treat

thus

Ie*3

REMAINS
remains ofP

P-Ie*3i (-le*3) the

Customary/optative theme, corresponding to imperfective ''a*=0l-Vn, perfective V=0-law. and

progressive ''a*=0-le'I.

lid

BURN
A-lid
V.
(

liW4
fire)

BECOME
V.

burns (somewhere)
(s)-liw/lin''

(impers.

dir. active)

become

(so)

Cf. iid 'smoke'.

(active)

O-tid
(active)

v.

set fire to O,

burn

liWs PLENTIFUL, ABUNDANT

xo-(s)-liw/le'' v.

Presumably a causative from

P-Iid-i''
(-lide'')

*l-lid.

become

plentiful,

abundant, manifest (active

Possessed form of
ligy
n. P's smoke Hd 'smoke' (q.v.).

SAY, TELL

transitional) Irregular transitional of xo-le*n 'be plentiful, abundant, manifest'.

Kyi-(s)-liw/le'^
v.

xo-(w)-Iig5' v. say, tell (active) Usually with proclitic P-t 'to P'.

(fish)

become

plentiful (active transitional)

764

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
lo'

(P-wan) + ni-xo-(s)-liw/le'' v. become lost (from P), lose P

(active transitional) Cf. wa-n|
'concerning, from, away'.
lo*^

31, variant

of %\\, diminutive

enclitic with diminutive

consonantism.

(THEMATIC)
3e*lo''
n.

liWi TASTE
(we's)-liW V. it tastes (so) (impers. active) Often with 'a"= 'thus'.

large storage basket

hoof (of deer or other hooved animal)

P-xalo'' P' s
lO'c'e*^

(ROCK)

liW2

WATCH CAREFULLY; REMEMBER

P
carefully,

ce*

+ lo'c'e'' n. flat rocks on the riverbank, riverbed rocks

See tod

P-e*=(w)-liW V. watch with suspicion (active)

Cf. losce' 'eel liver'.

lO'd
lo-q'i

P-na'=(w)-liW

v.

remember, think

ofP

(active)

nSH, SALMON
(-lo-q'e'')

liWa SEVERAL OBJECTS, ROPE

A-O-liW/la* V. handle several objects or a rope (dir. active)
A-k>i-IiW/la* V. move one's hand, feel with the hand (dir. active) See also Ia*i, ie'i, and le"l2.

P-lo-q-i"^

n.

P'sfish,
'fish,

salmon
Possessed form (variant) of tcq' salmon'.
c^alo'q'e''
n.

Chinook salmon;

summer run of salmon

xalo'qe' n. silverside; first part of the spring run of king salmon

liW4 (PLANT)
q'ayliW
n.

willow
wild clover

lo*q2

CALF OF LEG
n.

to'liW n.

P-lo'q'e*^

the calf of P's leg

lo'q'j.

liWs PERCEPTIBLY
xoliW adv. remarkably,
preceptible extent
xolis-3i (xolis3) adv. quickly, in a
to

Probably a metaphorical use of

ios

(ROTTEN)
''islos

n.

smell of rotten meat, bad

hurry

odor
3ii,

From xoliW +
enclitic.

diminutive

lO'S

PULL,

DRAG (ROPE)
V. pull,

A-0-lo*s
Ii3

drag

(not

URINE
113
113
n. V.

necessarily with a rope)

(dir.

urine
urinate (active)

active)

nii-Ii3

V. drip (impers. active) Apparently with thematic inanimate 3rd person possessor.

na'=0-Io's V. pull, drag O around (not necessarily with a

rope) (non-dir. active)
loSC'e*^

(EEL LIVER) of an eel

xol3e*

n.

skunk

Historically from *xo-li3-e' 'the one

kyi-qaylosc'e*^ the liver

Cf.
lo'c' 'rock'.

who
lO'i

urinates (there)'.

HARD, FROZEN
k4-loy
n.

loy HARD, FROZEN

hail

mi-loy

n.

unripe (berries, fruit)

n.

k>i-lo',

Cf. Icy 'hard, frozen'.

kyf-lo', k^i-loy

hail

10*2

(OWL)
n.

Cf. lo'i 'hard, frozen'.

mis-gJ'ilo'

medium-sized owl

loy'^

HANDLE, TIE (WITH ROPE)

miniloh3

n. smallest owl Probably from *ini-nin(') 'its face' +

O-Ioy'' V. handle
tie

with a rope;

O up

(active)

Hupa
wi-loy'' n. grass
tied up'.

Texts:

Element List

765

bundle headdress
is

Assimilated from wi-d-loy''-i 'what

Treated as la'^ay-W for diminutive consonant symbolism: ta''ay-s.

Ja'^ay
in

+ din one place

(la'^ay-diij)

loc. phr.

Cf. ta'.

Ja-d
\l

ONE PERSON RUNS

WITH
P-1 post,

with

P
after; as
it'.

A-l-la*d (or n-ta'd) v. one person runs, moves quickly (dir. aetive)

miJ end. when; of

Enclitic,

a result

tah ONCE
lah adv. once lah + xo (tahx*) adv. only, simply
Cf. la', ta'^ay, tiwan.

from mi-t 'with

*2

CLASSMER
els. pfx.

Thematic

in many occurrences, but with derivational function in the following:

la*n

MANY

O-l-

els. pfx.

causative

Forms causative

transitives from (1) primary intransitive action themes; (2) transitionals of primary extension themes (3) transitionals of primary description themes. Also forms causatives from derived di classifier

ni-ta*n v. be many (ds. neuter) basic neuter theme is reflected only in forms with adverbial prefixes: ''a*= 'thus' and P-e'= 'to (that) extent'. However, a transitional without these prefixes exists.

The

xo-W-ia*n

V.

be

many people, a

crowd

(neuter)

passives, yielding the

classifier t-di.

compound

Ja*n (tag), ta'n-i (Ja'n) adv.

many

O-l-

els. pfx.

possessive

minta'n (mintag) num. ten

Forms possessives from primary

stative

From

in-e'=ni-la*n

'it is

large as

motion themes.

(that)'.

A-l- adv. pfx. and

els. pfx comparative Comparative theme formant, deriving a secondary comparative theme from a primary descriptive neuter. Occurs with one of two adverbial modifiers:

mintag adv. even

dantan- pro-form stem how many

Cf
tat'

dai 'pro-form'.

SLAPPING SOUND

'a*= 'thus, so, or P-e*= '(compared) to

P'.

na*=}-

els. pfx.

non-directional
te*^

V. there is a slapping sound, as of something striking the surface of the water (impers. id.

k^i-tat'

motion

neuter)

W ONE
ta'^i Ja'^i

A directional motion theme with I classifier is consistently associated with a non-directional motion theme with thematic t-.
(ta'')

TOGETHER
te''

post, together, into each other Fossilized derivation from P-e'' 'in P'

with reciprocal object (nit).

num. one
(ta''a-xei)
n.

teh (DIRT)
teh-^ + ma*

Cf. Ja'ay, Jah, tiwan.

xe*I-i

one

Cf

5'i.

n. blue clay diminutive enclitic (?), ma*

basketful, a basket load

Cf. xe*l 'load, burden'.

'gray, blue'.

teh + q'onc
teh +
tVt'e'^

n.
n.

salt

Ja'^ay

one
+ xo
(ta'^ay-x*) adv. phr.

mud

Ja'^ay

at

Cf

liwj 'soft

doughy substance'.

once, suddenly

766
til

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
tin*^

COLOR/NON-TACTILE QUALITIES
Ji-

DOG, PET
(lio'')

thm. pfx. Thematic prefix themes referring

Wn^
in

n.

dog, horse, pet

descriptive neuter to color and other

Irregular possessed form: P-link>'e''.

tiq

SOFT DOUGHY SUBSTANCE

A-O-liw/liq'
soft,

non-tactile qualities:

ti-cay V. be white (ds. neuter)

v.

handle or carry a
(dir. active)

doughy substance
'sloppy object'.
V.

ti-ciW

V.

be forked, have prongs

there

Cf. leh

(ds. neuter)

A-liw/Jiq
is

rot,

fester

(dir.

ti-GOC

V.

a gap, a hole

active)
si-liq'
V.

(impers. ds. neuter)

soft,

doughy substance
n.

i-to'w
li-qa*w

V. V. V.

have boils
be fat

(ds. neuter)

lies

(st.

neuter)
liq'i-'^

(ds. neuter) (ds.

P-ce*

(-ce'-tiqV)

P's

H-cow
neuter)

be blue, green be black

brain Cf.
tisc'

ce*2 'head'.

BOARD, PLANK
n.

ti-Win

V.

(ds. neuter)

lisc

board, plank
P-Iisc-i''
n.

ti-xan V. taste sweet, good (impers. ds. neuter)

ti2

P-tisc-i'',

P's board,

plank
tisci-3i

(THEMATIC)
Thematic prefix
in

(tisci3) n. shingles,

nouns:

shakes
Cf. 311, diminutive enclitic.

Ji-ciW
ti-g>e*yi

n. n.

sand, dust

pine squirrel

tiWi SOFT DOUGHY

A-liw/tiq
active)
Cf. leh
V.

SUBSTANCE
fester
(dir.

tidi

SMOKE, FIRE
n.

rot,

tid

smoke
n.

'sloppy object'
v.

P-tid-eW-lid-e'^

P's smoke

A-O-Jiw/liq'
soft,

handle or carry a
(dir. active)

O-tid
(active)

V.

set fire to O,
*l-Iid.

burn

doughy substance

tiW2 PAINT, SMEAR, RUB SOMETHING

Presumably from

tid2

SHARP NOISE

O-tiw

v.

paint, smear, rub

something on

(active)

xo-lid V. there is a sudden, sharp noise (impers. neuter)

tiwan ONE PERSON

tiwan (Jiwaij)
n.

one person

xotid + kyidiJc^e* n. pheasant Apparently 'the one who makes noise'

Cf.

ta''

'one',

lah 'once', 05 'person'.

< xo-lid 'noise' + kyi-di-t-c^e* makes it', with di- 'speaking'

thematic prefix.

'it

tiwanig adv. alone Possibly from Uwan +

diiij 'locative'.

tini

RELATION
n.

WW
P's brother, cousin

PINOLE (CAKE)
n.

k>'i-tiW

pinole cakes; parched

seeds,

P-tin (-liij) (reciprocal)

tin

and crushed tarweed

into

made

a cake

-(w)-l-Vn/'>in'' v.

treat

as a relation, claim
(active)
Cf.

as a kinsman
use for'.

tiy PRICE, BET,

tiy

VALUE

Vn4

'treat as,

n. price, value; a single dentalium shell of monetary value

tin2 DOG, PET

tin-ce''
n.

female dog, mare

c'e''

p.e*=(w)-liy V. P is worth something, P has value (impers.

active)

Cf. tin' 'dog, pet',

'female'.

Hupa
lo'^l

Texts:

Element

List

767

LAUGH
n.

lo'^

laughter
n.

+ din (-Xa'^-dig) n. the lower part of P's body; the stern of a canoe
P-Xa''
Cf. dini 'locative'.

P-Jo"''

P's laughter

Contracted from P-to'-i'.

P-a-=(w)-lo'^
active)
Literally 'there

V.

laughs (impers.

na*-Xa'' adv. (moving) backwards Cf. na'i 'iterative/reversative'.

is

laughter for P'.

?Ca*n MISSING,

ABSENT

10*^2

nSH, SALMON
lo*q' Tish,

P-Xa*n-i (-Xa*n) post, missing P, going past P; P being absent

y^'f

Combining form of
salmon'.
lo'^

NIGHT. SeexiX

+ k^oh

n.

sturgeon

Xe*d

nsH SCALES

Cf. k>oh, augmentative enclitic

P-Ke'de'' n. P's scales, slime

to''-ya'Wi n. trout Cf. ya*W 'young', noun suffix.

surrounding scales

to'^clW PINOLE
to'^ciW
n.

Xeh (CROTCH)
made from
P-Xeh + Ryin-i'^ (Xeh-Ryin'') around P's waist
Cf. kJ'in2 'base, handle'.
n.

pinole; meal

crushed and parched tarweed seeds

Cf. c'iWi 'fine particles'.

P-Xeh +
tO'd SCAB, SORE
lo*d (toh) n. scab, sore

wa'' n. P's pubic hair

Cf. wa'' 'hair'.

P-Xeh + c'in-tV
'bone'.

n.

P's pubic bone

P-lo-d-P

(-lo-de'^)

n.

P's scab

Literally, 'P's crotch forehead'; cf. c'in

Cf. lo'w 'sore, boils'.

ton*^

MOUSE
(to'^n)
n.

"KeH BULGE, SQUEEZE

white -faced

Jon'^i

mouse
to*q'

cV=win-Xe*t' v. soft material bulges out from its container, squeezes out (ex. neuter)
Xic'

nSH, SALMON
(to'q) n. fish,
P-loq'i-''

HARD, SOLID
V.

Jo*qi

salmon
(ioq'e^
-loq'e'^)

ni-Xic
neuter)

be hard, solid

(ds.

P-toqi-'',
n.

P's fish, salmon

n.

Xin CO-WIFE
P-Xin-c'e'' n.

c*alo*q'e''

Chinook salmon; summer run of salmon

xalo'q'e''
n. silver side; first part of the spring run of king salmon

P's co-wife

Reciprocal term used between wives in a polygynous marriage; cf. c'e''

'female'.

Cf. loq, tor

Xisc'e*^

GALL
n.

to*W SCAB, SORE

P-lo'w-i'' (-tcwe*^) n.

P-Xisce''

P's gall, bile

P's scab
(ds. neuter)

Variant possessed form of Jo*d. ti-to*w V.

Kiwa'f HAIR
P-ce*

have boils

Xiwa'' n. P's long hair,

bunched-up hair

X
Xa*^

Cf. ce'2 'head', wa'' 'hair'.

XiwiWCXiW) SNAKE
BUTTOCKS, BOTTOM
n.

XiwiW

n.

rattlesnake; snake in
to

P-Xa''

P's buttocks; the bottom

general Sometimes contracted

XiW.

(of a basket)

768
XiwiW +
eel,

XIV Northwest
xa*n-i (XiwiW-xa-n) n.
is

California Linguistics
ceh=Xo*W/Xon''
Cf. ceh2 'head'.
v.

braid hair

lamprey
probably from i.e. 'the snake

The second element

that

xa'iii 'filled container',

is

Xo'q' PRAIRIE
Xo*-q'i

handled
traps.

in a container',

(Xo'q') n. prairie
'grass'.

referring to the catching of eels in

Cf.

Xow

woven

XOW
weave a basket

GRASS, PLANT
(Xoh)
n.

Xo* WEAVE, BRAID, TIE

k>i-(s)-Xo*/Kon'' V.
(active)

Xow
brush

grass, grassy plant,

Passive stem: Xo*n.

Xo-W WEAVE, BRAID, TIE

O-Xo'W/Xon'^
V.

Ko'\

STRAP

braid

(active)

Passive stem:-Xo*n.

(XohJ) n. strap, rope; carrying strap for a pack basket

Ko'\

P-e-=(kyi)Xo-W/Xon'' v. tie (something) to P (active)

Passive stem:-Xo'n.

dah-Xo'l-i'^

(dahXo'P)

n.

grape,

grapevine
Cf.

kyi-ti-(s)-Xo"W/Xo'n v.
(active)

dah

weave

'above, away'.

Xol +

ci-l-'^en-i

n. hazel (vines);

(Xohs-c'iPen) heavy rope made

ceh=Xo*W/Xon''
Cf. ceh2 'head'.

v.

braid hair

from hazel vines

Historically 'what they use for rope', assimilated from Xohi-ciPe*n; cf. Vn4 'treat as, use for'.

m
ma* GRAY
di-l-ma* (heavy form: ma'y) (ds. neuter) Transitional: di-(w)-i-ma'
v.

Xo*n WEAVE, BRAID, TIE

P-e*=s-Xo*n
V.

be tied to

(stative neuter)

be

camehsXo'n

n.

woman

gray

Contracted from ca*n 'deerskin apron' + m-e'-s-Xo*n(-i) 'which is tied to her', with relative enclitic irregularly dropped. Cf. ca'nj.

k5'i-(s)-t-nia' V.

tan (hide) (active

caus.)

camehsXo'n-ni (camehsXon) (a group of) women

Collective plural formed with ni4
'people'.

n.

Causative of di-I-ma* 'be gray' with thematic indefinite object (k^i).

teh-3 + ma*
(?).

n.

blue clay

Cf. teh 'dirt', 311, diminutive enclitic

wi-Xo'n

V.

be woven, tied

ma*^!

FAMINE
is

(passive), Cf. Xo-, Xon', Xo-W.

k5'i-ti-(s)-Xo*W/Xo*n v.
(active)

ti-(w)-ma'^ V. there
(impers. active)

a famine

weave
ma'^2

EDGE
+ xo + ma*^ + din
n.

Xon*^

WEAVE, BRAID, TIE

V.

P-Se*''

(-3e*''-xo-

O-Xo'W/Xon''

braid

ma''-dig)
(active)
'locative'.

P's short-ribs

Passive stem:-Xo*n.

Cf. 3e*' 'mind, heart, breast', dinj

P-e-=(k>i)Xo-W/Xon'' v. tie (something) to P (active)

Passive stem:-Xo*n.
kyi-(s)-Xo*/Xon'' v.
(active)

Xow +
Cf.

ma''

3i (Xoh-ma'^s) n.

bunch grass

Xow

'grass, plant', 311, diminutive

weave a basket

enclitic.

Passive stem:-Xo"n.

Cf. inah2 'edge'.

Hupa
m2p2, FATHER'S

Texts:

Element

List

769

FATHER

ma*n3 (OCEAN)
magar)
n.

P-ma'^i-c^in (-ma'^a-c*ir)) n. P's Cf. c"'in4 'class, father 's father

kind'.

ocean
(cf.

Apparently from *ina'n-wa*n

'concerning, from, away'). as mowag or miwai).

wa'nj

Also heard

ma*c' CIRCULAR
semicircular piece connecting the upright poles
n.

man'^i fly(INSECT)
man'' (mag'')
Cf.
g''e'2

max' (maV)
in

n.

fly (insect)
n.

lifting net

man'' + ci-s-gye*
'fuzzy'.

mosquito

P-ma'c'-i'' (-ma'c'e'^) n.

P's rim;

the edge (of a knife)

man'^2 opposite
P-man''i (-ma''n) post, opposite

na*=si-ma*c'

v.

be

in

circle,

ring-like (neuter) Causative: 'coil O'.

Cf.

P maq' pop
k5'i-(s)-l-maq' v.

ma's

'roll, rotate', 111183 'circle'.

make a popping

mad WATER BOILS

kyi-d-mad
v.

sound

(active)

ma*S ROLL, ROTATE

A-ma*s
v. roll,

water boils

(impers. active)

rotate (e.g., log,

hoop, person)

(dir. active)

mahi (WARRIOR)
mah
+ ni warriors,

A-O-i-ma's
Cf.

v.

roll

(dir. active)
'circle'.

(mahn) n. group of war party

Ga*l-i

ma*c

'circular',

mis3

mat'i FLAP, SLAP

na'=mat'
v. there is a flapping (sound) (impers. neuter)

Cf. ni4 'people', collective plural.

mah-ni +

(inahni-Ga'l)n.

warriors on the war path

ti-(s)-d-mat' v. flap one's wings,

mah2

(EDGE)
adv. on the shore, edge

hands

(active)
V.

tiwimah
Cf.
iiia''2

0-}-mat'

slap,

pat O; clap

of the water
'edge'.

(hands) (active caus.)

kyi-mat' v. there is a bursting (sound), a shot is fired (impers.
neuter)

id.

ma'lyeh

looking after
''a'=0-J-''e'n
v. fix,

ma'lyeh-xo +

kyi-t-mat' v. cause something to

burst, fire

look after, care for O Cf. XO4 'in such a manner', Viij

a shot (active caus.)

'do'.

mat2 FLEXIBLE
J-e'=0-(n)-l-mat' v. bend, cave in (the rim of a basket) (active
caus.)

ma'lyo'^ kinsman, friend

P-ma*lyo'^
v.

P's kinsman, friend

(active) Cf. yo' 'love'.

Causative of an unattested neuter.

ma'ni across
yima'ni (yima'n) dir. adv. across the stream See related compounds under yima'n.

ma*W MEDICINE
k^i-ma-wi (k^ima'w)
n.

medicine

maW
ina*y

(STINK)
excl.
//

maW

stinks!

ma*n2 for (that) reason

ma*ni (ina*n) end. for (that) reason, on account of (that),
because

gray
v.

di-l-ma* (heavy form: ma'y) gray (ds. neuter)

Transitional: di-(w)-l-ma''.

be

770
ma'yo* dove
ma*yo*
n.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

me*me* fern

mourning dove

mcmc

n.

large fern

ma*3 (STRAW)
dimah3
enclitic.
n.

(Woodwardia)
straw
,

me'iii FILL
diminutive

Possibly ma- 'gray' + sij

O-l-mcn
Cf.

v. ////

(active)

min,

'full'.

me'i SWIM
na'=nie*/me''
dir. active)

me*n2 sharp
v.

swim about (nonv.

di-me'n

v.

be sharp (as a knife)

(ds. neuter)

na*=0-t-ine-/me''
(non-dir. active)

bathe

me*n3 swim, bathe

A-miW/me*n
active)
v.

See also miW2, nie'n3, mei.

swim, bathe

(dir.

me*2 GATHER SMALL OBJECTS

kyi-meVme'' v. gather (berries, any small objects); pick (fruit,
fleas) (active)

A-O-l-miW/mcn v. cause swim (rare) (dir. active)

See also me*i, me'l, miW.

O to

me*3 BOIL (WATER)

6*2

m-e* UP A MOUNTAIN: See

me'' IN
me''
(IT)

(kyi)-(s)-l-me'3 v. boil (water), cook (food) by boiling (active)

post, in (it) Fossilized derivation from P-e' 'in P' with inanimate 3rd person object.

mil INANIMATE 3RD PERSON

mi- poss. pfx. inanimate 3rd person indirect object and possessor
Cf. minj.

me'' Perfective stem of me'i, me-2.

me-c'e*''

mother-in-law
n.

P-me'cV-c^in
law

P's mother in

mi2 (THEMATIC)
mi-li3
V.

drip (impers. active)

Cf. c'in4 'class, kind'.

Cf. 113 'urine'.

mehsla*
(neuter)

mean
v.

mid
be

(BELLY)
n. a salmon up for drying and

mehsla* + xo-sin

mean

k^i-mid-i'' (k^imide'')
belly, cut

Cf. sin3 'be so'.

me-li SWIM
wi-me*!
neuter)
v.

roasting
Cf. mit' 'belly'.

be swimming (prog.

0-di-(w)-t-mid v. tip O over, cause O to fall belly-down (active)

v. (canoe) tips over, capsizes (active mediop.)

See also me'i, me*n3, miW.

di-(w)-d-mid

mei2 NET
me'l (mehJ)
Archaic.
n.

seine, gill net

yidaGi-di-mid adv. lying belly-up

me-l + c i-l-''e-n-i (mehs-c ilVn) n. iris (used for rope, twine)

Historically 'what they use for a net',

yiwi-di-mid adv. lying down, inverted

belly-

mOi THROW, SCATTER

A-O-mil/me'X v. throw O in a bunch, (as an armload), scatter O
(dir.

assimilated from mehi-c'iPe*n; Vn4 'treat as, use for'.

cf.

me'lah some
me'lah adv. some

active)
k^i- object:

With thematic
water'.

'throw

me'X

Peifective stem of mil.

A-d-mil V. several objects move a bunch, scatter (dir. mediop.)

in

Hupa
imXl (WEDGE-LIKE)
mi-n-c*iW + mil
Literally
'its

Texts:

Element List

111

mms
n.

(MOSS)
n.

yellowhammer

dah-mine'', dah-miyn*^

nose

(is) thin, flat,

wedgelike'.

hanging moss on trees Cf. dah 'above, away'.

min*^

xo-sic

+ mil

n.

mussel

(shell)

HOUSE

Literally 'his skin (is) thin, flat,

wedgelike'.

mil3 SLEEP, DREAM

mil (mil
)

+ 3i (min''3) n. menstrual seclusion hut Cf. 3ii, diminutive enclitic.

min''

n.

sleep, sleepiness,

min''

day'' n.

outside (the

dream

house) See also mindc''.

mill

(THEMATIC)
n.

tehmili (tehmil)

netted sack,

+ sowol n. small round door of a sweathouse

min''
Cf. siwol 'throat'.

made from

iris

string

tismili (tismil) n. eagle

+ t'ah n. wood-storage area near the entrance to a house

min''
Cf. t'ah 'pocket'.

mili-mili (milimil) n. flute Apparently reduplicated.

min''

cida''

n.

smoke hole (of

mit WHEN,AFreR
mil end. when; of
Phrase marker;
\\

house)
Cf. cida'' 'crown of head'.

after; as

a result
it';

literally 'with

cf.

0-(s)-l-min'' v. construct (house, fence, etc.) (active)

'with'.

mind
lynx

(wildcat)
3i (mindij)
n.

mikah

See ca'd2

mindi +

wildcat,

mini FULL
de*-s-min v. be full Cf. me*ni 'full'.
(ds. neuter)

Cf. 311, diminutive enclitic.

minde**^

(TOBAcco)

min2 MENSTRUATION
min +
kyi-l-''e"n

v.

menstruate

minde*''itc*e* n. tobacco Possibly contracted from min'-day'' 'outside the house' + c'i-l-c"e* 'one gathers it'. Cf. min'' 'house', c^Cj
'make'.

(neuter)
Literally 'treat
'treat as,
is
it

as min'; cf ''e*n4
Proclitic

use

for'.

min

(mirj)

minta'n ten
minta'n (mintag) num. ten

also sometimes mini (min), and is possibly to be identified with min4

'for (the

From m-e*=ni-ta*n
(that)'.

'it is

large as

purpose

of)'-

min3 INANIMATE 3RD PERSON PRONOUN min (miij) per. pron. it

Independent personal pronoun.
Cf. mij.

minq' lake
minqi (minq)
Rare.
n.

lake

miqost'aw nine
miq'ost'awi (miqost'aw) num. nine

min4 FOR (THE PURPOSE OF)

P-a--min (-a-mig) post, ahead of
P, leading P Cf. P-a- 'for the benefit of P'.

miSi RIVERBANK
mis
n.

riverbank, cliff

min (miq) end. so purpose of

that; for the

mis2 OWL
mis-g>ilo*

medium-sized owl

772
mis3
CIRCLE

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

A-l-moW

V.

swing hanging

(active mediop.)

na'-mis-xo adv. in a circle Cf. ma-s 'roll, rotate', max 'circular'.

mo-W

BLISTER

mis3e* fog
mis3en.

k5'i-ti-(s)-mo*W V. a blister forms

(impers. active)

fog, haze

Cf. mo't' 'lump, mound'.

mit' BELLY
P-mit'
Cf.
n.

P's belly

mid

'belly'.

n
111

miwan

ocean. Seemowan,

ma*n3

2ND PERSON SINGULAR SUBJECT

n- sub. pfx. 2nd person singular subject Replaced by y- before a stem with
initial

miW

SWIM, BATHE
v.

A-miW/mcn
active)

swim, bathe

(dir.

n (with

the further

A-0-t-miW/me*n v. cause swim (rare) (dir. active)

See also me"2, me"n3, mcl.

to

development Ci-y > Ce*). Lost before classifiers 1 and t.

n2 BACK
P-n-Ryin-i'^ (-gkyin'^) n.

miy TABOOED PLACE OR THING

miy
n.

tabooed place

in

which

the small of P's back, at the base of P's back Cf. rnj 'back', k>in2 'base, handle'.

rain spirit dwells

kyi-miy-i'^ (Rj'imiye'')
n.

n3
meat or
to

TOWARD
P-n=ti-(s) adv. pfx. (pulling) toward Often with reciprocal object: li-n=ti-(s) 'squeezing together'.

other food that

is

forbidden

women

mij

PULL, SNAP
V.

n4 (THEMATIC)
snap

0-mi3

pull,

off (twig,

string, etc.)

(active)

Thematic element in possessed nouns and postpositions:

mO*t' LUMP.

MOUND
v.

P-n-c*iW
a knob, lump

n.

P's nose
n.

k>-o'-(w)-mo't'
(e.g.

on the flesh)

rises (impers.

P-n-qay'^ (ijqay'') mother's sister

P's

active)

P-n-wah (-gwah)

post, alongside
as

dah=di-nio't' v. (earth) mounds up, forms a knoll (impers. active)

kyi-d-mo*t' v. (gopher) mounds up earth from underground (active)
Cf.

P
More commonly heard
P-wah.
n.

P-n-wo3

(-r)W03, -i]03) older brother

P's

mo-W

'blister'.

P-n-xic' (-gxic) post, close by P With indefinite object (k^i-): 'by a

girl

mowan ocean
mowaq
'from'.
n. ocean, shore Also miwarj. See ma'n3 'ocean', wa*nj

(with sexual intent)'.

ns PERSON
Fossilized enclitic element in a few nouns (cf. nij 'people', dani 'human

moWi SNORE
k>i-(s)-l-inoW V. snore (active)

pro-form'):

moW2

HANG, SWING
V.

(kyinahldag) n. girl having her first menses; an initiate From in Girls Puberty Dance
k)^ina'tda-n
'

A-O-t-moW down (dir. active)

swing

O hanging

k^ina'tda' 'having her first menses', da'7 'girls puberty'.

cf.

Hupa
Hwa-n
(iiwai)) n.

Texts:

Element

List

11?>
post,

one person
novice Indian

P-wina*

(passing) around

Cf. la' 'one', lah 'once'.

na'3 LINEAR
t'e*wi-n (t'ewirj) n.

MOTION

doctor
Cf. Il6

who

is

not yet fully-trained

few

'raw, unripe'.

(CLASSIFIER)

na'=(w) adv. pfx. down from vertically above (in the air or a point of suspension)
na*=0-di-(s) adv. pfx. along, across Used with transitive themes referring to cutting, pulling, and pouring.
na*=ni-(n) adv. pfx. across (the
river)

An element n- occurs in the classifier position in a few neuter themes:

di-n- thm. pfx. and els. pfx. strong perception Thematic prefix string in several
adjectival neuters that refer to strong
(distasteful) perceptions.

Used

ni-n-don''
ds. neuter)

v.

be straight (impers.

also to refer to crossing the ocean, a road, a line of any sort; but not a mountain or anything dissimilar
to a river.

Probably related

3i-n-kyow

there is Probably restructured from sen 'shine' + k>oh, augmentative enclitic.

be full daylight; sunshine (impers. neuter)

v.

historically to ina*!!^ 'across'.

na*=0-ni-(w) adv. pfx. (throwing, striking) at O (and hitting) Used with transitive themes, mainly
those that refer to striking blows or hurling things forcefully. With directive themes (see 0*2) disjunct

na*i

ITERATWE/REVERSATTVE
iter./rev. pfx. iteration

na*=

of

action, reversal of motion

na'=
els. pfx.

na*=d-

iter./rev. pfx.

and

is omitted and only conjunct niappears.

iteration of action, reversal of motion The di classifier occurs with the

iterative/reversative modifier only in

from
na*4

ni-na'=(s) adv. pfx. rising up lying down, getting out of bed Initial ni- is often reduced to 'i-.

motion themes, specifically: (1) transitive directional motion bases formed with ni-(n)- 'approaching,
arriving'; (2) all intransitive directional motion bases; (3) all

NON-DIRECnONAL MOTION
and
there,

na*=(s) thm. pfx. here

about
directional

progressive motion themes. When the basic theme has I or t classifier,

compound
result.

classifiers (1-di
classifier
is

and

I-di)

Non-directional theme formant. (A theme with I classifier has a corresponding non-directional theme with \ classifier.)

absent in iterative/reversative forms of A-

(The di

dil/de'X '(several)

move somewhere'
again, back words and

na*=(w) thm. pfx. coming here and there, about

Inceptive derivation of a nondirectional theme

to

be

and associated themes.)

na*
iter./rev. proc.

Proclitic to non-verbal

na*5 EYE, PRESENCE,

P-na* + do's-e*^
P-na--q'i
-1-

FRONT
P's eyebrows
P's tears

phrases

na'-miq'eh 'at last, finally, following (all) others' beside mi-q'eh 'following it').
(e.g.,

n.

to''

n.

na'-Xa'' adv.

(moving) backwards

From

Cf. Xa' 'buttocks, bottom'.

na'-q'id 'on the eye' water'.

to'' '(its)

na*2

CIRCULAR MOTION

P-na* + tag''
eyelashes

n.

P's eye-lids,
cf
fan'' 'leaf.

P-na* post, around

Literally, 'eye-leaf;

P-na'= adv. pfx. circling around

P
With progressive and
stative neuters.

P-na* -I post, in the presence of P

P-na* post, waiting for

P-na*-ce* post,

P-na*=(s) adv. pfx. around

circle

in

ahead of P

Cf

ce'i 'head'.

774

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

na'-ceh adv. at first, ahead of

others

na*d2 LIMBS
P-na*d-e'
n.

P's limbs, P's arms

mi-nah
na*6 STIR,

adv. beforehand, already

and

legs

COOK
v.

nac UPSTREAM
move
cook

0-xi-(w)-t-na7na''

O back
P

yinaci (yinac)

and forth,
(active)

stir

(active)
v.

dir. adv. upstream See related compounds under yinac.

p.e*=(w)-t-naVna''

nahi TWO
Combining form of nahxi
'two'.

na*7 SAFE, ALIVE

xi-na* V. be safe, out of danger
(neuter) Transitional stem: na''4.

nah-nini (nahnin)
people

n. phr.

two
twice

nah-din (nahdig)

loc. phr. in

nah-xoh

loc. phr.

two places

O-xi-J-na''

v.

save, cure

(active

nah2 BEFORE
minah
adv. beforehand, already
Cf. na*i 'eye, presence, front'.

caus.) Imperfective stem also heard as -na*.

Cf. nayi.

nahx TWO
nahxi (nahx) num. two
(kyina*-k)il)
n.

na*8

ENEMY

kyi-na--kyil-i

Cf.

nahi

slave
Cf. kyil2 'boy'.

na'Hi SLOPED, TIPPED

k-i-O-l-na* V. capture
Cf. na'', 'Yurok'.

di-na'n
(active)

v.

be sloped, tipped

(ds.

neuter)

na*n2 drink
ta*=(w)-d-na'n/nan'^
(active)
v.

na*^ Perfective stem of na*g

na*^!

drink

YUROK
n.

ta'^na-n-i
k'^i-na''

(ta'^na-n)

n.

water

(to

Yurok Indians

drink)

Historically 'enemies, strangers' (cf.

na'g 'enemy').

Reduced from one drinks'.

ta-=c'i-d-na'n-i 'what

na'^2

(MILKWEED)
milkweed

kyi-na*n-q' (k^inanq') n. deer lick

dina'^ n.

nan*^ Perfective stem of na*n2.

nan"^!

03*^3

LOOK!

(turnaround)
v.

excl. look here! Querulous warning. Also na'.

''a-na''

na*-na'=(s)-d-naw/nan'^ around (active, mediop.)

0311*^3

turn

na-'^

EYE
P's eye(s)

TOUCH
v.

P-na*'' n.

P-de*=(w)-naw/nan''
(active)

touch

mi-na*''-x"-e' n. raccoon Literally 'what is at its eyes'. Cf. na*

'eye',

nancin peak
nancin (nancir))
peak
n.

xo

'locative', e*(y) 'there'.

na'ce's

arrow
(na*ce*s) n.

mountain

na'ce'si

arrow

Cf. c'ig 'bone, awl'.

(arrowhead and shaft together)

na*q'

gravel
(na'q*)
n.

na-di LICK
0-(w)-t-na'd/na*t'
(active)
v.

na'q'i
lick

flat,

bar or island

gravel, gravel (in river)

na'q'i-3i

(na'q'is) n.

pebbles

Hupa
nas KARUK
k>inas-ni (Ryinasn)
Indian(s)
Cf. ni4, collective plural.
n.

Texts:

Element

List

775
n.

tohna*yi (tohna'y)

edible fish

Karuk

and

eels (of any kind)

Probably from to* 'water' + xi-na*yi, i.e., 'water game'.

na*S IN

FRONT OF

ne*i SAY,

MAKE sound
v.

P-na*sni (-nahsn) post, (passing) in front of P, (doing something) to P'sface Phonologically distinct from -nasni
in ks'inasn

(V=)di-(w)-neVne''
(something) (active)

say

The general quotative verb theme; when immediately following quoted

discourse, ''a'=
is

'Karuk' but possibly

it.

omitted.
it

connected to
na*t'

di-(w)-ne'/ne'^ v.

(e.g.,

some
its

LICK
v.

animal) makes a noise, makes

characteristic

sound (impers.

0-(w)-l-na'd/na*t'
(active)

lick

active)

nawi MOVE
na'=xi-(s)-d-naw (active mediop.)
v.

move about

di-(w)-l-neVne'' v. play a musical instrument (active caus.) Literally 'make (something) make a
noise'.

Perfective stem either naw or nan'; cf. na'6 'stir, cook', nan''4 'turn around'.

na'-K^i-ne* n.

mountain quail

ne*2 THINK, FEEL

na*-na'=(s)-d-naw/nan'' around (active, mediop.)
v.

turn

naw2 TOUCH
P-de*=(w)-naw/nan''
(active)
v.

(V=)0-o*-n-di-(s)-ne*/ne'' v. think, feel (in some way) (about O)

(active)

touch

Suppletive 3rd person of ('3*=)

(y, 0-)ni-(w)-sin/sin'';
feel'.

cf sins 'think.

na*W ONE PERSON GOES

A-na*W/ya* v. one person goes (3rd person) (dir. active)
Customary/optative: -ya'; see primary entry under ya*i 'one person
goes'.

Quotative theme; when immediately following quoted word or phrase, ''a*= is omitted. Rarely occurs with an overt object.

ne*3

HELP
v.

p.co'=(w)-neVne''

help

P
help

na-xosc'e*^

clover
n.

(active)

na'xosce*^

type of clover

P-q'id

+ (w)-d-neVne''

v.

(active)

nayi safe, alive

P-xi-nay'' verbal survival
n.

Cf. q'id 'on'.

is

alive; P's

ne'4

GATHER ACORNS
up

na*=P-xi-nay'' verbal n. P gets well, recovers; P's recovery

Cf. na-7

k5'a*-da*=(w)-ne*/ne'' v. pick

gather acorns (active)

See da*ni 'food'.

nay2 (friend)
xinay
excl. friend! guys! Exclamation used by women and girls to one another. Probably from xi-na* 'be safe, alive', cf. na*7, nayl

ne*5 (HUNT,

CHASE)

A-P-ne'-yo'd v. chase, drive P (an animal) (dir.active) Note that the thematic postpositional
prefix
is

conjunct.

na'y

nsH and game

n.

ne''

Peifective stem of ne*i, ne*2, ne*3,

xi-na*yi (xina'y)

fresh meat

ne'4.

776
ne'^i

XIV Northwest
FUTURE OBLGATION
end. must

California Linguistics

ne*W SPEAK
xi-ne*W
(active)
v.

ne''

speak, talk (3rd person)

Enclitic implying a future obligation,

usually found with optatives and imperatives. The collocation heh 'despite, even if + ne'' indicates an exceptionless obligation (i.e., 'you must, no matter what').

Suppletive 3rd person theme of xi-niye"W; see ye*W 'speak'.

ne*3id middle
P-ne*3id post,
ta*-ne*3id adv. the river
in the in the

middle of P middle of

ne''2

PROVIDE, SHARE
it is

P-e*=k5'i-(w)-ne'' v.
to

provided
(impers.

P;

has a share

in

it

active)
'?a*=k5'i-ne'^

mine'sixomii conn, after a (long) while From mi-ne'sid + xo + mil

'after the middle'(?).

there is no (food) (neuter impers.)

v.

more
nil

CONCLUSIVE
ni-(n) adv. pfx. approaching, arriving

06*^10

PAST TENSE

ne'^ini (ne'^in) end. past tense Tense enclitic found with both verbal and nominal phrases. With nominals
it

ce*=ni-(n)-sid

v.

wake up

(active)

implies death or cessation of state

ni2

SEMELFACnVE
na*=ni-(w) adv. pfx. (striking) once, suddenly Used only with transitive themes that describe striking blows or hurling things forcefully. With directive themes (see 0*2) disjunct na"= is
omitted and only conjunct niappears.

(e.g.

English

late,

former, ex-).

ne*gy

ache
v.

ta'=kyi-di-(s)-ne*g5'e''

one's

body feels

sore, dull, aching

(impers. active)

nehe* iST person plural. Seenoh

ne'li

PLAY

ni3

UP FROM LYING DOWN

ni-na*=(s) adv. pfx. rising up lying down, getting out of bed The initial element is often reduced to
''i-

na*=(w)-ne'l v. play, be playful (as a child with toys) (active)

ne*l2

from

DO
1114

(e.g., ''ina'''asdiGe''

'he got up').

^a'sne*! v. do (so) (active) Progressive theme, corresponding to imperfective ''a'=t'e*n, perfective ''a*=dyaw, and customary/optative ''a'=niw.

COLLECTIVE PLURAL
ni

end. person, people

nominal phrase group or class of people.

Enclitic forming a
referring to a

With k^i, indefinite subject: 'something happens'.

See also n^ 'person'.

ncq FORGET
P-na'=(s)-t-niw/ne*q'
(active)
v.

nis forget

POTENTIAL MODE
ni-d-..-ni

modal

pfx., els. pfx.

and

stem
1st
ls

sfx. potential

mode

ne*S LONG, TALL

ni-ne*s
neuter)
Cf. nis.
v.

be long,

and 2nd person subject forms; nimodal prefix, di a classifer, and ni a stem suffix (with optative stem
a
tall

(ds.

variant). o*..-ni

modal

pfx.

and stem

sfx.

qay*^

ne*s (q'ay''-nehs)

n.

long

marks made with soot on the face or body

vertical

potential mode 3rd person subject forms; o*- is the optative modal prefix, and -ni a stem suffix (with optative stem variant).

Hupa
ni^

Texts:

Element List
ni-l-c*il V.

111
be wet
(ds. neuter)

2ND PERSON SINGULAR OBJECT

niobj. pfx.

2nd person singular

ni-t-c*in v. stink (ds. neuter)

object

ni-t-c*o*n v. be nice, pretty (ds.

neuter)

Always precedes
vowel
in

the 3rd person subject marker (if present); a long

an immediately preceding
is

ni-l-di3
neuter)

v.

be wrinkled
rotten,

(ds.

CV
ni-

prefix

shortened.

poss. pfx.

indirect object

2nd person singular and possessor

ni-t-gyid

v.

it

is

crumbling

from

rot (e.g., a

dead

tree)

(impers. ds. neuter)

m-j (INHERENT QUALirffiS)

thm. pfx. Thematic prefix
ni-

ni-l-3e*n v. be bright, shine,

glitter (ds. neuter)

in descriptive

neuters

that refer to inherent, including

ni-t-lcyow V. be a size
ni-}-ta*n v. be soft, (ds. neuter)

(ds. neuter)

configurational, qualities:
ni-c'*in''
v.

mushy,

damp

be bad, ugly be heavy

(ds.

neuter)

ni-t-ca'y v. be dry, lean,

v.

ni-da's

(ds. neuter)

dessicated (ds. neuter)

ni-n-don'' v. be straight (impers.

ds. neuter)

be greasy, oily, or shiny (ds. neuter)

ni-l-we*^ V.

ni-cic
neuter)

V.

be crooked, twisted
V.

(ds.

ni-l-xid V. be smooth, shining,

slick (ds. neuter)

^o'-ni-GOC
neuter)

be

brittle

(ds.

nigy

EMBRACE
v.

P-na*=si(w)-nigy
v.

put arms

ni-kya*w

be big

(ds. neuter) (ds. neuter)

tall

around
nit

(active)

ni-ta'n v. be

many

RECIPROCAL

ni-ne*s
neuter)

v.

be long,

(ds.

ni-sa'd

v.

be distant; (water)
v.

is

deep

(ds. neuter)

nit- poss. pfx. reciprocal possessor, indirect object \- before a vowel, li- before I, and elsewhere often reduced to H\.
Cf. nti.

xo-ni-sei

weather

is

warm
(ds.

(impers. ds. neuter)

ni-te'l
V.

nini SIDE, SLOPE

P-nini (-nin) flank
n.

be wide, broad be hard, solid

P's side, slope,

neuter)

ni-Xic
neuter)

V.

(ds.

Usually of a mountain, with inanimate 3rd person possessor (mi-).

nin2
ni-ca's v. be large in diameter,

MONTH
n.

around the waist

ne*-si-d-wa*n
neuter) niis

(ds. neuter)

mi-nin (minig)

month

v.

look like (ds.

Possibly a metaphorical extension of ninj 'side, slope', referring to the

secondarily lengthened

to ne'before si-.

phases of the moon.

ni-Wo'n
neuter)

v.

be good, pretty

(ds.

nin3

(FACE)
-I-

P-in
v.

gyise''

n.

P's gums; the

ni-l-yiw
neuter)

be crippled, bent

(ds.

cartilage in (a fish's)

head

nig (PERCEIVED QUALITIES)

ni-t- thm. pfx. Thematic prefix

P-nin-qi + cin*^ (-niijqi-c'iij'') n. the roof of P 's mouth, P 's palate

xo-nin + soli + 3! (xoninsohs) mink Cf. sow 'scrape, scratch', J'li
diminutive enclitic.
n.

string in descriptive

neuters that refer to perceived

qualities, in particular texture:

778
nin4

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
k^i-nin''

GROUND

nin + cin'^ (nin-cir)'') post. phr. down (to the ground) nin + yiw (ninyeh, nineh, ''inch)
post. phr.

the

bow

din (k3'inin''-dig) of a canoe

-1-

n.

Cf. dini 'locative'.

ninxa"^

underground

handsome, rich, IMPORTANT

-1-

nin + si-Vn-i

(ninisVn)

n.

ninxa''

ne*-si-d-wa'n

v.

be

land, country, (surface of the) earth; mountain

beautiful,
important';

handsome
cf.

(neuter)

Literally, 'look

handsome, rich, wa'n2 'resemble'.

v.

nin-xo-s-tin (nigxostig)
nin-xo-s-g>e' chokecherries
n.

n.

ice

ninxa''

(s)-liw/lin''

become

wild cherries,

good-looking (active) Impersonal: 'become good weather';

cf. lin'

Cf. nin'2 'earth'.

'become'.

nins

(DANCE IN PLACE)

ninxa''

+ tVn-i

(nii]xa''tVn) n.

rich man, leader, chief

Literally, 'the

nin=si-(s)-dil/de*X v. (several)

one who acts handsome,

cf. t'e*n

dance while standing in one place, jumping up and down

rich, important';

'do so'.

niq CHOKE
kyi-ni-(s)-l-niw/niq
(active)
v.

ning PERFECTIVE
ni(n)- aspect pfx. perfective In 1st and 2nd person forms: ni-. In 3rd person forms: (1) nin- if wordinitial or following a prefix with a reduced vowel; (2) ni- following a prefix with a reduced vowel where the classifier is I or i (3) n- following a prefix with a full vowel; (4) zero, following a prefix with a full vowel
;

be choked

nis (LONG, TALL)

nis

any
niste*^

tall

k^in (niskig) n. fir, pine; conifer

tall',

Cf. ne*s 'long,

k^ini 'tree, stick'.

BODY, substance

where the

classifier

is

I.

n. P's body, trunk; P's substance, person, personality

P-nist'e''

nin? 2ND PERSON SINGULAR

PRONOUN
nin (nig) per. pron. you
Independent personal pronoun;
"1
cf.

niwi DO
''a'sniw V. do (so) (active) Customary/optative theme, corresponding to imperfective
'a'=t'e"n, perfective ''a'=d-yaw,

nin?

ROAR
v.

progressive ''a'=ne'l.
indefinite subject:

and With k^i, 'something

nin-xo + di-(w)-neVne''
roaring sound
active)
Cf. ne.j 'say,
is

happens'.

made

(impers.

niW2 ERECTION
kyi-ti-(s)-i-niw v.
(active)

make

sound'.

have an erection

ning (BUTCHER)
butcher (a slain animal), cut up (a fish, for
nin=(k>'i)-l-''al/''a*X
v.

niW3 CHOKE
k5'i-ni-(s)-l-niw/niq' v.
(active)

be choked

drying) (active)
nin*^!

EARTH
(nin'', ne'^n)
n.

niW4 FORGET
earth,

nin'^i

P-na*=(s)-t-niw/ne'q'
(active)

v.

forget

ground
Cf. nin4 'ground'.

niWs

(GOPHER)

nin''2

FACE
(-nig'')
n.

P-nin''

P'sface

xa*-di-niw-i (xa*diniw) n. gopher, mole

Hupa
niWi AWARE, CONSCIOUS

Texts:

Element List

779
2ND PERSON PLURAL
Jst

noh

1ST OR

xo-(w)-niW V. be awake, aware of things; have feeling, sensation

(active)

noh-

obj. pfx.

or 2nd person

plural object

Always precedes
subject marker
(if

0-(w)-niW V. hear about O, have news (active)

di-(w)-d-niW v. have a (great) desire for copulation (active)
IliW2

the 3rd-person present); a long

vowel

in

an immediately preceding
is

CV

prefix

shortened.

THUNDER
n.

noh- poss. pfx. 1st or 2nd person plural indirect object and possessor
noh-ni (nohn)
(plural)
per. pron.

kyeh-niW

thunder
v.

you
cf.

k5'e*-(w)-niW

there

is

thunder

Independent personal pronoun;

1114

(impers. active)

'people'.

niWa POISON
kyi-do'niW hereditary disease, contagion, due to unresolved feud
kyi-dogx*e* power of an Indian Devil; poison Contracted from *kJ'i-do*niW-e*.

noh-e* (nehe*) per. pron. we Independent personal pronoun;

1114

cf.

'people'.

nO'P (HSHTRAP)
no*P-Ge*d-i (noi'^Gcd) n. fish trap (of basketry), held in place by
stakes Cf. Ge*d 'shove
stick'.

IliW4 (MANZANTTA)

diniW
nO'i

n.

manzanita

The

analysis of
it

CONCLUSIVE

no'P

is

uncertain; perhaps

is

connected to noleh 'dam, waterfall'

(see Iiw2).

no*=(n) adv. pfx. to a certain point, to completion; (put) down; (go) so far

nO'y*^

HIDDEN

nO-2

PENETRATE

adv. covered up, buried, hidden.

no'y''

P-no* post, penetrating into

P-no*=(w) adv. pfx. penetrating

into

nW- RECIPROCAL
n-ii-

nO*3

P STAND ERECT
mountain

obj. pfx.

reciprocal object

Only used with plural subjects. Reduced to li- when in initial

position or

ne*-si-no* v. they (e.g.,

peaks) stand erect (neuter)

with an

initial i-.

when preceded by a The classifier

to di

prefix
to

nO*4 (BELIEVE)
Thematic conjunct prefix
0-no'-(w)-''aw
(active)
v.
in:

changes from zero I

Cf. nil.

and from

fool,deceive

no'-(w)-t'aw v. believe, give credence (active) Often with proclitic P-wan 'in P'
wa'iii 'concerning, from, away').

(cf.

IN
q'

SUCH A MANNER
end.
in (such) a manner, similar to
like,

nod

FIRE BLAZES
v.

way
kyi-d-nod

a fire blazes, flashes

q'a*

(impers. active)

GRIND

nogy SNAIL
3e*-nogy
n.

snail

O-q'a* (q'ay) v. grind, rub, file (active) Optative/customary stem:

q'a''.

O
-

780
qa*^!

XIV Northwest
(ARROW)
q'a''

California Linguistics

qas
n.

(LEG.

CROTCH)
P'5

Xow +
grass
'grass'

(Xoh-q'a'')

bunch

P-q'as-t'a'w-i'' (-q'ast'a'w'')

crotch, pubic region

cf.

Historically 'arrow grass';

Xow

Cf. t'a*w 'above'.

and

q'a'xis 'syringa'.

q'a'S

THROW, POUND
pound
(dir.

qa''2

(BEFORE)

doijqa'' adv. beforehand

A-0-t-q'a*s v. throw, fling, O with, one or more objects

active)
si-l-q'a*s
v.
(st.

qac' COLD
si-q'ac' v.

one or more objects

neuter)

lie

be cold

(ds. neuter)

thrown

qad NOW
q'ad adv. now, already

q'a*w FAT
li-q'a'w V. be fat (ds. neuter) Transitional theme: (w)-I-q'a"w. Cf. q'ah 'fat'.

q'a*d

(AFreR)
adv. after a while

q'a'de''

q'ah FAT

qVxis SYRINGA
n.

P-qah
Cf. q'a'w.

P'sfat

q'a'xis

n.

syringa,

mock orange

(used for arrow shafts) q'ayi

q'an recently
q'an (qag) adv. recently q'an + ciwilc*il n. young man, adolescent male after puberty Literally, 'one who has recently been growing'; cf. c"'e*n2 'grow'. q'an

willow
n.

q'ayliW

willow

q'ay2 (EELLIVer)
kyi-q'aylosc'e'' the liver

of an eel

q'ay'^i

hip,

thigh, pelvis, leg

n.

''isla*n

n.

infant
P-q'ay''

Cf. Ia*n2 'be

bom'.

P's hip, thigh, pelvis,

legs

+ q'an + hid (dcq'aij-hid) adv. after a while Cf. de*i 'here', hid 'at the time that,
de-

A-kJ'i-t-q'ay''

v.

straddle, walk
(dir. active)

with spread legs

q'ay''2

when'.

basket

qa*ni slant, lean

di-q'a'n v. slant, lean, run

q'ay''

an angle (e.g., a mountain slope) (impers.

neuter)
di-q'a*n-i

up at a propped board or
ds.

+ 3'nd n. openwork basket of hazel twigs for drying acorns,

q'ay''
q'ay''

fish

+ + +

k^isd
te*

n.

mortar basket

n.

basket plate
n.

(diq'a*n) n.

mountain
q'ay''

ridge

te*l-i

(q'ay'^-tei)

basket

qa-n2 build
(active)

hre
v.

plate
Cf. tei 'wide, broad'.

(s)-l-q'a*n/q'an''

build a fire

q'ay''

timil (qay'^-timiJ

n.

pack

basket, burden basket

xe'-q'ay*^ n. baby basket, cradle Cf. xiy 'child, son'.

Usually with proclitic k^'i-cin' 'against something (in order to burn it)' and mi-yeh 'under it (i.e., fish, to roast it)'. Probably a causative formation from qa'tij.
q'an''

q'ay'^s

mother's sister

P-n-q'ay'' (-gqay'^) n. P's

Perfective stem of q'a*n2.

mother's sister

Hupa
q'ay''4

Texts:

Element

List

781

(Mark)
+
ne*s (q'ay'^-nehs) n.

V. there is a popping sound (as of pitchy wood burning);

di-1-q'ic

q'ay*^

long

sparks fly (impers. ds. neuter)

P-e*=kyi-ne'-si-q'ic
reflect
v.

marks made with soot on the face or body

vertical
Cf. ne's 'long,
tall'.

shine,

on

(neuter)

q'ay'^s

(fern)
n.

qld ON
fern (sp.)
P-q'id post, on P Refers to being on a surface, not at the summit of a mountain (cf. lay'' 'peak,
top, point').

da'c^igqay*^
q'e*

CUTTING OFF

q'e*=0-(w) adv. pfx. (cutting, breaking) off Also occurs as k''e'=. Used mainly
with transitive verbs of cutting, with indefinite object (k^i).

qlna'^

also

q'ina'' adv. also Often reduced to q'ir)''.

qVd COPULATE
0-(s)-q'e*d/qe*t' v. copulate with

q'in*^

STRAP
(q'ir)'')

q'in''

n.

strap, withe
flexible'.

Cf.

qcn

'twist,

make

(her) (active)

qls HALF, ONE OF A PAIR

q'ehi (ARMPIT)
P-q'is n. half of

P-q'eh

3iwa-'' n. P's armpit

Cf. 3iwa' 'apart'.

P-wehi-q'is post, on one side of P

q'eh2 FOLLOWING. Seeq'iwi

q'e*n

qlWi FOLLOWING, ALONG

P-q'iw (-q'eh) post, following P;

tmst hazel withe

v.

according
part).

to

along

P 's

(body

(k5'i)-q'e'n

twist a hazel withe

(active)

(to

make

it flexible)

Cf. q'in' 'strap'.

q'e't'

q1W2 NICE
ni-(w)-qiw v. be nice, wellbehaved (active)

Perfective stem of qe*d.

q'e*y

brother-in-law
(-qVy)
n.

qlW ALDER
q'iW
q'o*
n.

P-q'e-yi

P's brother-in-

alder

law

(HUMMINGBIRD)
(q'o'so's)
n.

q1 (PLACE)
q'o*-so*s-i

Locative element

in several

nouns:

hummingbird
Cf. so's 'sprout, quiir.

min-q'i (migq')
Cf. mini, nie'iii
t'an-q'i

n.

lake

'full'.

qO'C' BERRIES
''isq'o'c'i

(t'agq) n.

autumn

CisqVc)

n.

berries,

Cf. t'a'n, t'ani 'leaf.

blackberries

Xo'-q'i
Cf.

(Xcq*)
'grass'.

n.

prairie

qoc' SOUR
di-n-q'oc' v. be sour (ds. neuter)
Cf. q'onc' 'salt', q'03 'cascara'

Kow

k^i-na'n-q'i (k>^inanq') n. deer

lick

q'on'^

SALMON EGGS, ROE

(q'oi]'')

Cf. na*n2 'drink'.

q'on''
n.

salmon eggs, roe

qlc'

CRACKLE, SHINE
v.

kyi-qVg'^ n. small pieces (of

there is a sharp, cracking sound (impers. id. neuter) Causative: 'crack O, making a sharp
kyi-q'ic'

acorn)

left

after sifting of acorn

meal
Contracted from k5'i-q'on''-i'' 'something's roe'.

noise'.

782

XIV Northwest
(SALT)

California Linguistics

qonc
teh

Sa'ky (ABALONE)
n.

+ qonc

salt

xo-sa'kyi (xosa'ky)

n.

abalone

Cf. leh 'dirt';

see also

qof

'sour'

(shell)

q'oSi

NECK
n.

sa*k)'idin

surprise

P-q'os

P's neck

sa'k^idig adv. suddenly, with surprise

qOS2 (NINE)
miqost'awi (miq'ost'aw) num.
nine

sal

(THEMATIC)
sali-k^oh (salk^'oh) n. wild celery Cf. k^oh, augmentative enclitic.

q03 (CASCARA)
cascara, buckthorn, "pigeon berry"
kyir)''onqo3
n.

salxoscg^e* n. chipmunk See silis 'squirrel'.

Sa*l

YAWN, GABBLE
V.

Cf. k^ini 'stick, tree', q'oc 'sour'.

(w)-sai
San*^

yawn; gabble

(active)

WEAK, ABUSE
v.

na'-da'=(w)-san''
(active)

get

weak

Used mostly
S
Sa*

in

medicine formulae.

PERFECTIVE: See

si,.

(k''i)-(w)-san'' v.
(active)

beat one's wife

MOUTH
P-sa"=(w) adv. pfx. into P's

sa*yi SEEDS
P-sa*yi (-sa*y) n. P's seeds

mouth
Cf. sahj

'mouth

(interior)'.

sa*y2
n.

rattle
there
is

sa'=ci-xa*W-i (sa'^xa'W)

acorn

kyi-sa'y V.

a rattling

soup
Literally, 'what

sound (impers.
one puts into (one's)
spoon)';
in (an eating basket,
'filled

id.

neuter)

mouth
cf.

Se*

(HEAD)
P-se*-tor
n.

xa'Wj

container'

P's cheeks
n.

P-sa*sta'n-i (-sa'sta-n) n. P's

kyi-se*-God

headdress worn

in

tongue

the White Deerskin

Dance

From
Sa*c'

P-sa* (or P-sah ?)

si-ta"n

Cf. ce"2 'head'.

'(stick-like object) that lies there'.

BEAR
n.

SCg^i PATIENT
V. be a patient (of an Indian doctor), be an invalid
k5'i-se*g>e'^

sa*c

bear (common brown bear) Historically contracted from *sawac.

(neuter)

Sa-d DISTANT, DEEP

ni-sa*d
v.

Se*gy2
is

(CHIPMUNK)
chipmunk
silis 'squirrel'.

be distant; (water)

deep

salxose'gye* n.

(ds. neuter)

See also ca'd|.

See
Se*I

Sahi

MOUTH (INTERIOR)
n.

WARM
V.

si-se*I

be hot

(ds. neuter)
is

the inside of P's Cf. sa* 'mouth'.

P-sah

mouth

xo-ni-se'l v.

weather

warm

(impers. ds. neuter)

Sah2 (SEVERAL GO OFF)

sah=(w)-din''
several go off somewhere (as on a war party) Possibly connected to sa'd 'distant,
v.

di-se*l V. feel feverish

(ds. neuter)

xa*=ni-se'l v. be sweating (ds.

neuter)
Cf. also cei.

deep'.

Hupa
Sii

Texts:

Element

List

783
V.

PERFECTIVE
si-

A-O-l-sic'
active)

peel

off (dir.

aspect pfx. stative perfective Occurs as si- in 1st and 2nd person
forms; except
is

sid
it

AWAKEN
c'e*=ni-(n)-sid v.

when
s- in

initial in a

word

reduced to

3rd person forms,

wake up

(active)

combining with complex ways.

classifiers in

sikyin (fir)
si-kyin-c*in (sikyin-c*iq) n. fir

dah=

adv. pfx. hover above, be in

suspension of motion Forms stative subthemes from

progressive neuters; away'.
Si2
cf.

trees Attested only in a placename (map D23). Cf. k^iiii 'stick, tree', c*in4.
sil

dah

'above,

HEAT
si-sil-i

(INTERNAL QUALITIES)
si- thm. pfx. Thematic prefix in descriptive neuters

(sisil)

n. n.

body

heat, fever

ta*-sil

(ta'sit)

steam

xo-n-sil

(xonsit) n.

summer,

referring to to internal, temporary

warm weather
Cf. se'l 'warm'.

qualities
k^i-si-d-le* v.

(person

is)

cold,

silis

squirrel

frozen
si-q'ac
si-se*l
si-t'iky

(ds. neuter)
v. v. v.

be cold be hot

(ds. neuter)

n. ground squirrel Older term, preserved dialectally.

silis

(ds. neuter) (ds. neuter)

Sini (PAIN)
n. pain, malevolent entity that causes pain

be slim

sin-sin (sinsig)

di-si-cVn v. be stiff in the joints; have arthritis (ds. neuter)

si-d-ya'n
di-si-k^e'ii
v.

Apparently reduplicated.

be old

(ds. neuter)

Sin2 (MEAT, FLESH)

P-sin

v. be stiff (ds. neuter) Cf. dill 'adjectival'.

to-' n.

P's grease, juice

Cf. to* 'water'.

di-si-cVn v. be stiff in the joints; have arthritis (ds. neuter)

Cf. dill 'adjectival'.

k^in + sinto-'^ n. sap of the sugar pine, sugar.

Literally, 'tree's juice';
'stick, tree'.
cf.

Ryinj

sis (UP)

Reduced from

cin''2 'meat, flesh'.

nin=si-(s) adv. pfx.

move up and

sina BE SO
xo-sin V. being (so), exhibiting (such and such) characteristics
(neuter)

down

in

one place

This modifier occurs only with the directional theme A-diI/de*X '(several)

move somewhere'.
P-e*=si-(s) adv. pfx.

Usually enclitic to a phrase.

up along P,
Sin4

not necessarily reaching top

xa*=si-(s)

SHOW ENTHUSIASM

adv. pfx. up to the top

(of a mountain, the river bank)

Si4 (KILL)

P-e*=so'-sin v. want to do P, be enthusiastic for P (neuter)

sins THINK, FEEL

kill

0-si-(s)-l-weVwe*n or person) (active)

sic'

(one animal

(V=)(y-, 0-)ni-(w)-sin/sin'' v. think, feel (in some way) (about O)

(active)
1st and 2nd person forms only; suppletive 3rd person theme: (''a*=)0-

SKIN,
P-sic

BARK
n.

P's skin, bark

n.

o'-n-di-(s)-neVne'';

cf.

-ne"2 'think,

P-da* + sic

P's

lip

Cf. da"i 'mouth, lips'.

feel'.

Quotative theme; when immediately following quoted word

784

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics
SO'S

Rarely has or phrase, 'a*= is omitted. an overt object, but when 'a*= or

SPROUT, QUILL

another disjunct prefix occurs, an element of the shape y- is inserted immediately to the left of the conjunct prefix string.
Sillfi

P-so-s-i'' n. P's sprout, early growth; (bee's) stinger

kyi-c'in

so-s-i''

n.

quills

Cf. c'in 'bone'.

SECRET

qo--so-s-i (qo'so-s) n.

V-ni-(w)-sin/sin'' v. keep (knowledge) hidden, secret (active)

hummingbird

SOW SCRATCH, SCRAPE

V. scratch, scrape O (with an instrument) (dir. active)

siny (BLACK)
mida'^ + mina'xolsin-i n. snowbird Literally, 'what is
around
its

A-O-sow

black

mouth, beak';

from xo-l-

xo-nin + soh + 3! (xoninsoh3) mink

Cf.

n.

Win
sing

'be black (there)' with diminutive

sow

'scrape, scratch', 3i|,

consonantism.

diminutive enclitic.
S'^

(SUCKER)
(sintil)
n.

MOTHER'S BROTHER
P-s''
n.

sintili
(fish)

bullhead, sucker

P's mother's brother

sin''
sit'

Perfective stem of sin5.

LIVER
P-sit' n.

P's liver

ta*i

WATER

Siwol (THROAT)
P-siwol (-siwoJ) windpipe
80*1
n.

ta-=(w) adv. pfx. into the water (and out again), moving through

P's throat,

the water

ta--neh adv. out in the river

ta--ne-3id adv. in the middle of the
n. fir

(HRLIMB)
+
kyin''

so-

(so*-kyig'')

limb

river,
ta*-sil

mid- stream
(ta-sit)
n.

Archaic; cfkyinj

'tree, stick'.

steam
acorn sand of the

SO'2

SHOW ENTHUSIASM

kJ'i-ta-=(w)-t-cid v. leach

meal

(in

a pit

in the

P-e'=so'-sin v. want to do P, be enthusiastic for P (neuter)

Cf. sin4.

riverbank)
Cf. also k^i-tasd

'leached acorn

dough'.

sol

HOLLOW SOUND
k>l-sol
v.
id.

ta*=(w)-d-na-n/nan''

v.

drink

there

is

a hollow sound

ta--kyiW n. sweathouse See also ta-ys.

ta*2

(impers.
kyina*''

neuter)
n.

DISPERSION
adv. pfx. dispersing; into pieces

sonsol-i

minnow
ta-=(s)
(fine)

S0*1

(LIPS)

P-da + soI-P (-da-sole'') n. P's upper lip, around P 's mouth The element so'l may be a variant of
co'l 'female genitals'.

ta*3

(THEMATIC)
in:

Thematic prefix

ta'=kyi-di-(s)-ne-gy'' v.

body feels

SO*n

PRETTY
tap

sore, dull,

aching
n.

ni-so-n v. be pretty (jocular) (ds. neuter) Variant of ni-Wcn 'be good, pretty' with diminutive consonantism; see also con'.

ta--deh3

small

hawk

FATHER
P-ta'^ n.

P's father

Hupa
tac'

Texts:

Element

List

785

TATTOO

dah +

0-(s)-t-tac' V. tattoo

O
P

(active)

kyi-we* + tiW/ta*n v. build a fishing platform (dir. active) Also heard as: dah + k^i-wa'; cf. dah
'above, away'.

tac BETWEEN
P-taG post, between
kyi-taci-'^

si-ta*n v.

a stick-like object
(nista-n)
n.

lies

(k^itaGe'') n.

the middle

(st.

neuter)
log, fallen
s-

part of an eel (in preparing food)

nit-taG
n.

nis-ta*n-i
tree

black oak
cf. nil

Literally 'between each other';

Probably contracted from *nin +

ta*n-i 'the (stick-like object) that lies

'reciprocal'.

on the ground';
See also tiW2,

cf.

nin4 'ground'.
til.

tah AMONG, AT: SeetaWi

tahi ALSO, IN ADDITION
tah end. also, as
well, in

tin4,

ta*n2 THICK
di-ta'n v. be thick (ds. neuter)

addition, alternatively

When
Cf.

repeated, translates 'either/or'.

at'.

ta*n3

REACH UP TO
water,

taw I 'among,

xe'-si-ta'n v.

mass reaches
level)

tah2

OUT OF (WATER, FIRE)

up

to

(some point or

(impers.

neuter)

tah=(s) adv. pfx. out of (water,

fire)

Can

any emergence or extrication. With the theme Aya'W/ya' '(one) moves' used
refer to

P-xehsta'n'' -i- din post, alongside of P, close to P, within P's reach

ta*Il4

SOFT,

MUSHY, DAMP
be
soft,

impersonally, the idiomatic reference is to a group departing (e.g., dancers leaving the danceground, the k^ixinay leaving the world when human beings
arrived).

ni-i-ta*n v.
(ds. neuter)

mushy,

damp

ta'Hs

EAT

tal

MOVE FEET, STEP

A-tal/ta*X V.

ta*n V. eat (in general, not a particular meal) (active)

Imperfective only.

move one's feet,

take

a step
(active)

(dir. active)

ta*n6

FOREST SPIRIT
(ta'n) n. forest spirits

di-tal/ta*X v. step out, take a step

ta'ni

who

control

game animals

See di2 'inceptive thematic'.

ta-ny (SIX)
xosta*n-i (xosta'n) num. six Probably from xo-s-ta'n-i 'the (sticklike object) that lies there';
cf. ta*nj.

A-0-}-tal/ta-X

v.

kickO

somewhere
t-tal/ta'X V.

(dir. active)

do the kick-dance,

stomp

in

dance-fashion (active)

ta*n8 (BASKET HAT)

qosta*ni (qosta*n)
n.

taX FLANK, SIDE (OF BODY)

basket hat

P-taX
P-xe*

P's flank, side Also heard as P-taP; cf. toP

n.

(worn by women)
'side'.

ta'^X

n.

's

heel

tan'^l

THIN
be thin
(like

Cf. xe- 'feet'.

ci-tan'^ye* v.
(ds. neuter)

paper)

ta*X

MOVE FEET, STEP

tal.

Perfective stem of

tan'^2

HOLD
v.

ta*ni STICK-LIKE

OBJECT
handle a stick-like

O-O'-ni-tan'' (neuter)

be holding on

to

A-0-tiW/ta*n

v.

object (dir. active) Also used to refer to the handling of (empty) baskets.

786
tan'^3

XIV Northwest
ACCUSTOMED TO

California Linguistics
getting in during drying)
Cf.

no*=0-di-(n)-t-tan'' v. O gets used to something (impers. active) Probably a metaphorical use of the
causative of tan'j 'hold', with

ciWi

'fine particles'.

ta*y FATHER'S
P-ta'y
n.

BROTHER

P's father's brother

inanimate 3rd person subject.

ta*ys

SWEATHOUSE
ta*k''iW 'sweathouse'.

taq COUNT
0-o*-(w)-t-taq
Cf. ta*q 'three'.
V.

Reduced form of
count

ta'ys-ciW-i'^ n.
(active)
ta*ys-ce*y-'^ n.

sweathouse soot
brush from

sweathouse fire
ta*q

THREE
te'i
(ta-q*)

FUTURE TENSE

ta'q'i

num. three

Cf. taq' 'count'.

tasd POUND
k>i-ta$d n. leached acorn Contracted from Ryi-ta'-cid.

end. future tense Tense marker found with both verbal and nominal phrases. With nominals
te*
it

implies a future state (e.g. English

dough

(wife)-to be).

See also

te'l2.

See cidj.

te*2

LOOK
v.

taWi AMONG, AT
P-taw (-tah)
midst of P;
in the

P-xa*=ni-te*
(neuter)

be looking for

post,

among,
post,

in the

at, in

the vicinity of P

te-3 FIND,

CONSIDER, FEEL
find

P-taw-xo ("tahx")
Cf. X03 'locative'.

amidst P,

0-o*-(w)-t-te*/te'' V.

O easy;
(active)

country of P With

find, consider

O as such

K^i, indefinite

P-co

-(w)-t-te-/te'' V. find,

object: 'in the brush'.

consider

weak; feel stronger than

tin

+ taw

(tin-tah) adv. out in

trails' (cf. tini

(active) With reflexive object: 'be bashful,

the woods Apparently 'among the

'trail')

consider oneself weak'.

te*4

but possibly assimilated from *k>'in-taw 'among the trees'.

xa*-s-Iin

LIVING BEING

+ taw-i (xahslin-taw)
one
that
is at

n.

crane
Literally, 'the
cf. lin

na*=0-l-teVte'^ v. carry a living being around (non-dir. active) See also tiW3, te*n, and te'lj.
te''
te'^l

the riffle';

Perfective stem of

te*3, te*4,

te*5.

'water flows'.
n.

xontaw (xontah)
house
Historically

house, P's
cf.

WORK
be working, have a

na*=(s)-I-te'' v.

'among

the fires';

job (active)
With preposed P-la"n: 'be working for
n.

xon'i

'fire'.

xo-n-te'l

+ taw-i (xonteW-taw)
one
that
is at

P, be helping

in his

work';

cf.

la-ns

coyote
Literally, 'the

'help'.

the

flat,

te''2

STRONG
V.

prairie'; cf. te'lj 'wide, broad'.

ti-(s)-l-te''

be, get strong

Cf. tah] 'also, in addition'.

(active)

taW2 WRAP
A-O-l-taw V. move something wrapped or enclosed (dir. active)

tex'

TWO OR MORE LIE

V.

si-te*c
(st.

two or more people

v.

lie

neuter)

ta*W (MOLDY ACORNS)

mi-c iW-i'> + taW-i (miciWe'^-taW) n. moldy acorn meat (due to water

ni-(s)-te*c
lie

down, go

to

two or more people bed (active)

Hupa
te^dilt'e'^

Texts:

Element

List

1%1
V.

nephew, niece
P's (woman's) brother's

si-te*n

a living being

lies

(st.

neuter)
V. a living being lies stunned or dead (st. neuter) To be distinguished from O-si-t-tcn

P-te'dilt'e'^

child

si-l-tcn

teh INTO WATER

teh=(w) adv.
See also te*w.
pfx.

into the

water

'have a living being lying', the possessive derivation from si-ten 'a living being lies' (see t2 classifier).

tehmil sack
See also tiW3,
te'4, te'l3.

tehmili (tehmil)

n.

netted sack,

made from

iris string

te*W IN WATER
te'wi (te*w) adv. in the water,
n.

tehsjehj swallow
tehs3eh3 (or teh3eh3)
(bird)

swallow

under water
Cf. e'w 'under'.

See also teh

te'li

'into water',

tiw4 'water,

WIDE,

BROAD
be wide, broad
(it)'.

shore'.
(ds. til

ni-tei
neuter)

v.

DISTRIBUTIVE
dist. pfx. here and there; in several places, on several occasions In forms marked for plurality of

Causative = 'spread

ti-(s)

xo-ni-tei
there
is

v.

(land)

is flat,

open;
prairie

a prairie
(xontehJ)
(tehi-q'id)
n. flat,

xo-n-te*l
te*l + q'id ground

adv. on the

Xow +
q'ay''

te'l

(Xoh-teW)
n.

n.

wild
ti2

subject or object (inherent or inflected), the distributive modifier is best translated 'one (subject or object) after another' or 'each in turn'. Can co-occur with the directional adverbial modifier ti- 'off, along'.

grass used for baskets

OFF,
ti-(s)

ALONG
adv. pfx. (starting)
off,

te*l-i

(q'ay'-tei) basket

plate

tei2 IMMINENT FUTURE tense

te*l

(moving) along

Can co-occur with

prefix
ti-.

the distributive

(teW) end. imminent future

tense
Cf. te'l 'future tense'.
in

The

difference

te*I

is unclear, but apparently implies a more definite, imminent futurity, and perhaps also a more permanent, less uncertain state. In addition, te*l is not found with nominals, only verbs.

meaning

P-n=ti-(s) adv. pfx. (pulling) toward Often with reciprocal object: ti-n=ti-(s) 'squeezing
together'.
tic'

CANE
tic'

n.

cane, walking stick, digging

stick

te*l3

LIVING BEING

A-Ryi-J-tic' v.

walk somewhere

O-wi-i-tei V. be handling a living being (prog, neuter)

See also tiW3,
te*l4
te*n, te*4.

with a cane
tigy PINCH.
O-l-tig''

(dir. active)

SQUEEZE
V.

pinch, squeeze

SPLEEN
n.

(active)

P-te-lP (-te-F)

P's spleen

till

STICK-LIKE OBJECT
O-wi-til V. be handling a sticklike object (prog, neuter) Cf. tiWj, tanj. tin4.

ten LIVING BEING

A-0-l-tiW/te*n v. handle a living being (dir. active)
ni-(s)-tiW/te'n v.

one person
(active)
-te''

lies

til2

(SUCKER)
sintili
(fish)

down, goes

to

bed

(sintil)

n.

bullhead, sucker

Optative/customary:

788
tim TRAINING PLACE

XrV Northwest

California Linguistics tismil

EAGLE
(tismil) n. eagle

timi (tim) n. a place where one trains for long life or luck Often used of places where women
bathe during menstruation.

tismili

tiWi

MEASURE
measure

P-e*=k>'i-(w)-J-tiw V.
(active)

timil (PACK BASKET)

q'ay'

With thematic inanimate 3rd person

n.

timil (qay'^-timil)

pack

basket, burden basket Probably connected with milj 'throw,

scatter'.

a dance)'.

postpositional object (mi-): 'sing (at With thematic reflexive

object Ca'di-): 'run about in wardance fashion'.

tilli

TRAIL
(tin)
n.

tiW2 BEG
road, trail
(na'tinix*)
trail

tini

k5'a*-n=xo-(w)-t-tiw v. beg for

na*-tini

+ xo

food
n.

(active)

Cf. k^'a-nj 'insides,

Hoopa

Valley 'where the meanders'.

Literally,

mind'.
reverses,

tiW3 WIN

A RACE
in the

Cf. na'2 'iterative/reversative'.

(P-wan) + na'=(s)-tiw v. be lead, win a race (against P)

(active)

tin

+ taw woods
'among

(tin-tah) adv. out in the

trails'

Cf. wa-nj 'concerning, from, away'. 'P

Apparently 'among the

the trees'.

but possibly assimilated from *k''in-taw

loses a race' is expressed by the passive: P-wan + na'=(we*s)-d-tiw 'the race is won by someone against
P' (impersonal).

tin2

LOST
lost,

tin=(w) adv. pfx.

Cf. tin
'trail',

astray

tiW4 (WATER, SHORE)

especially in the

postpositional phrase tin-tah 'among the trails', generally used to mean

'out in the woods'.

tiwimah

adv. on the shore, edge

of the water
Cf. te'w 'in the water', ma''2 'edge'.

tin3

VERY
adv. very

tiwa*

AMONG
P
POUND
(WITH WEDGE, CHISEL)

tig

P-tiwa* post, among, amongst

tin4

STICK-LIKE OBJECT

tiWi

na'=0-tin/tin'' v. carry a sticklike object

around

(non-dir. active)
til.

O-l-tiW V. pound or chisel (active)

with a

wedge

See also tiW2, ta'nj,

tiW2 STICK-LIKE OBJECT

A-O-tiW/ta'n
n.

tins ICE
nin-xo-s-tin (nigxostig)
Cf. nin4 'ground'.

v.

handle a stick-like

ice

object (dir. active) Optative stem: -tan''. See also ta-nj,

tin4,
til.

tin'^
tin*^!

Perfective stem of tin4.

dah
rifle

BOW
(ciitii)'')

tiW/ta*n v. build k>i-we* a fishing platform (dir. active) Also heard as: dah + k^i-wa'; cf. dah
-I-t-

c'ittin''

n.

bow,

'above, away'.

tiSi

OVER

tiW3 LIVING BEING

P-tis post, (moving) over

tiS2

(SISTER)

A-0-l-tiW/te*n v. handle a living being (dir. active) See also te"n, te'4, tei3.
ni-(s)-tiW/te*n v.

P-1-tis-c 'e*^

P 's (man 's)

sister

Cf. ce'' 'female'.

one person

lies

down, goes

to bed (active) Optative stem: -te''.

Hupa
tO'i

Texts:

Element List

789

WATER
n.

to*

body of water,
n.

river,

ocean

P-se'-toP n. P's cheeks Probably 'P's head-sides'; cf. se* 'head' and compare taK 'flank, side
(of body)'.

P-tO'*'
to*

P's juice, sap, water

(to'-cif)'')

cin''

adv. to the

ton''

JUMP
jump
(dir. active)

river
to*

A-l-ton'' V.

adv. at the water's edge, at the river

(to*-dig)

+ din

na*=(s)-t-ton'' v.
(non-dir. active)

jump around

to*

+ xo

(to*x*) adv.

along the
P's

A-O-l-ton''
to

V.

thump O, cause
SeetO'i

river

jump

(dir. active)

P-sin +

to-*?

(-sinto'')

n.

tos

WARM WATER:
t'

grease, juice
Cf. sin3 'meat, flesh'.

water (e.g., in a flood) extends, reaches (impers.

(w)-to*/to'' V.

active)

t'a''

(FOREHEAD)

dah +

(w)-to*/to''

V.

there

is

dew

P-cin +

tV

n.

P's forehead
see also da''2 in cida''

(impers. active) Cf. dah 'above, away'.

Cf. c'in 'bone';

'crown of head'.
n.

m\\ +

(iniMo*y) water-basket
to*yi

bucket,
cf.

t'a'c'

Perfective stem of

t'as.

Literally, 'wherewith water moves'; mil 'with'.

t'ahi

POCKET
n.

P-t'ah

P's pocket, fold in

mi-na*-s-to*yi (minahsto'y)

n.

clothing, corner

island
'what water has moved around, surrounded', from P-na*=(s)to'/to'' 'water moves around P'.
Literally,

wood-storage area near the entrance to a house

min'^-t'ah n.
Cf. min'' 'house'.

tos n. warm water Probably contracted from

sil 'heat'.

t'ah2
*to*-siI;
cf.

APART

P-t'ah post, (moving) apart from

P, escaping from

cold water, spring Contracted from *to*-si-q'ac'; cf.

tosq'ac' n.
'cold'.

t'ahdiy chest
q'ac'

P-t'ahdiye'' P's chest, breast

tO*2

(CLOVER)
wild clover

t'a-n

(t'an) (LEAF)
(t'anc*ig) n.

to*liW n.
to''

t'an-c*in

pepperwood
Cf. c"'in4 'class, kind'.

Perfective stem of to*3 'water'.

tO'd

(STEW)

kyi-ne*s-t'a*n-i

(kinehst'a*n)

n.

tan oak
wan'^-i

to*di

(wa'^nto'd)

n.

Cf. ne*s 'long'.

t'an-q'i

stew made from moldy acorns soaked in water

Cf. wan''2 'moldy'.

(t'agq')

n.

autumn

tan'^i

LEAF
(t'ai)'')

tohna-y nsH
tohna*yi

and eels
n.

t'an''

n.

leaf,

leaves

(tohna*y)

edible fish

kJ'i-t'an''

V.

there are leaves

and

eels (of any kind)

(impers. neuter)

Probably from to* 'water' + xi-na'yi 'fresh meat, game', i.e., 'water game'.

P-na* +

t'an''

(-na*-tag'')
cf.

n.

P's

top

(SIDE)

eye-lids, eyelashes Literally, 'eye-leaf;

na's 'eye'.

790
tan'^2

XrV Northwest
ATTACHED
v.

California Linguistics

t'aWs (DOCTOR)
be stuck on to

P-e'=si-t'an''

kyi-te*t'aw-i (kyitct'aw) n.

Indian

(neuter)
t'an'^3

doctor,

shaman

FLINCH
V.

t'a'W

ABOVE
above P, on
n.

P-t'a'w-i (-t'a*w) post,

(w)-t'an''

flinch,

duck away

the upper (or uphill) side of P

P-q'as-t'a'w-i'' (-q'ast'a'w'')

blinking (active)

P's

tan'^ye- thin
ci-tan''ye' v. be thin
(ds. neuter)

crotch, pubic region

t'ay''

(JAY)
n.

k5'ist'ay'^-c"'in

bluejay

fas CUT
O-t'as/t'a'c
V.

Cf. c"'in4 'class, kind'.

cut

(active)

kyist'ay''

+ Ryoh +

n.

Clark crow
n.

Cf. kyoh, augmentative enclitic.

k>ist'ay''

cut up (venison) for drying (active)

(k)i)-ni-(s)-l-t'as/t'a*c' v.

mili-3i

small bird

hawk
Cf. inil2 'wedge-like', %\\, diminutive
enclitic (?).

taWi FLOAT, WAFT

A-t'aw wafted
float in the air, be (dir. active)
V.

t'e'i

BE

P-na'-t'aw-i-''

(-na'tW)

n.

P's

ghost, incorporeal substance Literally, 'P's floating-around thing'.

na*-t'aw-e* n. duck Probably 'what floats around there', although this may be a restructuring; also heard as na't'iwe*.

v. be (of such and such a nature) (ex. neuter) The underlying form is 'a'=ni-win-t'e*

''a'=nin-t'e*

but ni-win-

is

reduced to nin-, as

in

most extension neuters.

P-e*=kyi-nin-t'e' v. be the length

of P (ex. neuter)

taW2 (KNOWLEDGE)
na*=(w)-t'aw v. act without conscious control, lose control of oneself (active) Probably a
metaphorical use of t'awj.

xahxa* + nin-t'e* v. be light weight (ex. neuter)

win-t'e* V. regularly happen, always be (doing so) (impers. ex.

neuter)
Enclitic to a phrase.

See also t'cn

t'e*2

'do'.

P-na*-t'aw-i (-na't'aw) post.

RIPEN
V. fruit ripens,

without P's knowledge, conscious control

(w)-t'e''

food gets

cooked (impers. active)

taW3 BELIEVE
t'e*^

Perfective stem of

t'e'i.

no*-(w)-t'aw

V.

believe, give
t'e'^l

credence (active)
Often with preposed P-wan 'in P' (cf. wa'nj 'concerning, from, away'). See
no*4 'believe'.

BLANKET

n. blanket (of tanned deerhide)

t'e'

P-W-t'e'' n.

P's blanket

nostah

excl.

baloney!

don't
it',

t'e^l

(BODY. SUBSTANCE)

believe it! From noWt'ah 'I believe with diminutive consonantism.

n. P's body, trunk; P's substance, person, personality

P-nist'e''

t'aW4 (NINE)
miqost'awi (miq'ost'aw) num.
nine

te-c'

ROAST (SEEDS)
V.

k>i-(s)-i-tVc
(active)

roast,

parch seeds

Hupa
t'ehi

Texts:

Element

List

791
adv. everything,

(GIRL)

''aht'in-e*

t'eh

xi

3i (t'ehxis)

n.

young

everywhere

girl Cf. xiy 'child, son', sij, diminutive

enclitic.

t1n2 (SWEET GRASS)

Xow +
Cf.

dit'in-i

(Xoh-dit'in)

n.

sweet grass
t'eh2
adv. clearly, in noticeable quantities
''ant'eh

Xow

'grass'.

tlW DO WITH A WEDGE

t-t'iW
V. drive (a wedge), split (with a wedge)

te*n

DO

''a'stVn V. do (so) (active) Imperfective theme, corresponding to

perfective

t'od

SUCK
suck in (smoke,

V=d-yaw,
ti-(s)-t'od/t'ot' V.

customary/optative ''a'=niw, and progressive ''a*=ne*l. With k>i, idefinite subject: 'something happens'.
P-e'=xo-(w)-t'e*n/t'in'' v.

liquid)
O-t-t'od/t'ot' V.

suck O, draw
(active)

into one' s

mouth

resemble
t'oh

(active)
t'e*i

NEST
n.

See also
te-t'e'^

'be'.

kyi-t'oh

nest

(MUD)
tVt'e''
n.

t'oq

WORK FLINT
V.

teh +

mud

k5'i-(s)-i-t'oq'

Cf. leh 'dirt'.

workflint (active)

t'e'W

RAW, UNRIPE + tVw-i CisqVc'i

-te*w)

t ot

Perfective stem of t'od.

'isq'o'c'i

t'oWi PADDLE, STIR

kyi-t'ow V.

n.

unripe berries

paddle (active)
v.

t'e*wi-n (t'ewiij) n.

doctor

who

is

novice Indian not yet fully-trained

t'e' 'ripen'.

A-O-t'ow

stir

(dir. active)

Cf.-n4 'person'; see also

tbW2

SLIP INTO

TIGHT COVERING
slip

tVW CHARCOAL
tVW
t'iky

A-O-J-t'ow

V.

in

or out of a

tight covering, skin (dir. active)

(t'ehW) n. charcoal

LINE STRETCHES
in
is a a line

t'0W3 STING
line;
(ex.

A-win-/s-t'iky v. there

0-(s)-i-t'ow V. (bee) stings

(active)

something extends
neuter)

nah-s-t'ik> n. wild tea Literally, 'what stretches in

directions'.
t'iky

all

W
Wa*i

SLIM
v.

si-t'ik^

be slim

(ds. neuter)

ONE PERSON GOES

Usually heard as -t'ik', with diminutive consonantism.

til

na'swa'/ya' v. one person goes about (3rd person) (non-dir. active)

See primary entry under ya*i 'one person goes'.

BOAST
P-e-=ni-wi-(s)-t'il v. talk

proudly

ofP
tlni

(active progressive)

Wa*2 TO,

THROUGH
to

ALL
adv.
all,

''aht'ig

completely

p.wa-=(n) adv. pfx. (give) (move) through P

P;

792
Wa*3 (APART)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Wal THROW STICK; POUR LIQUID

0-t-wal/wa*X
instrument
stick);
v.

3iwa'=(s) adv. pfx. (splitting)

apart, open Used with themes that imply cutting,
tearing, or cracking;

hit

with an

(e.g.,

stick);

throw (a

pour

(active)
v.

cf

wah

0-di-wal/wa*X

pour

out

'alongside'.

See di2 'inceptive thematic'.

Wa'4 (DIFFERING FROM, GOING ON

wa*I BEAT TIME

l-wai
beat time with the sticks puberty dance; have a girls' puberty dance (active)
v.

FROM)
another way from P, differing from P; meeting and passing P
P-ditwa* post,
in in the girls'

wa*X
wa'Xi

Perfective stem of wal.

midihva* adv.

in turn,

next

THROW STICK; POUR LIQUID

wa*^ HAIR
si-1-wa'X V.

P-wa'' n. P's body hair, fur (of animals)

P-da'wi'' (-da'w'') n. P's whiskers Probably from P-da* + wa'' 'P's mouthhair'.

lie like a stick that has been thrown or a liquid poured

(st.

neuter)

Cf. wal.

wani SLEEP
P-k>i-(w)- wan/wan'' (impers. active)
v.

P-ce*

Xiwa'^ n. P's long hair,

sleeps

bunched-up hair
Cf. ce'2 'head'.

Literally 'there is sleep for P';

wad

(WATCH)
xo-l-ya*n
v.

probably in origin an inalienably possessed noun theme.

P-wad +

Wan2
watch P,

(SON-IN-LAW)
n.

keep watch over

Cf. ya'nj 'aware'.

P-wan +

da*ni (-wanda*n) son-in-law

P's

Wa*d SHAKE,
0-(w)-wa*d

SIFT
sift

Wa*ni CONCERNING, FROM, AWAY

P-wa*n (-wag) post, for, concerning P, proceding from

V. shake O; (acorn meal) (active)

(in

wi-d-wa*d-i (widwa'd) n. acorn flour after pounding and sifting

Passive form, literally 'what shaken, sifted'.
is

space, time, or as effect from a cause); (move) away from P Incorporated into several verbal themes, e.g. P-wa-n=xi-ni-ye'W 'talk about P'.

kyi-wa'd-i (k^iwa'd) basket for winnowing

n. flat

pan

wah ALONGSIDE
P-wah
post,

kyi-wa*n + xo-ya*n-i (k^iwaijxoya'n) n. old man Literally, 'the one who shies away from things'; cf. ya'n2 'ashamed,
shy'.

alongside of P, (a

short distance)

away from

P,

P-wa*n-3i (-wa'ns) post, close

to

separate from P Also heard as P-nwah; see also wa-j 'apart'.

P
Cf. ^i, diminutive enclitic.

ni!-wah-x* adv. separately, each for himself

Cf. nil 'reciprocal',

P-wa"n (-wag)
Euphemistic;

n.

P's genitals
'concerning
P'.

literally,

XO4

'in

such a

manner'.

P-wa*n=di-(w) adv. pfx. offfrom on top of P, uncovering P

Refers to a person getting off a horse, a blanket being removed from something, etc.

kyi-wah-day'^ n. plant used for corpse-handling medicine

Hupa
Wa*n2 RESEMBLE
ne'-si-d-wa'n
v.

Texts:

Element List

793

wa*W TALK, CHATTER

look like (neuter)

di-(w)-l-wa'W
(active)

V.

talk,

chatter
cf. di-lj

Always

enclitic to a phrase.

Takes

plural subjects only;

Wa*n3 DESTROY, SLAUGHTER

0-wa*n
destroy
V.
kill,

'group'.

slaughter (them);

dilwa's-i

(dilwa's)

n.

Tolowa

When

(active) inanimate,

Indians
is

something
pieces.

Term of
'the

deprecattion;

from dilwa*W-i

constructed from

many

d-wa*n

V.

break apart, fall

ones who chatter', with diminutive consonantism.

to

pieces (active mediop.)

Wa*y MOTION BEYOND, PAST

P-wa*y=(w) adv. pfx. missing (moving) off beyond P
We'i SISTER-IN-LAW
P-we*
sister
n.

Wa'n4 COMMIT ADULTERY

0-o'-ni-(w)-wa'n/wan'' v. cuckold O, commit adultery with O's wife
(active)

P,

P's (woman's) husband's

P's (man's) wife's

Wa*n5 GROWL
0-o*-(w)-wa*n a dog) (active)
v.

growl

at

P-we*-c'e'' n.
(like

sister

Cf.-ce' 'female'.

Wa*n6 (DRIED HIDE)

diwa'ni
(diwa*n)
n.

we*2 (JAW)
dried

P-we* +

da''

n.

P's chin

deerhide, before tanning

Literally, 'P's jaw-lip'.

Cf.-da'^ 'mouth, lip'.

wan*^ Perfective stem of wanj,

wa'n4.

P-we^ cin-'^ jaw-bone

--

(-we-c'ii]'')

n.

P's

Wan'^l HALF,

PART OF
n.

Cf.

c'in''

'bone'.

P-we* +
P-wan'' (-wai}'') part of P
half of P,
Cf.
n.

sic

n.

P's

lip

Literally, 'P's jaw-skin'.

sic' 'skin'.

Ryi-wan'^-i + 3! (k^iwa'^nis) snag, tree broken off high Cf. 3i, diminutive enclitic.

We'3 HGHT, ATTACK

0-(w)-t-weVwe''
(active)
v. fight,

attack

Wan'^2

MOLDY
v.
it is

Often impersonal: '(pain, disease) attacks O.

wi-d-wan'^

moldy (impers.
We'4 KILL (ONE)
0-si-(s)-i-we*/we'n
v. kill

passive neuter)
wan'^-i

to'di

(wa'^nto'd)

n.

(one

stew made from moldy acorns soaked in water

animal or person) (active)

we*5 PACK
na'=0-we*/we''
v.

Wan'^3 (HAIR)
ciwan'' (ciwar)'^)
Cf.
ci, ce*

pack

O about

n.

hair of head

(non-dir. active) With inanimate 3rd person object:

'carry fire about'.

'head'.

See also wiWj, wcnj, wei2

Wa*S SHAVE, WHITTLE

0-wa*s
(active)
V.

shave, whittle

We*6 (FISHING PLATFORM)

dah +

Ryi-we-

-1-

tiW/ta*n

v.

build

wa*s

See

wa*W

a fishing platform

(dir. active)

Possibly a metaphorical use of we'2

794
'jaw'; cf.

XIV Northwest
dah
'above, away',
ta'iii

California Linguistics

We*S PERFECTIVE
we's-, we'si- aspect pfx. Probably represents a coalescence of wi2 (passive) and sii (perfective).

'stick-like object'.

dah +
we'^l

k^^iwe*

wi-ta*n-i (dahn.

kyiwe'-wita'n)

fishing platform

GREASY, SHINY
V.

we*W EGGS
P-wcWe*^
n.

be greasy, oily, or ni-l-we'' shiny (ds. neuter)

l-we*^ V.

P's (bird's) eggs

(grease,

snow) melts

wil PROGRESSIVE
wi-..-il aspect pfx. and stem sfx. progressive aspect

(impers. active)

See also we*n3

'melt',

Wen

'melt',

we*^ Perfective stem of we'3, we's.

we'll FENCE,

The progressive aspect of active themes is marked by the aspect prefix

wi- and the suffixed stem element
-il.

ENCLOSE
\
.

fence off the river for a fish weir (by driving pickets and interweaving them with
k>'i-ti-(s)-t-we'I

wi- aspect pfx. progressive Thematic prefix in progressive

neuters.

vines) (active)

Wi2 PASSIVE/GERUND
wi- thm. pfx. passive or gerund Marks passives derived from active transitive themes, and gerunds derived from all active themes. Basic themes with zero classifier shift this to di classifier, and \ classifier to 1
classifier.

We*l2

PACK
V.

O-wi-wei
neuter)

pack

along (prog.

With inanimate 3rd person object:

'carry fire'.

na*=(k>i)-(s)-l-v'e'I

v.

store (e.g.,

wood, supplies) away, fill a pack

(active)

will DARK,

NIGHT
V.

l-wil/we'X
See also wiWj,
we'iij, we-^.

nightfalls (impers.

active)

we*X

Perfective stem of wil.

With P-e-=

'to, against P': 'P overnight, spends the night

camps
on P
(at

we*ni PACK
pack, pack
active)

somewhere',
that place)'.

i.e.,

'night falls

A-0-wiW/we*n v. carry O as a O somewhere (dir.

v^'i-I-wil

+ din

(wilwit-diij)
falls'; cf.

loc.

Customary/optative: -we''; with inanimate 3rd person object: 'carry

fire'.

phr. in the evening Literally, 'when night

'locative'.

dinj

c"'a*=xo-(w)-t-wil/we*X
V.

v.

it

gets

si-wcn
(lit)

a pack
st.

lies; fire lies

dark (impers. active)

wil + dan'' (wit-dag'') adv. yesterday
Cf. dan''i 'after,

(impers.

neuter)
we*l2.

See also wiWj, we's,

when

it is

past'.

We*n2 KILL (ONE)

0-si-(s)-l-weVwe*n v. kill (one animal or person) (active)

See also

\i\ 'dark', xiXe'' 'night'.

Wil2

UNCONSCIOUS

We*n3 DISAPPEAR
na*=(w)-l-we*n v. melt away, disappear (impers. active) Only metaphorical usage; always
impersonal.
Cf.

ni-(s)-wil v. pass out, fall asleep

(active)

0-ni-(w)-i-wil V. O gets drunk, intoxicated (impers. active)

Causative: '(drink) causes
out'.

to pass

Wen.

Hupa
win PERFECTIVE

Texts:

Element List

795

W0I3 SCRAPE
O-wol
(active)
V.

wi(n)- aspect pfx. perfective win- in 3rd person forms with no classifier, wi- elsewhere. When preceded by a prefix ending in a full vowel, wi(n)- contracts with that syllable to form a long closed syllable, CV'(n)-. Usually contracted to n immediately following k^i-,
indefinite subject or object.

scrape

(e.g.,

hide)

Ryi-wi-d-wol-i (k>^iwidwol)

n.

war-jacket, upper-body armor Literally, 'what has been scraped'.

WoK CRUNCH
Ryi-woX V. there is a crunching sound (impers. id. neuter)

wina* AROUND
P-wina* post, (passing) around P,

P wint'e-d therefore
overtaking

WoW FOAM
P-woW
n.

P's foam

wintVd
wiSi

adv. therefore, hence

WO3 OLDER BROTHER

P-n-wo3
(-r)W03, -1J03) older brother
n.

DODGE
V.

P's

A-l-wis
active)

dodge, lurch

(dir.

wiS2 DRILL
O-t-wis
(active)
V.

w
drill

a hole into

O
Wi
1ST PERSON

SINGULAR SUBJECT
1st

K5'-di-(w)-i-wis

V. drill for fire,

use

afiredrill (active)

W-

sub. pfx.

person singular

wiWi PACK
A-0-wiW/we*n v. carry pack, pack O somewhere
active)

subject
Classifiers

O as a
(dir.

Customary/optative: -we'; with inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked): 'carry fire'.

I and \ are lost following W-. Occurs as c- in perfective forms of active bases with zero or I classifier; secondarily reduced to y- in forms where aspectual wi- (perfective) is preceded by prefix with a long vowel:

CV-w-e--

>CVy

See also we's, we*ni, we*l2.

Cf

Wi,We-.

wig MOVE LONG UPRIGHT OBJECT

A-0-J-wi3
O, etc.)

W2 (THROAT)
P-W-day''
Inalienable.
n.

handle a long upright object (e.g., tip O, uproot

V.
(dir. active)

P's throat

W3 (BLANKET)
P-W-t'e'^ n.

WO"^ TOOTH, TEETH

P-wo''
n.

P's tooth, teeth

P's buckskin blanket Unpossessed form: t'e'.

kyi-wo'' n. fishhook;

"hooks" (a

W4

(CHILD, SON)
P-W-xiy''
n.

crown of sea-lion

tusks)

P's son, young one

P's young one
s).

WOli ROUND, SPHERICAL

3i-wol
V.

P-s-xiy-'' n.

be round

(like

a ball)

Diminutive symbolism (W >

P-W-xe'^-xi (-Wxe'^x)
n.

(ds. neuter)

P's boys,

P-ce* + 3iwol-i'' (-Ge*-3iwoP) P 's ankle (bone)

n.

sons

W-xiy

\.

be a young person

W0I2 (THROAT)
P-siwol (-siwd) windpipe
n.

(neuter) Attested only as c'iWxiy 'he's young'

P's throat,

Cf

xiy 'child, son'.

796

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

W5 (MANY)
xo-W-la*n
V.

We*2 CALL,
be

NAME
name
v.

many people, a

P-o'-We'' n. P's

crowd

(neuter)

0-o'-(w)-We*AVe''

name O,

call

Wa*i SUN,
Wa*
n.

MOON
sun,

O's name (active)

With inanimate 3rd person object (unmarked): 'read (aloud)'.

moon

Wa-2 ONE PERSON GOES

na*=Wa*/ya'' v. one person goes about (1st person) (non-dir. active) See primary entry under ya*i 'one
person goes'.

We*^ Perfective stem of We"i, We*2.

We'll

MELT
v.

na-=0-(w)-t-We-n/Win''
(active caus.) Cf. we*n3.

meh O

Wa-li

HOOK

0-Wa*l V. hook O, catch hook (active)

with a

na'=xo*-(w)-l-We*n/Win'' v. snow melts (impers. active, mediop.)

Refers both to fishhooks and to other kinds.

We-q' SPIT
c'e*=(n)-WiwAVe*q'
(active)
v.

spit out

Wa*i2

ONE PERSON GOES

Wi

Cf.

xcq

'saliva, spit'.

wi-Wa*l V. one person is going (1st person) (prog, neuter)

See primary entry under ya*i 'one
person goes'.

ST PERSON SINGULAR OBJECT

Wi- obj. pfx. 1st person singular

object

Wan

FATHER-IN-LAW
n.

P-Wan-ce''

P's father-in-law

Wi- poss. pfx. 1st person singular indirect object and possessor
Cf. W3, We-.

Cf. ce' 'female' (?).

Wa*n ONLY

Wil SHOUT
.

Wag

adv. alone, just

(w)-Wil

V.

shout, holler (active)

Wa'ne* adv. only, simply

Willi

BLACK
V.

Wan*^ KNOW, EXPERffiNCE

do*

ti-Win

be black
V.

(ds. neuter) (ds.

(w)-Wan'' v. not know, have no experience with (active) Cf. do* 'not'; found only with proclitic ki'icind 'sickness' and referring to epidemic illness.
-I-

di-I-Win
neuter)

be blackish

See also sin7 'black'.

Win2 SONG
Win (Wig)
n.

Wa-W ONE PERSON GOES

A-Wa'W/ya*
(1st
v.

song

one person goes

See also ye*n2 'doctor sings'.

person)

(dir. active)

See primary entry under ya*i 'one person goes'.

Win*^ Perfective stem of We*n.

Wiw

SPIT
v.

We* 1ST PERSON SINGULAR

c'e'=(n)-WiwAVe'q'
(active)
Cf. xeq'
cf.

spit out

PRONOUN
We*
per. pron. /, me Independent personal pronoun;

W,,Wi.

WiW

DRINK, SUCK
V.

A-O-WiW
We*i DIG
A-ks'i-We'AVe'' v. dig
(dir. active) (dir. active)

drink, sip, suck

somewhere

c'i-WiW-i n. elderberry Literally, 'what one sips (through)'.

Hupa
Wo'^ INDEFINTTE

Texts:

Element List
Xa2 (SILVERSIDE, KING SALMON)

797

Pro-form suffix, forming indefinites:

day-Wo*^ (diy-Wo*^) pro-form something

xalcq'e'' n. silverside; first part of the spring run of king salmon

Cf.
Jo*q', lo'q'i 'fish,

salmon'.

dan-Wo*^ pro-form someone

da'y-Wo*^ pro-form

Xa'i

UPWARD MOTION

somewhere

daxc'^ pro-form in some manner Contracted from dax"e'-Wo''.

dahan('')-Wo'' pro-form sometime, to some extent

xa*=(w) adv. pfx. up from beneath; out of the ground

xa'=si-(s) adv. pfx.

up to the top (of a mountain, the riverbank)

Xa*2

SEARCHING FOR

danlan-Wo'' pro-form some

P-xa* post, off in search of P

number

Xa'3 FILLED CONTAINER

na'=0-xa*/xa'' v. carry a filled container (e.g., a basketful) around
(non-dir. active) See also xa'W, xa'nj, xa'3, xai2-

Wod

SLIDE
V.

A-O-l-WodAVot'
(dir. active)

slide,

drag

-l-WodAVot' mediop.)

V.

slip, slide

(active,

Xa'4

DAWN
it

yi-(s)-l-xa*/xa*n v.

dawns,

Wo*n GOOD, PRETTY

ni-Wo*n
neuter)
Cf. c"o*n, sen, c'on'. Won'.
v.

daylight comes (impers. active)

(ds.

be good, pretty

Xa'^

(BODY, FRAME). See xa*q'

xa'' Perfective stem of xa*3.

xa*^!

do*

+ niWo'n-i (dc-niWo'n) n. unlucky (thing or action), evil Literally, 'that which is not good'.
niWo'n + c'in'' (niWon-ciij'') adv. towards the right, (on) the right-

QUICKLY
adv. quickly

xa''
\Si'^2

OKAY!
excl.

xa''

okay! yes! right!

in!

hand side
Cf. cin'' 'to, towards'.

\a^ xontah excl. come

xac' BITE
0-di-(w)-I-xac'
v.

Won*^ SUIT
0-ni-(w)-J-Won'^ v. suit O, agree with O (impers. active) Idiomatic use of causative of ni-Wcn,
literally 'cause

bite

(active)

Xax' STUMP, ROOTS

P-xa'c'e''
n.

(plant's)

clumped
crab

to

be good,

better'.

roots, (tree

's)

stump

Wot'
Wot'i

Perfective stem of

Wod.

teh-xa*c'e'' n. crayfish, Cf. teh 'into water'.

SCAR
n.

xad SEVERAL OBJECTS DROP

xad/xat'
(active)
v.

Wot'

scar

several objects drop

O-t-xad/xat' v. shake O (to dislodge O), knock O down (active)

Plural object.

xai IN THIS WAY

xa-'^a*= adv. pfx.
Cf.

Xahle'^
in this

TANNING FRAME

way

V^

'thus, so'.

frame with deer-hides stretched for tanning Cf. xaij 'stretch on a frame'.
k>'i-xahle''

798
xahxa*

XIV Northwest
lightweight
light

California Linguistics
referring to the catching of eels in

woven
xahxa* + nin-tV v. be weight (ex. neuter)
Cf. tVi 'be'.

traps.

xa'n4 PAY
0-o*-(s)-xaW/xa'n
v.

pay

xa-li

STRETCH ON A FRAME
xanis (Canoe)
V.

(K-i)-(s)-l-xa*I

stretch out

(deerhide) (to dry, on a frame)

(active)
Cf. xahle'' 'tanning frame'.

xanis + c'i-l-Vn-i (xanis-cilVn) dipper-basket Literally, 'what they treat as a canoe';

cf.

Vn4

'treat as,
is

use

for'.

The word

Xa*l2 FILLED

CONTAINER

for 'canoe'

O-wi-xa'l V. be handling a filled container (e.g., a basketful) (prog.

neuter)

otherwise me'^dil (literally, 'what they travel in'). This puzzling formation is apparently a
folk

etymology

for earlier

*WmiW

See also xa*W, xa-ni,

xalo"^ (HOOF)
P-xalo'' P's

xa-3.

c'ilVn or *c*iniW + c'ilVn, the initial element of which would be the Hupa cognate of the word for 'water basket,
bucket' in other California Athabaskan languages (replaced in

hoof (of deer or other

animal)

Hupa by
Xan*^!

miJto'y).

Xa-X (SALMONBERRIES)
daxa'Xe''
n.

HUSBAND
(-xai)'')

salmonberries

P-xan''
xan''

n.

P's husband
n.

Xan TASTE SWEET, GOOD; BITTER

ti-xan V. taste sweet, (impers. ds. neuter)
c'i-1-xan v.
ds. neuter)

+ tVn-i

(xan''-t'e*n)

good
(impers.

married
husband,
so'.

woman
is

Literally, 'the

one who does (with a) husbanded'; cf. t'e*n 'do

taste bitter

Xan'^2

MARKED STICK IN GAMBLING

marked
stick (in stick
in

Xa*ni FILLED CONTAINER

xaq''

A-0-xa*W/xa*n
container
active)
(e.g.,

v.

handle a filled
(dir.

gambling game); ace

xandii)
Xa*q'

cards

a basketful)

Seedin2 CLOSE

si-xa*n v. a filled container lies

(st.

BODY, FRAME
(-xa'q'e'')
n.

neuter)
(K^i-): 'a tree

With indefinite subject

stands, a plant grows'.

P-xa'q'i-''

P's body,

skeleton,

frame
(kyixa-q*)
n.

See also

xa'3, xa'W, xa'l2.

kyi-xa*q(-i)

Aframe
n.

Xa*n2

DAWN
v.
it

lifting net (for

salmon fishing)
A-frame
lifting net

yi-(s)-l-xaVxa'n

dawns,

k^ixa-q'

Ryin (k^ixa'^-kyir))

daylight comes (impers. active)

Ihe poles of an

yisxa'n +

de'^

(yisxande'') adv.
it

Xa'S (HUNT DEER)

kyi-xa's

tomorrow
Literally,
'if,

'when

will

dawn';

cf.

de'i

+ wa*n +

c'i-s-da'-i
n.

when'.

(kyixahs-wan cisday)
hunting

deer-

camp
'where one stays for
sits,

Xa*n3 (EEL)

Literally,

KiwiW +
eel,

xa*n-i (XiwiW-xa'n) n.

lamprey The second element

xa*ni 'filled
that
is

(hunting deer)'. Cf. wa'nj'concerning'; da'4 'one

stays'.

probably from container', i.e. 'the snake

is

xat' Perfective stem of xad.

handled

in a container'.

Hupa
xat'i

Texts:

Element List
P-na'-xay-'' n.

799
what

STRETCH, WORK CLOTH-LKE

has

OBJECT
kyi-nin-xat' v. a blanket or fabric extends stretched, covering

wounded
miss
na*=0-(s)-l-xay/xay'' v. narrowly O in shooting; wound O
(active)

something
ex. neuter)

(like

a curtain) (impers.
(a robe) (active)

xa'y

SHOOT
V.

(Kyi)-l-xat' v.

sew

0-*-xa*y

shoot

xat'2
ce*

MORTAR
+
xat' n.

mortar, flat rock used

Attested in only one derivation: xa'=0-(w)-t-xa'y 'shoot O up and out (of the ground)' (see LN 76.46).

as mortar
down';
Possibly: 'stones that have dropped cf. xad 'several objects drop'.

xayaw hshing claim

xayaw (xayah) n. fishing claim, owned fishing spot near an eddy

Xa*t' STILL
xa't'i

adv.

still

xa*yond pigeon
xa'yond
v.

xaW PAY
O-0*-(s)-xaW/xa*n

n.

pigeon

pay

Xa*3 LOOSE, BROKEN OFF

na*=k>'i-(s)-xa*3 v. one's hair

Xa-Wj FILLED CONTAINER

A-0-xa*W/xa*n
container
active)
(e.g.,

hangs
v.

loose, not

done up (impers.

handle a filled
(dir.

active)

a basketful)

kyi-(w)-xa*W dipping net)

v.

dip up fish (in a

0-(s)-l-xa*3 V. break off (e.g., fish off the roasting spit) (active)

Xe*i (FOOT)
P-xe*
Cf. tal

sa'=c'i-xa*W-i (sa'^xa'W) n. acorn

idPyi

x\.

P's heel
'track'.

soup
Literally,

'move

feet, step'.

'what one puts into (one's)

Cf. xe''2 'foot',

xiw2

mouth
cf. sa*

in (an eating basket, spoon)';

'mouth'.

Xe*2

MASS FLOATS; FERRY, HAUL

See also xa"3, xa-nj, xai2-

Xa-W2 (RING-TAIL CAT)

k^ilxahW
n.

na*=xe'/xe'' v. a mass (e.g., logs) floats around on the water (nondir. active)

ring-tail cat, civet

Probably from k^e* 'tail' + -l-xahW 'ringed'(?), an otherwise unattested verb theme.

na'=0-t-xeVxe'' v. ferry O (a load) around, haul O around by

xaxe'^eh
xaxe'^eh

shadow
n.

conveyance (non-dir. active) Used for hauling freight by truck

See also xiW, xe*n,
xil.

as

well as for ferrying goods by boat.

shadow

Xayi WINTER
xay
n.

xe'^ Perfective stem of xe*2.

Xe'^l

winter, year
in the winter,

HNISH, REACH
v.

xay-hid adv.
wintertime

P-e*=(n)-t-xiw/xe'
finish with P, catch
(active)

finish P,

up with

Xay2 ROOT
xay
n.

root (of a conifer), esp. eating basket

Xe''2

FOOT
P's foot, tracks, footprint xiw2 'track'.

pine root
xayc'a''
n.

P-xe*^ n.

Cf. xe*i 'foot',

xay3

WOUND
n.

Xe-d

BUY
V.

na'-xay animal)

wounded

(person,

0-0'-(w)-xe-d

buy

(active)

800

XrV Northwest

California Linguistics
XI4

xehtjaq juniper berries

xeWsaq'
xe*l
.

(GAME)
xi-na*yi (xina*y) n. fresh

n.

dried juniper berries

meat

LOAD, BURDEN
(xehl
)

See also tohna-y

'fish

and

eels'.

xe'I
Ja'^i

n.

load,

burden
n.

Xis (ITCH)
xi-xe's V.
neuter)
itch,

xe'l-i

(la''a-xe'I)

one

be ticklish

(ds.

basketful, a basket load

Cf. la' 'one'.

Xi^ (SPEAK)

Xe*n MASS FLOATS; FERRY,

HAUL

A-xiW/xe*n v. a mass (e.g., logs) floats on the water (dir. active)

A-0-l-xiW/xe*n v. ferry O (a load), haul O by conveyance (dir.
active)
for hauling freight by truck as well as for ferrying goods by boat.

xi-ni-ye*W v. speak, talk (active) With 1st and 2nd person forms.

xi-ne'W
(active)

v.

speak, talk (3rd person)

Suppletive theme for 3rd person forms.

Xic'i

Used

DROP, FLY
V.

See also

xe-2,

xiW,

A-xis/xic
xil.

drop down,
(dir. active)

fall

swooping; fly
A-O-l-xic'
V.

Xe*q SALIVA, SPIT

xe*q' (xe'^q')
n. V.

send

O flying,

saliva, spit
spit (dir. active)
'out'.

dropping
xic'2

(dir. active)

A-xiw/xcq'

CLOSE

Usually found with ce'=(n)

Cf. We-q' 'spit'.

P-q-xic post, close by P With indefinite object (kyi-): 'by a

girl

Xe*S ITCH
xi-xe*s V.
neuter)
itch,

(with sexual intent)'.

be ticklish

(ds.

Xidi

SMOOTH

xi
xil

See xiy 'child,son'

ni-4-xid v. be smooth, shining, slick (ds. neuter)

(AWAY)
xi-V=(w)
adv. pfx. away, out of sight, passing into the distance

Xid2 ASK, BEG

ky-o'-di-d-xid v. beg (active)

0-0'-di-(w)-l-xid v. ask questions

Xi2 (SAFE, ALIVE)

xi-na* v. be safe, out of danger
(neuter).
Transitional stem:
v.
na''.

ofO

(active)

Xida SLIP, SLIDE

A-d-xid/xit' v. a bulky object
slips, slides
(dir. active,

O-xi-t-na*
caus.)

save, cure

(active

mediop.)

O-t-xid/xit' V. slide a bulky object

P-xi-nay-'' verbal n. P's survival

is

alive;

or one that offers frictional

resistance (active)

na*=P-xi-nay'' verbal n. P gets well, recovers; P's recovery

Xid4

SWALLOW

xinay

excl. friend!

guys!

1-xid/xit' V. swallow (active) Also used idiomatically:

'(participants)

Exclamation used by women and girls to one another. Probably from xi-na*
'be safe, out of danger'.

move from one dance

White

camp

to another (during

Deerskin and

Jump

Dance)'.

Xi3 (STIR, AGITATE)

0-xi-(w)-t-na'/na''
v.

move

O back

dah=di-(w)-l-xid/xit' v. river rises (in flood) (impers. active) Literally: 'it swallows slowly,
stealthily';
cf.

and forth,

stir

(active)

dah

'above, away'.

Hupa
Xil

Texts:

Element List
Xit'2

801

MASS FLOATS; FERRY, HAUL

a mass (e.g., logs) is floating along on the water (prog,
wi-xil
V.

MOVE SLOWLY
(active)

na*=(s)-d-xit' v. be slow in

moving

neuter)

Cf. xidj 'slip, slide'.

gill net

dah-wixil n. floats on a Cf. dah 'above, away'.

O-wi-1-xiI
V.

xiWi SPIT
A-xiw/xe*q
v.

be ferrying, hauling

spit (dir. active)

'out';

O
xil

See also

(prog, neuter) xe*2, xiW, xe*n.

Usually found with c'e'=(n) cf.Wcq' 'spit'.

DARK
xU
n.

xiW2 TRACK
dark,

murky color

A-O-l-xiw
trail
(dir.

V.

track O, follow

O 's

Usually in the phrase xi! + nehwa'n 'it looks dark'; cf. wa*n2 'resemble'. Cf.
also xiX 'night', wilj 'dark, night'.

active) Apparently paired with nondirectional na'=l-xe*/xe'', but the data

are not clear;
cf. xe*i, \e'^2 'foot'.

xiX NIGHT
xiKe''
n.

xiWa
night
and
xil 'dark'.

FINISH,

REACH

Cf. will 'dark, night' xiXe''

P-e'=(n)-l-xiw/xe'' v. finish P, finish with P, catch up with P

(active)

dan'' (xiXe'^-dai)'') adv. in

cf.

the

morning
dan'^i

Literally, 'after the night';

'after,

xiW MASS FLOATS; FERRY, HAUL

A-xiW/xe*n v. a mass (e.g., logs) floats on the water (dir. active)
no'KyixiW
n.

when

it is

past'.

Xin SUBSISTANCE
P-xin
(-xiij)

driftwood

post,

subsisting on

Literally,

'what floats up to (shore)'.

P, satisfied with

For example, sa'xa'W + mi-xii) 'subsisting on acorn mush'.

A-0-l-xiW/xe*n v. ferry O (a load), haul O by conveyance (dir.

active)

Vdi-xin-i Ca'dixin) adv

starving
Literally, 'what
itself;
cf.
is

Used

to refer to hauling freight

by

subsisting on

Vdi

truck as well as to ferrying goods by boat.

'reflexive'.

See also

xe*2, xe"n, xil.

xino'' (ANUS)

xiy(xe%xi) child, son

P-c"'e*xino'' n. P's anus Also heard as P-c^'cxin'; see c^e'3
'anus'.

xi-xiy

n.

baby, boy
n.

P-W-xiy-''

P's boy, son

xiSi PUS,

PHLEGM
phlegm, mucous matter

P-s-xiy-'' n.

P's young one Diminutive consonant symbolism.

V.

xis n. pus,

W-xiy

be a young person

xiS2

(S'^INGA)

qa'xis n. syringa, mock orange (used for arrow shafts)

(neuter) Attested only as c'iWxiy 'he's young'.

xi-xe*-xi

(xixe'x) n. babies, boys

n.

xiSa DROP,

FLY
V.

P-W-xe''-xi (-Wxe'^x)

P's boys,

sons
A-xis/xic

drop down,
(dir. active)

fall
xe*

swooping; fly
xit'
Xit'i

q'ay''

n.

baby-basket
31 (Ryile-xij)
n.

Cf. q'ay' 'basket'.

kyil-e-

Perfective stem of xidj, xid4.

xi

-I-

TOUCH

young boy
Cf.
kJ'il2

na-=0-(s)-t-xit' v. touch O, feel with the hand (active)

O
t'eh

'boy', Ji. diminutive enclitic.

-I-

xi

3i

(t'ehxi^) n.

young

girl

802

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Cf. t'eh 'girl, female, 31, diminutive enclitic.

XO4 IN SUCH A MANNER

XO (x") end. in (such and such) a manner; while -ing
General formant of adverbial and
participial phrases.

P-cc' + a man)

xiy-''

n.

P's daughters (of

Xi3 SPOTTED
k^i-xis V. there are freckles (impers. neuter)
di-l-xi3 V. be speckled (like the

XO5 (AWARENESS)
Thematic prefix
in

verb themes

referring to awareness, knowledge:

xo-(w)-ce*d

V.

tell

lie

(active)

hide of a fawn, a yearling) (ds.

neuter)

xo-(w)-lig>' V. say, tell (active) Usually with proclitic P-1 'to P'.

na*=si-d-xi3
(neuter)

v.

be spotted

xo-(w)-niW

V.

be awake, aware of
v.

things (active)

XOi ANIMATE 3RD PERSON OBJECT

xo- obj. pfx. animate 3rd person
object
Cf.
c'ij,

P-wad +

xo-l-ya*n

watch P,

keep watch over

xoni.

P-e*=xo-l-ya'n v. P knows things, has sense, intelligence (impers.

neuter)

xo- poss. pfx. animate 3rd person indirect object and possessor

xo-ya*n v. be shy, suspicious, wild (as a wild animal) (ds.

neuter)

XO2 AREAL-SrrUATIONAL
xo- thm. pfx. areal-situational subject or object Marks subthemes in which a place or
subject or object (xo-sq'ac 'be cold'). The prefix is also
situation
is

XO* (COLLECTIVE PLURAL)

Thematic prefix
in:

A-xo*-''aW/Vn
run,

v.

several people

jump

(dir. active)

thematic

in:

xo-le*n V. be plentiful, abundant, manifest (impers. neuter)

inflected for 3rd person subject with the (unmarked) indefinite, even when the reference

Always

is

clearly animate, implying that the subject can only be collective. See

xo-W-ta'n

V.

be

many people, a

also ''aWj,

''als.

crowd

(neuter)

xo-tid V. there is a sudden, sharp noise (impers. neuter)

This prefix is possibly a fossilized cognate of Tututni (Oregon Athabaskan) X9- 'dual' (Golla 1976: 223).
XO*^

xo-sin V. being (so), exhibiting (such and such) characteristics

(neuter)

REAL, TRUE
(xo'^s)

xo''-3i
v.

adv. really, well, in

31,

c^a'sxo-t-wil/we'X

get dark

the true
enclitic.

manner
diminutive

Probably formed with

xo-da'=(w) adv. pfx. downhill,

downstream
Cf. yida* downstream'.

xo''-3i-koh adv. carefully,

thoroughly
Diminutive consonantism; augmentative enclitic.
cf. k''oh,

XO3 LOCATIVE
xo
(x*)

Forms

a small

phrases.

end. at that place number of locative Cf xoh3 'sedative'.

(-x"e*)

XOhi

DOWN (TO BOTTOM)

down
adv. pfx. down to the to the foot (of a
the

xoh=(w)
bottom,
cf

xo +

e*

end. (people,

things) from there A common formant of ethnonyms;

e"3,

mountain) Reaching the bottom, completing

descent. Cf. da*2.

emphatic

relative.

Hupa
xoh-xo
Element
n.(?)

Texts:

Element

List

803

restricted to

steep place, cliff placenames (map

xosta'n SIX

B-3, C-13).

When combining

X0h2 VAINLY
xoh adv.
vainly, ineffectually

xosta'n-i (xosta*n) num. six with the collective enclitic ni the stem lacks the final vowel: xostan '6 people' < *xosta'nni.

X0h3 SERIATIVE
xoh locative phr. formant number of) places
related words,
in

XOW UNCERTAINTY
(some

xoW

sent.
it

maybe;

mod. seems

/ guess;

probably;

Enclitic to numerals and semantically

See also oW.

forming sedative

phrases

(e.g.,

ta"q'i-xoh 'in three

XOy VOMIT
xoy
n.

places', ''aht'ig-xoh 'in all places').

vomit
v.

xohkyid seven
xohk^^idi

na*-na*=(s)-t-xoy/xoy''
(active)

to

vomit

(xohRyid) num. seven

XOla'n VISUAL EVIDENTIAL

xola'n (xolag) end.
// is

xoy*' Perfective stem of xoy.

evident

X^e*

(RACCOON)
n.

by sight
Evidential enclitic;
visual evidential'.
cf.

mi-na*' + x*e*
c'iw2 'non-

raccoon
eyes'.

Probably 'what

is at its

Cf. XO3

'locative', e*(y) 'there'.

X0l3e-

SKUNK
n.

X^e*

PEOPLE FROM THERE. SeeXOi

xol3e*
'urine'.

skunk
from *xo-li3-e*,
cf. lij

Historically

XOni ANIMATE 3RD PERSON

PRONOUN
xon
(xoi)) per. pron. he, she Independent personal pronoun; cf.

ya*i

ONE PERSON GOES

v.

*A-n-ha*W/ya*
(dir. active)

one person goes

xoj, cii.

Stem

variation in imperfective forms

XOn'^1 FIRE
xon''
(xoij'^)
n.

correlated with person: (1) -Wa*W, (2) -ya*W, (3)-na*W. Optative: -ya''.

fire
n.

xon'^

+ din

(xon'^-diij)

ashes

*na*=w-ha'/ya'' v. one person goes about (non-dir. active) Stem variants in imperfective: (1)
Wa-, (2) -ya-, (3) -wa-.

X0n''2

(MUSHROOM)

*wi-ha'l
xogxor)'' n. mushroom (sp.) Apparently reduplicated (xon-xon'').

V.

one person

is

going

xontaw HOUSE
xontaw (xontah)
Historically,
n.

(prog, neuter) The progressive marker is absent in 3rd person forms: cicaht 'he is going', cahl 'it is going'. Stem
variants:
(1) -Wa-I, (2) -ya'l, (3) -ca-l.

house
cf.

xon'i

'fire',

'among the fires'; taw 'among'.

ya'2

UP, SKYWARD
air,

XOS COUGH
xos
n.

ya*=(w) adv. pfx. up into the skyward

ya*3
(active)

cough, cold
to

PLURAL

ti-(s)-t-xos V.

cough

XOSCe''

CLOVER
n.

ya*= plural pfx. plurality of subject, object, or both Marks the plurality of a 3rd person
subject or object, or emphasizes the plurality of a 1st or 2nd person plural

na'Xosce''

type of clover

804
subject or object.

XIV Northwest
Only one
plural

California Linguistics
P-a**' n. P's louse, lice, parasite Contracted from P-a'-i''. The loss of
initial y- is irregular.

prefix can be used in a verb form, and sometimes the reference is

ambiguous.

When

the object of a

postpositional proclitic is marked for plurality, the plural prefix tends to be illogically transposed to the inflectional prefix string of the verb itself (e.g.. xoc'in'' + ce*ya*ne"ya" 'I go out to (confront) them'; see LN

ya'^atcay n. head louse Contracted from ya' + li-cay 'white

louse'; cf.

cay

'white'.

ya'^2

ONE PERSON GOES

20.17).

na*=w-ha*/ya'^ v. one person goes about (non-dir. active)

See primary entry under ya* 'one person goes'.

ya*-

poss. pfx. plural indirect

object or possessor Precedes and marks the the plurality of a 3rd person animate or obviative possessor (ya*-xo-, ya*-ydi-), and (rarely) of an inanimate possessor (ya*-mi-), and emphasizes the plurality of the lst/2nd person plural possessor (ya-noh-, with regular shortening of the prefix vowel).

ya-c'

(TORCH)

3e*w + ki-ya'c'-P (seh-kyiya'c'e'') n. torch made of pitch

Cf. 3e*Wi 'sticky'.

ya*d HURT
(s)-ya*d V. get hurt,
(active)

wounded

ya*4

TWO OR MORE STAND

more

yah (EXPRESSIVE)
yaha* excl.

na'=de'-si-I-ya* v. two or people stand (st. neuter)

Cf. di-lj 'group'.

how
in,

big

it is!

Indicates pride

or surprise

at,

the

magnitude of something.
''isiyah
is

ya'5 STRING

OF BEADS
v.

excl.

it

is

cold!

na*=kyi-di-l-ya"

there

yah3 (YOUNG)
k'iyahs small bird
Variant of k^'iya'W 'bird' with diminutive consonantism.

string of beads (for a necklace) (impers. neuter) The transitional is personal and translates: 'wear a necklace'; cf. di-lj
'group' and ya'4 'two or

more

stand'.

yah3i-me'' post. phr. (name of mountain)

ya*6 INTO PIECES

ya*=(s) adv. pfx. into bits, pieces Used with themes that imply cutting,
tearing, or similar actions.

yali SON'S

CHILDREN
n.

P-yali (-yal)

P 's

son 's children

yal2

EAT
v.

ya*7

DAUGHTER
n.

(k5'i)-wi-yal

be eating, eat

P-ya'-ce''

P's (woman's)

habitually (prog, neuter) See ya*n3.

daughter

Cf. ce' 'female'.

ya*l3

ONE PERSON GOES

ya*8 SURPRISE (HAPPY)

ya* excl.

good for you!

V. one person is going along (2nd person) (prog, neuter)

wi-ya*I

Indicates praise; an encouraging word for someone not expected to do well.

See primary entry under ya'i 'one

person goes'. ya'iii

ya'9 (LOSE

A CHILD)
(do'lya'c^ig) n. lost a child

AWARE
P,

do'lya*-c"in

woman who has

ya*^!

P-wad=xo-l-ya*n v. watch watch over P (neuter)

P-e*=xo-l-ya*n
neuter)
v.

keep

Cf. c"in4 'class, kind'.

P knows

things,

LICE,
n.

BUGS
louse,

has sense, intelligence (impers.

ya''

body louse

Hupa
ya*n2 ashamed, shy
xo-ya*n v. be shy, suspicious, wild (as a wild animal) (neuter)

Texts:

Element List
indefinite subject:

805
'something
to be fossilized

happens'.

The following appear

Kyi-wa*n + xo-ya*n-i (Kyiwarjxoya'n) n. old man Literally, 'the one who shies away from things'; cf. wa'nj 'concerning,
from'.

derivations from the theme underlying ''a'=d-yaw 'do (so)':

nah-di-yaw

n.

dentalia,
excl..

money

V-xi-di-yaw-e*

too bad!

(V-di-)xa*=ni-d-ya*n v. be ashamed (of oneself); consider (oneself) shameful (neuter) Literally, 'shy away from oneself;
xa'2 'searching for' with thematic

di-yawi + knne'' excl. my goodness! (surprise, mild delight)

Cf. ne'^2 'provide, share' (?).

c'eh-di-yah excl. I'm glad!

cf.

Cf. c'iw2 'non-visual evidential' (?).

reflexive postpositional object ('a'di-,

yaWi

EAT,

GRAZE
v.

with di classifier). Conjunct nielided in 3rd person forms.

is

A-k^i-yaW

move while
v.

eating,

ya*n3 eat
k5'i-ya*n/yan'' v.
(active)

graze (herds of deer)

no*=k5'i-(n)-yaW
eat (something)
is

(dir. active)

stop eating

Cf. yanj, yiw2.

The

indefinite object (k^i) progressive stem: yal.

thematic;

yaW2 (YOUNG)
P-yaW-'^ad
n.

0-ni-(s)-t-ye'/ya*n v. eat

P's daughter-in-law

up,

devour
acorn

Cf. ya-Wj

'young'.

(active)

kyi-win-yan'^-i
Literally, 'what

(k^iwinya'^n)

n.

ya*Wi

YOUNG (OF ANIMAL), SMALL

n.

P-ya*W-i (-ya*W)
one
eats'.

P's (animal's)
bird
is)

young
k^i-ya-W-i (kyiya-W)
n.

k>i-win-yan'^-i

ya*n-i

(kyiwinya''n-ya'n) n. person, human being Literally, 'the ones who eat acorns'.

ya*n4

age

ya*W-i (-ya'W) n. sfx. (which young, small A noun suffix with diminutive meaning (e.g., c'ime*-ya*W 'fir saplings'). See also yah3.

ni-(s)-yiw/ya*n v. grow to maturity, grow up (active)

si-d-ya'n
v.

ya*W2 ONE PERSON GOES

A-ya*W/ya* v. one person goes (2nd person) (dir. active)
See primary entry under ya'j 'one
person goes'.
n.

be old

(ds. neuter)

yan*^ Perfective stem of ya'n3.

yanxe*

mother

P-cid + yan-xe* (-c'lyagxc) P 's deceased mother

Cf. cid 'weaken, die'.

ya'3 (SNOW)

dah +
frost

ya'3-i''

(dah-ya'3e'')

n.

ya*s frost
ya's (yahs) Attested only
ya*3 'snow'.
n.

Cf dah
white frost
cf.

'above, away'.

in Sapir's notes;

no*-na*=(n)-d-ya'3 v. snow reaches down (to someplace on the mountains) (active)

yaw DO
v. do (so) (active) Perfective theme, corresponding to imperfective ''a"=t'e"n,

Cf
ye*i

ya*s 'frost'.

''a*=d-yaw

NAME

0-o*-l-ye*/ye'' v.
(...);

O
(...)

has the name

(impers.

customary/optative 'a'=niw, and progressive ''a*=ne'l. With k^i

is

called

active)

806
ye-2

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

WORLD RENEWAL DANCE

dance
(the White
(active)

ye'n2

doctor sings

di-l-yeVye'' v.

Deerskin or

Jump Dance); hold a

World Renewal dance

Cf. di-lj 'group'.

xo-l=(w)-d-ye*n/yin'' v. (an Indian doctor) sings, dances (while sucking out a pain) (active)
Cf.

Win2

'song'.

ye-3

EAT
v.

ye*n3
eat

move camp
v.

0-ni-(s)-t-ye*/ya*n

A-yiW/ye*n
up,

move one's camp,

yil.

devour

residence

(dir. active)

(active)

Progressive stem:

See ya'n3.
ye''

Perfective stem of ye-j, ye*2.

na'=ye'n v. move one 's about (non-dir. active)

camp

yex'i TIE A

KNOT

yew
O
with a
off)

THERE (FAR)

ye*wi (yew) adv. that there (far

A-0-l-ye*c' v. tie, fasten knot (dir. active)

hay + ye'w-i (hay-ye*w) dem.

yex'2

WART
(yeV)
n.

pron. that one yonder (far off)

ye'c
ye'c'i

wart

Cf.

yo'w

'there (near)'.

BREATH, BREATHE
n.

ye'Wi SPEAK
xi-ni-ye*W
v. speak, talk (active) 3rd person forms use the theme xi-

P-ye'c, P-e*c -i (-ye''c', -cc*) P's breath, wind

neW.

na'=ti-(s)-d-ye*W/(ye*c') v. breathe
(active)

ye*W2 BREATHE
na'=ti-(s)-d-ye*W/(ye*c') v. breathe
(active)

Whether or not a
stem
is

distinct perfective

used varies with dialect.

ye-C2

(POISON OAK)

Cf. ye'c'i 'breath, breathe'.

k>e'=k'i-l-ye'c-i (kyck'Hye'cO n.

ye'Ws WHISTLE
0-o*-di-(w)-l-ye*W
(active)
v.

poison oak
Derivation from an otherwise unattested theme l-ye"c.

whistle at

ye*W4 REST
na*=(w)-l-ye*W
v.

yehi INTO
yeh=(w) adv.
pfx.

rest (active)

into the house;

into an enclosure or container With themes referring to travel on the water the meaning is idiomatically 'to
shore'.

ye'Ws RUB
V. rub, crush O; thresh out (seeds) (active)

O-ye'W
yil

OBVIATIVE
yisubj. pfx.

yeh2

See yiw,
subject

obviative 3rd person

yeheh surprise, disappointment

yeheh
excl.

A human
what?! (angry
the

surprise)

yehcV

spinal cord of eel

subject that ranks lower on animacy hierarchy than a previously mentioned animate subject; also any animal, collective
entity (e.g., 'people'), or inanimate

P-yehcV
ye'Ili

P's spinal cord (of an eel or sturgeon)

force functioning as an agent.

yidi- obj. pfx.

obviative 3rd
obviative 3rd

ONE STANDS
v.

person object
yidi- poss. pfx.
(st.

si-ye*n
neuter)

one person stands

person indirect object and possessor

Hupa
yi2

Texts:

Element

List

807

(NATURE)
Thematic prefix
in

impersonal themes

yima'ni + yidaci (yima-ni-yidac) dir. adv. cmpd. across the river

referring to natural forces (possibly

thematic obviative 3rd person

subject; see

and onward uphill; further southwest from Hoopa Valley

yinaci + yidaci dir. adv. cmpd. (yinaci-yidac) upstream on this

LN

3.13):

A-yi-t-kyid v. clouds, fog, smoke move(s) (impers. dir. active)

bank and
Valley

uphill; east from

Hoopa

na*=yi-(w)-can'' v. a sound audible, reaches one 's ears

(impers. active)
yi-(s)-l-xa'/xa'n v.
it

is

dawns,

yidaci-cn'^-cin'' (yidac-e"n''-c'iij'') post. phr. on the uphill, east side Cf. en'' 'parallel, side', cin' 'to,
toward'.
P-yidac-cn'^-c'ir)'^ post,

daylight comes (impers. active)

yi'^an

across
the stream

on the

yi'^an-cin (ya'^an-ciq) dir. adv.

uphill side of P

coming from across

yidaci + di-mid adv. lying belly

The combining form of yima*n

'across', attested only with

up
Cf.

cin

mid

'belly'.

'coming from'.
yicin''

yidah uphill
yidah-cin (yidah-c'iij)
dir.

downhill
(yice'^n)

post. phr.

yicin'^i

adv.

coming from uphill

yidah-c'in'' (yidah-ciij'')
phr.
post,

downhill, to the river; to the west

yide*^!
dir.

yicin'^i

(yide'^i-yice'^n)

toward

(a place) uphill

downstream on bank and downhill, to the river; west from Hoopa Valley
adv. cmpd.
this

The combining form of yidac

'uphill'.

yinaci +
dir.

yicin'^i

(yinaci-yice'^n)

yide*^

downstream
(yide*^)
dir.

cmpd. upstream on this bank and downhill, toward the river; south from Hoopa Valley
adv.
yicin'^i

yide'^i

adv.

downstream
yide'^i
dir.

+ yidaci

(yide'^i-yidac)
in

(w)-'^a''

v.

sun moves
si-

adv. cmpd.

west, sets (impers. active) Idiomatic use of the transitional of 'an 'a round object) lies'.
Cf. yisin 'downhill',

this

downstream on bank and uphill; compass N

Valley

Hoopa
yide'^i
dir.

combining form.

yida*

downstream
dir.

yida*-cin (yida'-cirj)

adv.

coming from downstream

yida'-cin*^ (yida'-ciij'')
dir.

+ yima'ni (yide'^i-yima'n) cmpd. downstream on this bank and (then) across the river; on the opposite bank somewhere downstream
adv.
yide'^i
dir.

adv.

yicin'^i

(yide'^i-yice'^n)

toward (a place) downstream The combining form of yide'

'downstream'.

cmpd. downstream on this bank and downhill, to the river; compass in Hoopa Valley
adv.

yidac uphill
yidaci (yidac)
dir.

yima'ni +
adv.

away

dir.

(yima'ni-yide'') adv. cmpd. across the river

yide'^i

from

the stream, uphill Cf. yidah, combining form.

and downstream on
bank

the opposite

+ yidaci (yide'^i-yidac) dir. adv. cmpd. downstream on this bank and uphill; north from
yide'^i

yide'^i-cn'-c'in'' (yide'^-cn'^-c'ig'')
post. phr.

on the downstream,

north side
Cf. en'' 'parallel', cin'' 'to, toward'.

Hoopa

Valley

808
P-yide'^i-e-n''-c
cig'')
in''

XIV Northwest
(- (yide'^-e-n''-

California Linguistics
opposite side';
go'.
Cf.
cf. dilj

'two or more

post,

on the downstream

side of P
Cf. yida* 'downstream'.

ya'an

'across'.

yinac upstream
yinaci (yinac)
dir.

yidi

OB VIATIVE OBJECT
3rd

adv. upstream

yidi- obj. pfx. obviative

on

this

bank

person object
yidi- jxjss. pfx. obviative 3rd

person indirect object and possessor

yil

yima'ni + yinaci (yima'ni-yinac) dir. adv. cmpd. across the river and upstream on the opposite bank
yinaci + yidaci dir. adv. cmpd. (yinaci-yidac) upstream on this

MOVE CAMP
wi-yil V.

bank and
Valley

uphill; east from

Hoopa

be moving one's camp

(prog, neuter)

yinaci + yima'ni (yinaci-yima'n)

dir.

See also yiW, ye*n.

yima*n across
yima*ni (yima*n)
dir.

adv. across

adv. cmpd. upstream on this bank and (then) across the river; on the opposite bank somewhere upstream

the river, to the opposite bank;

SW

yinaci +
dir.

yicin'^i

(yinaci-yice'^n)

unless further specified

yide'^i
dir.

+ yima-ni (yide'^i-yima-n)

adv. cmpd. downstream on this bank and (then) across the river; on the opposite bank

adv. cmpd. upstream on this bank and downhill, toward the river; south from Hoopa Valley
yinaci-e'n'^-c'in''

(yinac-cn'^-ciij'')

post. pr.

on the upstream, south

c'in'' 'to,

somewhere downstream
yima-ni +
dir.

side
Cf. e-n' 'parallel, side',

yide'^i

adv. cmpd.

(yima'ni-yide'') across the river

the opposite

toward'.

and downstream on
bank

P-yinaci-cn'^-cin'' (-yinac-cn''c iij'') post, on the upstream side of

yima'ni + yidaci (yima*ni-yidaG) dir. adv. cmpd. across the river

P
Cf.

yinah 'upstream', combining

and onward

uphill; further

SW in

form.

Hoopa

Valley

yinah upstream
yinah-c'in

yima*ni + yinaci (yima*ni-yinaG) dir. adv. cmpd. across the river and upstream on the opposite bank
yinaci
dir.

(yinah-cig) post. phr.

(yinah-cirj'')
post,

coming from upstream

yinah-c'in'^
phr.

+ yima*ni (yinaci-yima'n)

toward (a place) upstream

adv. cmpd. upstream on this bank and (then) across the river; on the opposite bank somewhere

The combining form of yinac

'upstream'.

upstream
yima-ni-cn'^-cin'' (yima-n'^-cir)'') post. phr. on the opposite side (of
the river) Cf. e"n 'parallel, side', c'in' 'to, toward'.

yin*^

Perfective stem of ye*n2.

yiq'

(HOLLOW TREE)
cf.

n. hollow tree Contracted fron kyin-yiq'; k''i-yiq'

'tree, stick'.

Vy'mi

P-yima'ni-e'n'^-cin'' (-yima-n''c'ir)'')

yisin

downhill

post,

on the opposite side

yisin-cin (yisin-c'irj) post. phr.

from P
yiman'^dil
n.

coming from downhill

white

man

Contracted from yima'ni + naMil-i 'the ones eho go around on the

yisin-cin''

(yisin-cir)'')

post. phr.

towards (a place) downhill

Hupa
yisin-cn'^-c'in'' (yise'n''-c'ig'')

Texts:

Element List

809

yiW MOVE CAMP

A-yiW/ye*n
residence
v.

post. phr.

on the downhill, west

side
Cf. cn'^ 'parallel, side', cin'' 'to,

move one's camp,

(dir. active)

toward'.

yO'i (DOVE)
(-yise'n'^-c'ir)'')

P-yisin-cn'^-cin''
post,

on the downhill side of P

yicin''

ma*yo*

n.

dove

yO*2 (FRIVOLOUS)
ciyo"

The combining form of

'downhill'.

Ryine*

phrs. frivolous

speech or behavior, prohibited at a

Cf. ne'i 'speak,
,

yiWj UNDER. INVERTED

P-yeh
post,

World Renewal ceremony make a noise';

'surprise'.

see

under

at the feet of

P
Cf. e*W2 'under'.

yo*W3
yO*^

LOVE

nin-yiw (nin-yeh, phr. underground

''ineh)

post,

0-(we*s)-l-yo'' v. love

(active)

yiwi + di-mid adv. inverted, lying with its bottom up

Cf.

P-ma-lyo'^ v. P's kinsman, friend (active) Also heard as -maiyaw'.

yO*c'

mid

KNOT
n.

'belly'.

yiW2 GRAZE
v. several (animals) graze; several people gather (food, basket material, acorns) (active) Cf. yaWj.

mi-yo'c'-i*' (miyo'c'e'^)

the knot

(of a tree)
k-i-yo'c'e''
v. be a knotty tree Denominal neuter verb.

wa*n + na*=xo-(s)-l-yiw

yO'd CHASE
A-P-ne'-yo'd v. chase, drive P (an animal) (dir. active) Note that the thematic postpositional
prefix
is

yiW3 BENT, CRIPPLED

ni-l-yiw
neuter)
v.

be crippled, bent

(ds.

conjunct.

yol SWELL
A-1-yol/yo'X
v.

yiW4 RAISE
0-ni-(s)-yiw
(active)

v.

swell up

(dir.

raise

(a plant)

active)

yO'li

BLOW
V.

No

special perfective stem.

O-l-yoi

blow

(active) at

yiWs AGE
ni-(s)-yiw/ya*n v. grow to maturity, grow up (active)

0-o*-}-yo'l V.

blow

O; pray

over

while burning incense root

(active)
k>i-ti-(s)-l-yo'I V. swear, use profanity (active) Literally, 'blow something off.

yiWg

SUIT,

BE FITTING

0-ni(w)-l-yiw v. it (dress, paint ornament) suits, becomes O

(impers. neuter)

yO*l2

SCENT
n.

yiW7 (FINALLY)
yiwi + din +
de''

k>i-yoi (k^iyoht) burning medicine)

adv. finally
Rare.

scent (of

yiwi + din + hid (yiwidirj-hid, yiwidigid) Sidv. finally

yO'X
yon''

Perfective stem of yol.

yiWg (WIN)
yiwi + ''a-=t'e-n v. do the best, win in a singing match
Cf. t'e'n 'do'.

BACK OF THE HRE

(yo'^n)

yon''

adv.

in the

(traditional) house,

rear of a back of the fire,

opposite the entrance

810

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California Linguistics

yO'S PULL STICK-LIKE OBJECT

3a*n

MUDDY WATER
n.

A-O-yo'S V. pull O (stick-like object along its length) (dir. active)

3a'n (3ai])
k5'i-3a*n-i''

muddy water
n.

(k>i3a'n'')

acorn

yO"W THERE (NEAR)

yo'wi (yo*w) adv. there
Cf. ye*w 'there (far)'. (in

view)

water; water mixed with, muddied with (acorns)

teh-saij'' n.

black water-beetle

hay + yo*w-i (hay-yo'w) dem. pron. that one there

3aq' (DRIED BERRIES)

xeht3aq
3at'
n.

yO'Wi LIQUID SURGES

A-k^i-yo'VY V. a mass or a body of liquid surges (dir. active)

dried juniper berries

WATERY SOUND
there
is

k>i-3at' V.

a wet, floppy
neuter)

yO-W2 (FISH BLADDER)

kJ'italyo'We''

sound (impers.
Je* SPLIT

id.

long inflated tube in a fish, bladder

n.

yO*W3 (SURPRISE)
c'iyohW + dine* excl. oh my! Cf. ne'i 'speak, make a noise'; cf.
'frivolous'. yo*2

3e*=(w) adv. pfx. splitting apart, (moving) in opposite directions

Cf. 3iwa' 'apart'

Je**^

MIND, HEART, BREAST

n.

P-^e'"^

P's state of mind, way of

(cf.

yo-y POISONOUS, DANGEROUS

k>i-yo*yi

(k^iycy)

n.

poisonous

thinking Variant of P-3e*ye''

heart, breast').

^cy

'mind,

mushroom

mi-3e''^

+ Vdin baby,
mind
is

infant
Cf.

Literally, 'its
'e*2 'lacking'.

lacking'.

P-3e-''

+ din + xo

(-3e''dig)

post,

in

3i DIMINUTIVE
31

front of P
F-^e-f
(-3e''x*)

post,

(at)

P's

(3) enc.

small; in a small,

gentle way Variant of 311, diminutive enclitic

with diminutive consonantism.

breast, in front of
F-^e-"^

+ g-inse' n. P's breastbone, pit of stomach

Cf. gJ'inse'' 'gristle, cartilage'.

3id SHORT
di-3id
V.

xo-3e' +

wan

adv.

to their chests,

be short

(ds. neuter)

in front

of them
idiom xo-3e'+

3ime*l (LIZArd)
3ime-li (3ime'I)
n. lizard Variant of 3ime*li with diminutive

Only

in the

wan +

na'=(s)-dil/de'X 'do the flint-carrier dance in front of the line (during the

White Deerskin Dance)' (LN 71.18).

consonantism.

JehJ (SWALLOW)
tehs3eh3 (or teh3eh3)
n.

swallow
31,

(bird) Probably from -^e* + diminutive enclitic.

Jahda* excessively
3ahda' adv. thoroughly,
excessively, too

^eW

STORAGE BASKET
n.

3e*lo''

large storage basket

much so
dog salmon

3e-n SHINE, BE DAYLIGHT

ni-l-3e*n v. be bright, shine,
glitter (ds. neuter)

Jahl (DOG SALMON)

da'3ahli (da*3ahl)
n.

3e*n-is n. day, course of the

day

Hupa
3in-daij'' adv.
in the late
is past'.

Texts:

Element List
3idi

811

NOW
now

afternoon Cf. dan'i 'after, when

it

3id adv. just

3ig-kyoh adv. daytime, full light of day

Cf. k>'oh, augmentative enclitic.

3id2 (SHELL)
di3id beads
n.

small sea shells, used for

3ig-k>ow-id (or 3ii]-kyo*d) adv. by day, during the day

Cf. hid 'at the time that, when'.

3il SLIP, SLIDE,

SKID
(dir.

3e*nah up
3e*nah adv. high up
the sky
(in the air), in

A-l-3il V. slip, skid, slide

active)

3it

(STORAGE PLATFORM)
n. storage platform, shelves (inside traditional house) Cf. dah 'above, away'.

3e-nogy snail
3e'nog>' n. snail

dah-3it

Jcqe*^ SLIME
P-3e'q'e'' n.

P's slime

3ime*l (LIZArd)
3ime'H (3ime'l)
n. lizard Also 3imeii, with diminutive consonantism.

Je-sil

NOISE
(3e*sil)
n.

3e*sili

noise, rumbling

3e*Wi STICKY
3e*w (3eh)
n.

pitch,

gum

3ini (DAYLIGHT)
3i-n-kyow
v.

di-t-d-3e*w v. be sticky; sticky stuff (impers. ds. neuter)

be full daylight;

O'Se'w
stick,

V.

smear

with pitch;

3e'W2

O CROWD
glue
V.

there is sunshine (impers. neuter) Probably restructured from 3e*n 'shine' + k^oh, augmentative enclitic.

(active)

3012 BELONG TO

A-d-3e*w
together

crowd
V.

in,

flock

(dir. active)

P-3ini (-3in) concerning P

n.

belonging to P,

A-0-J-3e*w
up,

crowd O,

pile

mass

O together
(-3e*ye''

3in3 LUMPS
Kyi-G03ini (kyicosin) n. lumps here and there, lumpiness (as on a

(dir. active)

367

MIND, HEART, BREAST

or -367'^)
n.

P-3e*y-P

P's

heart, state of mind Cf. 3e"' 'mind, heart, breast'.

frog) Also heard as k''i3iGon.

P-G03ini-'' (-G03ine'') n. P's

Pptis + P2-(w)-3e7e''
Literally: 'P2's

v.

F^
Pj'.

forgets Pj (impers. active)

lump; (sturgeon

's)

lumpy backbone

Also heard as P-Gon3ine''.

mind moves over

Possessed noun theme functioning as a verb theme.

Jind OPENWORK BASKET

q'ay*^

Jil

DIMINUTIVE
3! (3) gentle

+ 3ind n. openwork basket of hazel twigs for drying acorns,

end. small;

in

a small,

fish

way

Diminutive enclitic. Also -31, with diminutive consonantism.

3iw EAR
P-^iwP
ear
''a*3iw''

(-siw'' or -siwe*^) n.

P's

3i2

ROUND. SPHERICAL
3i-woI
V.

be round

(like

a ball)

n.

the "tan-oak"

(ds. neuter)

mushroom

812
Jiwa* APART

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

3iwa*=(s) adv. pfx. (splitting) apart, (cracking) open, forking

P-q'eh

3iwa-'' n. P's armpit

Cf. 36" 'split' and wa*2 'through'.

3i3

MOVE GRA>njLAR MASS

V.

A-0-3i3
seeds)
81-313
neuter)

granular mass
V.

handle, carry a (e.g., a handful of

(dir. active)

a granular mass

lies

(st.

30*^

HERE
excl.

30*^

When handing
Jonde''

here! take it! something.

BELLY
n.

P-3onde''
k>i-la*

P's belly
(nuts),

+ 3onde'^ hazel

chinquapin

3011301 KIDNEY

P-3on3ol

n.

P's kidneys

Cf. 3i2 'round, spherical'.

Morphological Outline

Contents

I.

Verb Structure (1-2)

Structure of themes

1. Constituents of verbs 2.

2.1. Inflectional valences of verb 2.2. Adverbial valences of verb

II.

themes themes

817 817 817 818

Verb Stems (3-6)

Stem structure Stem variants
4.1. Perfective

3.

4-5.

4. Aspectual

and modal variants and non-perfective variants

818 819 819 819

821
_

4.2. Progressive variant

4.3. Potential variant
5. 6.

Derivational variants

6.1.

light forms Closed stems 6.2. Open stems

Heavy and

822 822 823 823 824

III.

Verb

Inflection (7-24)

7-10. Subject inflection

and impersonal themes 8. 1st and 2nd person subject markers 8.1. 1st person singular: W- or e8.2. 2nd person singular: n7. Personal

8.3. 8.4.
9.

1st

person plural:
plural:

di-

oh3rd person subject markers 9.1. Animate 3rd person: c'i9.2. Obviative 3rd person: yi9.3. Inanimate 3rd person (unmarked) 9.4. Indefinite 3rd person subject: k>i-

2nd person

10. Impersonal themes 10.1. Unmarked impersonal themes 10.2. Impersonal themes with thematic indefinite subject (/:'*/-) 10.3. Impersonal themes with thematic areal-situationai prefix (xo-)

11-15. Object inflection 11. Direct object inflection 12. 1st and 2nd person object markers 12.1. 1st person singular object: Wini12.2. 2nd person singular object
:

824 824 825 825 825 825 826 826 826 826 827 827 828 828 828 828 829 829 829 829 829

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

12.3. lst/2nd person plural object: noh13. 3rd person objects 13.1. Animate 3rd person object: xo13.2. Obviative 3rd person object: yidi13.3. Inanimate 3rd person object: (unmarked) 13.4. Indefinite 3rd person object: lc>i14. Relational objects 14.1. Reciprocal object: //14.2. Reflexive object: V=^/14.3. Agentive passive: lc>i-di-

829 829 830 830 830 830 830 830

831 831 831

15. Indirect object inflection 16. Plural prefix 17. Areal-situational prefix 18-24. Aspect and mode inflection 18. General remarks 19-22. Aspectual categories 19. Imperfective aspect (unmarked) 20. Perfective aspect 20.1. w-perfective 20.2. n-perfective 20.3. 5-perfective
20.4. vv'e-5-perfective 21. Customary aspect 22. Progressive aspect 23-24. Modal categories 23. Optative mode

24. Potential

mode

832 833 833 833 834 834 834 834 834 835 836 836 836 837 837 837

IV. Adverbial Modification (25-29)

25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

General remarks Primary adverbial modifiers Distributive modifier Iterative/reversative modifier Anaphoric modifier

838 838 839 839 840

V. Verb Themes (30-48)

30-40. Neuter themes 30-35. Primary neuter themes 30. Stative neuters 31. Extension neuters 31.1. Adverbial modification of extension neuters 32. Ideophonic neuters 33. Progressive neuters 34. Descriptive neuters 35. Other neuters 36-40. Secondary themes from neuters
36. Transitional themes 36.1. Stative transitionals 36.2. Extension transitionals 36.3. Ideophonic transitionals 36.4. Progressive transitionals 36.5. Descriptive transitionals
37. Causative themes 37.1. Stative causatives 37.2. Extension causatives

841 841 841 841 841

-

842 842 843 843 844 844 844 844 845 845 845 845 845 845

Hupa

Texts: Morphological Outline

37.3. Ideophonic causatives 37.4. Descriptive causatives

38. Possessive themes 38.1. Stative possessives 38.2. Extension possessives 38.3. Descriptive possessives 39. Comparative themes 40. Further derivations from secondary themes 40.1. Transitional derivation from possessive 40.2. Possessive derivation from passive neuter

41-45. Active themes 41-43. Primary active themes 41. Directional themes 42. Non-directional themes
42.1. Secondary inceptive 43. Action themes 44-45. Secondary themes formed from active themes 44. Passives 44.1. Further derivations from passives

45. Gerunds 46. Classificatory theme sets 47. Mediopassives and causatives 48. Directive themes

846 846 846 846 846 846 846 847 847 847 848 848 848 848 848 849 849 849 850 850
851

852 853

VI.

Nouns (49-52)
854 854 854 854 854 855 855 856 856

49. Noun themes 49.1. Primary nouns 49.2. Noun suffixes

49.3. Secondary noun themes 50. Possessive prefixes 51. Alienable and inalienable noun themes 51.1. Inalienable themes 51.2. Alienable themes 52. Postpositions

VII. Clitics (53-60)

53-60. Verbal and nominal clitics 53. General remarks 54. Tense enclitics 54.1. General future: te54.2.

Imminent

future:

te-l

54.3. Past: nenni 55. Enclitic of obligation:

ne"^

56. Diminutive and augmentative enclitics 56.1. Diminutive enclitic: j/ 56.2. Augmentative enclitic: kyoh 57. Collective plural enclitic: ni 58. Relative enclitics
58.1. General relative enclitic 58.2. Emphatic relative enclitic 59. Evidential enclitics 59.1. Visual evidential: xolan 59.2. Non-visual evidential: c'iw 60. Negation 61-63. Syntactic clitics

857 857 857 857 858 858 858 859 859 859 860 860 860 860
861 861 861 861

862

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

61. Nominal phrase formants 62. Locative phrase formants 62.1. din 62.2. xo 62.3. d 63. Adverbial phrase formants 64. Other phrase formants

862 862 862 863 863 863 864

VIII.

Other Words (65-69)

865 865 866 866 867 868

65-67. Pronouns and pro-forms 65. Personal pronouns 66. Demonstratives 67. Indefinite/interrogative pro-forms 68. Numerals 69. Directional adverbs

IX. Phonological Notes (70-71)

70. Diminutive consonant symbolism 71. External sandhi

869
871

Hupa

Texts: Morphological Outline

817

I.

Verb Structure (1-2)

1. Constituents of verbs

The minimal verb

consists of a lexical core, or theme, and inflection for the valences that are part of that theme. Many verbs are also adverbially modified.

2. Structure of

themes
all

The theme of

a verb consists of

lexical elements

which are neither

inflec-

tional or adverbial in origin.

The minimal verb theme

consists of a stem, usually

but not universally a monosyllable. In addition to a stem, a theme

clude:
1.

may

also in-

classifier,

immediately to the
n, s

left

of the stem, usually

i,

I,

or d, although

in a

few neuter themes

ovW is

in this position.

2.

or more conjunct prefixes of the shape C(V) or V to the left of the stem (and classifier), separated from the latter in active or personal forms by inflectional markers of mode-aspect and 1st and 2nd person subject

One

categories.
3.

One
(if

or more disjunct prefixes, situated to the left of the conjunct prefixes any) and separated from them by inflectional markers of direct object and 3rd person subject. The boundary between disjunct prefixes and all verbal morphemes to the right is marked by an equal sign (=), and disjunct prefixes are cited in isolation with this boundary.

In addition to specific lexical elements, the specification of a

theme must also

include indication of

its

inflectional

and

(if

present) adverbial valences.

2.1. Inflectional valences of

verb themes

Themes
tion.

fall into

a eight structural classes according to their potential for inflec-

There are three dimensions of contrast:

Active themes are inflected for aspect-mode categories, while neuter

themes are
2.

not.

Transitive themes are inflected for direct object, while intransitive themes
are not.

3.

Personal themes are inflected for subject, while impersonal themes are
not.

XIV Northwest
eight

California Linguistics

The

theme classes can be schematized as follows:

Active themes:
Transitive Personal

0-i-men

'fill

O'

Impersonal
Intransitive

no- =0-d-(n)-i-tan'^

'O gets used

to something'

Personal Impersonal

c'i-(w)-la-n/lan'^ 'play (^t ^

rough sport)' (s)-daw 'melt away, disappear'

Neuter themes:
Transitive Personal
O-si-i-'^an 'have (a round object) lying' Impersonal 0-wi-l-c'^e-n 'O has been made, created'

Intransitive

Personal

Impersonal Uyi-Goc' 'there

In the

di-n-c'ad 'ache, be sick' is a crackling sound'

themes are identified as active or neuter, and if they are noted (most themes are personal). Transitivity is indicated by the inclusion of the direct object category (O) in the lexical specification of the theme.

Element

List verb

impersonal

this is also

2.2.

Adverbial valences of verb themes

all of them verbs of motion or A substantial number of Hupa verb themes require an adverbial expression of direction. This is usually a priextension mary adverbial modifier (26), although in a few cases a proclitic is employed (cf. LN 47.14). Themes with an adverbial valence are indicated in the Element List by a prefixed A-.

II.

Verb Stems (3-6)

3.

Stem structure

are monosyllabic. Some of the few dissyllabic stems are apparently derived from possessed nouns, while others have no obvious etymo-

Most basic stems

logical origin.

da-yef in ]ln-daye^ 'a flower blooms'

fan'^ye-

in

c'i-t'an'^ye-

'be thin'

The progressive and

potential stems of active themes are formed with analyzable stem suffixes and are usually dissyllabic (4.2, 4.3).

Hupa

Texts: Morphological Outline

819

A considerable number of stems are open,

q'a-

with basic long vowels:

in

0-q'a- 'grind, rub, file

O'

Ko- in lc>i-(s)-Ko-/Kon'^ 'weave a basket'

We- in A-kyi-WeiWe'^

'dig'

the

Only one verb stem is regularly found with a short vowel (ni in various forms of theme di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'speak, make a noise') and in this case it appears that the short vowel is a reduced form of a basic long vowel (see LN 3.18, 4.4,
11.43).

The majority of stems

are closed, with both short and long basic vowels. All consonants except for aspirated stops and affricates can occur in stem-final position, although -h and -i occur only in light stem forms, not in heavy (basic citation) forms (6.1). Except for the clusters with laryngeals C^, h) that are found in the light forms of many stems with basically long vowels, there are no final consonant clusters.

4-5.

Stem variants
and modal variants

4. Aspectual

The complex aspectual stem variation characteristic of many other Athabaskan languages is lacking in Hupa and the other California Athabaskan languages. A distinction is made in many active themes between the stem used with perfective aspect and the stem used elsewhere. A small number of stems further distinguish an optative stem variant. The stems used with progressive aspect and potential

mode

are

formed with analyzable suffixed elements

in all themes.

4.1. Perfective

and non-perfective variants

between non-perfective and perfective

The following
stems
in active

patterns of variation exist

themes:
Perfective

Non-perfective

CV-

CV^

na-=0-^a-Pd^ 'carry a round object around' M-me-lme'^ 'gather (berries, any small objects)'

CV-

CV-n

0-si-(s)-t-we-lwe-n
son)'
yi-(s)-i-xa-/xa-n
'it

'kill

(one animal or per-

dawns, daylight comes'

CV-

CVn^

0-{s)A-c"'e-lc''irP
]lyi-{s)-Ko-IKorP

'make O, construct O' 'weave a basket'

'lick

CV{-)d

CV(-)t'

0-(wH-na-d/nat'
0-i-t'od/t'ot' 'suck

O'

O'

820

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

CVl

CVK
CV(-)c'

O-'^aV'^aK 'chew O' l-wil/we-X 'night falls'

CVs

O-f^H-c^a^/^ac' 'break Ooff by pulling' 0-i-GOslGoc' 'bite crunch (something brittle)'

(s)-liw/lin'^

CVw CVw

CVn'^

'become

(so)'

na--na=(s}-d-naw/nari^ 'turn around'

CV(-)q'

P-na-=(s)-i-niwlne-q' 'forget P'

A-O-iiw/Hq' 'handle a
stance'

soft,

doughy sub-

CVw

CV^

xo-(s)-liw/le'^

'become

plentiful,

abundant'

P-e-=(n)-l-xiw/xe'^ 'finish P'

CVW

A-ya-W/ya- 'one person goes'

A-O-'^aWPa-n 'handle a round object' lcyi-ti-(s)-Ko-W/Ko-n 'weave'

0-KoW/Kon'^ 'braid O'

A-i-'^aWPa-c' 'animals na-=ti-(s)-d-ye- W/ye-c'

move,
'

travel along'

breathe

CVW

CVc'

A-goW/goc' 'run along, scamper, lope'

(/

Four themes show a variation involving ablaut

nant.

or

e-

in the non-perfective vari-

ant, a- in the perfective variant) in addition to differences in stem-final

conso-

A-0-liW/la- 'handle several objects or a rope' A-0-tiW/ta-n 'handle a stick-like object'

0-ni-is)-i-ye-lya-n 'eat

O up, devour O'

grow up'
in -n or -y

ni-{s)-yiwlya-n

'grow

to maturity,

Themes with imperfective stems ending

with
all

have a glottalized variant

other aspects and modes:

Imperfective

Non-imperfective

CV(-)n

CVn^

P-e-=di-{w)-dinldin^ 'want P'

di-{w)-la-nllan^ 'play (a rough sport)'

CVy

CVy"^

na-=0-(s)-i-xaylxayf 'wound O' na-na=(s)-i-xoy/xoy'^ 'to vomit'

Hupa
If the

Texts: Morphological Outline

821

stem

is

imperfective stem ends in a glottal stop or a glottalized consonant, this used with all other aspects as well:
'several objects

l-'^a^

come

to lie'

(w)-i-'^ac' 'sneeze'

small
in

stem

number of themes with an open stem in the imperfective also use this the perfective. Such themes, however, distinguish an opta-

tive/customary stem with a final glottal stop:

optative/customary: O'; optative/customary: -q'a? A-O-ce- 'shove, point (a stick-like object)'; optative/customary: Un-(w}-c'a- 'play on a see-saw'; optative/customary: -c'a^
O-c'^a0-<7'a- 'grind, rub, file

'do to

O by handling a loose mass';

-c^^a?

-ce"^

few themes

that

have different perfective and non-perfective stems also have

a distinct optative stem:

ni-(s)-tiW/te-n

'one person lies down, goes to bed'; optative:

stick-like object'; optative: -??

-te"^

A-0-tiW/tan 'handle a

A-ya-W/ya- 'one goes'; optative: -ya^

Three themes have suppletive sub-themes rather than stem variants:

'^a-=t'e-n

'do so' (imperfective); '^a-=d-yaw (perfective); '^a-=niw

(customary /optative); '^a=ne-l (progressive)

^a- =0-i-'^e-n

'treat

O thus'

(imperfective);
"^a-

'^a-

=0-law

(perfective);

"^a-

=0-

liw (customary /optative);

=0-le-

(progressive)

0-i-cis 'see O' (non-perfective);

tive/customary subtheme varies

4.2. Progressive variant

0-i-can (perfective). The optabetween O-i-cis and 0-l-cari^.

For all active themes, the stem used with progressive aspect inflection is marked by the element -//. This element is suffixed to the stem variant used in the customary, except for themes that use an open stem in both the imperfective and perfective aspects (e.g., A-O-ce- 'shove, point a stick'), in which case the element fuses with the open stem (e.g., -ce-l).
A-xislxic' 'fall, drop':

wixisii '(tree) was falling' (26.50) no-=(n}-'^a'Wna-n 'finish singing': no'^wa^aWil 'she finishes singing (again
xok.yiwiwarj'^il 'he sleeps (off

and again)' (12.32) P-kyi-(w)-wan/warP 'P sleeps':

(32.13)

and on)'

When

the customary stem ends in -w, the sequence V(-)wil contracts to V7:
'scratch

0-(w)-sow

scrape O': yiwisol

'it

scratches, scrapes as

it

moves

along' (35.20)

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When

the customary stem variant ends in -d, this usually assimilates to the

-/

of

the progressive stem element,

ti-(s)-c'id

and

final

-// is

sometimes dropped:

'become weak, exhausted': hausted (one after another)' (11 .54)

ya'^tiwic'ilil 'they

were giving

out, ex-

4.3. Potential variant

For

all

active themes, the stem used with potential

mode

inflection

is

marked by

the element -ni suffixed to the variant used with customary (and usually optative) aspect inflection.

(wj-i-di^ 'get wrinkled': '^oh-tdi^ni '(her face) might get wrinkled' (10.56) O-i-cis 'see O' (optative/customary 0-i-can'^: yohica'^ni '(people) might see
it'

(16.20) (<*-can^-m)
(a single object)':

ya-=0-iw)-'^aWPa-n 'pick up
up'

ya-Wda'^aWn

'I

might pick

it

0-{w)-ya-nlyan^ 'eatO': (< *-yan'^-ni)

/:>'07a'^/

'she might eat something' (16.26)

O-We/We'^

'dig O':

0-o--{w}-i-c'id

xakyoWe'^n 'lest it dig something up' (20.20) 'know O': yiWo-'^ohic'ini '(the country) might not know me'

(32.2) i<*-cid-ni)

5. Derivational variants

Transitional and causative derivations from primary stative, extension, and descriptive neuter themes (36-37) are marked by the glottalization of the neuter

stem,

if

it is

not already glottalized:

objects or a rope)
lie'

si-la- '(several

>

(w)-l-'^a'^

'(several objects or a rope)

come

to lie' (2.42)

si-yen '(one) is standing' > (w)-yin'^ '(one) comes to stand' (2.24) te-s-c'e- 'wind blows' > te--{w)-c'e'^ 'wind starts to blow, blows for a while'
(64.1)

ni-Won
di-'^a-

'be good, pretty'

>

ni-(w)-'Won'^
'

'become good,

pretty'

(4.25)

si-da- '(one) sits, stays'

>

0-(w)-l-da'^ 'cause (one) to

to

'(one thing) extends out, sticks up extend out, stick up' (23.12)

>

(10.6) 0-di-(w)-i-'^a'^ 'cause (one thing)

sit,

stay'

In a handful of active themes, a special stem variant derivation (44):

0-(s)-i-c'''e-/c'''in'^

is

used with the passive

'make O' (passive stem:

-c'^'e-n):

wilc'^e-n

'what has been

is

made'

(7.1)

0-Xo-W/Xon'^ 'braid O' (passive stem: -Kon): cehna-wiXoij '(hair)

(again)' (10.25)

braided

Hupa
6.

Texts: Morphological Outline

823

Heavy and

light

forms

6.1.

Closed stems

Many closed stems have different shapes depending on the presence or absence of an enclitic vowel (for the general statement see External Sandhi, 71). The differences between the stem shape conditioned by an enclitic vowel (the "heavy" form) and the stem shape that appears when the stem is final or followed by a consonant-initial
follows:
enclitic (the "light"

form)

may be summarized

as

Heavy
CVI

Light

CVw
CVn

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6.2.

Open stems

When

an open stem ending in a- or o- occurs before the relative enclitic -/, the sequence is contracted into a ^'-diphthong with a short vowel (ay and oy), resulting in another surface alternation between light and heavy stem forms.

ouV (11.47) < c'e--na-=c'i-nin-di-ya< nin-ya-i k>iXo- 'she weaves (baskets)' < c'i-U>i-Komiq'id-k>iXoy 'hazel sticks', literally 'that on which one weaves (10.17) < mi-q'id + (c'i-)lc>i-Ko--i
c'ena'^andiya 'he
bsick

came

ninyay 'she arrived'

(1 1.8)

(baskets)'

The

light (uncontracted)

form of an open stem

is

used

in citing

themes and basic

forms.

Alongside basic closed stems with final ->' {ii-cay 'be white'; ni-t-cay 'be dry') and basic open stems whose heavy forms have a short >'-diphthong {-ya- and yay in A-ya-W/ya- 'one goes'), there are a few anomalous stems whose light forms are open and whose heavy forms are closed with a final >', but with a long
vowel:

c'o=da- (-day) 'be

thin,

weak, poor'

di-l-ma- (-may) 'be gray'

The stems used

in the transitionals and causatives derived from these neuter themes have a short vowel closed by glottal stop (-da"^, -ma^), the regular stem variant derived from an open primary stem (5).

III.

Verb

Inflection (7-24)

7-10. Subject inflection

7. Personal

and impersonal themes

Personal verb themes are overtly infected for seven subject categories: 1st and 2nd person singular, 1st and 2nd person plural, and three marked 3rd persons animate, obviative, and indefinite. When unmarked for subject they are considered to be inflected for an eighth category, inanimate 3rd person. Impersonal verb themes are either unmarked for subject, or have a thematic indefinite sub-

ject.

Hupa

Texts: Morphological Outline

825

8. 1st
1st

and 2nd person subject markers

and 2nd person subject markers occur immediately to the left of the classifier if the theme has no classifier). They fuse with classifiers or stem initial consonants, and with preceding conjunct prefixes, in numerous irregular ways. The basic forms are illustrated below.
(or immediately to the left of the stem

8.1. 1st

person singular: W- or
'\

siWdiya-n
te-siWe'^n

dim

oW

{\9.\\)

'I

look on' (50.6)

In perfective forms of active themes with no classifier or ^-classifier, the allomorph e-- is used in place of W-, regardless of the perfective variant:

we-doP

'I

come
'I

to stay' (9.9)

'^a-de-nehixe'^ 'I finished

with myself (27.1)

again' (30.55)

Uyina-se'lai

dreamt about (something)' (24.1)

'^a-na'niwese't'e'^ 'I

became so

Stative neuters and their derivations follow the

same

pattern, but other neuter

themes use W-:

se-yiij

stand' (24.24), stative neuter

(a container of water) sitting there' (25.23), possessive neuter

seMxa-n T have
simiWciy'^ te-siWe'^n
'I 'I

was small' (30.1), descriptive neuter look on' (50.6), extension neuter

yaVPay

'I am sitting' < >'a-w/-W->-/, 1st person singular of extension neuter ja'-wm-'^a- '(one) is sitting', literally '(one) extends upward' wiWaM 'I am going along' (4.5), progressive neuter

8.2.

2nd person singular:

n-

'^andiyah 'you

do so' (7.10) winyai 'you are going along' (46.32)

1st

8.3.

person plural:

di-

nidiwe-n 'we arrived packing (acorns)' (34.44)

ya-dilyo^ 'we like
In
it'

(36.4)

themes with

^-classifier, I is replaced

by /in

1st

person plural subject forms:

"^idilca-n 'we perceived' (30.37). Theme: O-i-can 'see O' xodilc^'eh 'let's hire him' (62.44). Theme: 0-o-('wj-/-c"/w 'hire O'

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2nd person
plural: oh-

California Linguistics

sohic'^in'^

wohdil 'you (pi.) are going along' (1 1.21) 'you (pi.) made it' (19.18)

9.

3rd person subject markers

There are three marked categories of 3rd person subject: animate, obviative, and indefinite. In addition, there is an unmarked inanimate category. The 3rd person subject markers occur to the left of all other conjunct prefixes in a verb form, except for the markers of 2nd person singular and lst/2nd person plural
direct object.

9.1.

Animate 3rd person:

c'i-

The animate 3rd person

subject refers to a human subject, or to a non-human subject that is the focus of the sentence or narrative. The basic form of the marker is replaced by '^- in most situations where it follows a disjunct prefix ending in a vowel or n.
c'ixoicis 'he sees

him'

(1 1.27)

c'inha-w 'he

is

big' (1 1.28)

yehc'iwi-ice-d 'he landed the canoe' (71.10)

misa'^wiit'iJ(> 'he

nirj'^kyiwiPa'^X 'he

runs a line into its mouth' (6.2) butchers (the salmon)' (6.6)
(lc>i-),

In transitive verbs with indefinite 3rd person object person subject is elided:

an

initial

animate 3rd

kya-n 'he eats' (3.4)

ya-=c'i-lc>'i-ya'n-i.
A:>/re'^iA'o-W

<

c'i-Jc>'i-ya-n-i.

Compare ya'^Jcya-n
<

'they

all eat'

<

'she (customarily)

weaves

(baskets)' (13.7)

c'i-lcyi-ti-'^i-Xo-W-i.

9.2.

Obviative 3rd person:

yi-

The obviative 3rd person

ject that ranks

subject is used to refer contrastively to a human sublower on the animacy hierarchy than a previously mentioned animate subject (women as opposed to men, children as opposed to adults, decrepit old people as opposed to healthy adults, foreigners as opposed to Hupas). It can also be used without the presence of a contrasting animate subject in the immediate discourse segment to refer generally to an animal subject, a collective subject (particularly UHwinya'^nya-n 'people' and Unxinay 'spirit beings'), or an inanimate force functioning as the agent of an action. (For a speaker's comment on usage, see LN 62.100.) When two equally animate topics occur in the same sentence or discourse segment, one is sometimes (but not always) indexed as secondary by the obviative, forming a Switch Reference pair (see LN 29. 1 and 67.18). In addition, transitive verbs in non-finite clauses usually have an obviative 3rd person subject, regardless of their reference (see LN 1.5 and 5.32).
1

verbs, an

The use of the obviative is generally confined to transitive verbs. In intransitive unmarked inanimate 3rd person subject is used in those situations

Hupa
where the obviative subject

Texts: Morphological Outline

827

is used in transitives (9.3 below). In a few instances, however, yi- appears to occur with intransitive themes, for example in yitehs'^e'^n 'they (Redwood Creek Indians) look on, watch' (1 .55). Another possible exception is the thematic prefix yi- in A-yi-i-k>'id 'clouds, fog, smoke

move(s)', na-=yi-(w)-c'an^

'a

sound

is

audible, reaches one's ears', and yi-(s}-i-

xaJxa.n 'it dawns, daylight comes', which, although it is historically distinct from the obviative subject prefix, is morphologically identical with it in Hupa.

The

basic form of the marker ing in a vowel or n.

is

replaced by y- following a disjunct prefix end-

yiniwoPaWil 'they keep bringing (songs)' (24.32)

ye'^iyd^n 'they eat' (6.15)

dahyiUnxonCd^d '(obsidian blades) cut him

yaywehsyo'^ 'they all liked it' (4.31) naywirfd^ 'it comes to have, possess
9.3.
it'

in two' (68.34)

(13.26)

Inanimate 3rd person (unmarked)

subject has

The inanimate (unmarked) 3rd person

(1) In intransitive themes erarchy than a previously
it

two functions:

marks an animate subject lower on the animacy himentioned animate 3rd person subject, and generally
it

marks animals,

collectives, or impersonal forces as actors. In this use

parallels

the function of the obviative 3rd person in transitive themes.

dah-wehslei
'^a-'^o-ne-

'(fish)

came

to

hover (swimming) on top (of the water)'

(7.

1)

'(people) think so' (4.10) de'^ic'a-d '(baby) always gets sick' (12.2) no-yd^ni '(contagion) might come' (13.5)
(2) In both intransitive subject:

and transitive themes

it

marks an unspecified or un-

known

naican '(somebody) found it' (28.3) wirj'^a^ '(the sun) comes to lie (at some
9.4. Indefinite

position in the sky)' (3.12)

3rd person subject:

kyi-

The indefinite 3rd person subject inflection is rare in personal themes, being more often found as a thematic prefix in impersonal themes (10.2 below). It
refers to

an unspecified inanimate or collective subject.

"^a-Uyit'in

c'e-Uye'^ic'e'^

'something does so, it happens' (19.5) 'something (customarily) comes to blow out (of an enclosure) like a wind' (9.27)

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10. Impersonal themes

are found either with an unmarked (inanimate 3rd person) subject, or with a thematic indefinite 3rd person (Icyi-) subject prefix.

Most impersonal themes

10.1.

Unmarked impersonal themes

falls', literally

na-=(w)-dil/de-K 'snow
(9.19) na-=i-cis
'it is

'(inanimate entities)

come down'

hanging' (10.28)

10.2.

Impersonal themes with thematic indefinite subject {UH-)

Impersonal themes with thematic indefinite subject are frequently subthemes of personal themes, and refer to the action of a specific (understood) entity:
na-=kyi-{s)-dillde-K '(a

crowd) walks around, (people) walk around crowd' (2.21). Personal theme: A-dil/de-K '(two or more) go'

in a

Uyi-l-xan '(acorns) are leached of tannic acid' (5.31, 21.33). Personal theme:

ii-xan 'taste sweet, good' Uyi-s-xan '(tree, plant) stands, grows somewhere' (27.14). Personal theme: si-xan '(a filled container) lies'

The ideophonic neuter themes

(32), which refer to the occurrence of a specific type of noise, constitute a distinct subset of impersonals with thematic indefinite subject
kyi-dil 'there is a ringing

sound' (25.1)

Formally related to this set is a small number of intransitive neuter themes of denominal meaning, in which thematic Icyi- is historically an indefinite possessor, for example:
Uyi-da-y-e"^
'a

flower blooms' (24.20)

10.3.

Impersonal themes with thematic areal-situational prefix {xo-)

small

number of impersonal themes have

a thematic areal-situational prefix

(xo-y.

P-e=xo-ni-(s)-yiw/ya-n 'the time

for P' (6.17)

is fulfilled

for P, ceremonial restrictions

end

Some

areal-situational subject, referring to the

descriptive neuter themes form an impersonal subtheme with a thematic weather or the landscape:

xoiicay 'whiteness of dawn' (8.4) < ii-cay 'be white'

xosq'ac' '(weather)
xoic'^il
is

cold' (9.1 1)

'swampy

places' (59.57)

< si-q'ac' 'be cold' < ni-i-cHl 'be wet'

Hupa
11-15. Object inflection

Texts: Morphological Outline

829

11. Direct object inflection

Transitive verbs are inflected for (direct) object with a set of conjunct prefixes. Object prefixes precede any tliematic or adverbial conjunct prefixes, but follow a 3rd person subject marker (c7-, yi-, Icyi-), except for the markers of 2nd person singular and lst/2nd person plural direct object, which immediately precede a

3rd person subject marker.

12. 1st

and 2nd person object markers

12.1. 1st person singular object: Wi-

na-Wisohlte^ 'you (pi.) carry me around' (54.4) c'iWohicarf 'let him see me' (71.16) "^ind^Wiste-n 'she raised me up to a standing position' (24.18)
12.2.

2nd person singular object

'I

ni-

nisehic'^e'^n

made you

(do

it)'

(3.19)

12.3. lst/2nd person plural object: nohnohc'isc''e'^n 'he

made

us (ashamed)' (62.59)

Whether the reference of noh- is the 1st or the 2nd person plural object is usually clear from context. If it is necessary to make the reference unambiguous, the independent personal pronouns nehe- 'we, us' and nohni 'you (pi.)' (65) are

When

adjoined to the verb phrase. the 2nd person singular object prefix (ni-) or the lst/2nd person plural object prefix (noh-) is immediately preceded by a disjunct prefix with a basic long vowel, that vowel is shortened:
nonic'inHtin 'he brings you there' (1 1.52) c'inina-'^an 'I carry you out of the house (down to the river)' (23.17) yanohc'isc'^e'^n 'they made us' (30.17)

13. 3rd person objects

The 3rd person

direct object categories in general

match those of the 3rd person

is

subject, but the use of the obviative 3rd person object

restricted.

It is

attested

only with an inanimate 3rd person subject. With other subjects, entities that would be referred to by an obviative 3rd person subject are marked for 3rd person object with either the animate or the (unmarked) inanimate inflection.

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13.1.

XIV Northwest
Animate 3rd person

California Linguistics

object: xo-

c'ix'^e'^Hc''e'^

'she (customarily)

makes him (do

at

it)'

(5.32)

na'^xoniwiiyo-l 'she (always)

blows

them' (12.33)

yixonehPirj '(people) look at her' (26.5)

13.2. Obviative 3rd person object: yidiyidontaij'^
'it

(hell)
'it

holds on to (child)' (12.5)

naydiniiyeh

(tattoo) suits her' (14.8)

13.3. Inanimate 3rd person object:

c'isiiwe- 'she kills

(unmarked)

no-na-'^aWmat'

seMxan

'I

it' (16.16) (customarily) pat it down' (21.30) have (a container of water) sitting there' (25.23)

'I

13.4. Indefinite 3rd person object: UH-

The

indefinite 3rd person object refers to an unspecified inanimate or collective

entity.

kyilyo^ 'you like

somebody, anybody'

(1 1.49)

The

indefinite 3rd person object is often found as a thematic prefix, referring to an inanimate entity specific to the theme:

ta-=k>i-(w)-mil/me-X 'stir acorn mush' (< A-0-mil/meK 'throw, fling in a bunch' with adverbial modifier ta-=(w) 'into the water' and thematic /:>/indefinite 3rd person object; 5.34) A-kyi-'^aWPa-n 'handle (pieces of cooked fish)' (< A-O-'^aWPan 'handle (a round object)'with thematic indefinite 3rd person object; 6.8) k>i-0-i-t'ow 'make (clothing) fit on O, put (clothing) on O' (< Icyi-i-t'ow '(clothing) fits', literally 'put (clothing) where it fits', with thematic indefinite 3rd

person object; 62.108. Note that since the indefinite object

is

is

the-

matic, a second object

possible.)

14. Relational objects

Hupa has two relational objects, a reciprocal and a reflexive. In addition, a thematic agentive passive object construction has the semantic effect of a passive.

14.1. Reciprocal object:

li-

The

an object that acts

reciprocal object inflection specifies that the subject (always plural) acts on in reciprocation on the subject. The basic form of the reciprocal object prefix is ii-, with an additional preposed n- element in animate 3rd

person forms where

c'i- is

shortened to

-'^-

following a disjunct prefix ending in a

Hupa
vowel. theme:

Texts: Morphological Outline

83

<i-classifier if

Inflection for reciprocal object triggers a shift in the classifier of the none is present in the basic theme, or /-classifier if the ba-

sic classifier is

ya7nie'^ilk>id 'they (customarily) get

c'Honditd^n 'they hold on to each other' (1 .48) hold of each other' (2.28) io-diieh 'they throw (mud) at one another' (13.16)

14.2. Reflexive object: '^a-=di-

The

reflexive object specifies that the subject acts upon itself. The reflexive object prefix is di-, always accompanied by the disjunct element '^a-=, homophonous with the anaphoric adverbial modifier '^a-= 'thus, so' (29).
"^aPdo-ne- 'she thinks (so)
"^a-ditohicit'

'you

(pi.)

about herself (16.2) cut off your (own) hair' (19.4)

disjunct prefix
is

The long vowel of a preceding

shortened before

'^a-=:

na'^aWnehiya-fi 'he ate himself up' (48.13)

When more

than one

'^a-= is structurally

present, only

one occurs:

daPa-na^dilaw 'he untied himself, literally 'he undid himself again' (animate 3rd person of da-'^a-=0-law 'undo', with reflexive object; 68.79)
14.3. Agentive passive: KH-di-

The agentive passive

object inflection {Ryi-di-) demotes the marked subject to the semantic object and specifies an inanimate 3rd person subject.
ky'ido'^wiic'id 'he

was known by

it'

(31.7).

kyidiwUdin^ 'he gets to be loved (by people)' (44.7)

15. Indirect object inflection

Indirect objects (marking dative, benefactive, and other oblique relationships to

the proposition) are expressed as the prefixed objects of postpositional prefixes

within the verb form, or of proclitic postpositions in the larger verb phrase.
prefix or proclitic with an indirect object valence
is

marked by

P-.

P-e-=(n)-i-xiw/xe'^ 'finish with P, catch up with P':

'^a-de-nehixe'^

'I

finished

(27.1) P-wa-n=xi-(w)-ne-W 'talk about P': xowayar/'^xe'^ineW 'he (customarily)

i.e., 'I

with myself,
talks about

finished

my doctor-training'

them' (8.8)

P-a-

(we-s)-le'^

'come

to

be enough for

P':

Wa-wehsle'^

'it

suffices for

me'

(59.14)

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Indirect object prefixes are morphologically identical to (direct) object prefixes

(12-14), except in the inanimate 3rd person category. This category marked as a direct object, but is marked by mi- as an indirect object
P-e-=(n)-l-.xiw/xe'^ 'finish with P, catch

is

un-

up with P': me'^Hxiw 'she (customarily) finishes with it' (8.5) P-na- + ya-=(we-s)-W '(one) comes to sit waiting for P': mina'-ya-na'^aWa'^ 'I (customarily) sit waiting for it again' (21.41)
is

However, there
initial

a zero allomorph of mi- before a postpositional prefix with an

w-

or;c-:

P-wa-n=xi-{w}-ne-'W

'talk

about P': wa-nayixeniW '(people) talk about

it

again' (37.16) P-xa-=ni-(w)-te'^ 'look for P': xaya'^ane'^ite'^ 'they (customarily) look for
(5.1)

it'

16. Plural prefix

Plurality of the subject, (direct) object, or indirect object
is

optionally

marked by

the plural

marker ya-=, which occurs

in the rightmost disjunct prefix position, or

can be prefixed to the lst/2nd person, inanimate 3rd person, or animate 3rd person indirect object. Only one plural marker can occur in any verb form, and which pronominal category it modifies is often made clear only by context.
yanohkyowarj'^ 'let us (all) go to sleep' (77.85). Optative of impersonal P-kyi(wj-wan/wan"^ 'P sleeps, there is sleep for P' with plural marker prefixed to lst/2nd person indirect object. xoi-ya-teVlid 'they (customarily) sweat (ritually in the sweathouse)', literally '(sweathouse wood) bums with them' (20.17). Although the plural prefix semantically modifies the indirect object, it is in disjunct position in the verb form. ya-xoi-c'ide-n'^ '...., they said' (46.30). The plural marker is prefixed to the indirect object (ya-xo-i 'with [i.e., to] them'), but it modifies the subject of
the verb.

The
1

plural prefix indicates that the number of participants is greater than two. or 2nd person plural pronouns unmodified by the plural prefix normally refer to only two participants.
St

dehsdilce- 'we (2) sit, dwell somewhere' (39.30). Without plural prefix. xona-yade'widilc'e'^ 'we all sat waiting for him' (34.8). With plural prefix.

The

marks the number of participants indexed by a be distinguished from the distributive (27), which indicates that the action is performed by or on several entities or at different times. Although the plural and distributive markers cannot both modify the same pronoun in a verb form, in verbs with more than one pronominal argument the two markers may co-occur, each referring to a different argument:
plural prefix specifically
is

pronoun, and

to

yehya'^ta'^aW 'they gather

it

into (the boats)' (1.36).

Hupa

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17. Areal-situational prefix

The

areal-situational prefix (xo-) is morphologically an object marker (homophonous with the animate 3rd person object), but functions to mark verbs (most of which can be considered subthemes) in which the action is attributed to

a place, situation, or the general environment. In general, these forms are otherwise unmarked for subject and the areal-situational marker could be analyzed as a local subject:
na-xowilc'id '(lonesomeness) fell

down, descended' (46.23)

Many

descriptive neuter themes have areal-situational subthemes that refer to

characteristics the weather or other natural states:

xoticay 'whiteness of dawn' (8.4)

xosq'ac' '(weather)
xolc'^il
is

cold' (9.1 1)

'swampy

places' (59.57)

The

areal-situational prefix functions as an object in a small

number of forms,

many

of them passive or mediopassive constructions:

xo-wehs^e'^n '(the place) could be seen' (3.14). na-xowilc''e-n '(stripes) were made again there' (26.23) no-xo-wehs'^e'^n '(things) were seen at that place' (74.41)
ya'^xo-ne- '(those

who) know about (medicine)' (77.58)

few verbs, most of them imper-

The

areal-situational prefix is also thematic in a

sonal neuters.
xo-le-n

'be plentiful, abundant, manifest'

xo-WAan

'be many people, a crowd' xo-sin 'being (so), exhibiting (such and such) characteristics'

18-24. Aspect and

18. General

mode

inflection

remarks

Active verbs are inflected, by combinations of inflectional prefixes and stem

variants, for six aspectual or

modal categories:

the imperfective, perfective,

customary, and progressive aspect, and the optative and potential mode. A few verb themes lack perfective aspect forms, but otherwise all active verb bases may be inflected for all six categories.

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19-22. Aspectual categories

19. Imperfective aspect

(unmarked)
its

Imperfective aspect refers to an action without specific reference to conclusion, or duration.

io'^-c'iic'^e-

initiation,

'she laughs' (10.55)

'they

na'^qac' 'he gets cold (again)' (20.2)

xodalmoW

swing (themselves) down' (27.16)

Impersonal imperfectives are used in non-fmite clauses and as verbal nouns:

always dug (potatoes)', literally 'digging potatoes always happened' (47.3) yoMc'id c'ix''e'^iic'''e'^ 'she (customarily) lets him know it' (5.32)
xa-kyiWe-x'^e'^ise'^n 'they

20. Perfective aspect

Verbs inflected for perfective aspect refer to actions that have definite initiations or conclusions. There are three basic morphological variants of the perfective w-perfective, ^-perfective, and 5-perfective the variant either aspect prefix specified by the adverbial modifier or thematic. In general, an unmodified active theme or a base modified by a particular adverbial prefix is inflected with only one perfective variant. In addition, a compound marking of perfective (wes) occurs in a number of secondary themes.

20.1. H'-perfective

The w-perfective

variant

is

the most

common

one.

It is

the variant specified by

the majority of adverbial modifiers, and is used in many unmodified themes, including most transitionals. In 1st and 2nd person forms, and in a 3rd person form with an overt classifier, the marker of w-perfective is wi- (w- before a

vowel). In 3rd person forms without a classifier, it is win-. When preceded by a syllable with a basic long vowel, wi- or win- contracts with that syllable to form
a long closed syllable {CV-(n)-).
tracted to Uyin-.

The sequence

Uyi-win-

is

also regularly con-

c'ixowHwe"^ 'he attacked her, beat her up' (61.2) mina'siwohla"^ 'you have ridiculed them' (77.1 15) winda"^ 'it took a seat, came to stay' (9.8) xenta'^n '(foam) reached up' (69.64) < xe--win-tan'^-i, ya'^Uyinyos 'he pulled the bowstring' (69.72) < ya-=c'i-kyi-win-yos-i
20.2. /2-perfective

The

A2-perfective variant is associated with adverbial modifiers that refer to the completion of an action. In 1st and 2nd person forms, and in a 3rd person form with an overt classifier, the marker of n-perfective is ni- (n- before a vowel). In

Hupa

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Morphological Outline

835

The conjunct

3rd person forms without a classifier, it is nin-, but this is often reduced to n-. prefix of the adverbial modifier ni- 'approaching, arriving' is fused the perfective prefix. or replaced by with

^ayn^-je"?/! 'I

thought so' (33.19)

(63.3)

c'oxoniite-n 'they brought him'

no'^nirjGod 'he
Wiwa-c'irj'^a-n

poked it (over)' (46.13) 'she gave it to me' (24.19)

20.3. s-perfective

The

5-perfective variant is associated with adverbial modifiers that refer to the inception of an action, or to motion in a trajectory. In 1st and 2nd person forms the marker of 5-perfective is si-. In all 3rd person forms it is basically s-, but it normally fuses with the i and / classifiers as i.
short vowel of a conjunct thematic or adverbial prefix (r/-, di-, ni-, lengthened in ^-perfective forms, as well as the vowel ofti- 'distributive'.
'^a'c'ondehsne'^ 'he
si-) is

The

thought (so)' (4.3)

(9.7).

naPaPdineMyan 'he ate himself up' (48.13) c'ite-tejay 'each went off to a separate place'
fixes are lengthened to
te-;

Note

that both

ti-

pre-

for the absence of -s- see below.

in

and

similar lengthening appears to occur with thematic in passives, although attested forms are scarce:

ti-

w-perfective forms

naPxote-wile'^

'someone pulled her back' (74.38)

(in a chain)'

te-wiXom 'woven along

(13.41).
ti-(s)

In 3rd person forms of action themes with the adverbial modifier along' the perfective prefix is unmarked:
na-lcyite-day"^ '(flower) started to

'off,

bloom

again' (25.41)

c'itec'id

'she began to get weak' (28.7) c'ite-God 'he poked it along' (77.106) teiid 'it started to bum, bums along'
na'tedice- '(the door) opened' (46.33)

Similarly,

5-perfective
{ti-

is

unmarked

in

3rd person forms of

all

verbs with the

distributive modifier

'severally', 27):

xaPsite-de-K 'people

came uphill, one after another' (59.40) misa^te-xa-n 'he put (liquid from bowl) into each (child's) mouth' (38.23) "^aPditene"^ 'she said things' (59.51)

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20.4. ife's-perfective

The we ,s-perfective

variant is found in secondary themes derived from primary extension bases with thematic w-perfective, from passives (with thematic wi-, passive/gerundive), or from progressive neuters (with thematic wi-, progressive aspect). In 1st and 2nd person forms the marker of we\s -perfective is we'si-. In all 3rd person forms it is we's-:
ya-na'^wehs'^a'^ 'he

remained seated' (40.21) k>ite-wehsk>o-d '(feathers) were stolen (from him)' (69.77) dah-wehslei 'it came to hover (swimming) on the top (of the water)' (7.1 1) xoda-na-kyiwesinc'e'^ 'you (wind) start to blow down back' (8.12)
with /-classifier also have we-5-perfective:

A few primary themes

named
...'

'^a-=0-o--(we-s)-l-ye-/ye'^

'O has (such) a name':

'^a-Wo-wehsye'^

'I

have been
(8.14)

0-(wes)-l-yo'^ 'like, \o\c, desire O':

do- we-5>'o'^

'I

don't like

it'

21.

Customary aspect
to habitual, repeated, or

Verbs inflected for customary aspect refer

customary

actions, as in the description of traditional practices or ritual events. The customary aspect is formally derived from the imperfective, with the aspect prefix
fi-.

The stem

variant
->'.

a vowel, -n or distinguished.

is the imperfective, with an added glottal stop if it ends in For a few themes a special optative/customary stem variant is The customary stem always occurs in nominalized or "heavy"
-/

form, with underlying enclitic

(6). to

The customary formation appears

Chilula dialects.
c'e'^iital

be confined to Hupa and the other Hupa-

'^ax'o'^one'^

Kick Dance' (29.2) < c'i-'^i-i-tal-i, (11.38) < '^a-=c'-o--'^i-ne'^-i naVe'^ic'a-d 'he would always get sick (again)' (63.7) < na=c'i-di-'^i-c'a-d-i
'they (customarily) hold the
'he kept thinking so'

22. Progressive aspect

Verbs inflected for progressive aspect refer

sively in time or at a series of places.

to

an action being performed succesis

The progressive aspect

marked by

the

aspect prefix wi- and a stem variant that is usually formed from the customary variant with the suffixed element -// (4.2).

Unwiyatfil 'he eats time after time' (2.34)

c'idiwilye'^ii 'they have a World Renewal ceremony again and again' (3.20) yaya'^wa'^aWil 'they pick them up one by one, as they go along' (5.4) c'idiwicHl 'he shot (an arrow) again and again' (43.35)

Hupa
23-24.

Texts:

Morphological Outline

837

Modal

categories

23. Optative

mode

The

optative mode indicates that the speaker desires the subject of the verb to carry out the designated action or process. In 1st and 3rd person forms the meaning is usually best translated by a hortative or subjunctive phrase: 'let me
go!', 'he should do it!' In 2nd person forms the meaning is conveyed by the English imperative. The optative is marked by the optative modal prefix oonly in 3rd person forms. In the 1st and 2nd person, singular and plural, there is no overt difference between the imperfective and optative inflection of a verb unless the theme distinguishes between imperfective and optative stem variants.

Only a few themes do

V/e/z
'it

this.

should become' (37.26)

'let

yehc'o-yoP

him go

in!' (7.8).

Theme: A-yaWlya- '(one person) goes' with

optative stem variant -ya^.

xoWc'^e^
ate

'let

me make him me
sing
it!'

(do

it)!' (7.3).

Theme:

0-{s)-c''e-lcHrP 'make, cre-

O' with optative stem variant

'let

-c"e'^.

me-lc>iWteh

(30.7)

na-ya-Unda^ah 'let's sing again!' (29.4) c'e-ninya^ 'you (must) come out!' (28.12). Theme: A-ya-W/ya- '(one person) goes' with optative stem variant -yd^.

24. Potential

mode

The

potential mode expresses the speaker's belief that the designated action or process has the potential of happening, with the implication that this is undesirable. Translations with the English modal 'might' are usually apt, although they fail to convey the sense of warning and foreboding that is attached to the Hupa construction. The potential mode is formally derived from the optative. The optative stem variant is used, extended with the suffixed element -ni (4.3), and in 3rd person forms the optative modal prefix (o-) also appears. In 1st and 2nd person forms, however, a distinct potential modal prefix {ni-) is employed, along with cf-classifier.

similar modal inflection occurs in Kato (cf. Goddard 1909:97, line 6), but no Athabaskan language outside the California subgroup is known to have a cog-

nate formation.
'^oMdi^ni '(her face) might get wrinkled' (10.56) yoMca^ni '(people) might see it' (16.20) yaWda'^aWn 'I might pick it up' < ya=ni-W-di-'^aW-ni, IsipQTSon singular potential of ya-=0-(w)-'^aWPa-n 'pick up (a single object)' '^iniidicay'^n 'you might get dry' < '^i-ni-i-di-cay'^-ni, 2nd person singular
potential of (w)-l-cay'^ 'get dry' tinohdidUn 'you (pi.) might go off < ti-n-oh-di-dii-ni, 2nd person plural potential of ti-(s)-dil/de-K '(two or more) go off

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IV. Adverbial Modification (25-29)

25. General

remarks

Adverbial modifiers consist of (1) a conjunct prefix; or (2) a disjunct prefix (or a sequence of two disjunct prefixes); or (3) both a conjunct and a disjunct prefix. Some adverbial prefixes (mostly disjunct prefixes) can take indirect object
inflection (P-).

Adverbial modifiers

may

be divided into two classes, primary and secondary.

the lexemic Primary adverbial modifiers combine with themes to form bases Inherent in every primary adverbial modifier is the units of the verb system. specification of the variant of the perfective aspect (20) that is to be used when it modifies an active theme.

There are two secondary adverbial modifiers, the distributive modifier and the iterative/reversative modifier. Both modify bases and define sublexemic categories of a semi-inflectional nature.

26.

Primary adverbial modifiers

adverbial modifiers are found in our data:
in a position

The following primary

P-e=(n) 'up
to P,

up against P

of

rest'

P-e-=(s) 'attached to P' p.e-=(w) 'touching P, moving up against P' P-e-=si-(s) 'up along P, not necessarily reaching top'

ceh=(w)
c'e-=(n)

'(peeling) off 'out of the house; out of an enclosure or container' P-da-=(n) 'to the door of P; at the entrance of P'

P-de-=(w) 'close past P, touching P' dah=di-(w) 'off, (drawing) away; (moving) away slowly,
de-=di-(w) 'into the fire' di-(w) 'starting off; extending out; taking away' P-kya-=(n) 'separating from P' P-n=ti-{s) '(pulling) toward' na-=(s) 'around, in no particular direction, here and there'
P-na-=(s) 'around P in a circle'

stealthily'

na-=(w) 'down from vertically above

na-=0-di-(s) 'along, across' na-=ni-(n) 'across (the river)'

(in the air or a point

of suspension)'

na-=0-ni-(w) '(throwing, striking)

at

O (and hitting)'

ni-(n) 'approaching, arriving' ni-na-=(s) 'rising up from lying down, getting out of bed' nin=si-(s) 'move up and down in one place' no-=(n) 'to a certain point, to completion; (put) down; (go) so

far'

P-no-=(w) 'penetrating into P'

qe- or l(>e'=(w)
'(cutting, breaking)

off

Hupa

Texts: Morphological Outline

839

P-sa-=(w} 'into P's mouth'

ta-=(s)

'dispersing; into (fine) pieces'

ta-=(w) 'into the water (and out again), moving through the water' tah=(s) 'out of (water, fire)' teh=(w) 'into the water' ti-(s) '(starting) off, (moving) along' tin=(w) 'lost, astray'

P-wa-=(n) '(give) to P; (move) through P' P-wa-n=di-(w) 'removing (a cover), getting off from P' P-wa-y=(w) 'missing P, (moving) off beyond P' xa-=(w) 'up from beneath; out of the ground'
xa-=si-(s) 'up to the top (of a mountain, the riverbank)'
xi-'^e-=(w)

'away, out of sight, passing into the distance'

to the foot (of a mountain)' ya-=(s) 'into bits, pieces dispersing' ya-=(w) 'up into the air, skyward' yeh=(w) 'into the house; into an enclosure or container' ^e-=(w) 'splitting apart, (moving) in opposite directions' jiwa-=(s) or (w) '(splitting) apart, (cracking) open, forking'
;

xo-da-=(w) 'downhill, downstream' xoh=(w) 'down to the bottom, down

27. Distributive modifier

The presence of

the distributive modifier in a verb indicates that the action specified by the base is distributed across several different locations or separate
subjects or objects.

(By contrast, inflection for the progressive aspect indicates happens sequentially or in successive locations, and the customary aspect that it happens habitually or repeatedly. An active base with the distributive modifier cannot be inflected for progressive or customary aspect.)
that the action

The

distributive modifier is marked by a conjunct prefix ti- that occurs to the left of the mode-aspect markers but to the right of any conjunct prefix that is part of a primary adverbial modifier. Verbs with the distributive modifier always require the zero allomorph of 5^-perfective, regardless of the theme or the perfective specification of the primary adverbial modifier. The distributive marker is lengthened to te- in perfective aspect forms.
x'^e-tilwil 'they

camp

in several places for the night', literally 'night falls sev-

on them' (1.24) c'e^te-lay 'he took them out (from several places)' (72.7) < c'e=c'i-te--s-la-i yehna?te-de-K, 'they came back into the house (one after another)' (75.7) <
erally
yeh-na-=c'i-te--s-de-K,-i

28. Iterative/reversative modifier

With active themes the iterative/reversative modifier indicates that the action of the verb is performed again or that the action is reversed, the meaning depending on the semantics of the theme or of the primary adverbial modifier. With extension neuter themes the meaning is similar. With other neuter themes the

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meaning is that the subject or object remains in the designated state or condition. The primary marker of the iterative/reversative modifier is a disjunct prefix na =
that occurs to the right of
ral

any disjunct adverbial prefix, but

to the left of the plu-

prefix ya-=.

na-na^yd^ (or nana'^aya'^) 'he (customarily)

again' (53.9)
'^a-na-niweset'e'^
'I

is

around again, goes around

became so

again' (30.55)

down' (48.18) stood back up' (33.26) na-sa'^a-n '(body) which is still lying there' (20.7) yehna'wilin '(the creeks) flow back into (the river)' (46.21)
no-na'^niiten 'he put (the living being) back
na-yye'^n
'I

With directional active themes (but not with non-directional or action themes) and progressive neuters, the iterative/reversative modifier requires a <i-classifier (with i- and / -classifiers becoming i-di- and l-di- respectively):

nate'^iWdaW 'I always walk back' (21.7). From A-ya-VV7>'a- 'one goes'; in this theme -^-}'aW regularly contracts to -daW. nanwiWdite-l 'I am carrying you along back' (25.26) < na=ni-wi-W-i-ditei-i
na-'^aldito'^n

'she danced back (to that place), she returned dancing' (26.45)

<i-classifier is also required with the iterative/reversative forms of a small set of themes referring to being, becoming, and growing:

na-yd^teMdic'^'e-n 'they

came

into existence (in

myth

times)', literally 'they

grew back up'

na-ysdilin'^

(9.3)

'I turn (back) into, become (again)' (47.16) na-Ryinehsdiya-n 'a generation grew up to maturity', literally 'something

grew

back up, matured' (73.3)

do- naxohsdile'^ 'they disappeared', literally 'they

became un-abundant'

(26.28)

29.

Anaphoric modifler
prefix ?= 'thus, so' (and xa-'^a-= 'in (just) such a manner')

The modifying

marks verbs of quotation and comparison, and more general anaphora. It is a disjunct prefix, occurring to the left of any other disjunct prefix. It also occurs to the left of a proclitic element that is incorporated into the lexeme, and could for this reason be considered proclitic itself. However, since it otherwise fuses
phonologically with conjunct prefixes in the same manner as other disjunct prefixes, it seems better to consider '^a-= as basically belonging to that category.
"^anin-t'e- 'be so' (1.20)

V=r'e7i 'do so' (1.49) xa-'^a=t'en 'do (just) so' (2.4) is called such' (2.7, 4.15) '^a-=0-o--(we-s)-l-ye-lye'^ 'O has such a name, '^a-=0-o--(n-di-)(s)-ne/ne'^ 'think so about O' (4.3) '^a=P-i + di-(w)-ne-/ne'^ 'say so to P' (3.17) "^ado- + 0-(we-s)-l-yo'^ 'dislike O' (1 1.49)

Hupa
The anaphoric

Texts: Morphological Outline

841

prefix in quotative verbs

is

dropped when a quotation immedi-

ately precedes (see note 4.15).

The anaphoric

prefix

is

from descriptive neuters (39)

used with the secondary comparative themes derived to indicate something like a superlative:

'^a-=m-i-fiUy 'be so slim, be as slim as that' (60.12) '^a-=ni-i-c''on 'be so beautiful, good' (1 1.23)

V. Verb Themes (30-48)

30-40. Neuter themes

30-35. Primary neuter themes.

30. Stative neuters
Stative neuter themes have a thematic prefix si- (homophonous with the sperfective aspect marker) and refer to a motionless state. Members of a small class of stative neuter themes are paired with classificatory transitive motion

themes and are used

si-te'n 'a living

to refer to

an object of that category being

at rest (46).

being

lies'

si-ta-n

'a stick-like object (or a basket) lies'

'a

5/-J/5

granular mass

(e.g.,

a handful of seeds) lies'

31. Extension neuters

Extension neuter themes refer to linear extension. They are basically impersonal themes, although a few bases are used metaphorically as personal themes. They occur in two subthemes. The inceptive subtheme, referring to extension from a point of attachment on a surface, or linear motion outward from a point of attachment. These subthemes have a thematic inceptive prefix {di-). The only occurring inceptive extension subthemes are di-'^a- '(one object) extends out' and di-'^e-X '(several objects) extend out'. The general extension subtheme, referring to all other categories of extension or linear motion.
31.1. Adverbial modiflcation of extension neuters

Extension themes normally occur with an adverbial modifier. If the modifier requires the perfective allomorph s with active themes, that prefix is found in the corresponding extension base:
te-(s) 'off, along': te--s-c'e- '(wind) blows', te'-s-'^in'^ 'look on, gaze' na-=(s) 'here and there, about': na-s-lin '(a stream) meanders, runs zig-zag' tah=(s) 'out of the water': tah=de--s-'^a- '(a single object) protrudes from the water'

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modifier requires the allomorphs win or nin with active themes, the two subtypes are treated differently.
If the

(1) In general subthemes, the w-perfective prefix is found in all bases, regardless of the allomorph required in active bases. In the citation of these bases,

most of which are impersonal, the 3rd person form of the perfective marker
(win)
is

used.
'(a single object)

ta-=(w) 'into the water': ta-=win-'^ay

ter'

extends into the wa-

no-=win-lin '(a stream) flows to that point, is 'to a certain point': obstructed in its course' di-(w) 'off, out, away': di-win-lin '(a stream) overflows, flows away from its course'
no- =(n)

In bases formed with the modifier ni-(n) 'approaching, arriving' the string niwin- is usually contracted to nin:
nin-lin '(a stream) flows
nin-'^Q-

somewhere'

'(one object) extends somewhere' na-=nin-'^a- '(one object) extends across (the river)'

But

this contraction

does not occur with the theme

A-'^e-K 'several things ex-

tend':
ni-win-'^e-K '(several things) lie extended'

(2)

In

themes of the inceptive subtype, no perfective prefix

is

used in extension

bases:

P-e-=(n) 'toward, against P': P-e=di-'^eK '(canoes) extend from (the riverbank)' P-no-=(w) 'penetrating into P': P-no=di'^-a- '(arrow) sticks into (deer)'
(62.31)

32. Ideophonic neuters

Ideophonic neuter themes are impersonal themes referring to the occurrence of a specific type of noise. All ideophonic themes have a thematic indefinite subject
(kyi):

kn-dil

'there Ryi-dol 'there

is is

Un-^at' 'there

is

a sound of ringing' a loud, crashing sound' a wet, floppy sound'

33. Progressive neuters

Progressive neuter themes are neuter themes that describe continuing motion in an unspecified direction. Progressive themes have a thematic progressive aspect marker ( w/). With a handful of exceptions, every progressive theme is formally

Hupa

Texts:

Morphological Outline

843

distinct

and semantically related to an active theme, but in most cases has a stem that is from the stem variant used by the active theme when inflected for progressive aspect.
O-wi-le'be carrying, handling (several objects or a rope)' (e.g., logs, flotsam) is floating along'

wi-xil 'a

mass

Progressive neuter themes have stative subthemes marked by the adverbial modifier dah= 'above, on top' that refer to a suspension of motion, or hovering
in

one place:

dah=wi-lei dah=wi-xil

'(fish)
'a

mass

hovers swimming, swims in one place' (logs, flotsam) floats about in one place'

34. Descriptive neuters

more thematic
ni-

Descriptive neuter themes are nearly all adjectival in meaning and have one or prefixes, some of which serve a loose classificatory function.
(inherent qualities)

ni-c'HnP 'be bad, ugly'

ni-da.s 'be heavy'

ni-i-

(perceived qualities, in particular texture) 'be wet' ni-t-^en 'be bright, shine, glitter'
ni-i-c'il

di-

(various qualities, principally tactile)

(e.g.,

di-cHl 'be dull, blunted

a knife)'

di-nan 'be sloped, tipped'

di-l-

(light-shaded or mixed colors)

di-l-cay 'be light-colored (like deer-hide in late spring); be whitish'

di-l-may 'be gray'

ii-

(color and other non-tactile qualities) ii-cay 'be white' ii-xan 'taste sweet, good'
(internal,

si-

temporary qualities)

si-q'ac' 'be cold'

si-d-yan 'be old'

35.

Other neuters
not clearly
fall into

The remaining neuter themes do

are secondary derivations (passive, etc.)

any of these classes. Some requires them to be considered separate primary themes. Others are fossilized remnants of nolonger productive patterns of derivation. There is also a small group of denomi-

whose idiomatic usage

844
nal neuter

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

themes with a thematized indefinite possessor that formally resemble ideophonic neuters (e.g., Ic>'i-t'an'^ 'there are leaves').

36-40. Secondary themes

36. Transitional themes

from neuters

Every neuter theme can form a derived intransitive active theme with transitional meaning: 'come to (be in such a state, have such a quality, extend in such a direction), cease to be (so), move in and out of being (so)'. The stem of the transitional theme is usually the glottalized form of the stem of the primary Where the neuter stem is already glottalized there is no change. In a neuter. minority of cases there is a distinctive transitional stem that must be lexically
noted.

Transitional themes that are derived from progressive themes, or from extension themes with thematic win, are inflected for perfective aspect with the marker

wes. Transitionals derived from other extension themes, and from stative and descriptive themes, are inflected for possessive aspect with the w-perfective
variant.

36.1. Stative transitionals

si-'^a-n '(a

round object)

lies'

>

(w)-'^a'^ '(a
lie'

round object) comes

to lie' (3.12)

si-la- '(several

objects or a rope)

>

(w)-l-'^a'^

'(several objects or a rope)

to stand' (2.24)

come

to lie' (2.42)
is

si-yen '(one)

standing'

>

(wj-yin"^ '(one)

comes

na'=de--si-l-ya- '(two or

more) are standing' > na-=de--(w)-l-ya'^ '(two or

more) come

to stand' (2.55)

36.2. Extension transitionals

te-s-c'e-

'wind blows'

>

te--(w)-c'e'^

'wind

starts to

blow, blows for a while'

(64.1)
P-e-=di-'^a- '(one thing) extends

from
to

'come

to

extend from P,

come

P, is joined to P' > P-e-=0-di-(w)-'^a'^ be joined to P' (idiom for 'doctor P by

sucking') (24.9)
ya-=win-'^a- '(one)
sits', literally

'(one) extends up'

>

ya-=(we-s)-'^a'^ '(one)

comes
things)

to

sit,

stays sitting' (40.21)

ni-win-'^eX '(several things) extend somewhere'

>

ni-(we-s)-'^e-X '(several

come

to

extend somewhere' (53.4)

P-e-=nin-'^a- (< *P-e-=ni-win-'^a-) '(one thing) extends toward P, leans against P' > P-e-=ni-(we-s)-^a'^ '(one thing) comes to extend toward P; lean

against P' (VG) teh=win-t'iKy '(a line) extends into the water' > teh={we-s)-t'iUy 'come to extend into the water, reach to the river' (77.93) c'e-=win-ce- 'wind blows out' > c'e-=(we-s)-c'e'^ '(wind) comes to blow out'
(9.27)

Hupa

Texts: Morphological Outline

845

36.3. Ideophonic transitionals

kyi-dol 'there is a loud crashing sound'

>

Uyi-(w)-dol 'a loud crashing sound

comes

to

happen' (65.7)

36.4. Progressive transitionals

In general, progressive neuter themes do not form secondary transitionals or causatives. However the stative subtheme marked by the adverbial modifier dah= 'above, on top' regularly forms a transitional:

dah=wi-lei 'hover in the water while swimming' > dah=(we-s}-lei 'come hover in the water while swimming' (7.1 1)
36.5. Descriptive transitionals

to

si-d-yan 'ht old' > fwj-^-yan'^ 'get old' (1.15) ni-Won 'be good, pretty' > ni-(w>)-WonP 'become good, pretty' (4.25) ni-ia-n 'be many' > (wj-ian^ 'get to be many' (4.26)

37. Causative themes

Except for progressives, every neuter theme can form a derived transitive active theme with ^-classifier that has a causative meaning: 'cause O to (be in such a state, have such a quality, extend in such a direction)'. In all cases the stem of
the transitional derivation
is

used.

No

progressive causatives are attested

Unlike transitional themes, most causative themes can be adverbially modified, and in these bases the perfective variant is determined by the specifications of modifier. Unmodified causative themes usually have w-perfective, but causatives of ideophonic themes have 5-perfective.
37.1. Stative causatives
5/- Ja-

'(one)

sits,

stays'

> O-fwH-Ja"?

ne--s-no- '(several upright objects) stand erect'

'cause (one) to sit, stay' (10.6) > 0-ni-(w)-i-no'^ 'cause

O to

stand erect' (4.12, 12.15) na-=s-ma-c' 'be in a circle, ring-like'

ring-like' (4.14)

> na=0-(w}-l-ma-c 'make

O circular,

37.2. Extension causatives

di-'^a-

'(one thing) extends out, sticks up > 0-di-(w)-i-'>a'^ 'cause (one thing) extend out, stick up' (23.12) P-na=s-t'iU> 'a line extends around P' > P-na=0-(w)-l-t'il<> 'cause O to extend in a line around P' (10.26) P-sa--win-t'iky 'a line extends into P's mouth' > P-sa-=iw)-i-t'iU' 'run a line into P's mouth' (6.2)
'

to

846

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

P-e-=nin-'^a- (< *P-e=ni-win-'^a-) '(one thing) extends

P'

toward P, leans against

>

P-r=/I/-('w^^?a'? 'lean (one thing) against P' (23.13)

37.3. Ideophonic causatives

lc>i-q'ic'

'there

is

a cracking sound'

>

UH-{s)-i-qic'

'make a cracking sound'

(34.38)
37.4. Descriptive causatives

O to be warm, warm O up' (10.66) > O-fwH-caj"? 'dry O' (12.17) ni-Won 'be good' > 0-ni-(w)-i-Won'^ 'cause O to be good (good-looking, lucky), come to be good for O' (25.33) /2z-/e7 'be flat, wide(spread)' > O-f wj-^ re/ 'spread O out' (61.18)
si-sel 'be

warm' > 0-(w)-i-cei 'cause

ni-l-cay 'be dry'

38. Possessive themes

From every

stative, extension, and descriptive neuter theme a derived transitive neuter theme with if-classifier can be formed, with a possessive meaning: 'have, possess O (in such a state, in such a direction, of such a quality)'. The stem of the primary neuter theme is used. Ideophonic and progressive neuters do not form secondary possessive themes.

38.1. Stative possessives

round object lies' > O-s-i-'^an 'have (a round object) lying, own round object)' (41.7) si-xan '(a filled container) lies somewhere' > O-si-i-xan 'have (a filled
si-'^a-n 'a

(a

container) lying' (25.23) si-tan '(a stick-like object) lies somewhere' object) lying somewhere' (48.3).
38.2. Extension possessives
ya-=win-'^a- '(one)
sits', literally

>

0-si-i-tan 'have (a stick-like

'(one) extends up'

>

ya=0-win-i-'^a- 'have

(one) sitting'
38.3. Descriptive possessives

xo-len 'be numerous'

>

0-xo-i-len 'have, possess (many)' (66.3)

39.

Comparative themes

Any
is

descriptive neuter theme can form a secondary theme with ^-classifier that comparative in meaning. This theme is found only with the modifier P-e'(compared) to P' or with the anaphoric modifier '^a-= 'thus, so' (29).

Hupa P-e= '(compared)

to P':

Texts: Morphological Outline

847

ni-nes 'be long, tall' > P-e-=ni-i-ne-s 'be as long, tall as P' (25.14) ni-sad 'be distant, deep' > P-e=ni-i-ca-d 'be as distant, deep as P'
(48.10)

V= 'thus, so':
si-t'ik>

'be slim'

>

'^a-=ni-i-t'iJ(>

ni-Won
(11.23)

'be beautiful, good'

>

'be so slim, be as slim as that' (60.12) '^a=ni-i-c''o-n 'be so beautiful, good'

most attested forms a thematic ni- prefix occurs as well, but it is unclear whether this is from the primary theme or whether it is part of the derivation. Comparative bases are normally preceded by a nominal or adverbial phrase that specifies the comparison. When there is no overt comparison, reference to a proIn

digious or extraordinary expression of the quality

is

generally understood.

A transitional can be further derived from the comparative theme:

'^a-=ni-i-kyow 'be so big'

>

'^a'=ti-(s)-i-kyow

'grow so big' (62.54)

P-e'=ni-i-k>'ow 'be as big as P'

fitP'

>

P-e-=(w)-i-kyow 'grow big enough for P,

40. Further derivations

from secondary themes

The secondary themes, both

(possessive), that are derived

active (transitional, causative) and neuter from primary neuter themes can, in turn, be the basis for further derivation. Passives may be formed from transitionals and causatives, and transitionals may be derived from possessives. Similarly, the passive (derived either from a primary active theme or from a transitional or causative) can be treated as if it were a primary neuter, and secondary transitional, causative, and possessive themes can be derived from it. Although most of these formations are rare, a number are attested. The commonest are:
40.1. Transitional derivation

from possessive

0-si-i-tan 'have (stick, basket) lying there' (possessive) > 0-(w}-{-tarP 'come to have (stick, basket) lying there' (transitional of possessive) ya-=0-win-i-'^a- 'have (one) sitting' > ya-=0-(w)-i-'^a? 'come to have (one) sitting', literally 'come to have (one) extending up' (transitional of possessive)

40.2. Possessive derivation

0-wi-l-c'''en

from passive neuter

'O has been made, created' (passive) > 0-wi-i-d-c''en 'have, made' (possessive of passive) (39. 7, 48.4) 0-ni-wi-l-Mrf 'O has been made dirty, ugly' (passive of causative) > 0-niwi-i-d-c'Hrf 'have O made dirty, ugly; own O that has been made dirty,
possess

O that has been

ugly' (possessive of passive of causative)

848

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California Linguistics

41-45. Active themes

41-43. Primary active themes.
41. Directional themes
Directional themes imply the motion of some entity, either as subject or as oband never occur without an adverbial modifier to specify the direction of

ject,

motion. (They are cited with A- to indicate

this valence.)

42. Non-directional themes

Occurrence with the adverbial modifier na-=(s) 'around, about, here and there' defines the non-directional subtheme of directional themes. Rather than indicating directional motion, the non-directional subtheme implies that the entity is moving in no particular direction. A small number of directional themes do not occur with this modifier, and for the entities whose motion they specify nondirectional motion is marked by a separate theme (in most but not all cases with a phonologically related stem). The commonest of these non-directional themes
are:

na-=(s)-ya-/ya'^ '(one) is around, goes around' (3.10)

go around, live' (19.20) na-=(s)-me-/me'^ 'swim around, bathe' (39.13) na-=0-(s)-'^a-Pa'^ 'carry (a round object) around' (1.50) around as a pack' (77.29) na-=0-(s)-we-/we'^ 'carry around' (77.76) na-=0-(s)-i-xe-/xe'^ 'ferry, haul
na-=(s)-dil/de-K '(two or more)

When

a directional
is

theme has

/-classifier, a non-directional

theme with
'jump

i-

classifier

distinguished. For example:

A-l-ton"^

na-=(s)-i-ton'^

'jump around' (24.34). Compare directional somewhere'.

one case the semantically associated directional and non-directional themes are etymologically unrelated:
In at least
na-=(s)-i-'^i3 'run

around' (69.52).

Compare

directional

A-l-daW

'run'.

42.1.

Secondary inceptive

Non-directional themes can form secondary inceptive themes with w-perfective:

na-=(w)-me-/me'^ 'start to swim around, bathe' (66.47, 74.12). Inceptive of non-directional na-=(s)-me-lme'^ 'swim around, bathe'.

Hupa

Texts:

Morphological Outline

849

na-=(w)-dil/de-K '(two or more) begin to be around, live' (67.26., 69.81). Inceptive of non-directional na-=(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) are, go around,
live'.

43. Action themes

All primary active themes that are neither directional nor non-directional are action themes. They fall into two formal categories:
(1)

Themes

occur unmodified.
refer to

found with one or more adverbial modifiers, but can also the themes in this class are transitive and usually forceful actions. Typical examples are:
that are

Most of

O-i-'^a-Pa'^ 'ask
//j

O to do something, invite O,
a cut in

call

O (an animal)'

'urinate'

O-MPa-K 'chewO' 0-i-dow 'cut O, make

0-God 'poke, spear O; move about with

0-g>es 'scratch, scrape
0-i-lc>oc' 'stretch

O (e.g., with scissors)' O on a stick'

a rake)'

O (with claws nails,

0-i-k>id 'catch, seize O'

O-i-tiW 'pound

O (something gummy or rubbery)' O with a wedge or chisel'

(2) Themes that cannot take an adverbial modifier. These usually have thematic adverbial modifiers or other thematic prefixes. Typical examples are:
i-'^ac'

'sneeze'

'cut up (a salmon) for drying' na-=(kn)-(s)-i-Gi^ 'roast (seeds) over a fire; parch coffee' P-e-=3i-is)-la-/ld^ 'hate P'
ta-=(lcyi)-(s)-^-'^ai

P-e-=di-(w)-liw 'attack, fall upon P' P-na-=si-(w)-nigy 'put arms around P'

44-45. Secondary themes formed

44. Passives

from

active themes

Every transitive active theme can form a secondary passive, an impersonal neuter theme that refers to the occurrence of the defined action without specifying a subject or a mode and aspect, but specifying the object. The passive theme is marked by a conjunct passive/gerund prefix wi- (which fuses with a preceding conjunct prefix in the same way as w-perfective; see 20.1), and usually by dclassifier if the basic theme has no classifier, or by the replacement of basic /classifier by /-classifier.
kyiwidya'^n 'what has been eaten' (2.2). Passive oi kyi-iwj-ya-n/yarP 'eat

(something)'.

no-dwas

'(sticks) that

have been whittled down' (12.30). Passive of no=(n)-

was

'shave, whittle to that point'.

850
kye-lna"^ '(the

XIV Northwest
salmon) that 'cook (salmon)'.
1st
is

California Linguistics
(6.1 1).

cooked'

Passive of ky-e-=(w)-l-na-/na'^

Wise-lwen i get
with

killed' (62.124). Passive of 0-si-(s)-i-we-/we-n 'ki\\0\ person singular object. wilc''e-n 'what has been made' (7.1). Passive of 0-f5)-^-c'Wc"m'^ 'make O', with special passive stem -c''e-n. Wiwilc'^e'n 'I've been made, somebody created me'. Passive of 0-(s)-ic''e-/c''in'^ 'make O', with 1st person singular object.

44.1. Further derivations

from passives

Further derivations from passive neuters are attested. active can be formed (with wes perfective):

secondary transitional

'it comes to be seen' (23.23). Perfective transitional of O-wi-l-can, passive of 0-t-can 'see O'. xowehshid'he was caught' (72.43). Perfective transitional, with animate 3rd person object, of 0-wi-l-k>id, passive of 0-i-k>id 'catch hold of O'.

wehscan

secondary possessive neuter also occurs:

yaywiidic'^e-n 'they (deer) have

plural ya-=, of possessive neuter 0-wi-i-d-c'''e-n 'have

passive 0-wi-l-c''e-n

made' (39.17). Obviative 3rd person, with O lying made', from 'O has been made'.
it

45.

Gerunds

verbal noun or gerund is an impersonal intransitive neuter that refers to the an abstract process. Gerunds can be formed from any active theme, transitive or intransitive. Like a passive theme, a gerund is marked by the passive/gerund prefix wi- and by ^-classifier if the basic theme has no classifier, or by the replacement of basic ^-classifier by /-classifier. Gerunds of transitive themes and passives inflected for (unmarked) inanimate 3rd person object are identical in form and can only be distinguished by usage.
activity as

natedyec' 'breathing, taking a breath'

ye-W/ye-c' 'breathe'.
na-dya"^ 'going around'
(21.1).

(6.7).

Gerund from

na-=ti-(s)-d-

Gerund from /2a=f 5 j-^'a/ja'^' (one)

is

around,

goes around'.
na-dPa'^ 'carrying
it

around' (8.15). Gerund from na-=0-{s)-'^and^ 'carry (a

(24.34).

round object) around'.

na-lton^ 'dancing'
Ryite-lkyo-d

'stealing'

(17.16).

Gerund from na-={s)-\-ton^ 'jump around'. Gerund from /:'>7-r/-('5)-/-/:>o-^ 'steal

/cW-f^j-A'oVA'on'^

(something)'.

KyiwiXon 'weaving' (22.41). Gerund from

ket)',

'weave

(a bas-

with special passive stem.

Hupa

Texts:

Morphological Outline

851

46. Classificatory
In

theme

sets

common with all other Athabaskan languages, Hupa has a small number of primary verb themes that refer to the motion or position of well-defined classes of entities. These classificatory themes form sets., each of which includes four themes: a directional and non-directional transitive active theme, a progressive transitive neuter theme, and a stative intransitive neuter theme.
1

Handle a round object

Directional: A-O-'^aWPa'n

Non-directional: na-=0-(s)-'^a-Pa'^ Progressive neuter: O-wi-'^al Stative neuter: si-'^am

2.

Handle a

flat,

cloth-like object

Directional: A-O-'^ad

Non-directional: na=0-'^ad Progressive neuter: O-wi-'^adil Stative neuter: si-d-'^ad

3.

Handle a granular mass

Directional: A-O-jij

Non-directional: na-=0-(s)-^i^ Progressive neuter: 0-wi-^i^il Stative neuter: si-^i^

4.

Handle a fabric
Directional: A-O-i-kyos

Non-directional: na-=0-(s)-i-kyo-s Progressive neuter: O-wi-i-kyosil

Stative neuter: si-i-kyos
5.

Handle several objects or a rope

Directional: A-0-liW/la-

Non-directional: na-=0-(s)-le-/le'^ Progressive neuter: 0-wi-lei Stative neuter: si-la

6.

Handle a

soft,

doughy substance

Directional: A-0-iiw/iiq'

Non-directional na=0-(s)-iiw/iiq' Progressive neuter: 0-wi-iel

:

Stative neuter: si-iiq'

852
7.

XIV Northwest
Handle a

California Linguistics

stick-like object or a basket

Directional: A-O-tiW/tan Non-directional: na-=0-(s)-tin/tin'^ Progressive neuter: O-wi-til Stative neuter: si-tan
8.

Handle a living being

Directional: A-0-i-tiW/ten Non-directional: na-=0-(s)-^-teite'^ Progressive neuter: 0-wi-i-tel
Stative neuter: si-te-n
(si-l-te-n 'a living

being

lies

dead')

9.

Handle a

filled container

Directional: A-0-xaW/xan Non-directional: na-=0-(s)-xaixa'^ Progressive neuter: O-wi-xai

Stative neuter: si-xa-n

47. Mediopassives

and causatives

small number of transitive themes, both active and neuter, are paired with mediopassive themes, in which the subject acts by or on itself. This does not seem to be a productive derivational process. The mediopassive theme usually has dclassifier, regardless of the classifier of the transitive theme:
Transitive

Mediopassive
O, pull (on a
stick)'

0-yos

'stretch
'kill,

d-yo-s 'stretch (oneself)' (4.21)

slaughter (them)' na-=ti-(s)-ce- 'open the door'

nin-lin '(water) flows'

0-wan

d-wa-n 'break

apart, fall to pieces'

na-=ti-(s)-d-ce- '(door) opens, gets

opened' (46.25)
nin-d-lin '(several)

have themselves

A-0-i-Got' 'bend O' A-O-i-ced 'shove (a sticklike object)'

flowing' (7.9) A-d-cot' 'bend oneself (22.33) A-d-ce-d '(a sticklike object) shoves
itself

'(1.25)
(in that

0-(w)-i-mid 'turn O's stomach

direction)'

(in that

d-mid 'have ones stomach

position)' (16.5)

In

some

pairs,

however, the mediopassive theme has

that

/-classifier:

0-(w)-i-moW 'swing (something

l-moW

'swing (oneself)' (27.16)

hangs)' 0-(s)-i-das/dac' 'break (branch, stem,

twig)'

l-das '(stem of plant) breaks' (40.5 1)

na-=0-(w)-'l-We-n/Win'^ 'melt O'

na-=xo.-(w)-l-We-n/Win'^ 'snow
melts'

A-O-i-Wod/Wot'

'slide,

drag O'

l-Wod/Wot'

'slip, slide'

Hupa

Texts: Morphological Outline

853

to be morphologically basic, and be derived with ^classifier. (Note that these causative formations are etymologically different from the causatives derived

In other pairs, the mediopassive a causative transitive

theme appears

theme

to

from neuters; 37).

0-i-gyas 'break
stick)'

O off, snap (e.g.,

gyas 'break, snap'

Icyil

O-i-kyil 'rip, tear, split

O (with one's

'break, split open; tear'

hands)' 0-ti-{s)-i-cM 'wear

O out, exhaust O'

ti-(s)-c'id 'get

weak, exhausted'
rotate (e.g., log, hoop,
'fire

A-O-i-mas

'roll

O'

A-mas

'roll,

person)'
Uyi-ni-(s)-i-cis

'put (a fire) out'

Uyi-ni-(s)-cis

goes out'

di-(w)-t-ne-/ne'^ 'play a musical in-

di-(w)-ne-/ne'^

'make a noise'

strument'

48. Directive themes

subset of transitive active themes (and their derivations) is marked at O'. These directive themes primarily refer to actions that are directed at an object but do not necessarily connect with

A distinctive
it

by the thematic prefix O-o- 'toward,

(e.g., 'strike at' vs. 'hit'),

cal.

In

some

although in some themes this meaning is metaphoricases there are parallel themes without the directive prefix,

O-o-n^

'shoot at O' (76.35).

Compare O-n^

'hit

O in

shooting' (69.74)

0-o--ni-(w)-cHd 'reach for O, fetch O' (1 1.31, 16.6) 0-o--(w)-i-c'id 'know O, recognize O' (5.32,29.13)

The morphology of themes with

is

a directive object is unusual. When the object indefinite {Ryi-) the directive prefix occurs to the left of a 3rd person subject prefix, as if it were a disjunct adverbial prefix with an indirect object. With all other objects, however, the directive prefix occurs to the right of a 3rd person subject prefix:

0-o--(w}-i-c^iw 'hire O': 'he (customarily) hires (something)' (12.9) < ky-o--c'i-'^i-i-c''iw-i c'iWo-'^oic'^iw 'he (customarily) hires me' < c'i-W-o-'^i-i-c'iw-i
^'>'o'^<?^(:'*iw

0-o--(w)-We-/We'^
Icyo'^te-We'^

'call

O by

name':
to different people' (26.62)

'she gave

names

<

l<i''-o--c'i-te--s-We'^

yixo-ijWe'^ \Uyixinay)

gave her (names)' (26.60) < yi-xo-o-win-We'^

The

plural prefix {ya-=) usually occurs to the left of the directive prefix, regard-

less of

whether

it

modifies the subject or the object:

c'oya-diwiixid 'he asked them' (67.20) d'ixoya'se'^ixaW 'they (customarily) pay him' (70.50)

However,

it

may

also precede a 3rd person subject:

ya'^xofj'^i^

'they shot ai him' (76.35)

<

ya--c'i-xo-o--win-'^ij

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VI.

Nouns (49-52)

49.

Noun themes
Primary nouns

49.1.

Primary noun themes are either unanaiyzable (often a monosyllable) or are compounded from two or more unanaiyzable elements. The number of primary nouns in Hupa is relatively small, many of them being inalienably possessed body-part or kinship terms (51.1). The great majority of primary nouns are
cognate with primary nouns
ce- 'stone'

in other

Athabaskan languages.

log'

'fish,

salmon'

P-c''o-

'P's maternal grandmother'

P-we--da'^ 'P's chin', literally 'P's jaw-lip'

49.2.

Noun

suffixes

handful of elements occur in compound primary nouns only in non-initial poand may be considered suffixes or second-place formatives. The commonest of these are -c"m 'class, kind' (see note 1.9), -c'e"^ 'female', and -ya-W-i 'young, small' (the last originating as a relativized verb stem).
sition,
t'an-c'^itj

'California laurel, pepperwood', literally 'leafy-sort'

'fir

P-Kin-ce'^ 'P's co-wife'

c'ime-yaW
49.3.

saplings'

Secondary noun themes

Secondary noun themes are derived from verbs and verb phrases, usually by relativization. Most Hupa noun themes belong to this type. The class is open and dynamic, with considerable dialectal and historical diversity. Few secondary noun themes are cognate with noun themes in Athabaskan languages beyond the
California subgroup.

50. Possessive prefixes

Nouns

are inflected for possessor by a set of possessive prefixes that are formally identical to indirect object prefixes (P-):
1st

person singular

W/-):

Winalte'^e'^
nikya-'^

2nd person singular {ni):

'our father'

lst/2nd person plural (no/?-):

'my work' (30.51) 'your dress' (61.17) nohiiij 'your brother, cousin' (43.13); nohta"^

Hupa
Animate 3rd person

Texts:

Morphological Outline

855

{xo-): xoWt'e"^ 'his blanket' (1 1.48); xona"^ 'her eyes' (22.44); xoda^ 'their chins, mouths' (15.15) Obviative 3rd person {yidi-): yidihan '(Dawn's) thoughts, mind' (27.12)

Inanimate 3rd person (mi-): milide'^ '(the fire's) smoke' (46.19); miWxe'^x '(bear's) cubs' (34.40); mikyansaPan '(people's) hearts' (9.24) Indefinite 3rd person (/:>/-): Icyic'ine'^ 'something's (detached) bones, skeleton'
Reciprocal Reflexive:
(68.27); kye-we"^ '(deer) marrow' (69.20) (-li-): ii-lin 'brothers, male cousins (to each other)' (70.2) {^a--di-): "^aY/^y 'one's own possession' (9.14); "^adeda^ay 'one's own head' (31.11)
:

The

plural prefix (16) can be prefixed to the lst/2nd person, animate 3rd person, and (rarely) inanimate 3rd person possessors:

ya-xono-na'wice'"^ 'their door' (46.26)

When

marks a subtheme

used with body-part terms, the indefinite 3rd person possessor usually that refers to a (detached) part of a specific animal that is em-

ployed for a culturally significant purpose:

kyiwo'^ 'something's teeth'

kye-da^ay 'something's head'

> 'crown of sea-lion tusks (worn by dancers)' > 'fishhead, head of a salmon' (eaten as

delicacy) (6.1)

51. Alienable

and inalienable noun themes

Noun themes fall into two formal classes with respect to inflection for possessor. Inalienable noun themes never occur without a possessor All other nouns are alienable and occur both with and without a possessor.
51.1. Inalienable
Inalienable

themes

relationships.

noun themes are for the most part terms for body parts and kinship The possessive meaning is usually a relational one or that of a

part to a whole.

P-ad

'P's older sister'

P-kya-y 'P's

(woman's) daughter's

child'

P-n-c'iW
P-kye'^

'P's nose'
tail'

'P's

At

least one inalienable noun theme also functions as a denominal verb theme, with the valence for a possessor incorporated into the verbal prefix complex;

P-J^7(e;? 'P's heart, mind'

'Pj's

>

P,-tis

+ P2-(w)-^eye'^
'I

'P2 forgets P,', literally

it'

mind moves over

P,':

mitis-Wiwin^eye"^

forgot

(29.38)

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51.2. Alienable
In alienable

themes
is

nouns the possessive relationship

possession.

The possessed form of an

(-/'^),

alienable
is

one of ownership or physical noun has a suffixed possessed

noun formant
c'iq'

the

vowel of which
"^adiciq'e"^

often (though not always) elided:

'hair-tying strap':

'her (own) hair-tying straps' (75.28)

nit'anq'i-no'^ondiP 'your acorn-

nalt'e'^

'work':

Wina-lte'^e'^

'my work' (30.51)

t'anq'i-no-'^ondil 'acorn-gathering place':

gathering claims' (58.14)

no-nawice' 'door':
tehi-na'^we- 'quiver':

yaxononawice'^

'th&'n door' (46.26)

xotehina'^we-'^ 'his quiver' (57.12)

The vowel of
light

syllable of the unpossessed

noun formant conditions changes in the fmal closed noun that are identical to the changes between the and heavy forms of a closed verb stem, which are governed by the rules of
the possessed

external sandhi (6, 71).

q'ay'^timii

'pack basket':

ya'xoq'ay'^timiP 'their pack-baskets' (58.20)

kohi 'pack-strap': xoKo-P 'her pack-strap' Wixontaw"^ 'my house' xontah 'house': ^eh 'pitch': m/je^vv'? '(tree's) pitch'

very small
t'e'^

number of alienable noun themes have

xoWt'e'^ 'his blanket' (1 1.48)

irregular possessed forms:

'blanket':

iitj'^

'dog, horse, pet':

xolink^e'^ 'his dog, horse, pet'

52. Postpositions

Postpositions are relational nouns, formally identical with inalienable noun themes, and postpositional objects are equivalent to possessors (P-). The syntactic function of postpositions differs from nouns, and they are semantically equivalent to English prepositions and prepositional phrases.
P-c'irj'^

'to,

toward P'

P-i 'with P' P-xa- 'off in search of P' P-xehstan'^-dirj 'alongside of P, close to P, within P's reach'

Not infrequently postpositions are incorporated into verb themes as disjunct prefixes or proclitics, and indirect objects are expressed as the objects of these
postpositions:
P-e- 'to, against P':

P-e-=di-(w)-dinldin'^ 'want P'

P':

P-wan

'for,

concerning

P-wan=xi-ni-yeW

'talk

about P'

P-a- 'for the benefit of P': P-a- + Uyi-(no pf}-i-kyid 'feed P, procure food for P', literally 'catch something for P'

Hupa

Texts:

Morphological Outline

857

ject.

Unlike possessed nouns, postpositions may take nouns and phrases as their obIn such postpositional phrases, the postposition is enclitic to the noun or the last element in the phrase.
nin-c'if 'toward the ground, down' (12.48). ninnin^ 'ground'.
is

the

combining form of

hay mil

Gah-t-c'irj'^ 'to

where
in

(the baby)

comes from' (13.13)

Such phrases are common

Kyinc'^iW-q'id

placenames:
village), literally 'on

(Hoopa Valley

someone's nose'.

Map A- 15

VII. Clitics (53-60)

53-60. Verbal
53. General

and nominal

clitics

remarks

number of modifying elements occur enclitic to verbs and nouns (and verbal and nominal phrases) marking tense, mode, diminutive, augmentative, and some other categories. These are to be distinguished from the enclitic phrase formants
that serve syntactic functions (61-64).

54. Tense enclitics

Future and past tense categories in verbs and nouns are marked by a set of three mutually exclusive enclitics.
54.1.

General future:

te'

The

enclitic te-

marks the general future tense of a verbal

action, or in certain

circumstances of a noun.

When

enclitic to the perfective

form of an active

theme

it

marks a punctual future

aspect.

'one will be old' (1.51) it out of (the net)' (6.3) c'o-'^oiyohi-te- 'they will (customarily) blow at them' (5.24) c'icahi wint'e--te- 'he will always walk' (1.52). In this phrase, te- is enclitic to the enclitic neuter verb win-t'e- 'it regularly happens, always is (doing so)' hay miq'eh no-ya'^lc>initjxan-te- '(the things) which they will use for the feast' (5.14). Here -te- is suffixed to a verb that is incorporated into a nominal
c'isdiyan-tec'e'^nHtin-te- 'he will take

phrase.
mina-i-te- 'in the (anticipated) presence of (the world), with (the world) as

(potential) witness' (25.8).

"^a-t'e-ni

Here

te- is

enclitic to a postposition.

Wan-te-

'it

just will (not) be so'

(62.1 12).

Here

te- is

enclitic to the

enclitic

Wa-n

'just,

only', an unusual construction.

858
54.2.

XIV Northwest
Imminent
future:
te'l

California Linguistics

The

enclitic tei

marks an immediately imminent verbal

action.

It is

apparently

found only with verbs.

c'ideVlye'^-tel-id

'whenever they are about to have the White Deerskin Dance'

'I

(1.1) q'ad-c'eh nWc'id-tehi

feel that

am

about to die' (24.7)

54.3. Past: ne'^ini

With a verb the

is

enclitic ne'^ini indicates that the verbal action is in the past, and frequently employed with customary aspect forms to indicate the abandonment of a former custom or habit. With nouns and nominal phrases it indicates that the entity or state no longer exists. If the noun refers to a possession it indicates that it has been lost or destroyed; if it refers to a human being it indicates that the person is no longer living.

do- io'^-c'iic''e--ne'^in c'idilye--ditj '(in the past) they used not to laugh at the

Jump Dance'
nirjxa'^-nehwan-ne'^in 'they used to be

handsome

(in those days)'

xowehsk>id-neVn 'he could have been caught, he was all but caught' (72.43) hay c'ekyirjxat'-ne'^in '(the blanket) which had been hanging (there)' (10.40) xolye--neVn 'he was called (by such a name)' (15.3). Referring to a man now
dead.

hay hay

U>ixinay-ne'^in 'the ones

who had been

Jcyixinay, the

former Uyixinay'

(4.33)
hitj'^a-gya-n-ne'^in

'her pipe (that she

had

lost)' (28.2)

Wic'^o'-ne'^in

'my

late

grandmother' (77.1)
ne"^

55. Enclitic of obligation:

The obligatory mode

('must')

is

a verb inflected for the optative

ninte'^-ne'^

expressed by the enclitic ne"^, usually following mode, or an imperfective used as an imperative.
(70.17). 2nd person singular opne'^ stem -te"^ '(one) lies down' along with you' (66.45)
to sleep'
-f-

'you must

lie

down, go
it

tative o{ ni-{s)-tiW/te-n (optative

'^a-dii-tiliW-ne'^

'you must take

In prohibitive statements,
'despite,

framed by the proclitic do- 'not' and the enclitic heh even if, the enclitic of obligation follows heh:

do- jceVc'o7a'^a-/z^/2-A?^'^ 'he

must not be allowed

to pass!'

(3.21).

Hupa

Texts:

Morphological Outline

859

56. Diminutive

and augmentative

enclitics

56.1. Diminutive enclitic: ji

The diminutive

enclitic j/ (frequently altered to j/ by diminutive consonant symbolism, 70) is found with a number of nouns, particularly animal and plant names, with the meaning 'little, smaller (variety of)':

kyin-^iwol-^i Tir-sapling used for poles in the

Jump Dance'

(2.10)
'its

<

kyin-

^iwol 'round

sticks'

+ j/

mida'^-j 'dentalia too small to be used as

money < mi-da?

is

mouth,

lips'

xonteM-^i-me'^ 'In (the valley) where there B-24) < xo-n-tei 'flat, prairie' + j/
It is

little prairie'.

Hyampom (map
'close, almost':

more generally used with

'girl just

all

word

classes with the

(1 1.7)

meaning

do--k>inahidan-3
berty'

before puberty'

<

kyinahidatj 'girl at pu-

+ j/
'the

to, on the very edge of it' (1 1.57) < mi-wa-n 'from it' + j/ evening just barely comes' (1-23) < '^e'^ilwil 'night comes' + j/ (with diminutive consonant symbolism) yisxande"^-^ 'the (very) next day' (6.4) < yisxande'^ 'tomorrow' + j/

miwa-fi-^ 'close
'^e'^ilwil-^i

Note also the diminutive formation based on the inanimate

diyWo'^-3
'(little)

indefinite pronoun:

things, possessions' (1.39)

For unexplained reasons open syllables with long vowels (CV) are regularly replaced by CVh before the diminutive enclitic:
na'^weh-^ 'Jump Dance basket' < na-=c'i-we- 'one packs it around' + j/ c'imeh-j 'small conifer' < c7me--, in several nouns referring to conifers +j/ c'it'a'^nyeh-3 '(it is) very thin' (22.7) < c'it'a'^nye- 'it is thin' + j/ (with di-

minutive consonant symbolism)

56.2.

Augmentative

enclitic:

kyoh

The augmentative

enclitic is

most commonly found with nouns:

Uyiiwe--kyoh 'spider'

<

kyiiwe' 'malevolent spirit'

+ kyoh

caW-kyoh 'redwood' <

caW 'yew' +

kyoh
its

Although it is not attested as a verb enclitic there are a few instances of currence with adverbs:
xo'^^i-koh 'really, carefully'

oc-

(1.26)

<

xo'^^i 'true,

authentic'

+ hoh (with

di-

minutive consonant symbolism)

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57. Collective plural enclitic: ni

The

enclitic ni 'people' is

used to form a few ethnonyms and collective plurals:

yinahc'in 'Chimariko', literally 'the ones

c'in

who come from

upstream' < yinah-

'coming from upstream' + ni

(1.2)

camehsKon 'women'

cindin 'dead people, ghosts,

< camehsXon 'woman' + ni spirits' < c'indi 'dead thing' +

ni

The

enclitic is also

used to derive collective nouns based on numerals:

of) five (people)'

c'^ola'^n '(a

group

(62.74)
'ten'

minian

'ten people'

(34.5)

< minia-n

< c'^'ola'^ + ni

'five'

ni

Note also the collective noun based on the numeral pro-form (67):
daniarjWo'^n 'several people' (77.54)

< danlan-Wo"^ 'some number,

several'

ni

58. Relative enclitics

58.1.

General relative

enclitic

The general
clauses.

has the syntactic function of marking relative elided, it is phonologically covert in many of its occurrences, and the overt alternation of the shape of the preceding element (most commonly a verb stem) has to some extent been functionally reinterpreted. In verb stems the "light" vs. "heavy" (relativized) alternation has taken on the role of marking certain aspectual differences (6).
relative enclitic
(/)

However, since phrase-final short vowels are

58.2.

Emphatic

relative enclitic

An

emphatic (lengthened and accented) version of the relative enclitic {e-) has a In nouns and nominalized (relativized) verbs it often refers to an entity that is in view: c'iijk>a-w-e- '(the) older one', literally 'the big one there' (48.2) mina-'^-x'^-e- 'raccoon ', literally 'what is there at its eyes' Voh-mewe- 'cottontail rabbit', literally 'what is there underneath the grass'
largely locative function.
is

This usage

common

in

placenames:

dah-sitan-e-q'id 'On (high ground) there where (a log) lies above'

(Map A-5)

For the use of

In verbs
e-

-xo-e- (-jc"'e) to

form ethnonymns see 62.2.

tence-final position

has a locative or completive meaning ('there, to that point'). In senit is sometimes found with a final -y.

c'ine'^ina-W-ey 'they (customarily) arrive there then' (1.11)

noWinirjen-e- 'you put

me

back down

there' (68.33)

Hupa
c'ixolen-e-

Texts: Morphological Outline

861

'he was there, there was plenty of him' (3.15) na-ntaPn-e-te- '(feasting) will happen there' (6.5)

The same function

is

sometimes seen
(30.1 1)

in adverbs:

yidac-e- 'uphill there'

59. Evidential enclitics

Two enclitics mark the

source of evidence, distinguished by sensory modality.

59.1. Visual evidential:

xolan

The evidence

is

in view.
no'nirjxic' 'the

Uyiiaxan '^ant'e-xolarj
tehic'irj-xola-n

deer was there, he saw, fallen down'

evident' (4.1
1

'(sickness) has

become

59.2.

Non- visual
is

evidential: c'iw
felt,

The evidence
way.

heard,

smelled, or apprehended in

some other non-visual

c'iWil nahsya?-c'iw 'a yelling

c'inya--tehi-c'iw

'(my heart)

feels like

sound was going around, he heard' (4.2) it were about to come out' (77.87)

60. Negation

Negation of verbal
do- wesyo'^ do- xolirj
'I

states

and actions

is

marked by

the phrasal proclitic do- 'not'.

it' (8.14) not plentiful' (2.18) do- na-te-dye'c' 'not breathing, holding his breath' (6.7)

don't like
is

'(sickness)

Prohibitions are expressed by proclitic do- and enclitic heh 'despite, even if, usually with a gerund (45) as head of the construction:
do- miq'eh nadPa^i-heh 'do not

mind

it!'

(8.15)
into a verb or

The

phrasal proclitic do:

is

sometimes incorporated

noun theme

as

a thematic proclitic:
^o--c'(?-'^o/a^n

'they (customarily) quit' (1.45)

<

do-

'^o--(w)-la-n/larP 'stop

(doing

it)'

c^o-Ai/Wo72 '(what

Note

is) evil, unlucky' (9.4) < do- + /?/- Wo/? 'be unlucky'. lexeme is grammatically and semantically distinct from the negative phrase do- niWo-n 'it is not good, it is bad'.

that this

do-'kyinahidarj 'girl before puberty' (1 1.7)

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61-63. Syntactic clitics

61.

Nominal phrase formants

are marked by the phrasal proclitic hay 'the' and the relative (often overtly expressed only by the surface phonological shape of the

Nominal phrases
enclitic
-/

syllable to

which

it

is

attached; 6, 71).
i

The minimal nominal phrase

consists of hay + be considered a demonstrative pronoun (66). of a nominal phrase:

'the

one

that',

Any noun can occur

which may also as the head

hay camehsKon 'the woman' hay ce- 'the stone'

Verbs and verb phrases are also commonly the heads of nominal phrases:

hay c'ixiwine-Wil 'her speaking again and again, saying word

(40.47) hay na-lwe-K 'when
1

after

word'

hay

cislin'^-te- 'the

it was evening again' (1 .34) one who is about to become (something)' (5.16)

Subjects, objects and modifying phrases nominal phrase:

may be

included with a verb phrase in a

hay xontah ya'^aicis 'that they (customarily) see the dance fence' (2.19) hay tin ya^aime'^n 'the ones who were building a road' hay d o- xa^ nayaVil 'the ones who don't run fast' (13.18) hay wiidarj'^ yaWlye"^ 'those who danced yesterday'
62. Locative phrase formants

62.1. din

General locative phrases are marked by the enclitic phrase formant din
place':
'^aht'in-dirj

'at that

'everywhere'

dayWo'^-diij 'somewhere'
xomitj'^kyine'^-dirj 'at the
nirj'^a-dirj

back (wall) of his house' (39.9) 'where (the trail) runs' (2.36) na-Uyiwilcot'-diij 'where the snares were set' (67.10)

Locative phrases with din are lar the names of villages:

ta'^Uyimit-diij

among

the

most

common

placenames, in particu-

me'^dil-dirj

'where they cook acorn soup'. Hostler Ranch. Map A-29 'where the canoes are'. Matilton, or Captain John's Ranch.

Map A-43

Hupa

Texts: Morphological Outline

863
that refer

Numerals and other quantitative words form locative phrases with din
to the

number of times an

action or event occurs (see 68):

ta-q'i-dirj

'three times, thrice'

daniaijWo'^-dirj 'several times'

62.2.

xo

A
to

less

common

locative phrase formant

the adverbial phrase

it):

is the enclitic xo (homophonous with marker [63] but apparently not etymologically connected

na-tini-x"^

'Hoopa Valley',

literally

'where the

trails

double back, meander'

me'^dili-x'"' 'at
xo^e-'^-x'"'

(the village of) meWl-diij' (68.16) 'his chest, front', literally 'at his heart' (71.18)

Locative xo in combination with e- (emphatic relative, 58.2) is used to form designations for people or things that belong to a village or ethnic group:
na-tini-x'"

me'^dil-x^'-e-

-e 'the people of Hoopa Valley; the Hupas' 'the people of me^dil-dirj'

'(things)

'^aniarj-x'^-e-

from

all

over' (26.10)

62.3.

d
is

locative suffix or enclitic -d, perhaps an abbreviated variant of din,

found in

a few forms:
P-c'^<77-<^ 'P's umbilical cord'
(?), i.e.,

< P-ceV^7

'P's navel'

-c^,

locative enclitic

'what

is at

the navel'

63. Adverbial phrase formants

Adverbial or participial phrases are usually formed with the enclitic xo a manner'
widely' (2.20) 'while I stand' (24.24) na-ldidaM-x"^ 'while you are running back home' (68.70) "^a'-do-niWorj-x'' 'in (such) an evil way' (26.32)
nitei-e--x'^ 'spread out,
se-yiij-x'"'
tilte'^-x''

'in

such

"^a-Wt'e- 'I

am

strong', literally

'I

am

so in a strong way' (62.98)

Many common
iaPay-x'' 'at

adverbs are adverbial phrases formed with xo:

iah-x'" 'only, merely, for

no reason' (5.23) one time' (11.37)

the usual
cycles:

numeral phrase with din (62.1) followed by a participle formed with xo is way of indicating continuation of an action over a specific number of

nah-diij

ye'^iixa^ c'iiwahi-xo 'they

dawns

twice, with

them doing

the

Flower Dance for two days', Flower Dance' (10.32)

literally,

'it

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daniarjWo'^-dirj ye'^Hxa'^ xa'^aYirj-x'^ 'he does so for several days' (2.3)

The adverbial (mildly

direction'
is

locative) phrase formant q' 'in that

way,
is

found

in a

few

fossilized

forms but apparently

in that general not productive:

hayi-q' 'thus, in that

way'

64.

Other phrase formants

clitics

Other syntactic

form subordinate clauses with various meanings:

dan^ 'when

(in the past)'

simiWciy'^-dari'^

do- VWc'id-darf'^
xiXe'^-darj'^

'when I was young' 'when I didn't (yet) understand it' 'early in the morning', literally 'when the night

is

past'

de"^

'when

(in the future), if

nic'iwiijyan'^-de'^ 'if

she eats you' (7.14)

'I'll

nitesehhin-te- '^ayniwinse'^n-de'^
yisxan-de"^ 'tomorrow', literally

take you along

it

if

you want

it'

(66.43)

'when

dawns'

heh

'despite,

even

if,

no matter what'

hayi-heh 'nevertheless' (74.7). (For hayi see 61, 66.) Cf. iah-xo 'just, only'. iahx''e-heh 'just for nothing, accidentally' (70.9). The enclitic heh is a negative emphatic that typically occurs together with a proclitic to frame a phrase. Thus, xoh ... heh regularly frames phrases translating
'even
if ...',

'with only ...being done',

etc.:

xoh xoh

ia'^a-heh 'even if only one' (5.3).

'^Q-t'e-n-heh 'in spite

of doing so' (63. 1 8)

prohibitive phrase

is

typically

framed by do... heh (60):

do- miq'eh nad^a'^i-heh 'do not

mind

it!',

literally

'no minding

it

(no matter

what)!' (8.15)

hid 'when, as soon

na'^te-rj'^irj'^-hid

as'

'when he looked back' 'when they had eaten' yisxaij-hid 'when it had dawned' (67.17) c'ide'^ilye'^-te-l-id 'whenever they are about
ya'^lc>iwinyaij'^-hid

to

have the White Deerskin Dance'

(1.1)

ma'ni 'because, for the reason

that'

hayi-ma-n 'for that reason' diyWo'^-ma-n 'because of something' (71.22)

Hupa
c'inc'^e'^ni-ma-n

Texts:

Morphological Outline

865

'because he was ugly' c'ixosohiwe'^ni-ma-n 'lest someone should in the potential mode (24).

kill

him' (68.59). The verb here

is

mil 'when,

after, as a result

of

hay c'e'^ninyay-mii 'when she went

dax'^'e-da

out' 75(14) "^ahdiyaw-mii 'after doing what?' (33.10) nahdiij yisxa-ni-mH 'two days later', literally 'when twice (45.18)

it

had dawned'

min

'so that, for the purpose

of

yima'rfdil ma- lc>'iWna--mi]j 'so that I might cook for the white men' yaydilye--mir} '(he assembled the group) in order for them to dance' ( 1 .5) me'^-c'e-nayaMilye--miij 'so that they may dance back out (dressed) in them'
(2.45)

tah 'also, as well, alternatively,

Icyiwiyal-tah '(and)

among

others'

food also' (1.10)

...

nahdin-tah
daijWo'^-tah

...

ta-q'adin-tah 'sometimes twice

or three times' (10.3)

fast'

'someone among them' (31.20) hay do- xa^ na-yaWi-tah 'the ones (among them)who don't move
(13.18)

VIII.

Other Words (65-69)

65-67. Pronouns
65. Personal

and pro-forms

pronouns
1st

There are independent pronouns for

We- 'I, me' (23.28) nin 'you' nehe- 'we, us' nohni 'you (pi.)' (77.1 14)

and 2nd persons, singular and

plural:

Two

3rd person independent pronouns {xon 'he, she' and min 'it') are attested but infrequently used, the demonstrative pronouns (66, below) being used instead.

866

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

66. Demonstratives

There are five demonstrative pronouns. Etymologically, all are nominal phrases with proclitic hay 'the' and the relative enclitic (/) (see 61). All but hay-i 'the one' have adverbial particles as their heads.

< hay-i 'the one (who)' < hay-de--i 'the one here' {de- 'here') hay-ded < hay-de--d-i 'this one here' (de--di 'this here') hay-yow < hay-yo-w-i 'the one there (close)' (yo-wi 'there') hay-yew < hay-yew-i 'the one in the distance' (ye-wi 'yonder')
hay(i)

hay-de-

67. Indefinite/interrogative pro-forms

There are

tive form.

each set having an indefinite and an interrogaof these sets are pronouns; the others are substitutes for locative phrases, adverbial phrases, expressions of temporal or spatial extent, and numerals. Underlying each set of pro-forms is a bound stem, to which is suffixed either an indefinite formant {-Wo"^) or an interrogative formant (-di).
six sets of pro-forms,

Two

Inanimate pronoun: day- or diy- (the choice

is stylistic

or dialectal)

dayWo'^ or diyWo"^ 'something' (1.39) daydi or diydi 'what?' (37.40)

Animate pronoun: dandaijWo"^ 'someone' (7.5)

dandi 'who?' Locative pro-form: day-

dayWo'^ 'somewhere' daydi 'where?' (11.20)

Adverbial pro-form: dax^edaxo'^
dax''e-di

<

*dax*'e--Wo'^

'who?' (76.20).

'somehow' (9.15) Sometimes contracted

dahanC^)extent' (28.1)

to x'^edi.

Temporal or

spatial extent pro-form:

dahar}('^)Wo'^ 'sometime, to

some

dahanC^jdi 'when? to what extent?' (75.24,)

Numeral pro-form: dan'some number' (2.3) daniandi 'how many?'

dan-tarjWo'^

Hupa
The
enclitic
is

Texts:

Morphological Outline

867

oW, apparently a shortened form of the evidential particle xoW 'I used with indefinite pro-forms to indicate unfamiliarity or doubt: datjWo'^-oW 'somebody (but I don't know who)' (7.5).
guess',

The

enclitic eh, a shortened form of the enclitic heh 'despite, even if, is used with indefinite pro-forms to indicate a negative: diyWo'^-eh 'nothing' (37.12), darjWe'^-eh 'nobody' (33.2).

68.

Numerals

There are unanalyzable words for the numerals 1 to 10, as well as for 100. All other numerals are expressed by additive and multiplicative phrases (see below).
ia'^a
1

nahxi 2
t'aqi 3
dinUyi 4
c^^ola^ 5

xostani 6 xohRyidi 1
kye'nimi 8

miq'ost'awi 9 minian 10
dikyini

100
a special combining

The numeral 2 has

nah-di rj
'iv/icc'
'in

form nah-

that

is

used with

enclitics:

(1.19)
is

nah-xoh

two places' (15.12)

used with numerals to form expressions of

The

locative enclitic din (62.1)

repetition:

nah-din-tah

...

ta-q'a-din-tah

'sometimes twice

...

or three times' (10.3)

is

In place of *ia?-din the special form iah 'one time, once'

used (12.39).

The collective plural enclitic ni (57) is used with numerals to form a collective noun for that number. The formation has several irregularities: A special form
iiwan
nini
is is

used to refer to one person; with the numeral 2 the special form nahfound; and the numeral 6 drops its final vowel before ni.
(1.17)

diijUyi-n 'four people, a quartet'

Uwarj 'one man' (1.30) nah-nin cai 'a couple came along' (44.6) xostan 'six people' < xostan-ni

special locative enclitic xoh (probably a variant of xo, 62.2) is used with numerals to form a seriative locative phrase that refers to the specified number

of locations:

868
xohk>idi-xoh
'in

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

seven places' (10.15)

11 to 19 are expressed by the phrase minian (numeral) '10 with another (numeral) by its side':

Numerals from

mi-wah

na--

minlan-din

miwah
to

na'-dinky 'fourteen' (25.21)

Decades from 20
times 10':

90 are expressed as (numeral)

din

minian '(numeral)

nah-din minian 'twenty people' (59.34)

69. Directional adverbs

small set of directional adverbs defines movement with respect to the flow of a stream. There are five basic directions, each having a stem with an unanalyzable prefix element yi-. A secondary stem is used when the adverb is the head of a postpositional phrase with P-c'in"^ 'toward P' and P-c'in '(coming) from P' (restricted to directional adverbs), or in locative phrase with din 'place'.

Downstream:

yide'^i

(yida--)
territory'

x'Hyiq'i-yide'^
yida--c'i?j

iower Redwood Creek, Chilula

(4.6)

'coming up from downriver'

Upstream: yinaci (yinah-)

ye-wi-yinac 'yonder upstream' (68.35) 'coming from upstream' (1.33)
yidah-dirj 'uphill place', the downriver section of ta'^kyimii-dirj

yinah-c'irj

Downslope (towards
yice'^ni-xoIiW
yisin-c'irj

the stream): yicin'^i (yisin-)

the hill

'down

some

distance away' (1.13)

(1 1.58)

'coming from the lower country'

Upslope (away from the stream): yidaci (yidah-)

yidaGi-nilini-q'eh

'New

River, literally 'along (the river) that flows up(2.37)

country'
yidah-c'irj

'down from above'

Across the stream: yima-ni

(yi'^an-)

yima-n-tiw'^winyay 'he who went astray across (the ocean)'. deity of the Hupas. ya'^an-c'irj 'from across, to this side' (2.11)

The

principal

The

parallel with P'. side'

directional adverb can be the object of the postposition P-en'^ 'even with P, This phrase is used as a noun with the meaning 'the (specified)

c'in"^ 'to,

and can be possessed; toward P'.

it is

usually found in a postpositional phrase with P-

Hupa
miyde'^e-n^-c'irj'^

Texts:

Morphological Outline

869

'on the downstream side of it' < mi-, inanimate 3rd person possessor + yide'^enP 'the downstream side' + P-c'in^ 'towards P' (2.22) yinace-'^n-c'irj'^ 'on the upstream side' (48.21) yise.rP-c'ifj'^ 'on the downhill, west side' < yisin-e.rP-c'irj'^ yima.nP-c'iri'^ 'on the opposite side (of the river)' < yima.n-e.rP-c'irj'^\
Directional adverbs are frequently

compounded

(see

LN

.29):

yimani-yinaGa-dice'^ 'facing across upstream' (1.29) yinaci-yidah-c'irj 'coming from the east' (30.38)
In addition to their primary reference to the flow of a stream, directional adverbs

are used metaphorically, particularly to refer to celestial directions

tions

and

to direc-

on the body:
sun)

yice'^n-'^e'^e'^d^ '(the

yicirPi 'downhill, to the west'

moves (customarily) towards setting' + {\v)-'^a' '(sun) moves'

(16.7)
at its waist', literally

(21 .6)

<

yidaci-dimid '(the palm) up'

mine-^i{d)-yice^n

'down

'down(hill) at

its

middle'

(39.18)
In a

few instances the stem of a directional adverb

yi-:

is

found without the prefixed

element

xontah-nikya-w-dijj-daG 'uphill from the Big House' (5.35) dirj 'where the Big House is' + daci 'uphill'.

< xontah-nikya-w-

IX. Phonological Notes (70-71)

70. Diminutive consonant

symbolism

In common with many of the languages of the Northwest, Hupa has a system of consonant substitutions used to convey diminutive and other affective meanings. Employment of these symbolic alternations is relatively rare in narrative discourse They are most commonly found in direct address between relatives and friends, but are also used more generally in referring to small, delicate objects. A few verb and noun themes appear to have a thematic diminutive symbolic form and do not occur otherwise.

Diminutive consonant symbolism primarily affects two classes of consonants:

(1)

The

labialized-palatal fricatives
(s, j, c, c')

and

affricates

(W,

j, c", c') are shifted to

dental-alveolars

for diminutive symbolism:

dilxi^ '(merely a)
'^isca-tj'^

'my (dear

fawn' (32.1 1) < dilxi^ 'fawn' little) excrement!' (57.39) < Wi-c'^an'^ 'my excrement'
is

The diminutive

enclitic j/

often replaced by

its

symbolic counterpart j/:

870
'^e'^ilwil-^i-mii

XIV Northwest
'when the evening
( 1

California Linguistics

just barely

comes'

( 1

.23)

ce'^eh-^i-dir) 'for a short time'

c'it'a'^nyeh-j "(it is)

.27)

very thin' (22.7)

quite close' (46.48)
{g, k, k')

xandin-^ '(the
(2)

women) were

The

front- velar stops {gy,

(c,

times to back-velars

ky, Ry) are shifted to mid- velars q) for diminutive symbolism:

or some-

xok'atj'^ay 'his (pitiful

little)

arms' (60.10) < xokya-tfay 'his arms'

figure) (1 1.33)

k'osos

'(Little)

Hummingbird' (myth

< qosos

'hummingbird'
nikah-xo-;^ '(slightly)

more

so,

by (small) degrees' (21.35) < nikyah-xo-ji

The {heme mi-s-giy'^-^

although g
is

'be small' has thematic diminutive consonant symbolism,

often heard as c:
is

misci^ (for misGiy'^^) '(that)

^/m/Wc/}''^
misgiy'^3
'I 'it

small' (2.52)

was small' (30.1) was little, tiny' (59.12)

ia'^ays-j 'just once' (59.35, 69.78), the

'at

symbolic diminutive form of ia'^ay-xo diminutive enclitic, shows an interesting secondary diminutivization of the adverbial enclitic xo (63), which is reduced to x"' before j/ and then reinterpreted as (> diminutive s).

one time'

-i-

j/,

Diminutive symbolism occasionally is a register phenomenon, affecting forms in a clause or sentence. Thus, text 60, line 1 1
xok'a-rj'^ay de-q'i-xos "^ayait'ik', xoc'ine^-tahde'-q'i-xos'^a'yait'ik'
(pitiful little)arms

all

'his thin'.

were so very

thin,

and his legs too were so very

in xok'a'rpay

xoW (twice),

Diminutive consonantal symbolism occurs here and '^a-yait'ik' < ^a-yait'iUy (twice).

<

xokya'ij'^ay,

xos <

third pattern of
is

symbolic consonant alternation appears

in a

few forms where

shifted to

s,

usually to convey deprecation or derision:

little grandchild' (68.1 1) < Wi-kya-y 'my daughter's child speaking)' nost'ah 'baloney! I don't believe it!' < noWt'ah 'I believe it' dilwa-s 'Tolowa (deprecating term)' < dilwa-W-i 'the ones who chatter'

'^iskya-y

'my

(woman

Otherwise
'^ilas

s is

confined to a few exclamations and words of non-Hupa origin:

'nasty!'

san

(usually spoken with overlong vowel, sa+n) (61.21). mation used only in the formula for closing a story.
'diys ^o'mi'. Tish-tang, a village in

An

archaic excla-

diys-tarj'^a-diri

Hoopa

Valley.

Map A-

49.

Hupa

Texts: Morphological Outline

871

71. External sandhi

The adjustments between basic phonological shapes of morphemes and their occurring forms internally to nouns and verbs are numerous and complex.

Some

this outline,

of the rules of internal sandhi are touched on in the preceding sections of and many if not all are illustrated and discussed in the linguistic notes to the texts. No summary will be attempted here.
rules of external sandhi, applying

The

clitics,

are less

between words, and between words and numerous and more amenable to general statement.
the external sandhi processes are those involving

The most far-reaching of

words and
1

clitics in phrase-final position.

These may be summarized as follows:

Final short vowels are elided.

do--niWon '(what
c'ahl
If

is) evil,

no-'^ondice'd 'she starved'

'frog'

unlucky' (9.4) < do- + ni-Won-i (59.54) < na=c'i-nin-d-Ged-i

<

c'ahli
is

the final syllable

xd^d^t'irj-x'"

xo,

it

is

replaced by
'

a:"'.

'he (customarily) so doing

is

(2.4)

<

xa-'^a-=c'i-t'e-n
is

+ xo
"^n.

If the

elided final vowel

'it

preceded by

n'^,

that

sequence

metathesized to

siWn

became' <

si-lin^-i

naPdiwilc'^a^n 'they ate' (59.43)

2.

<

na'=c'i-di-wi-l-c''arP-i

The following

rules apply to closed syllables that are phrase-final or that occlitic

cur immediately before a

a.

with an
or
r/"^

initial

consonant.

n or n? are replaced by shortened.

rj

respectively, and a preceding long

vowel

is

c'inehstirj 'he lay down' < c'i-ne--s-ten xokyiwarj 'she was sleeping < xo-kyi-wan ya^wintaij-hid 'when he picked it up' < ya-=c'i-win-ta-n
xoc'lrj"^

+ hid

'toward him' (62.94) < xo-c'irP

/i,

b.

and d are replaced by

and again a preceding long vowel

is

shortened.

je/z 'pitch'

(12.13) < 3e-w niwan-noyt'ah 'I believe you' (60.14) < ni-wa-n + no-=e--t'ow '^alah-te' 'you will do it' < '^a-=n-law + tenmca/i 'sit down!' (57.13) < ni-n-cad

872
c.

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

(5,

The long vowel of a syllable ending in a voiceless fricative or plain affricate W, J, j) or in / is replaced by the corresponding short vowel followed by h.
/

In addition,

is

replaced by
'I

i.

ra77a/7e/^'a/75

throw you back into the water' (23.18) < ta--na-=ni-w-e--l-

qas
c'e-nandahW '{yon) go bdiCkouiV (26.6) < c'e--na-=ni-n-da'W Kyiimeh^ 'boil it!' < lc>i-n-i-me-j c'icah-i winfe'-te- 'he will always walk' (1.52) < c'i-cai + win-t'e- +
d.

te-

The long vowel of a

A') is

c\ c\

syllable ending in a glottalized stop or affricate replaced by the corresponding short vowel followed by
'^.

{t'. Icy,

q\

dahdimoY-dime'^

'the place

where
me'^

(a hill)

mounds

up'.

Orick Hill (map D-2)

< dah=di-mo-t' + din +

Un-xo-win-t'ac'
jco/a'^-Zc^V his fingernails'

dahyiUnxont'a'^c' '(obsidian blades)

would cut him

in two' (68.34)

< dah=yi-

<

xo-la"^

yehwinde'^X-te' 'they will

go

in'

+ ke-c' < yeh=win-deX +

te'

Rules

that functions in verb

and 2 (a-d) generate the alternation between "heavy" and "light" stems morphology (6), as well as similar alternations in other

syllables.

3.

When
tj

the

above rules leave

rj"^

rj

or
'^.

rj"^

at the

end of a word or

clitic

and immedi-

ately preceding a clitic or a

y,
is

word

in the

same phrase

that begins with a nasal or

elided and

is

reduced to

(In the texts these elisions are noted

by pa-

rentheses.)
nahdi(rj)-miniar) 'twenty' xoitjp mina-d 'around the
"^ahfiirj)

fire'

niWo-n

'all

were

pretty'

daniarj'Wo'^-di(rj) yisxa-n 'several

When

in similar

fricate,

circumstances rj or they assimilate to n or ai*^.

'all

days passed' ij"^ immediately precede a dental stop or

af-

"^aht'in-dirj

over'

<

"^aht'iij-dirj

When d

similarly precedes a dental stop or affricate, a nasal, x, or y,

'he will

it is

elided:

c'o-ic'i(d)-te-

know'
immediately went off

q'a(d) c'itehsyay 'he

mine-^i(d}-x'^ 'half-way'

XohWaijq'i(d) yidac 'up Bald Hill'

ETHNOGRAPHIC LEXICON
Introductory Note
In addition to textual notes,

it

has proved efficient to structure a substantial part

of the ethnographic commentary in the form of a cross-referenced Glossary.

Items in the Glossary are referred to throughout the work by citation in boldface.

Included are names for plants and animals, ethnonyms, and the technical
terminology pertaining to
rituals,

ceremonies, and doctoring.

all

Also included are

in the

cosmological and geographical terms, as well as

corpus.

Hupa placenames

Diagrams

illustrating kinship

terminology and maps showing the locations of

placenames are appended.

General
[References to

Glossary

LN

are to the Linguistic Notes to the Texts.]

'^a-de'^,

Vde''3

Grasshopper. [Unanalyzable noun; probably <

unanalyz-

able element

-j/,

diminutive form of J/, diminutive enclitic]

'^a-dis,

Vdis3

Ant.
J/,

[Unanalyzable noun; probably <

unanalyzable ele-

ment +
'^ad-tVn

diminutive enclitic]

A married

man; a man who has one or more wives.

69.34).]

[The one
Originator

who

has a wife'

(LN

^ah-nikya'w

Big Cloud (another name for RyehniW, Thunder).

is big'.]

of medicine against (epidemic) sickness (text 38).

'cloud'

['Big cloud'

<

'^ah

ni-k>a-w-i 'which

'^ah-nikya'w-me'^

The heaven

in the (thunder) clouds

[b]. ['In the

where some of the

kyixinay reside (text 36, note

big cloud'.]

Vkyir^e-n

Designs on baskets, "marks" (O'Neale 1932: 74; Kroeber 1905:

['What (people) treat
in this

159-162).

way' <

'^a-=k>i-i-'^e-n-i,

relative

form of imperfective of
subject (IcH-).]

'^a-=0-i-'^en 'treat

in this

way' with indefinite

'^a'na'cidyaw

The mythical being who,

in the

pre-human times, created a

institutor of
(texts

medicine (knma'w) for human benefit; the originator or medicine whose actions are recounted
50). ['The
in a

medicine formula

37"^a-

one who

instituted

it',

literally 'the

one who did

38.1).]

it

again'

<

na-=c'i-d-yaw-i, relative form of animate 3rd person suppletive perfective

of^a'-nat'en 'do so again' (LN 37.25, 37.38,

'^aVVxice'^

cally

Wealthy woman (archaic term). [Unanalyzable noun. < *'^aWxi 'important, wealthy person' -c'e'^ 'female'.]
-i-

Histori-

Vsiw*^
''ehs

The "tan-oak" mushroom,

the

commonest

edible

mushroom.

Large, pure white, and stringy rather than crumbly.

[Unanalyzable noun.]
during a salmon run,

Fish weir; temporary

dam

built across the river

from which fish were netted and speared (Goddard 1903: 24; Curtis 1924: In 15; Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 18-20, 177; Wallace 1978, figure 2). the construction of a weir, posts (kyite*lwe*l) were driven into the riverbottom in pairs, crossing near the top, and heavy logs were laid across these, forming a continuous walkway from bank to bank (ma*-nir)''ay). Small fishing platforms (iniq'id-no*''otwal) were built out into the river

from the

logs.

[Noun stem.]

876
'^ile'^-te*!

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Red cedar (Juniperus

'its

virginiana).

['The one whose boughs are

flat,

wide' < (mi-PH-i'^

(evergreen) boughs'

tei,

stem of neuter

ni-te-l

'be flat, wide'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

menziesii); also the small red berries of the

^sdcw

Madrone (Arbutus
(text 57).

madrone
''isde'wi-s

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Small tree resembling the madrone and the rhododendron

(identified as Heteromeles arbutifolia);

area.

grows up

in the Trinity

Summit

['Small madrone' < '^isde-wi 'madrone'

String or light rope
for k-iwidis.

j/,

diminutive enclitic]
iris

^isdis

made from

the fiber of the

(mehs-c'ilVn).

Synonym

di^-i, relative

[From Ryisdi^ 'what one has twisted' < (c'i-)lcyi-sform of animate 3rd person perfective of 0-(s)-dij 'twist O'
(lc>'i-).]

with indefinite object

^iskyin

See niskin.

'^isk>in-mida*w'^
'tall

Long hanging moss on

< nisknn
'tall

conifers.

confier's whiskers'

conifer'

[From niskin-midaw'^ + mi-da-w(ip 'its whisk-

ers'.]

^iskin-mina'kyiwildai
the

Hairy woodpecker (Dendrocopos villosus) and/or

(D.

Downy Woodpecker
It

pubescens), one of the smallest woodpeckers

in the region.

"often clings to branches and works around them, often

upside down, seeking insects"

that

(Yocom
fir

&

Dasmann
<
"^iskin,

1965: 90).

['The one

keeps running
'fir tree',

around the

tree'

diminutive

(n)ishin

with diminutive consonant symbolism {ky

it',

>

form of k) + mi-

na-=Uyi-wi-l-dal 'something keeps running around

progressive of P-

na-=(s)-l-da-W 'run (in a circle) around P', with indefinite subject (kyi-)

and inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-) +

'^isle'^t'e-n

/.relative

phrase enclitic]

type of Indian potato (yineh-taw) that grows at ce'^indaco'^Trinity.

It is

dii),

on the west side of the

it

taboo (miy) and you must not

touch
''isq'o'c'

in the spring.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Blackberries (Rubus vitifolius); berries in general.

[Unanalyzable

noun.]
'^isq'o'c'i-yiditile*

that is attracted to berries'

Finch (Carpodacus purpureas. Purple Finch). ['The one < '^isq'o-c'i 'berries' + yidi-ti-le-, inanimate 3rd
0-ti-(s)-le-/le'^ 'pull, attract

person imperfective of
person object (yidi-) +
^ista'rj-qeh-k-itiGoW
i

O' with obviative 3rd

'the

one

that', relative

phrase enclitic]
pennanti).

Fisher,

pine

marten

(Martes

nista-n-qeh-kyiticoW-i 'the one that scampers along a log'

[From < nistan 'log' +

i

P-q'eh 'following along P' + kyi-ti-coW, inanimate 3rd person imperfective

of ti-(s)-GoW 'run along, scamper', with indefinite subject (kyi-) +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

Hupa
^ist'iky

Texts: General Glossary

Sll

t'iUy-i,

relative

Honeysuckle (Lonicera californica). ['The slender one' < lc>i-sform of impersonal neuter s-t'iUy 'be slender' with indefinite

subject

(/:>/-).]

'^ist'ikisi-kyineino''

tattoo design element, a

^ist'ikyisi-wiltac, consisting of three

more elaborate version of groups of two or more vertical bands

on the chin (Sapir 1936: 276, figure 9-c). ['The little slender things that have been made to stand erect' < Uyi-s-t'iUy-i, relative form of impersonal
neuter s-fiUy 'be slender' with indefinite subject {Uyi-}
enclitic,

-j/

< j/, diminutive

with diminutive consonant symbolism

(j

> j) +

Uyi-ne-wi-l-no'^-i,

relative

form of passive of 0-ni-(w)-i-no'^ 'cause

(Icyi-).]

to stand erect' with in-

definite object
''ist'ikyisi-wiltac

A tattoo design element, consisting of three narrow vertibands on the chin (Sapir 1936: 276, figure 9-b). ['The little slender things that have been tattooed' < Icyi-s-t'ilcy-i, relative form of impersonal
cal

neuter

s-t'ilcy

'be slender' with indefinite subject

(Icyi-)

-j/

<

j/,

diminutive

with diminutive consonant symbolism (j>j) + wi-l-tac'-i, relative form of passive of 0-(w)-i-tac' 'tattoo O'.]
enclitic,

bahla*n-dii)

Alternative

name

for the

(xa'^kyiWeh-3i-diij).

['bahla-n place'

Karuk village at Red Cap Creek < bahla-n, unanalyzable element

-i-

(aberrant
clitic]

Map

phonology for a Hupa form) C-31

din

'at that place',

locative en-

bahse-1 (or bahsil)

Holly (berries).

[Not a

Hupa

word.]

camehs>!o*n
her'

1.2)

Woman.
+
i

[Contracted from can-mehsKom 'the one

who

has a

deerskin apron tied to her' <

can

'deerskin apron'

-i-

m-e-s-Xon

'tied to

(LN

'that

which', relative enclitic]

can-dii)

qua, on the

Yurok village on the coast about 4 miles north of ReTolowa country (Waterman 1920: 230, A-26; text 77). ['Buckskin apron place' < carj 'woman's buckskin apron' din 'at that
a
to
-i-

Omen, way

place', locative enclitic]

Map

C-1

cag (possesed form P-cam-i'^) A woman's deerskin apron, worn in front where the skirt (kya*^) is open (Goddard 1903: 19-20 and plate 8, figure 2; Curtis 1924: 9, 71-2, and plate facing p. 22). It is made of fringes of deerskin hanging from a belt, and these are ornamented with pinenuts or sometimes abalone shells. [Noun stem.]
cc'^is

Campbell Field

prairie, a

rocky knoll on the west side of the Trinity

[Analysis unknown,

about a mile downstream from diysta'rjV-dir).

but

presumably incorporating
cc'^is-miyeh
river;

ce* 'rock'.]

Map A-47

(q.v.)

-I-

Campbell Field (cc'^is), toward the a place for digging Indian potatoes (gos). ['Below ce'^is' < ce% mi-yiw 'below it'.] Map A-48
the knoll at

A place below

878
ce'^-me'qi-nint'iky
strings

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Tassels of shells that hang from the fur hair-tying worn by women (Goddard 1903, plate 5). [Contracted from c'iq'me-q'i-nint'iU> 'what hangs from inside the hair-tie' < ciq 'hair-tie' (> ce"^ nin-t'iUy 'it extends in a m-eqi 'inside it' by regular rule; see LN 1.37) line, hangs' + / 'that which', relative enclitic]
-i-i-

ce'-dig

A
<

camping place
-i-

at the

lower end of Willow Creek.

locative enclitic]

['Rock place'

<

ce- 'rock'

din

'at that place',

Map

B-2

cehJcay
'stone'

Quartz (Sapir 1936: 275).

'that is white'.]

sharp sliver of quartz was used for

various purposes, including as a knife for tattooing.

[Contracted from

ce-

+ H-cay-i

cehqa-n
ridge'

Redwood Ridge
ce- 'rock'

(text 58).

[Contracted from ce-diq'an 'rock

di-q'an-i 'ridge'.]

Map

D-41
into

ce*-kyin-dii)

A
din

place on

Maple Creek, which drains

Mad

River

(considered to be x^iytq'id-x^e* country; see

"Mad

River Whilkut", Mer-

riam

in

Baumhoff 1958:
-i-

203).

['At the base of the rock'

locative enclitic]

<

ce- 'rock'

-i-

k>in 'base'

'at that place',

Map D-30
Redwood
--

ce*-kyoh-xa*tine*-me'^
'rock, stone'
-i-

An

unidentified location on

Ridge. [<

ce-

k>oh 'big', augmentative

xa-tine-,

element of uncertain
me'^ 'in
it'.]

analysis (possibly xa--tin-e- 'where the

trail

goes up')

Map

D-41
ce--k>'itmat'

Women's

dice

game
-i-

(Curtis 1924:

17).

One

player slaps her

hands together with shells between them, then drops them. ['(When) they (c'i-)lcyi-t-mat', animate 3rd person imperslap the stones' < ce- 'stone'
fective

of 0-(s)-i-mat' 'slap O', with indefinite object (kn-) +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

ce*-kyite*lma'^c'-dirj

Doctor-training circle; a circular pile of rocks, about 4

or 5 feet in diameter, on the

summit of a high mountain, used by novice

fn.
3; texts

doctors in training for doctoring power (Curtis 1924: 28; Kroeber and

Gifford 1949: 142-3, figures c and d; Keeling 1992: 67-8,

26
or

and
near

30).

There were several mountains

country.
Specifically
the

with doctor-training circles in

Hupa

Hupa
above

places included Telescope Peak

(ce--tidmil-q'id)

and

knoll

Fern

Prairie

(kyite-t'aw-wan-

dahno'^ondU-dig). In Chimariko country

to the southeast

were Pony Butte

and Ironside Mountain (ce*nin-dig). To the west between Hupa and Redwood Creek country were Horse Mountain (dilc^ehlkye'^ildil-q'id). Pine Ridge (qiW-tehsVni-q'id), and a peak in the Bald Hills (yide'^-xa'^asdildin-nin'^i-milay'')

Frank trained. There was also a training mountain used by the Hupas on the west side of Redwood Creek (Gaskyoh-'^ant'e--qid). Trinity Summit (minq'i-nikya'w-qid) had two cir['The cles, one for the Hupa and one for the Karuk, about a mile apart.

where

Emma

place where rocks have been put into a circle'

<

ce- 'stone'

Un-te--wi-l-

Hupa

Texts: General Glossary

879
with indefinite object

ma-c\ passive of 0-ti-(s)-i-ma-c' 'put

(Icyi-)

in a circle',

+ din

'at tliat place',

locative enclitic] [=

Yurok cekteya or cekwel

"stone seat".]

ce*-kyiwoX-dig

White Deerskin danceground on the river bar just to the (c'ilan-diij) and opposite the mouth of Beaver Creek (me%dil-din-nilin). ['Where stones make a crunching sound' < ce'stone' + Uyi-woK 'there is a crunching sound' + din 'at that place', locawest of Norton Field

tive enclitic]

Map A- 14
something blood-red.
the sicknesses that
(2)

ceiig

(1) Blood;

Inflamation of the bowels,

typhoid; any type of sickness (kyicind), characterized by bleeding

the rectum.

from

One of

came

to afflict

people after being

[

released from a house in Merip (xog'^xahW-dir)) (text 37).

< ce-lin
heated
are so

'blood (flows); there

ce*lna*t'

is

bleeding').]
that are

Cooking rocks; smooth stones from the riverbank

and dropped
in a

in a fire

cooking basket (mitto'y)

filled

with acorn soup

(sa'^xa-W), a process called ta'^kyimil

(Goddard 1903:

29).

They

called because
after cooking.

women used to lick off what was left of the acorn mush (Only women could do this; if a man did it he would be hit
-i-

by a rock easily in a fight). [Contraction of ce--wilna-t' 'stone that has been licked' < ce- 'stone' wi-l-nat'-i, relative form of the passive of O(w)-i-na-d/na-t' 'lick O'.]

ce*l-nehwa*n

(1)

Anything

red.

(2)

Red

Flint; a large

ceremonial blade of

red obsidian carried by one of the Flint Carriers (xo3e*wan-na'^dil) at the

White Deerskin Dance (Goddard 1903, plate 30; Kroeber 1925: 26-7 and plate 2). Such ceremonial blades were oblong, up to a foot or more in length, and were made of either red or black obsidian (see to*-nehwa*n).

The ones of red obsidian were

(Goldschmidt and Driver 1936: house, and were inherited with
not be sold or exchanged.

rarer,

and said

to

come from
to

the south a specific

120).

They "belonged"

that house.

Although symbolizing the

wealth of the family that had custody of them, ceremonial blades could

['What resembles blood'

-i-

< eel, contracted

'it

from ce-lin-nehwQ-n < ce-lin 'blood'

14.1)
ce'lce*^
-I-

ne--s-d-wa-n

resembles'

(LN

'that

which', relative enclitic]

Iron, metal; metal knife. Although rare, metal was known to Northwest California Indians before White contact, either collected from wreckage along the coast or traded from areas already occupied by Euro-

The Spanish who visited Trinidad in 1775, the first recorded European visit to the area, found that the Coast Yurok already had iron arrowheads, knives, and adzes (Curtis 1924: 40). [Apparently contracted from ce- 'stone' + P-Usc'-i"^, possessed form oi Use' 'plank, slab'.]
peans.

880
ce'tce'^-dii]

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Wetkwew,

a small but ceremonially important

Yurok

village at

the mouth of the Klamath River, located along the beach on the south

bank opposite Requa (Waterman 1920: 232, A-72; Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 99-100; texts 41 and 77). It was the site of the only Yurok First Salmon ceremony, and possibly of a Deerskin Dance. The Hupa name reflects the importance of coastal communities in the secondary trade with Metal knives and some other European goods Europeans after 1800.
were traded south along the Oregon coast from the outposts
of the Columbia.
place',

['Metal place'
enclitic]

locative

[=

at the mouth < ce-ic'e"^ 'iron, metal, knife' din 'at that Yurok weikwew; Karuk pataprihakam
-i-

'pavement
ce'tce'^-nilin

(in front

of house)-side'.]

Map C-2
'Hundred Acre
Prairie'

Pine Creek.

['The stream (that flows past) Hundred Acre

ce'ic'e'^i-q'id

Prairie (ce*tce''i-q'id)'
'iron, metal, knife')
ce*ic'e'^i-q'id

<

(< ce-lc'e^

nilin 'the creek, stream (that flows)'.]

Prairie,

Map C-49
at

Hundred Acre

due west of Bald Hill (Xohwag-q'id),

'iron, metal, knife'

the headwaters of Socktish

Creek and Pine Creek.

ce-ic'e^

['On (the high place)

-i-

P'.]

where there is a knife, metal' < Map C-50

P-q'id 'on

ce"-ticow
locally.

Serpentine; a greenish-blue rock that was the hardest

it

known

Serpentine had magical properties, and heating

making bad medicine (k>ite*lyo'l) ['Blue-green stone' < ce- 'stone'

'be blue, green'.]

-i-

was a way of that could be turned against an enemy. ii-cow-i, relative form of neuter U-cow
at

ce*-mit'ah
the

White Deerskin danceground on the east bank of the Trinity

the Boat

mouth of Hostler Creek, where

ce- 'rock'

Dance

(ta*''attal)

begins.

['Rock's pocket'
ce*-mit'ah-nilin

mi-t'aw

'its

pocket, comer'.]

Map A-27
at ce'-mit'ah'

Hostler Creek.

['The stream (that flows)

<

ce--mit'ah (q.v.)

nilin 'creek,

stream (that flows).]

Map A-28

ce*-miyeh

Chimariko (ccnirj-x^e*) village on the east (north) side of the

Trinity River

on the upstream side of the mouth of New River, about six miles upstream from le*l-diij. Doctor Tom's village. ['Below the rock' < mi-yiw 'under it'.] [= (?) Chimariko calvta-som 'Ironside ce- 'rock' Mountain-upstream', which is also the Chimariko name for New River (Bauman 1980: 19).] Map B-14
-f-

ce*-na*lV-dii) (or ce'-na*i] V-dirj)

Trinity, opposite

Old

village site

on the west side of the

xonsah-dir) and a short

in the 19th

kisxa"n-q'id.

Occupied early

way downstream from dahcentury by some Redwood Creek

ce-

people related to the Hupas.

locative enclitic]

['Where rocks hang down'

'rocks'

-t-

na=win-l-'^a- '(several) extend down, hang down', extension neuter

'at that place',

+ din

Map A-8

Hupa
ce*-nancin-dii)

Texts: General Glossary

881

Katimin, a cluster of Karuk villages on the east side of the

Ishi

Klamath, opposite
1957: 456, no.
70).

Pishi (nahslin-dir)) (Kroeber

1936:

32;

Bright

['Sugar Loaf Peak place' < ce--nanc'in 'Sugar Loaf

'at that

Peak' (q.v.) + din

'upriver edge falls';
ce*-nanc'ii)

place', locative enclitic]

[=

Karuk

ka'^tim'^iin

Yurok

segu7.]

Map C-39

Sugar Loaf Peak, a mountain on the east side of the Klamath

['Rock peak' <
'little

River where the Salmon River enters, near the Karok village of Katimin
(ce'-nancin-diij) (Kroeber 1925, plate 22; text 41).
'rock'
ce-

nanc'in 'sharp mountain peak'.] [= Karuk '^a'^uuyich

aboveof the

mountain']
ce*n-dig

Map C-40 An important

Chimariko

(ce*nir)-x*e*) village,

at the

site

modem town

of Burnt Ranch on the west (south) side of the Trinity, about

[Contracted from cenin-diij 'Ironside Mountain place' < cenirj 'Ironside Mountain' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Chimariko cutamta-ce 'waterfall place'; Wintu bohem
nine miles upstream from te'l-dig.
c'aqhi'^ 'big falls'

(Bauman
site in

1980: 18).]

Map

B-21

ce*nir)-q'id
diq).

An
its

go

to

Ranch (cenChimariko mythology. The First People would summit when old and descend young again (Silver 1978: 205).
Ironside (or Ironsides) Mountain, opposite Burnt

important

[Apparently
or

'on the rock-flank'

-i-

<

ce- 'rock'

P-nin(i) '(mountain's)

side, slope, flank'

P-q'id 'on
1978:

P'.]

[=

'^awu,

wdywoli

(Silver

205,

Chimariko "^awu treta, calita Wintu calvta phuyuq 207);

(Schlichter 1981: 26).]

ce*nig-x^e*
principal

Map B-33

The Tsnungwhe; the Chimariko (yinahcin) tribelet whose village was at Burnt Ranch (ce"n-diq) on the south (west) bank of

the Trinity River, opposite Ironside Mountain.

Many
to

of the ce*nii)-x"e'

were bilingual

in

Hupa and Chimariko. According

hoff 1958: 210), the group included the te*l-x*e'

addition to those on the

Merriam (in Baumvillages on South Fork in

yisocial

main Trinity around Burnt Ranch, but not the

Since
identity

was changing in this area, as Hupa speech spread at the expense of Chimariko (see Powers 1877: 72-73, 92), these boundaries were probably fluid.
nahc'in on

New

River (yinaci-niliiii-qeh).

Modern Tsnungwhe people consider Hupa

language.

to

be their primary heritage

['The ones
-i-

who

are at Ironside
-i-

Mountain'

xo, locative enclitic

-e-

'the

Mountain' < ceniij 'Ironside ones who are (there)', emphatic

relative enclitic]
ce--no*i]''a*-dii]

Nohtsku'm, an old Yurok village on the south bank of the Klamath River, about a mile upstream from Meta (nin'^i-mei-dir)) (Waterman 1920: 246, D-147). There are big boulders at the edge of the river just downstream from the village. ['The place where the rock extends to' < ce- 'rock'
-i-

no-=nin-'^a-

'(one object) extends to that point,

882

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

reaches (down) to there' + din

'at that

place', locative enclitic] [=

Yurok

nohckuPm.]
ce'-qe*t'

Map C-17
small black bird, the size of a robin (apparently Cinclus mexisits

canus. Water Ouzel or Dipper) that

on a rock and makes copulating

movements.

['Copulating with a rock' <

/

ce

'rock'

-q'e-t',

stem of 0-{s)-

qet' 'copulate with O' +

ce*-q'id

'the

one who'.]

on the east bank of the Trinity on the upstream side of Mill downstream from mis-q'id. ['On the rock' < ce- 'rock' + PCreek, not far qid 'on P'.] Map A- 17
site

ce'-q'id-ya'g'^ay (or cc-q'i-ya'g'^ay)

See also
enclitic]

silis.
'it

ya-=win='^a-

Ground squirrel (Citellus beecheyi). ['What sits on a rock' < ce- 'rock' + P-q'id 'on P' + sits', literally 'it extends upward' + / 'that which', re;ative

ce*-q'i-na''diJ-dig

Emer, a Yurok village on the north bank of the Klamath mouth of Blue Creek (Waterman 1920: 237, C-46). Waterman writes: "This site occupies one of the finest points of view on the river, on a bluff overlooking two streams." ['The place where they live on the rock' < ce'-q'id 'on the rock' + na-=c'i-dil 'they are around, go around, dwell' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok '^erner.] Map C-9
River
at the

ce'-sigya'si-miyeh
48).]

Place under a bluff, upstream from Willow Creek (text

ce-

['Below the broken rock' <

'rock'

si-g>a-s-i

'that is

broken,

shattered'

+ mi-yiw 'under

it'.

Map B-6
['On
'which

ce'-tidmil-q'id

Telescope Peak, on the west side of Hoopa Valley.

(the high place)

scatter,

where rocks
Unidentified

scatter'

<

ce-

'rocks'

ti-d-mil-i

move off +

P-q'id 'on P'.]

Map C-47
plant
(sp.)

ce'wan'^ant'e*

edible

with

big

leaves.

[Unanalyzable noun.]
ce*wina*l-dig

on the east side of the Trinity, immediSam Brown remembered ately adjacent to the present highway bridge. two houses there, not named. [Meaning uncertain; Sam Brown guessed
a village
that
it

Senalton;

was

a contraction of ce--yiwina-lmiddiij
flat,

<

ce- 'rocks'

l-mid 'tipped over

lying on their stomachs'

(LN

13.43)

+ yiwi-nci-=wi+ din 'at that

place', locative enclitic] [=

place'.]

Yurok

'^o-lepoi;

Chimariko kha'^m-tace 'rock-

Map A-35

ce*-xahl-te'l

flat,

circular riverbank

rock that resembles a ceremonial

obsidian blade (to*-nehwa'n or ce*l-nehwa*n) (text 68).

According

to

Sam

Brown,

it

actually

is

an obsidian blade, the size of those used in the White

Deerskin Dance, but perfectly circular instead of oblong.

not used now, but one

Such blades are

['Flat

was dug out

at ta*i]'^ayq'id,

near Salyers, an old

(circular?)
kyixahle*^

k>ixinay village near the South Fork Trinity bridge.

rock'

<

ce-

'rock'

-f-

xaM, meaning

unknown

(but

note

Hupa
'deerhides
stretched

Texts: General Glossary

883
'stretch
flat'

on a drying frame'

and

Uyi-(s)-i-xa-l

out

(deerhide) to dry (on a frame)') + re/, stem of ni-te-l 'be wide,

'that which', relative enclitic]

ce*-xat'

Mortar, milling stone; a hard

flat

rock, used as a portable mortar

for pulverizing acorns and grass seeds (Goddard 1903: 27).

[Presumably
lc>i-ni-xat' 'lie

'stone that

is

stretched out

(flat)'

<

ce- 'stone'

xat',

stem of
/

stretched out (like a fabric covering something)'

enclitic]

'that

which', relative

ce'-xayca"^

"Luck

basin"; a small hollowed^out

bowl or cup on a large

usually

rock,

used as a tim for private

medicine

rituals,

"training"

(kya'^a'^diqay) for gambling luck (texts 33, 48 and 69).

are not

These rock basins

made by modern

Indians, but are found

in

remote locations on

you must burn incense-root it about the people you're going to gamble with and how many points you want to make at a stretch. You clap your hands to it and leave some incense root in it. When you are ready to gamble you go back and rub your hands with it. ['Stone dish' < ce- 'stone' + xayc'a'^ 'dish, eating basket'.]
rock outcrops.
find such a place
(mixa*c'e'^-xole*n) in
it

When you

for ten days

and

talk to

ce*-yeh
rock'

A
<

hole dug on the rocky river

flat for

catching salmon.

['Under a

ce- 'rock'

+ P-yiw 'under
There

P'.]

ce*-yehkyixa*W-q'id
diys-ta*i]''a*-dig.

A small flat on the west side of the Trinity across

is

from

a "luck-basin" (ce'-xayc'a*^) in the rock there

(see text 33), over

It is

which you're supposed to stand and fumigate yourself. a tim for gambling and luck with money. This is where the k^ixinay

lived

who

established the medicine for

money and women

(text 47).

['On

yeh=lc>i-xa-W-i 'dipping the net

< ce- 'rock' + form of the inanimate 3rd person imperfective of yeh=lcyi-(w)-xa-W/xa-n 'dip an A-frame net (kyixa'W) into something' P-q'id 'on P'.] Map A-50
(the high ground)

where the net gets dipped

in',

into the rock'

relative

-i-

ce*-yehkyixa*W

place on the riverbank upstream from mis-q'id, along

Dance (ta*''attal). ['(Where) the net gets dipped into the rock' < ce- 'rock' + yeh=kyi-xa-W-i 'dipping the net in', relative form of the inanimate 3rd person imperfective of yeh=l^yi-(w)-xa-W/xa-n 'dip an Map A-frame net (kyixa'W) into something'.] Map A-23
the route of the Boat
ciq'

deerskin string or strap with fur attached, sometimes with shell

at the ends,

pendants
text 75).

used for tying the hair (Goddard 1903: 20, plate 5;

at the

Also, the heavy deerskin fringes

bottom of

a skirt (k^a'^),

or a deerskin or leather string or strap of any sort.

co'kyine*

[Noun stem.]
possibly < co\ unanaly-

able element

Daddy longlegs. [Unanalyzable noun; + Uyi-ne- 'i makes a noise'.]

884

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

c'a'^-kya'w (or c'e'^-kya'w)

<
/

Small blackish eel found

c'a? (or
c'e"^,

in creeks;

not eaten.

['The

c'a"^

that is large'

unanalyzable element + k>a-w, stem

of ni-k>a-w 'be large' +

c'a'^-xosin
c'a'^'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

Orphan,

pitiful

person.

Also c**eh-xosin.

['The one

who
i

is

<

c'a"^,

unanalyzable element + xo-sin 'being so', enclitic verb +

relative enclitic]

'the

one who',

ca'-dilcay (or c'e'-dilcay)

Hornet,
'it

['c'a*

that is whitish'

<

c'a-

(or

c'e-),

un-

analyzable element + di-l-cay

clitic]
c'e'^q'

is

whiteish'

'that

which', relative en-

(or c'e'^X)

Glue,

made from

the "throat"

of a sturgeon

(to''k>'oh

mica'ce''), used to attach deer sinew to the back of a

it

bow

(ciltig"^) to

make
in the
balls.

more resilient (Mason 1889: 228-9; Goddard

1903:

33; Kroeber and

Barrett 1960: 103-4). The glue was made by boiling the cartilage lower jaw and nose of a sturgeon, and was preserved in dried

[Noun stem.]
c'e*y

Brush.

Used

as an abbreviated

form of

c'e*y-dirj 'grave'.

c'e-y-dig

plate facing p.

Grave, graveyard (Goddard 1903: 70-71; Curtis 1924: 24 and 74). So called because brush was always allowed to grow

there, except early in the

summer when

it

was cleared

off.

Graves were

always near houses, and belong to specific familes or houses.

could be buried near any house he had a connection with.

person

['Brush place'

<

c'e-y

'brush'

dirj 'place'.]

ce*yi-xodi-q'eh

Along

the (upper)

Salmon River, and

the people of that

area (the Konomihu).

'creek' (element
after P'.]

['Along the brushy creek' < c'ey-i 'brush' + xod-i

in

found only

placenames) + P-q'eh 'along P, following

c'cy-licow

Myrtle (Ceanothus), "wild

lilac".

Wreaths of myrtle twigs

in the spring
is

(kyida^ma'c'e*^)

were worn by the participants

Jump Dance
-i-

(Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 62).

myrtle cane

used by a grave digger

c'e-y

(Goddard 1903: 72;

'it is

text 20).
i

['Blue-green brush' <

'brush'

ii-cow

blue, green'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

jay

c'e-y-mitah-xo-na-da'^a'^
Jay).

Common
its

['What stands on
it'

head

in the brush'
-i-

(Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub < c'ey 'brush' -h mi-taw 'at,

inanimate 3rd person imone's head'
stand on

among

-xo, locative enclitic

na-=di-'^a'^,

perfective of na-=di-(w)-'^a'^ 'stand

up,

'that

which', relative enclitic]

cidaci-naVe* A special quiver, carried perpendicularly, used in ceremoIt is a nies and for dressing up on other important occasions (text 46). sack made of fisher C^ista-rj-qeh-kyitiGoW) skin, with a slit opening on top

The through which the feathers of the arrows are allowed to protrude. regular quiver (tehl-na'^we*) is made of a less valuable hide and is carried

Hupa
horizontally

Texts: General Glossary

885

['What one carries straight up' < c'idac + na-=c'i-we\ animate 3rd person imperfective of na-=0-(s)-we-/we'^ 'go around carrying (a pack)' + / 'that which', relative
'straight up, vertically'

under the arm.

enclitic]
cllan-dii)
Hill.

Norton Field; on the east side of the Trinity

the stick

at the foot

of Bald

Where

game

(kyitiGi3)

is

traditionally played.

['Where they

play games'

<

(c'i-)c'i=la-n,

la:n/lan? 'play (rough)

animate 3rd person imperfective of ts'i-(w)games' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] Map

A-11
c'Wtii)'^

Sinew-backed bow (Mason 1889: 228-9; Goddard 1903: 32-3 and Bows were made from yew wood (caW), and the bow string (c'iJtig'^-XoW) from deer sinew (kyo'^c). Sinew was also glued on the back of the bow with sturgeon glue (ce'^q) to make it more resilplate 11, figures 1-3).
ient.

The term

is

now

used for the

rifle,

and the bow

is

called xo'^si-ciltirj''

'true-bow'.
cittiij'^-Xohl

[Unanalyzable noun.]
string,
is

Bow

made of
use.

twisted deer sinew (k>o'^c)

(Goddard

1903: 33).
killing
strap'.]

The sinew

taken from the hind legs of a deer at the time of

and dried for future

['Bow rope' <

c'iitirj'^

'bow'

-i-

Koh-i 'rope,

c'imilc'icid Small

maul

for

tioned only in stories (text 62).

pounding up bones; a magical object, men[Contracted from c'in-mii-c'icid 'that with

c'in

which one pounds bones' <

mate 3rd person object
c'in-dime*n
sharp'
-I-

'bones'

+ mii

'with

it'

3rd person imperfective of 0-(w)-cid 'pound O', with

-i-

+ c'i-cid, animate unmarked inani-

/,'that (with)
c'iij).

which'.]

Bone awl

(see

['Sharp bone'

<

c'in

'bone'

-i-

di-men

'it is

'that

which', relative enclitic]

(x^iytqid-x^'e*) village of the

c'in-sila'-dir)

A Redwood Creek
'bones'

wood
lie'

(Chilula) division, located on a small flat east of the

Lower Redcreek (Goddard

1914a, siteG;

<

c'in

place',

Baumhoff 1958: 206, site 15). ['The place where bones si-la- '(two or more objects) lie there' + din 'at that locative enclitic] Map D-13
-i-

c'in-teW
flat'.]

Turtle.

['Wide bone' <

c'in

'bone'

tei,

stem of

ni-te'l 'be

wide,

c'ig

Sharp bone used noun stem.]

Bee (general

for a needle or awl

(Goddard 1903:

26).

['Bone',

c'isnah

term).

[Unanalyzable noun.]

c'o'lasgye*

Millipede.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

co*-mil-c'iye*W

Coltsfoot; a medicinal herb.

Women

rub coltsfoot flowers

['That with
it'

on

their breasts while nursing to insure a steady

flow of milk.

which one rubs the

-I-

breasts'

<

c'o-

'(woman's) breast, milk' + mi-i 'with

which', relative enclitic]

c'i-ye-W 'one rubs'

'that (with)

886
c^a*^

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Beaver (Castor).

[Noun stem.]

c^a'^ay-me'^

(now destroyed) village site a short distance upstream from was washed out by hydraulic mining activity around 1860 (see also xa'kyiwidWe'^-dir)). ['In (the hollow) where beavers are' < c'^a'^ay 'where beavers are' ( < c'^'a'^a 'beaver' + / 'which (is there)', relative enclitic) + me"^ 'in it'.] Map A-7
xonsah-dig).
It

Tiger c^alcqe*^ Chinook

c*a*k>in

lily.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha); the large king salmon that follow the silverside salmon (xalcqe*^) in the spring run. [Apparently < c"a-, unanalyzable element + P-loq-i"^, fossilized possessed form of ioq' 'salmon, fish'.]

c*an'^-kyitilma*s
c'^an"^

Dung

beetle.

['The one that rolls excrement along' <

'it

'excrement' + Uyi-ti-l-ma's

rolls

something along' +

'that

which',

relative enclitic]

c^an'^-yoJtal

Towhee
at

(Pipilo erythrophthalmus,

Rufous-sided Towhee).
O', with

['The one that kicks

tive 3rd

excrement' <

c"o/2'^

'excrement' + y-o--i-tal, obviaat

person imperfective of 0-o--(w)-i-tal 'kick

-f-

unmarked

inanimate 3rd person object

c^ag'^-xa*''aPa''

'the

one who', relative enclitic]

(x^iytq'id-x^e*)

Redwood Creek

of

Redwood

ridge, near the crest

site 18).
-i-

camp on the west side (Goddard 1914a, camp 10; Baumhoff

inanimate
3rd

1958: 206,
c"'an'^

['(Where) pieces of excrement always sprout up' <

xa-='^i-l-'^a'^,

'excrement'

person

customary

of

xa-=(w)-l-'^a'^ '(several objects)

(customarily)

move

out of the ground,

sprout up').]

Map D-16
[Unanalyzable noun.]

c^e'cah

Robin redbreast (Turdus migratorius).

c^eh-xosin
is

-i-

Orphan. Also

c'a'^-xosin.

['The one
-i-

who

is

crying'

<

c'^iw

'it

crying'

xo-sin 'being so', enclitic verb

'the

one who',

relative en-

clitic]

c"e*y

Yearling of an elk (mikyiGOc'e''); spotted hide of a yearling elk

Ar-

chaic term.
c*il3

[Noun stem.]
sp.).

Huckleberries (Vaccinium

[Unanalyzable noun.]
site

c*i3-na*niijV-dii)

Kepel (Cappell), a major Yurok ceremonial

on the

south bank of the Klamath River opposite the

several

hundred yards upstream from the Yuroks constructed annually across the Klamath, and of its attendant rituals (Waterman 1920: 248, E-53; Waterman and Kroeber 1938). ['The place where wood extends across (the river)' < c^/j 'wood, firewood' na-=nin-'^a- '(one object) extends across'
location of the fish weir that the
-i-

mouth of Cappell Creek, village of sa'^a. Kepel was the

+ din

'at that place',

locative enclitic] [=

Yurok kepel 'house

pit';

Karuk

'^davnay.]

Map C-19

Hupa
c**in'^-da*nyay

Texts:

General Glossary

887
left at

Grave goods; what has been deliberately spoiled and

By extension ninis'^a'n c^in'^-da'nyay 'the world has been spoiled human malfeasance)'. ['What goes (down) to ruin, spoliation' < cHrP(by da--win-ya- 'it goes to ruin' + / 'that which'.] c'a'^al Dandelion; chewing gum. To make a form of chewing gum, dana grave.

delions (or earlier, milkweed dina'^) were

mixed with sugar pine

c'i-'^al-i,

pitch

put in the fire in a pan.

['What one chews' <

relative

and form of

animate 3rd person of 0-(w)-'^alPa-K 'chew O', with unmarked inanimate

3rd person object.]
c'ah-ce*g'^e*X!

basket design

made up of

a line of projecting points or

['The hats that extend out' (?) < c'ah-, element of uncertain meaning, but probably cognate with the verb
triangles (O'Neale 1932: 71, figure 13-d).

stem
ter

-c'a-d

'(wear a) hat' and originally referring to a peaked cap (Sapir

-i-

1936: 276-7)

c'e-=win-'^eK-i 'that extend out (in a line)', extension neu-

(LN

2.53).] [=

Yurok wenirpeia

'sharp-toothed',

Karuk tatdktaka

'cut

into the shape of a point'.]

c'ah-c'e*r)VX-wilc^e*n

tattoo design element, consisting of the addition

of a row of triangular spurs to the two outer bands of broad chin stripes
(Sapir 1936: 276-77).

['What

is

made

to

be c'ah-ce-g'^e-tr
['What
is

(LN

7.1).]

cah-cilVn
one

Ash

(tree) (Fraxinus oregona).

'hat'; see

like a hat' (?)

c'i-l-'^e-n-i

<

c'ah

(probably an archaic word for

c'ah-cVgVX)

'what

treats (as such), is like', relative

O-l-'^en 'treat

(as

form of animate 3rd person of neuter such)' with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.]
c'^'ahl
)

c'ahl (older pronunciation

Frog (Rana).
tricks
i

Identified as

"Innam
61)
.

Girl" in the origin story of the Flower Dance; tricks Coyote at a dance
(text
11).

Married

to

Coyote and

[Unanalyzable noun; historically < *c'ax +

frog' (?); see the verb
c'ahla'^Gade'^

him + i

at

a dance

(text

'the

one
See

that

hops

like a

theme (w)-c'aq' 'hop

(Helianthus

like a frog'.]

Sunflower

annus).

also

kyigycs.

[Unanalyzable noun.]
c'ahli-dii|

The Yurok village of Hop'ew, on the lower Klamath River at the modem town of Klamath (Waterman 1920: 234, B-37). ['Frog place' < c'ahli 'frog' din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok hop'ew.] Map C-4
-I-

c'ahli-kye-la-t'e'^

Tadpole.

[Not fully analyzable, but apparently in part

-i-

'frog's fish-tail'
c'ahli-mila'^

<

c'ahli 'frog'

-kye-l-,

from P-kye-P

'(fish's) tail'.]
13-i).

basket design (O'Neale 1932: 71, figure

-I-

['Frog's

hand' < c'ahli 'frog'

foot'.]

mi-la'^ 'its hand'.]

[=

Karuk

"^anachfithih 'crow-

c'ahli-we-sic

Green moss

in the river.

['Frog's lips'

<

c'ahli 'frog'

-i-

P-

we'sic' 'P's lips'.]

888
cah-wilc*"e*n

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

basket design (O'Neale 1932: 71, figure 13-h).

['What

is

made to be ce*gVX) +

a hat' (?)

<

c'ah (probably an archaic

wi-l-c'^e-n-i

'what

is

made

(to be)'

word for 'hat'; see cah(LN 7.1).] [= Yurok wahpu,

its

Karok apxan-koikoi 'basket hat-up and down'.]

ca*q'ita*k>'e'^ (or

c"'a*qata*kye'^) Big Lagoon, and the village at

1-26).

southern

end (Waterman 1920: 266,

[Apparently

c'a-qi-ta--kye'^ 'river

mouth
dirt,

silt'

where there are frogs' (?) (or c'^a-q'i-ta'-kye'^ 'c'^a-q'i [?] ) < c'aq'i- unanalyzable element, possibly connected
river
like a frog' (or c'^a-q'i-,
dirt')
-i-

mouth with
to the

stem of

ya-=(w)-l-caq 'hop

unanalyzable element, possibly

(q.v.).]

connected to -c"a- 'handle

'^o-keto 'where the water
c'e*'^indiGo'^-din
is

ta--k>e'^ 'river

calm,

flat'.]

mouth' D-37 Map

[=

Yurok

mima*n-cig'^

On

On

the east

bank of the Trinity opposite

Socktish Field (c'ei-dig).

the evening of the Boat

Dance

(ta*'^ahal) the

two dance
side.
c'in"^

ta'^k-imil-x*e*

camp on opposite sides of the Trinity here, the on the west side at Socktish Field, the me'^dil-x^e* on the east ['Opposite from ce*'^indiGo'^-dig' < c'e-'^indico'^dirj (q.v.) + P-manparties

'on the opposite side from P'.]

Map A-20

c'c'^indiGo'^-dig

Village on the west bank of the Trinity in Socktish Field,

a short distance upstream from the mouth of Socktish Creek; near the legendary place where xa*xowilwa*)C was dug out of the ground. Sam Brown

remembered one house at this village, and one sweathouse. Sam Brown's house in 1927 was on the flat near the old village but a little distance toward the hill (text 30). [Contracted from c'e'^indicot'-dirj 'where he wriggled, flopped out' (LN 1.37) < c'e-=c'i-nin-di-Got', animate 3rd person perfective of c'e=(n)-di-GOt' 'wriggle, flop out' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok ker'^erwer.] Map A-19
ce'^liW-dii)

Sahvurum, a Karuk village on the east side of the Klamath downstream from Boyce Creek (Kroeber 1936: 33; Bright 1957: 457, no. 110). ['The place where they take things out' (apparently referring to the Boat Dance) < c'e'=c'i-liW, animate 3rd person imperfective of c'e-=0-(n)-liW/la- 'take (several objects or a rope) out', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Karuk sahvurum; Yurok "^o-perger"^ 'Oregon oak place'.] Map C-32
River,

c'e*kyiwe'^i!-dig

Louisa Jackson lived, near

swimming
c'e-=(n)-'^il

out'

on the west bank of the Trinity where Ned and ['Where they keep Sam Brown's house. < c'e-=k>i-wi-'^il, inanimate 3rd person progressive of
site

'(two or more)

swim

out'

-i-

din

'at

that place', locative en-

clitic]
ce'l-dirj

Map A-26

Socktish Field, in particular the area

at the

Creek, on the west side of the Trinity opposite k^inc^iW-qid.

site

of a k-ixinay village, as well as of an old village in

mouth of Socktish This was the human times, gone

Hupa
when Sam Brown was

Texts:

General Glossary
to the Trinity

889
canyon,

a child.

The people moved + din

[Contracted from c'e'wilindirj 'where (the creek) flows out' < c'e=win-lin
'(stream) flows out', extension neuter
clitic]
'at that

place', locative en-

Map A- 18

c'e*na*dahW-dig

A small New River Chimariko village or

New
it

hunting

camp

at

Dyer's Ranch, on the west side of

River about five miles upstream

from

its

mouth.

['The place where

goes back out' < c'e--na=daW, in'at that

animate 3rd person imperfective of c'e-=(n)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes out',

with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=..d-) + din
enclitic]
place', locative

[=

Chimariko ceposta 'dusty place' (Bauman

1980:

19-20).]

Map B-15
c'e*wilin-dir|

Orick; the Yurok village at the mouth of Redwood Creek (Waterman 1920: 262, H-32). ['Where (the stream) flows out (into the ocean)' < ce*=win-lin 'it flows out' din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok 'fo-rekw 'at the mouth of the river'.] Map D-3
-f-

c'ide'^ilye''-dii)

the east side of

Redwood Creek (x^iytq'id-x^'e*) seed-gathering camp on Redwood ridge near Roach Creek (Goddard 1914a, camp

5; Baumhoff 1958: 205, site 5). It is said that yima'ntiw'^winyay created a World Renewal danceground here, but then destroyed it. The Chilula never performed a World Renewal dance in their own country; it was forbidden. ['The place where they always have a World Renewal Ceremony' < c'i-di-'^i-l-ye'^, animate 3rd person customary of di-(w)-l-ye-/ye^ 'have a World Renewal ceremony' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] Map D-

7
c'ide*-c*ii]

Cooking
in this

utensils, including baskets, paddles, other

implements

used in cooking traditional foods.

['The

c'ide- things'

found only

compound,

referring to

< cide\ element household possesions + -c"/n

'of that kind, sort'

(LN

1.9).]

cidilye*

World Renewal dances; the public ceremonies of the World ReWhite Deerskin Dance (xonsR-cidilye*) and the Jump Dance (xay-c'idilye-) (Goddard 1903: 81-7; Curtis 1924: 31-4; Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 1-5). The occasion of a World Renewal ceremony (cidilye'dig) is a special time during which a number of things are proscribed. The leader of the World Renewal ceremonies (cidilye*-c itc*e*) inherits his position through the family that owns the Big House (xontahnewal
religion, primarily the

nikya'w) in the principal

as a)

is performed form of animate 3rd person imperfective of di-(w)-l-ye-/ye'^ 'perform a World Renewal cereThe local English term mony'.] [= Karuk vuhviiha, Yurok pyeweg. Pikiawish is also used in Karuk country, an abbreviation of Karuk

Hupa

village, ta'^k>'iniH-dii).

['(What

World Renewal ceremony' <

c'i-di-l-ye--i relative

'^ithivthaaneen '^upiky&avis 'he (the priest)

is

going to

fix the worid'.]

890
cidilye'-citc^e*

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

The dance maker;

at

the leader of the

World Renewal cereand

Driver

monies, specifically the White Deerskin Dance (xonsil-cidilye*) and the

Jump Dance
owns
the Big

(xay-cidilye*)

ta'^kyimit-dig

(Goldschmidt

1940: 105-8, 122-3).

This privilege belongs to the head of the family that

at ta'^kyimit-dig.

House (xontah-nikya'w)

The dance maker

announces the beginning of a ceremony, cleans and prepares the danceground (cixoJc^e*), and distributes the dance regalia (mit-c'idilye*). He may also assume the separate roles of the ritualist who prays as he tends the ceremonial fire (ma*-de'^da'^aW), and of the leader of the procession of dancers (ma'-cica*!) from the ta'^kyimit-x^e* side, although these functions
are

sometimes carried out by other members of the same family.

relationships of the individuals

The

names and
1870

who

held these offices from ca.

remembered by Sam Brown, is summarized in Kroeber and Gifford (1949: 65). ['The one who makes the World Renewal ceremony' < c'idilye- 'World Renewal ceremony' + c'l-i-c'^e-, animate 3rd perto 1940, as

son imperfective of
relative enclitic]

0-{s)-i-c'''e-lcHn'^

'make, create O'

-i-

'the

one who',

cidilye'-dig

The time or place of a World Renewal ceremony, primarily Dance (xonsit-c'idilye*) and the Jump Dance (xaycidilye*) (Goddard 1903: 81-7; Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 127-8). The participants and their behavior are constrained by numerous rules. (1) Participanc: Dancing is generally restricted to adult men from villages in
the White Deerskin

Hoopa Valley

(na*tinix**^e*),

who

are

ceremonially

divided

into

the

ta'^k-imit-x^e*, the

men from

the villages

from

tolca'^c'-diij (at the

mouth
the vil-

of Supply Creek) downstream, and the me'^dilx^e*, the

lages upstream of totc'a'^c-dii).

men from

The

latter are

not formally notified of the

beginning of a

c'idilye*

and cannot join

in until the ta'^kyimil-x^e*

have be-

gun

to dance.

Both the White Deerskin Dance and the Jump Dance thus
ta'^k-imit-x^'e*,

"belong" to the
(cidilye*-c'ilc*e*),

more

specifically

to

the "dance
in

maker"
of

the

head of the principal

the

family

the

village

Willow Creek and Salyers area (te*lx*e*) usually are allowed to dance as part of the meMilx^e*. Yuroks and Karuks can dance in a Hupa c'idilye* on the last day of the ceremony, as can Redwood Creek people (x*iytq'id-x**e*) downstream from the village of
ta'kyimit-dii).
q'a*xistah-dii).

Men from

Men from Redwood Creek

upstream from q'a*xistah-dir),

and people from the Trinity and South Fork above Salyers (yinahc'in),
can not dance and can view the ceremony only from a distance on the upstream side of the danceground.

Hupa women and

children, and
in front.

Hupa
Bepro-

men who

are not dancing,

all

view the ceremonies from

(2)
is

havior: In general,

frivolous speech or behavior (c'iyo'kyine*)

hibited at a c'idilye*, including joking (q'ilwe*q'i3-c'ixine*W) and swearing

(k5'itilyo*l).

Women

cannot paint their faces with red paint, since they oth-

Hupa
erwise do this for fun.

Texts: General Glossary

891
out of place
are are

person

who does something

(daxo'q-'^a'^dilaw) will not live long.

A
at

considered improper (tig-xiniwidycW)

number of ordinary words a cidilye*. Words for food

used

in place

of words for sickness.

Rain cannot be referred

'at that

to directly.

Dogs
place'

are called to*q-ma'''a'^ 'salmon's lice'.

['World Renewal ceremony

time, place'.]

<

c'idilye-

'World Renewal ceremony' + din

c'idilye*-wint'e*-dii]

The kyixinay heavens to the north and south where the World Renewal Dances are constantly performed. These are de*-nohotyima*ni-yide'', the heaven across the ocean to the northwest, for the White Deerskin Dance, and de*-nohot-yima*ni-yinaG, the heaven across the
mythical ocean to the southeast
petually have
,

for the

Jump Dance.
c'i-di-l-ye- 'they

['Where they per-

World Renewal Dances' <

win-t'e'it

have a World Re-

newal Dance' +
citq'an-dig
the

always

is,

continually does so'

(LN

1.52).]

A Redwood Creek (x^iyJq'id-x*e*) village, the chief village of Upper Redwood Creek (Whilkut) division, on the east side of the creek just below the Berry ranch and about a quarter of a mile below the old covered bridge near Berry's (Baumhoff 1958: 207, site 38). ['The place where they build a fire to roast meat' < c'i-i-q'an, animate 3rd person imperfective of (w)-i-q'a-n 'build a fire (to roast meat)'
locative enclitic]
-i-

din

'at that

place',

Map D-27

c'ittal

Kick Dance; the ceremony confirming an Indian doctor's power (Goddard 1903: 65-66; Curtis 1924: 27-28; Kroeber 1925: 63-66; KeelIt is
it'

ing 1992: 114-116; texts 29 and 30).

held in a sweathouse.

['Kick

Dancing',

literally

'(when) they kick

<

c'i-i-tal-i, relative

mate 3rd person imperfective of yniknik; Yurok remohpoh.]

cittal-Wiij'^

0-(s)-i-tal/ta-K

form of ani'kick O'.] [= Karuk pi-

Kick Dance songs (Keeling 1992: 114-116; texts 29 and 30). Most songs sung in the Kick Dance have words, usually about the kyixinay, clouds, fog, birds, etc. They come to people in dreams and are
considered personal property, but others are allowed sing them, and often
do.
(In earlier

days people claimed their songs and would not

let

anybody
thing
is

else use them.) Other songs

may be sung
is

as well.

The important

the beat (slow or fast), which

kept with the foot.

See mil-no-''ondiI

"heavy" Kick Dance song, and xowah-na'^kyita'^aw "light" Kick Dance P-Win-"^ 'P's song. ['Kick Dance's songs' < c'i-l-tal-i 'Kick Dancing'
-i-

song'.] [=
cilte*l-dirj

Yurok remoh.]
village site

A
it

on South Fork (apparently on the

east

side),

about one and a half miles upstream from lei-dig.

spreads
tive of

['The place where one

out'

<

c'i-i-tei-i, relative

form of animate 3rd person imperfec(as a mat)', with

0-(s)-i-tei 'spread, flatten

unmarked inanimate

3rd person object + din

'at that place',

locative enclitic]

Map B-9

892
citwa*!

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Flower Dance; the

first

girls'

puberty ceremony, a public

ritual

cele-

brating a girl's

menstruation (Goddard 1903: 53-4; Curtis 1924: 22;

first

ant

Kroeber 1925: 125-6; Keeling 1992: 116-26, 232-3). The (kinahldar}) wears a bark dress (X!oh-k>'a'') and is
For
ten

menstrutraining

symbolically

adorned.
while

days

she

undergoes

strenuous

ritual

(k>a'^a'^diq'ay) involving running and bathing in various lucky spots (tim),

at

night a dance

is

held in which she

sits

impassively in the center of

a circle

of dancers

who

beat time with split sticks (k>inahldan-ce*y'^).

Flower Dance songs are specific to this dance and quite different in texture from other songs (Keeling 1992: 121-6, 232-3). ['(When) they beat time, rattle (sticks)' < c'i-i-wa-l-i, relative form of animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(s)-wai 'rattle (sticks), beat time'.]
c imal-kyoh

A
it

variety of lupine used as a medicinal herb (text 40).

it

God-

dard identifies
scription

as

Lupinus

latifolius (1904: 295);

from Sam Brown's deit

could also be Lupinus bicolor.

He

described

as

having five

leaves, a hollow stem,

and

its

purple and white flowers resemble the sweet-

pea.

It

grows about three

little

feet high,

mostly in valley

flats.

semble

beans, with shells like pea-shells.

-f-

['Big c'imaV

The seeds re< c'imali, untree sort'

sort'

analyzable element
c'ime*-c*ig

hoh
in

'big',

augmentative enclitic]
['The
fir

-f-

Pine,

fir,

any conifer (general term).

<

c'ime1.9).]

'fir'

(found only

compounds)
<

-i-

-c'^'in

'of that kind,

(LN
com-

c'ime*-ya*W

Fir sapling.

['Young
is

fir'

c'ime-- 'fir'
/

(found only

in

pounds)

-yaW

'which

young, small' +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

cind

Dead animal, dead thing, corpse. [Unanalyzable noun, but presumably connected with the verb theme -c'id 'die'; see kyi-cind 'sickness'.]

cindin
-f-

Dead people,

ghosts, spirits.

['Dead people' <

c'indi 'dead thing'

ni 'people', collective enclitic]

c indin-tah-dir)

The land of

the dead. Hell; located in the west

sunset (Goddard 1903: 74; Curtis 1924: 25; texts 27 and 36).

beyond the The spirits

The spirits of espegood people doctors and people devoted to the World Renewal dances go to live with the k>ixinay in one of their heavens. The being in charge of Hell is he'^ilcn (text 36). ['Where dead people are' < c'indin 'dead person, people' P-taw 'at, among P' + din 'where'.]
of wrongdoers and of most ordinary people go here.
cially
-i-

c'iWiW

Elderberry (Sambucus); shoots used for arrow shafts (na*ce*s) and

flutes (milimil).

['What one sips (through)' < c'i-WiW-i, relative form of

animate 3rd person inperfective of

c'iWxiy

(w)-WiW

'sip

(through a straw)'.]
child.

Young person

(especially

young man),

[Unanalyzable

noun.]

Hupa
c'ixolc^e*

Texts: General Glossary

893

cv
from

'his

The beginning of the world, the creation. [Apparently c'i-xo-wimaking of (the world)', animate 3rd person verbal noun (gerund)
'make, create O', with areal-situational object (xo-).]

0-(s)-i-c''e-

c'ixolc*e*-dai]'^

After the world had

come

into being

(but before
in

it

had

been fully readied for human beings); the times told about
the

myth,

when

pre-human race (kyixinay) in particular the Transformer yima*n was readying the world for human beings to occupy. Many myths and medicine formulas are set at a time when the world was "halffinished" (ninisVn ne*3ix" sile'^ni-mit). ['When the creation of the world was past' < c'ixolc'^e- 'the creation' + danP 'after, being in the past'.]
tiw'^winyay
c'ixolc^e'-dirj

Kenek, a Yurok village on the south bank of the Klamath at the mouth of Tuley Creek (Waterman 1920: 252, E-137). Although a small settlement in
River about four miles downstream from Weitchpec,
historical times,

Kenek

is

of great mythological significance, and was con-

sidered by the Yuroks to be the center of the world, where the culture

hero grew up and the sky was made.

invisible ladder leads
c"^- 'creation'

About half

a mile

up

to the

sky country.

['Creation place'

+ din

'at that place',

locative enclitic]

downstream an < c'i-xo-l[= Yurok kenek; Ka-

ruk asvufam.]
c'ixotc^^e*

Map C-22

The danceground preparer; the person who clears the brush and otherwise makes ready the dancegrounds for the White Deerskin Dance and Jump Dance (c'idilye*). ['The one who makes the (danceground)' <
c'i-xo-i-c'''e--i, relative

c^e-/c''W 'make, create O', with areal-situational object {xo-}

form of animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(s)-i+ i 'the one

who', relative enclitic]

c'iyo'-kyine*

Frivolous speech or behavior, prohibited

is c'iyo-

at a

World Renewal

ceremony.
lc>'i-di-ne- 'a

['There

noise'

<

c'iyo-,

unanalyzable proclitic adverb +

noise

is

made', inanimate 3rd person imperfective of di-(w)a noise', with indefinite subject {Un-}.]
sp.).

ne'lne"^ 'speak,

make

da'^-k^a'w
'P's

Oriole (Icterus

['The one (whose) mouth

is

big'

< P-da"^

mouth', with unmarked possessor + -kya'w, stem of neuter ni-kya-w

-i-

'be large'

'the

one who',

relative enclitic]

da'c^an'^-dig

Village just upstream from the

['rfac^'a/i'^place'

mouth of Willow Creek, opunanalyzable element

-i-

posite nisk>in-3i-dig.

<

da-c'^an'^,

din

'at

that place',

locative enclitic]

[=

Yurok "wang-ulle-wutle-kauh"
B-5

(Gibbs in Baumhoff 1958: 213, 235).]

da'c^igqay*^

Map

type of fern (Pleridium aquiliunum), used to keep fish and

eels fresh after they are caught.

[Unanalyzable noun.]
(Catostomus).

da'cahd

Sucker,

suckerfish

See

also

t'an'^sohs.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

894
da*cahdi-ya*n

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Fish

hawk (Pandion
'the

haliaetus, Osprey).

['Sucker-eater'

<

dac'ahdi 'sucker' + yan-i

dah-c'isde'^

one

who

eats'.]

Fine particles of soot on rocks, collected for use as "ink" in

tattooing (Sapir 1936: 275, fn.lO).

[Unanalyzable noun, probably < dah

'above, on
dahc^in'^-dig
70).

top'

t'sisde"^,

unanalyzable element.]
part of the village of

The downriver

['Gooseberry place' < dahc'nn'^ 'gooseberry'

meMil-dig (see text + din 'at that place',

See also kyRcos. stem of ni-cHn'^

locative enclitic]
dah-c^irj'^

Map A-44
sp.).
-c'^in'^,

Scraggly gooseberry, currant (Ribes

[Apparently 'dirty on top' < dah 'on top, above' +

'be bad, ugly, dirty'.]

dah-ciwile*l

Arrow, including

both

point

and

shaft.

Synonym

(or

euphemism ?) for na'ce*s. ['The (several objects) that one carries along on top' < dah 'above, on top + c'i-wi-le-l-i, relative form of animate 3rd person of progressive neuter 0-wi-lei 'carry (several objects) along', progressive theme of A-0-liW/la- 'handle (several objects)'.]

dahdimo'^-dime'^
at the

Orick

Hill; a hill

on the north side of Orick, the village

mouth of Redwood Creek.

small valley)' < dah=di-mo-t'

Where Seal-Maiden
'it

lives
hill)
-i-

(text

45).

[Contracted from dahdimo-t'-din-me"^ 'the place where (a

in (the

mounds up
din
'at that

mounds

up, bulges'

place', locative enclitic

me"^ 'in

it').]

Map D-2
Xo'^-nehs-dig.
top'

dah-k>ilan-dii)

place on

New

River, opposite

['The
Ryi-la-n

place where (deer) are born

'(deer) are
nite 3rd

above'

< dah 'above, on

-i-

bom', imperfective of
(Ic^i-)

(s)-la-n 'be born', with thematic indefi-

person subject

referring to deer

din

'at that

place', loca-

tive enclitic]

Map B-18
-i-

dah-k>islay
top'

Arrowhead. Synonym for dinday. [The things that lie on < dah 'above, on top' Uyi-s-la--i, relative form of si-la- '(two or
objects)
lie'

more

with indefinite subject

Mistletoe.

{U>'i-).]

dahk>islay-kyoh

['Big

dahMslay' < dahMslay, unanalyzable

bank of the Trinity where the trail White Deerskin Dance as they go
village site of

element

-i-

-kyoh,

augmentative enclitic]

dah-k>isxa'n-qid
begins that
is

The place on

the west
in the

used by participants

up Bald

Hill (Xohwarj-q'id).

Near the old

27.14)

ce'-naiV-dig.

['On (the high ground) where a tree stands above' < dah 'on top, above'
-I-

Ryi-s-xa-n 'a tree stands'

(LN

P-q'id 'on P'.]

Map A-9

dah-kyiwe*wita*n

A fishing platform; a scaffold or gangplank of one or two boards extending out from the riverbank, on which a fisherman sits or stands while fishing with an A-frame lifting net (kyixa*q) (Curtis 1924: plate facing p. 76; Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 33-4, 178, 202-6). It is anchored to the bank with logs and rocks and is sometimes further supported

Hupa

Texts: General Glossary

895

by poles driven into the river bottom. Also called ta'lce'd. [Analysis uncertain, but probably dah 'above, on top' + Uyi-we\ proclitic element of

unknown meaning +
dah-?Co*P
it'

wi-ta-n-i, passive

of (w}-tiW/ta-n 'put

(a

board)

(somewhere)'.] [= Karuk irihak.]

Wild grapes; grapevine.

top'

[Apparently 'what (has) a rope above

'P's rope'.]

< dah 'above, on

+ P-Koi-(iP
nuttalli).

dahma**^

Dogwood (Comus

[Unanalyzable noun.]
tree lichen

dahmine'^ (or dahmiyn'^)

used for dye.

Hanging moss, yellow

(Ramalina),

[Unanalyzable noun.]

dah-niwiPe*X (or dah-niwiPa'^) The ridge poles (or ridge pole) of a living house. Modest houses have one ridge pole; more important houses have two (as in Goddard 1903, plate 2, figure 1). ['What have been extended across on top' < dah 'on top, above' + ni-wi-l-'^e-K, passive of 0-ni-(w)-i"^e-X

'extend (several stick-like objects) across'

(LN

69.7)

-i-

'that

which',

relative enclitic]

dah-silV?C

Roof boards
living

(usually of

rough-hewn cedar, but sometimes

redwood) on a
note 45.19.]
dah-sitane*-q'id

house (xontah) or sweathouse (ta'RyiW) (Goddard 1903: 14; Curtis 1924: 10-12 and plates opposite p. 14 and p. 54). [See

A resting place at the foot of Bald Hill

trail

near the village of

in

xonsah-dir), along the

traditionally used
to the
past,

by the participants

the

White Deerskin Dance as they climb

If

you don't

rest here

when you go
lies

danceground at nRtaca-lay''. you won't live long. ['On (the

-i-

high ground) where (a log)

stick-like object) lies'
clitic

above' < dah- 'on top, above'

is

si-tan '(a

-e-

'what

(there, in view)',

emphatic relative en-

P-q'id 'on P']

Map A-5
station,

dah-wid'^a*n

Deer-snaring

claimed

and

owned by

family

(Goddard 1903: 21-2). "Most families possessed hunting preserves, from which all others were excluded, and those rights were never sold nor pawned. The favored tracts were those on the sloughs along the river, but other claims were held far up on the heights of Trinity Summit, 15 to 20 miles distant" (Curtis 1924: 14). ['Coming to have oneself above (i.e., as wi-d-'^a-n-i, relative form of a snared animal)' < dah 'above, on top' verbal noun (gerund) from (w)-di-'^a'^ (passive stem -Vn) '(a round ob-i-

ject)

comes

to

have

itself lying

somewhere'.]
the

dah-wilaht-dir)

Eureka;

earlier,

Wiyot village on Indian Island

in

Humboldt Bay, opposite modern Eureka. ['The place where it floats on din wi-lai 'it floats along' top, hovers floating' < dah 'above, on top' 'at that place', locative enclitic] Map D-39
-i-t-

dah-wilin-dir)

A village on the west side of the

Trinity about a quarter of

a mile upstream from totc'a''c-dir|.

['Where the stream flows above' < dah

896
'above, on top'

XIV Northwest
+
win-lin
'it

California Linguistics

flows', extension neuter

+ din

'at tiiat

place',

locative enclitic]

Map A-41

dah-wixil

The wooden floats on the top of a seine or gill net (na'^kyi>!oy), ['What thin ovals of redwood (Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 50-51). usually floats on top' < dah 'above, on top' + wi-xil-i, relative form of inanimate
3rd person of progressive neuter wi-xil 'be floating along'.]

dah3il

The

shelf or storage area around the house-pit

on the inside of a

xontah, where large storage baskets (3e*Io'^), hunting and fishing impleThe ments, and other household items were kept (Curtis 1924: 11).
dah3it runs along the two side walls and the back wall, but not usually
along the front wall, which
is

built

even with the edge of the house-pit.

[Unanalyzable, but apparently formed with proclitic dah 'above'.]

dan'^-c'isday
'(in)

Fishing camp.
-i-

['(Where) one stays in springtime' < dan"^

springtime'

c'i-s-da--i '(where)

one

sits, stays'.]

dag*^ (or dag'^-hit)

tions

Springtime; archaic term, replaced in most construc-

by yima*n-sile'^n. [Noun stem.]

daxa'Xe'^

da'3ahl

Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis). [Unanalyzable noun.] Dog salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.). A small salmon that runs
beginning in October.

in the

late fall, usually

[Unanalyzable noun.]
the World, a mythical place at the

de*di-ninis'^a*ni-mine-3id

The Middle of

center of the pre-human k^ixinay world.

When

this

world was being made

at

ready for

human

beings,

many

of the transformations took place

the

"Middle of the World," which was located upstream on the Trinity or South Fork but is not identified with any particular modern location. Thunder (kyehniW) lived there (text 40); the Money Tree grew there (text 47). ['The center of this world' < dedi 'this' + ninis'^an-i 'world, earth,
country'
-i-

mi-ne-^id

'its

center, middle'.]

de'di-nohq'id. See de*-nohq'id.

de'diwitiq

Acorn bread, made from acorn mush by baking on a hot stone (Goddard 1903: 29; Curtis 1924: 13; text 59). It was mainly eaten as a supplementary ration on a journey, or when staying at a hunting camp. Now used for any bread or cake. ['The (doughy substance) that is put into the fire' < de-=di-wi-iiq'-i, relative form of passive of de-=0-di-(w)iiq' 'put (doughy substance) into the fire'.]

de'-nohot

formulaic postpositional phrase used as a proclitic with di-

heavens (de*-nohq'id) beyond the sky where the k>ixinay live. In these expressions, the orientation is assumed to be that of someone situated on the east bank of the Trinity River in the center of Hoopa Valley, specifically at the Big House (xontah-nik>a*w) in the village of ta'^kyimW-dii)). The most important of the k^ixinay heavens are: dcnohoJ-yinaciyidaG, the heaven to the east;
rectional phrases that refer to the locations of the

Hupa

Texts:

General Glossary

897

de*-nohol-yide'^iyidaG, the heaven to the north; de-nohot-yima*niyide'^, the

heaven across the Pacific Ocean to the northwest; and de*nohotyima'niyinac, the heaven across the (mythical) ocean to the southeast. ['From us here' < de- 'here' + noho-i 'with us, from us'.]
de'-nohol-yide'^i-yidaG
associated with the

The k>^ixinay heaven (de*-nohq'id) to the north, power of doctoring. Panther (minig'^-miWe'diliw)

['Downstream and uphill from us here' < de-nohoi 'from us here (at ta'^kyimit-dig)' + yide'^-yidaci 'downstream and uphill', i.e., downstream along the Trinity (NW) and uphill away from the Trinity on the east bank (NE), or approximately due north.]
lived here with his sister (text 39).

de*-nohol-yimaTii-yide'^

The Ryixinay heaven across

the ocean

to

the

northwest (downstream), beyond the rim of the sky, where the Trans-

former (yima*n-tiw''winyay) went

after leaving the world.

(The ocean
flat

was believed
this

to

be a wide

river,
is

flowing clockwise around a

circular

world, hence "downstream"

to the north; see text 48.)

heaven

are

constantly

performing

World

The k^ixinay of Renewal ceremonies

spirits

(cidilye'-wint'e*), specifically the

White Deerskin Dance, and the

fish

of

people
death.

who
The

are devoted in life to the White Deerskin

First

Dance go here

after

Salmon

(io*q'i-ma*tiliw) leads the

here (text 57).

['Across (the ocean) downstream from us here' < de--nohoi 'from us here
(at ta'^kyimit-dig)'

+ yima-ni-yideV 'on

the other side downstream'.]

de*-nohot-yima*ni-yinaG

The k^ixinay heaven across the mythical ocean to the southeast (upstream), beyond the rim of the sky, the home of a number of k^ixinay and other supernatural beings, including the First Salmon (lo'qi-ma*tiliw, text 57). The kyixinay of this heaven are constantly performing World Renewal ceremonies (cidilye'-wint'e*), specifically the

Jump Dance, and the spirits of people who are devoted in life to Jump Dance go here after death. Big Cloud's children are taken here (text 38). Panther and his sister move their house here, landing in the middle of a Jump Dance (text 39). ['Across (the ocean) upstream from us
the

here'

< de--nohoi 'from us here

(at ta'^kyimil-dig)'

+ yimani-yinaci 'on
to

the other side upstream'.]

de'-nohoJ-yinaoi-yidaG
associated with
life.

The kyixinay heaven (de*-nohq'id)

love medicine,
fertility,

the east,

women,

children, and perpetual

The kyixinay who live in this heaven are constantly performing the Flower Dance for a girl who is perpetually coming of age (kyinahtdai)wint'e*). The spirits of children float in the air here before they are born,
and the
spirit

of a child

who

dies before the tenth

than go to the land of the dead (c'indintah-dir)).

lives here,
strual

day returns here rather big forked-horn deer

is

who

has woodpecker scalps for eyelashes and

red with

men-

blood

(text 39).

['Upstream and uphill from us here' < de-nohoi

'from us here

(at ta'^kyimiJ-dig)'

+ yinaci-yidaci 'upstream and

uphill'.

898
i.e.,

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

upstream along the Trinity (SE) and uphill away from the Trinity on the east bank (NE), or approximately due east.]

de*-nohqid
of the

Sky, heaven. There are different heavens in different sectors

The most important is de*-nohq'id-yinaGi-yidaG ('eastern heaven'), where the k>ixinay continually dance the Flower Dance (kyinahtdarj-wintV). ['On top of us here' < de- 'here' + noh-q'id 'on top
sky.
us'.]

of

de*sxa*n

Today.

[Contracted from de-yisxan-i 'what has

'it

now dawned' <

de- 'here,
clitic]

now' + yi-s-xan
Today,
this day.

has dawned' +

'that

which', relative en-

de*-3e*nis
dicigy

['This day'

<

de- 'this, here'

+ ^e-nis

'day'.]

Unshelled acorns, after being gathered but before being processed

for food.

[Unanalyzable noun, historically from *di-cig>-i 'what

is

com-

plete, whole'.]

dicigy-te'na*''asow
cidilye'-Wir)'')

line in Jump Dance singing (xayThe dancers lift their Jump Dance baskets (na'^wehs) and say who-o-o, and when a soloist sings they say wo-

The rhythmic bass

(Keeling 1992: 96-7).

hey-y-y-yah as a background rhythm, stamping

at

yah.

It is

supposed to

be good luck for the acorn yield.

['(When) they scrape unshelled acorns

back together' < dicigy 'unshelled acorns' + i-e--na-=c'i-sow-i, relative

form of animate 3rd person imperfective of i-e-=(w)-sow 'scrape

gether', with iterative/re versative modifier {na-=).]
dic^il

to-

Tanned buckskin,

leather

(Goddard 1903:

36).

['What

is

tanned,

dull, blunt'.]

dic^il-tehmil

sack

made from tanned

hide (text 33).

(tehmil) were
sack'

<

dic'nl 'tanned (buckskin)'

woven from Indian twine (k^iwidis). + tehmil 'carrying sack'.]

Normally sacks ['Tanned leather

die

Valley quail (Lophortyx californicus, California Quail).

[Noun stem.]

digyan-nohol

variant of the formulaic phrase de*-nohot used in direc-

tional expressions referring to the k^ixinay heavens.

ated to dig^an. ['From us here'

us'.]

< digyan

'here'

-i-

Sometimes abbrevinoho-i 'with us, from

[Unanalyzable noun.]

"Water dog", a small dilcow Summer deer or elk

dila'n cut up, and thus

species of salamander.
hide.

Summer

hides are thinner and easier to

more highly prized. ['What is light-brown, orange, the color of summer deerhide' < di-l-cow-i, relative form of di-l-cow 'be offblue, off-green', secondary theme from ii-cow 'be blue, green'.]
dilcow-me'^-kJ'ilwal

Seed-gathering basket (me''-k>'itwal)

made of tanned

Seed baskets are usually closely twined, and leather baskets are mentioned only in stories and myths. A man-eating monster.
deerhide.

summer

Hupa
XohRya'^-t'e'n,

Texts: General Glossary

899

who

lives in the forest

around old camp grounds, always

carries a leather seed basket (text 62).

basket'

< dilcow

'(the color of)

['Summer deerhide seed-gathering summer deerhide' + me'^-Uyiiwal 'seed-

gathering basket'.]
dilc*e*gy
is

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa); the smaller variety (diIc*eh-3) usually called "yellow pine." Its roots are used in basketry, and the
its

kyixinay are said to relish

nuts (text 27).

[Synchronically unanalyzable
is

but historically < *^/-/-cVg>-/ 'the one that

dilc*^eh(s)-3i-dii]

reddish'.]

A old,

important village, on the west bank of South Fork

te'l-dirj, at

about half a mile upstream from

(or

Upper Campbell Creek). Said

['Little

to

the mouth of Madden Creek have been a kyixinay village in myth-

times (text 48) and occupied by a mixed Hupa-Chimariko population in

the historical period.

ponderosa pine place' < dil&'eh- or

dilc'^es-,

bound (diminutive?)
minutive enclitic
-i-

variant of dilc'^egy 'ponderosa pine'

'at that place',

j/

'little',

di-

din

locative enclitic]

Map

B-8

dilc^eh-kye'^ildil-me''

from dilc^cgy-kye'^ildil-me'^) Horse Mountain, at the head of Willow Creek near Berry Summit, where the highway from Willow Creek to Eureka crosses over the ridge (text 67). ['In (the hollow) where he throws ponderosa pine nuts into his mouth' <
(contracted

dilc'^e-gy

'ponderosa pine (nuts)' (c'i-)Uyi-'^i-l-dil-i, animate 3rd person customary of Uyi-(w}-dil/de-K 'throw (seeds, berries) into one's mouth'
-i-

-i-

me'^ 'in

it'.]

Map D-44
term).

dilwa-s

Tolowa (deprecating

[Diminutive form of di-l-waW-i 'the

ones

who

babble', relative form of inanimate 3rd person imperfective of

chatter'.]

di-(w}-l-wa'W 'babble,
dilxi3

The

spotted skin of a fawn,

yearling

deer.

['What

is

spotted,

speckled' < di-l-xij-i, relative form of neuter di-l-xi^ 'be spotted, speckled'.]

dilxi3i-kya*tilc*iw
kya*tilc**iw).

Spotted

salamander
is

(Dicamptodon

ensatus)

(see

['The one crying out that

-i-

spotted (like a fawn)'

<

di-l-xi^-i

'spotted (like the hide of a fawn)'

out'.]

Uya-=ti-l-c'nw-i 'the

one

that cries

dilxisi-licay

White deerskin; the hide of a young albino deer, ornamented and displayed on a pole during the White Deerskin Dance (xonsilc'idilye*).

['White spotted deerskin' < dilxi^i 'the spotted skin of a

'it is

young

deer'

-i-

-li-cay

white'

-i-

'that

which', relative enclitic]

diinah3
dina'^

Straw.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Milkweed. A medicine herb for shortening the menstrual period, rubbed on the body while bathing (text 39) Used for chewing gum (c'a'^al). [Unanalyzable noun.]
.

900
dincVky
tasting,

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

type of

mushroom with
'it is

a strong, peppery taste.

['What

is

hot-

peppery' < di-n-c'e- Icy

hot,

peppery' +

'that

which', relative

enclitic.]

dinday

Flaked stone arrowhead, usually of obsidian, with or without

barbs; any projectile point of stone or bone

(Goddard 1903: 34,

plate 12;

Driver 1939: 326, elements 861-867; Wallace 1949: 74-5).

'bullet';

Now

used for

an arrowhead

is

referred to as xo'^si-dinday 'traditional bullet' or

dah-k-^slay.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

dinday-mic^o*

Indian devil bird; a bird (otherwise unidentified) said to be

found

in the

high mountains.

Indian devils (kyidogx^e*) imitate

mi-c''o- 'its

its

cry.

['Arrowhead's grandmother' < dinday 'arrowhead' +

grandmother'.]
dinig'^xine'W

maternal

Hupa, Hupa-speaking person (Merriam in Baumhoff 1958: According to Curtis (1924: 218), and repeated by Baumhoff (1958: 210-213), the term was also employed as a synonym for me'^dil-x^e*, but this is almost certainly a misunderstanding (see also na'tinix^e*). The Hupa-speaking villages along the Trinity upstream from xahslin-dii), particularly those Willow Creek area, were in the dinig'^xine'W, but whether they were considered me'^dil-x^e* for ceremonial
209; text 77).

purposes
at the

is

not clear from the ethnographic record.

The

village of lei-diij

mouth of South Fork (and the te*l-x"e* group of "South Fork Hupas" more generally) was sometimes considered Hupa (dinig'^xincW) and sometimes Chimariko (yinahc'in); the linguistic and ethnic boundary of Hupa territory was in the process of shifting southwards at the time of contact (see Powers 1877: 72-73, 92). [Fossilized phrase, apparently derived from *dini-n + c'i-xi-ne'W-i 'those who who speak Athabaskan
(dini-y.
Proclitic dini-n apparently contains the

Hupa

reflex of the other-

wise unrepresented Athabaskan noun theme *d9ne 'person, Athabaskan

speaker' (Navajo dine, Slave dene,
dinirj'^xine-W as the general
etc.).
all

The Hupa seem

to

have used
(i.e.,

term for

speakers of their language

the

Hupa-Chilula type of California Athabaskan), and perhaps for Athabaskan

speakers

more

generally

(cf.

yideWnirj'^xine-W
1924:

'Tolowa',
2).]

i.e.,

'downstream
diniW

dinirj'^xine-W\

Curtis

220,

fn.

[=

Karuk
berries.

kisakeevrdhih; Yurok "^omimos.]

Manzanita

(Arctostaphyolos

viscida);

manzanita

[Unanalyzable noun.]
diniW-dir)
'at that

Mud

Springs. ['Manzanita place'

< diniW 'manzanita'

+ din

place', locative enclitic]

Map C-43

diniW-t'an'^-tah-dii]
Flat (Del

village on the Trinity River at Taylor's Loma), about 10 miles upstream from ce*n-dig. ['The place among the manzanita leaves' < diniW 'manzanita' -h P-t'an'^ 'P's leaf + P-

A Chimariko

Hupa
taw
'at,

Texts: General Glossary

901
[=

among

P'

+ din

'at that

place', locative enclitic]

Chimariko

cicin-mayca or cica-n-ma 'manzanita-flat' (Bauman 1980: 20-21).]

Map

B-23
diniW-3
nita'

Small manzanita bush (Arctostaphylos patula).

enclitic]

['Small

manza-

< diniW 'manzanita' +5/, diminutive

diq'a'n

Mountain ridge. ['What is sloped, slanting' < form of neuter di-q'an 'be sloped, slanting'.]
-1-

di-q'a-n-i, relative

diq'a*n-tah-kyiya*W-kyoh

Grosbeak, finch (Pheucticus

Icyiya-W-i 'bird'

melanocephalus,
augmentative en-

Black-headed Grosbeak).
-I-

['The big bird at the ridges' < di-q'a-n-i 'ridge'

P-taw

'at,

among

P'

+ kyoh

'big',

clitic]

diwa'n

Dried (deer)hide, ready for tanning.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

diwidwa's

Long
['What

pieces of abalone shell (xosa'ky)

is

sewn

to a

fancy dress

(text 61).

cut up (into strips)'

< di-wi-d-wa-s-i,

relative

form of

passive of 0-di-(w)-wa-s 'cut, whittle off (pieces of) O'.]

diW-Ryoh Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus. Blue Grouse). ['Big diW < diW, noun stem (found only in this compound) k>oh 'big', augmentative
-1-

enclitic]

diW-Ryoh-c^eh-dig

The mountain

at the

head of Tish Tang a Tang Creek

is.

(diys-ta*ijV-din-nilin), where "Devil's Hole"

ity

Presumably North Trin'at that

Mountain. (See also tic'iW-xoda'nt'iky-diij.) ['The place of grouse cry-

diW-k>oh 'grouse' enclitic] Map C-54

ing'
diys-ta*i)'^a*-dir)

<

-1-

c'nw 'crying' + din

place', locative

Tish-Tang (or Tish Tang a Tang); a village

at the

upper

(southern) end of

Hoopa

Valley, on the east side of the Trinity on a point

of land around which the river makes a sharp bend.

Sam Brown remem-

bered seven houses, six of them with names: (1) xontah-nikya-w ('big house'), not the headman's house, unlike the house in ta'^kymit-dir) with
the

same name.

(2) Ko-q'i-ne-^id ('in

it

the

middle of the

prairie').

(3)
vil-

xoda-fj'^a-diij

('where

extends downhill'), the principal house of the

lage.

(4) mida-q'i-yinac ('on the

bank upstream').

(5) nin'^-minhin'^dir} ('at

hill.

the base of the ground'), a house at the

bottom of the

(6)

mida-qid

('up

on the bank').

Sam Brown remembered

<

only

one

sweathouse,

xodaij'^adin-ta-k>iW, belonging to the principal house.

There were two

burying places,

['diys point'

diys (unanalysible element,

non-Hupa

in

phonology and presumably borrowed from another language) + ta-=win^a* 'it extends into the water' (i.e., there is a point of land around which
the river bends)
-1-

din

'at that place',

locative enclitic]

[=

Yurok pecow

'upstream'; Chimariko ne'^la-ce 'fawn-place'.]

Map A-49

902

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

diys-ta*i]'^a*-din-nilin
at

<

Tish Tang a Tang Creek.

diys-tarj'^a--ditj

['The stream (that flows)

village'
(q.v.)

diys-ta-gV-dig'

'Tish

Tang

nilin

'the creek,

stream (that flows)'.]

Map B-27
worn by women on ceremonial oc-

disid

String of small white seashells,

casions.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

do'-k>inahtdai)

Preadolescent
menstruant'.]

girl.

['Not yet a menstruant'

<

do- 'not'

kyinahidan
do'-kyiwile*

'first

Old woman. ['The one who is poor, weak' < do- + Icyi-wi-le-, indefinite subject (lc>i-) form of do- + wi-le- 'unsatisfied, poor, weak (with hunger)' (LN 9.21) + / 'the one who', relative enclitic]

do*lya*-c^iij
do-lya-,

Woman who has lost a child,

(cf.

miscarried.

'The do-lya
-c'^in

sort'

<

unanalyzable element

do-lyaw 'widower') +

'of that

kind, sort'

(LN

1.9).]

do'lyaw

Widower.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

do*-mide'^xine*W-minii)

Month name. See under

minii).

dondol-kyoh

large ocean bird, possibly a pelican.

['Big

dondoV <

dondol, unanalyzable element + -kyoh, augmentative enclitic]

do'-xo'^Gsday

Dead

person, corpse.

Euphemism

for cindin.

['Not a man'

<

do- 'not'

+ xo'^osday 'man'.]

do*-xo'^osday-tah-dig
dig.

Hell, land of the dead.

Euphemism

for c'indin-tah-

['The place of the dead people' < do--xo'^osday 'dead person' + P'at,

taw

among

P'

din, locative enclitic]

do'-x^e*xolya*n

Crazy person.

['One

who

is

not sensible, understanding

of things' < do- 'not' + x'^-e-=xo-l-ya-n, inanimate 3rd person of neuter Pe-=xo-l-ya-n 'there
is

sense, understanding (extending) to ?', with animate

3rd person indirect object (xo-)

'that

which', relative enclitic]

['Big gyehs'

g>ehs-kyoh
gye-s,

Elk (old term,

-kyoh,

now

replaced by mikyiGoc'e'^).

<

noun stem +

augmentative enclitic]
dialect

Ga'c^ai]'^

Raven (Corvus corax); archaic or Redwood Creek

(x^iytqid-x"'e-) variant of kyiwiWa'^at-c^in-kyoh.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Gad

long tubular root, especially that of the willow (q'ayliW), used in

basketry.

[Noun stem.]
Raspberry (Rubus leucodermis).
[Unanalyzable noun.]

Gatkyohd
Gas

Edible bulb, root (old term,

now
sp.);

usually replaced by yineh-taw).

[Noun stem.]
Gas-kyoh
Soaproot (Chloragalum
regularly gathered by the

Cooked

in a pit.

one of several roots and bulbs (Goddard 1903: 30; text 75). ['Big bulb' < cas 'edible bulb + kyoh 'big', augmentative

Hupa

for food

enclitic]

GaW

Yew

(Taxus).

[Noun stem.]

Hupa
GaW-kyoh

Texts: General Glossary

903 <

Redwood (Sequoia

sempervirens).

['Big yew'

caW

'yew' +

kyoh 'big', augmentative enclitic]

GaW-k>oh-c'otGoW A resting place (na-'^alye-W-na'g'^a'^-dii)) to the east of Korbel, on the trail leading from Redwood Creek to the coast. People shoot arrows at a large redwood tree (the "Arrow Tree") that stands at this
spot.

with your arrow (or a stick) you will have either a

on how you hit it or a boy child. ['(Where) one pokes at the redwood' < caW-hoh 'redwood' + c'-o-i-GoWrelative form of animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-o--(w)-i-GoW i,
There
is

a hole at the crotch of the tree; depending

girl

'poke

at

with a stick-like object', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person

object.]

Map

D-31

GaW-kyoh-tehk-isxan-dig

Fort Terwer; a military post in the 1850s that

was destroyed

in the flood of 1862;

formerly the

site

of a Yurok

camp

for

bank of the Klamath River about four miles above its mouth. ['The place where a redwood stands in the water' < caW-kyoh 'redwood' + teh=Rn-s-xan
1920:

spearing fish (Waterman

235, B-48).

On

the north

'(tree) stands in the water'

(LN 27.14) + din

'at that

place', locative en-

clitic] [=

Yurok

terwer.]

Map C-6

GaW-me'^

A mountain to the southwest of Willow Creek, probably Brush Mountain (see text 67). ['In (the hollow) where there is a yew' < caW 'yew' + mef 'in it'.] Map D-43
King salmon (Onchorhynchos tschawytscha). [Noun stem.]

Gehs

variety of

salmon

that runs in October.

GO*-Got'

Inchworm. ['Worm that is bent' < go- 'worm' + -GOt\ stem of neuter na=s-GOt' 'be humped, bent' + / 'that which'.]

Gos

Camas (Camassia

esculenta).

[Noun stem.]

GO*-3iwol-3

Acorn worm, a small white worm that infests acorns. Water j/Dog's co-wife [text 59]. ['The small roundish worm' < go- 'worm'
-i-

wol-i 'which

is

roundish',

inanimate 3rd person of neuter ^i-wol 'be

(j

round
'little',

(like a ball)',

with diminutive consonant symbolism

>

j)

-j/

diminutive enclitic, with diminutive consonant symbolism (j>5)]

he'^ilcn

The

spirit

who

rules Hell (c'indin-tah-dig).

His

name should not

[Unanalyzable

be spoken, so that he won't hear you and pull you to him.

noun.]
k^a*^
skirt, tied about the waist and hanging (Goddard 1903: 19, plate 5, and plate 8, figure 1; Curtis 1924: It was worn open at front to show the deerskin apron (cag) 9, 22-23). beneath. Heavy deerskin fringes (c'iq') were attached to the bottom. More elaborate skirts were worn on special occasions (sitkyo*si-k>'a'', beaded skirt; xosa'kyi-kya'^, abalone shell skirt). [Unanalyzable noun stem.]

woman's ordinary deerskin

to the knee

904
kyatne*

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Varied thrush (Ixoreus naevius), locally called "timber robin".

is

It

nests in the mountains in the winter, and

normally seen in the vicinity of

(lo*qi-c*o*) departs in the

Hoopa Valley only after Salmon's Grandmother [Unanalyzable noun.] late summer (text 58).
k^e'^-ne's
is

<

Tree squirrel, gray squirrel (Ammospermophilus).

P-kye"^ 'P's tail',
tall'

['Whose

tail

long'

with unmarked possessor + ne-s, stem of neuter

which', relative enclitic]

ni-nes 'be long,

kyila'g>ah

'that

Acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus).

[Unanalyzable

noun.]
kyila*gyah-dii}

Katipiara, a

Karuk

village

on the east bank of the Klamath

['Acorn woodpecker place' <
locative enclitic] [=

River about three-fourths of a mile downstream from Orleans (Kroeber

1936: 33; Bright 1957: 457, no.
kyila-gyah

104).

'Acorn woodpecker' + din

'at that place',

Karuk kdttiphirak; Yurok cano.]

kyile*xi3

Map C-34
'little

Young
<

boy.

[Unanalyzable noun; historically *kyile'-xi-p

boy

child'

*kyil-e- 'boy'
girl'.]

xi 'child'

j/,

diminutive enclitic.

Compare

t'ehxi3 'young

kyilxahW

Ring-tail cat, civet (Bassariscus astutus).

P-kye'^ 'P's tail'.]

[Unanalyzable noun,

probably connected with

kyinahtdan-ccy''

The

split-stick rattles

used

in the

Flower Dance

(c'itwa*!)

(Goddard 1903: 54; Curtis 1924: 22). These are usually five feet or more The tops are split in length, and are made from syringa wood (q'a'xis). down about a foot and a half into a number of separate pieces. ['Firstmenstruant's sticks' < kyinahida--n 'first menstruant, girl undergoing the puberty ceremony' c'ey 'sticks, brush' + -{iy^, possessed noun formant.]
-i-

kyinahMai)

First menstruant; a girl

who

has had her

first

menstruation,
is

and for

whom

a puberty

ceremony or "Flower Dance"

(c'itwai)

being

performed (Goddard 1903: 53-4; Curtis 1924: 22). ['First person' < kyi-na=i-da- inanimate 3rd person imperfective of kyi-na-={w),

menstruation

i-daida'^ 'have one's

first

menstruation', a synchronically unanalyzable

theme (LN 10.5)

kyinahtdarj-wint'e'

-i-

-n 'person'.]

girl who lives in the heaven to where they are are constantly performWhen human beings have a ing the Flower Dance for her (text 11). Flower Dance they temporarily "borrow" it from the kyixinay, who stop their dance and point their dance-sticks out of heaven toward the village where it is taking place. At the end of their dance, the human dancers "give it back" to the kyixinay, who then resume dancing for the kyinahtdarj-wint'e*. ['The perpetual first menstruant' < kyinaMdan 'first win-t'e- 'it always is, menstruant, girl undergoing the puberty ceremony'

An

unmarried Ryixinay

the east (de'-nohot yinaci-yidac),

-f-

continually does so'

(LN

1.52).]

Hupa
kyinahWag-Wiij'^

Texts: General Glossary

905

Flower Dance songs; sung by both men and

is

women and
['First-

characterized by a heterophonic texture that

the

dramatically different from

songs

of other

rituals

(Keeling

1992:

116-26,

232-3).

menstruant's songs' < k>inahida--n

'first

menstruant,

girl

undergoing the

puberty ceremony' + Win 'song' + -(ip, posessed noun formant.]

kyinc'e''

A cylindrical

wooden box or
and
plate
15;

chest with carved decorations, used

for

storage

of feathers
1925,

valuables,

including
1939:

ceremonial
elements

obsidian

blades (Kroeber

748-54; Goldschmidt and Driver 1940: 120). [Unanalyzable, but presumably based on the stem kyin 'stick, tree'; compare Yurok tekwonekws from
Driver
324,

tekws-

'cut, fell

a tree'.]
the ponderosa pine (dilc*e*g>) that
in several

Ryin-licay

Boughs of
used
are

have been peeled

down
(text

in a spiral,

ceremonies

to

symbolically

summon
circle

the

Ryixinay.
29),

They
and

are used in the

Jump Dance
around
a

(text 2)

and the Kick Dance

(ce*'it

stood

up

doctor-training
kin 'stick, tree'

kyite-lmaV-dii), text 26).

white'
kyinXic'
-I-

['White sticks'

<

ii-cay

is

'that which', relative encliyic]

Arrowwood;
'it is

a type of shrub with hard

wood
is

(Holodiscus dis-

color).
tree'

[Contracted from kyin-ni-Kic'-i 'the tree that

ni-Kic'

hard' < kyin 'stick,

hard, solid'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

k^in-na'wa
sticks

traditional
k^inXic',

made from

gambling game, played with bundles of small one of which (the "ace", xag'') is marked with a
1;

black band (Goddard 1903: 61 and plate 19, figure

plate facing p.
18).

Curtis 1924: 17 and

One

player divides the sticks behind his back, and the

other guesses which hand holds the marked stick.

['A stick goes around'

[=

<

kyin

'stick,

tree'

+ na-=wa-

'it

is

around,

goes around'.]

Yurok

weriperh.]
kyin-sinto'^

sugar.
grease'.

['Tree grease'

The sweet sap of the sugar pine (mi3e*w'^-xole*n); (modern) < kyin 'tree, stick' + P-sinto^ 'P's juice (of meat),

See misinto'^.]

kyinyiq'i-kyoh-mirjwah
ing to the

Redwood Creek

(x*iytqid-x^e*) village belong-

Lower Redwood

(Chilula) division, on the east side of

Redwood

Creek valley north of Coyote Creek (Goddard 1914a, site E; Baumhoff 1958: 205, site 11). ['Alongside the big hollow tree' < kyin-yiq 'hollow tree' + kyoh 'big', augmentative enclitic + mi-n-wah 'alongside it'.] Map

D-9
kyigVgya'n Tobacco pipe, used both for recreation and by doctors (Goddard 1903: 36-37 and plate 17, figures 1-6; Wallace 1978, figure 6). Ordinary pipes were straight, between four and five inches long, and made of highly polished manzanita (diniW) or yew (caW); doctor's pipes were of the same shape but as much as a foot long. A stone bowl

906
(yehkiwilda'^)
is

XIV Northwest
mortised in
at

California Linguistics

one end. The pipe

is

carried in a

little

sack

(kyif)Vg>a*n-misic)

made of buckskin.
+
"^a-gm-n,

[Unanalyzable noun,

but preis

sumably <

k>in 'stick, tree'

unanalyzable element.
genitals.]

The word

also used as a

euphemism

for the

male

k>iri'^a"g>a*n-misic'

buckskin sack or pouch for carrying a tobacco pipe, tied with a string of the same material (Goddard 1903: 36-37 and
stiff

plate 17, figure

1;

text 25).

To

fill

a pipe, tobacco

is

put in the pouch and

k>irj'^a-g>'a-n

the pipes
pipe'

is

thrust in
'its

mi-sic'

bowl-end first. ['Pipe-skin' < skin'.] [= Yurok ska"^.]

buckthorn,

'tobacco

k>ii]''onq'o3

Cascara,

"pigeon

berry"

(Rhamnus
+
go-

sp.).

[Unanalyzable noun.]
kyir)-GO*-yaTi

Woodworm.
that eats'.]

['Tree

worm

eater'

<

kyin 'tree'

'worm'

ya-n-i 'the

one

k-iij-kit'oh

A pack basket filled to

woven
sticks;

capacity with several layers of acorns,

separated by

an economical way of carrying an especially

['Stick nest'

abundant harvest
nest'.]

(text 59).

<

k>in 'stick, tree'

-i-

Ryi-t'oh 'a

kyig-Wig

Gambling songs

to

accompany

the stick-guessing

na*wa*), sung with time rapidly beaten on a small

game (kyinframe drum (Keeling

-i-

1992: 200-202).

Gambling songs

are invented, not dreamed, and have no

supernatural significance.
kyig-xe'q'ay*^

['Stick song'

<

kyin 'stick, tree'

Win

'song'.]

A
<

stretcher of tree branches used for transporting a corpse.

kyin 'stick, tree'
-i-

['Stick cradle'

xe-q'ay"^ 'cradle basket'.]

kyig-xe'qay'^
'stick, tree'

stretcher used for carrying a corpse.

cradle'.]

['Stick cradle'

<

kyin

+ xe--qay^ 'baby-basket,
dead standing

fcyiW

An

insulting gesture with the hand.

tree;
tree.

[Noun stem.]
[

kyiyiq'

Hollow

<

kyin 'tree, stick'

-i-

yiq\ un-

analyzable element.]
kya'^a'^diq'ay

Training for long

life

or luck

at

a training
life;

spot

(tim).

Things trained for include: prowess

in war;

long

good

singing voice; success in basket weaving; a good price

good when purchased as

luck; a

a wife; grizzly bears to fear you; speed and endurance in running; success
in

gambling; and winning the stick game.

There

is

no training for fishing.

['Grinding oneself against something, putting an edge on oneself (as on a

blade)'

<

ky-e-'^a=c'i-di-q'a'-i, relative

form of animate 3rd person imper-

fective of P-e=0-(w)-q'a- 'rub, grind

{'^a-=di-)

against P', with reflexive object

and indefinite indirect object

(kyi-).]

kya*tilc*iw
relative

A
(LN

type of salamander.

['What cries out'

<

kya-=ti-l-c'nw-i,

form of inanimate 3rd person

50.8).]

imperfective of Kya-=ti-(s)-l-c'^iw

'cry out'

Hupa
k>e*ce-''iral

Texts: General Glossary

907
sweathouse (ta-k>iW)

Wooden

headrest, used by
1;

men

in the

(Goddard 1903:

17, figure

Curtis 1924:

12).

[Unanalyzable, but ap-

parently derived from an otherwise unattested verb with thematic prefix

ce=

referring to the head.]

k>e*da''ay-init-c'Uwe*

Fishing club, used to stun fish before emptying them from the net (Goddard 1903: 23-24, figure2; Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 36). ['One attacks a fishhead with it' < Uy-e-da'^ay '(fish's) head' (LN 6.1)
+ mii
'with
it'
-i-

c'i-i-we- 'one fights, attacks

girl,

it'.]

kyehtca*n

Adolescent

young

unmarried

woman,

virgin.

[Unanalyzable noun, historically connected with cag 'buckskin apron'.]

kyeWca'nig

girl-person'

Maiden (old-fashioned term, used in stories). ['Adolescent < U>ehlca-n-i 'adolescent girl' n 'person' (LN 10.5, 37.1).]
-f-

kyehniW
like

Thunder.

In k^ixinay times,

raccoon.

He

lived

mine'sid),

and

established

Thunder was an animal something Middle of the World (de*di-ninisVnimedicine for steaming babies (text 40).
at

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Poison oak kye*ne''-kyoh A large

kye'kyilye'c'

(Rhus diversiloba).
decorated

[Unanalyzable noun.]
(tismil)

plume of eagle

or

condor

(k>iya*Wi-minah-xole'n) feathers, from two to three feet long, worn by the

three

c'idilye*)

main dancers (ya'^kyita'^aw) in the White Deerskin Dance (xonsit(Goddard 1903, plate 30, center rear; Goldschmidt and Driver 1940, plate 1, figure a). ['The big backbone' < Ry-, indefinite possessor +
-i-

P-e-n-P 'P's back(bone)'

kye'sde*^

kyoh 'big', augmentative enclitic]

left in

Coarse pieces of pounded acorns

first
kyiq'oi)'^ 'its roe'.

the sifter after sifting the

meal for the

time; these are repounded, and any further

the sifter are called

lumps left in [Probably contracted from kye-cide'^

[Unanalyzable noun.]

and derived from O-cid 'pound (acorns)'.]

kyica'y

Red-tailed

hawk (Buteo
hawk

jamaicensis).

kyica*y-tiWin
oration.

Apparently a larger bird than the kyica*y, with darker colfeathers in their headdresses, because

Warriors used

hawks
-i-

are

good

fighters (text 43).

is

['Black hawk' < kyicaj 'red-tailed hawk'

U-

Win-i 'which
kyica'y-xotic'e'^

black'.]

Cane

to

keep rattlesnakes away; a

it.

stick

which has had

is

medicine formula said over

tlesnake's

Red-tailed

Hawk

(k^ica^y)

said to be Rat-

enemy, having taken all the rattlesnakes inland from the coast. < Uyica-y 'red-tailed hawk' + xo-, animate 3rd person possessor -P, possessed noun fortic' 'cane, walking stick'
['Red-tailed hawk's cane'
-i-

-i-

mant.]
k-vice*

War Dance; danced

also

before a fight for protection, and afterwards for

joy (Wallace 1949: 76, 102; Keeling 1992: 91-2; texts 43 and 77).

The

War Dance was

performed by both

sides, taunting

one another, dur-

908
ing the meeting

XIV Northwest
when

California Linguistics

reparations were paid and the fight settled.

In the

War Dance

the performers stand in a row,

much

as in the

World Renewal

ceremonies, showing their weapons, singing medicine songs, and reciting

A number of specific resemblances between the War Dance and the Deerskin Dance led Goldschmidt and Driver to speculate that the latter was historically derived from some version of the former (1940: 126-8). ['War dancing' < Un-ce--i, relative form of ink>iina*w to protect themselves.

animate 3rd person imperfective of k>i-(w)-ce- 'dance the

War Dance'.

Apparently a denominal theme based on an old stem for 'head' or 'scalp'

seen in compounds such as P-ce--kHn'^ 'the back of P's head' or ce--dilGay
a former custom of Although the Hupas say that they never took heads as trophies, the Chimariko (Wallace 1949: 76) apparently did, and the Yurok were accused by the Hupa of doing so on

'gray-haired

person',

and probably

referring

to

dancing with the head or scalp of a slain enemy.

at least

one occasion (see

text 77).]

k>ice*-Wir)'^

War Dance songs (Keeling

1992:

91-92).
in a chorus.

A man who
They stamp

has
the

killed a person starts the song,

and others join

ground for beating time.

Dance's song' <
k-iciwan'^-XohJ
U>ice-

Most of these songs

-i-

are medicine songs.

['War

'War Dance'

P-Win-(ip 'P's song'.]

feathers attached,
hair strap'
k^ic'cy

Buckskin headband with yellowhammer (minc^iW-mil) worn by a doctor in the Kick Dance (text 29). ['The

<

kyi-ci-wan"^ 'the hair'

Ko-l 'strap, rope'.]

(c'ic'cy,

diminutive)

The

youngest

child

in

family.

[Unanalyzable noun.]
k-icind

Sickness (general term), conceived of as a malevolent entity that

its

moves of
along',

own

accord

(cf.

kyic'ind tehsya--te-

'sickness will travel

c'isc'^e'^n

i.e.,

'there will

be sickness'; Uyic'ind tinahW

'he started sickness').
'I

'he

made
Some-

sickness travel along',

vicitims, saying:

i.e.,

Sicknesses "claim" their

^adey xosehlcHn^-teill

will

make him my own'.

to the

one

who

has fallen

is

said to

have gone "down

spirit.

ground" {ninthat afflict

c'irp),

pulled there by the sickness

The various sicknesses

people came into the world after being released from a house in Merip
(xog'^xahW-dir); see text 37).

licow 'pleurisy,
[Apparently

pneumonia',

These sicknesses include xos 'cough, flu', and ceiig 'inflamation of the bowels'.
(cf.

kyi-c'ind(i)

'something moribund'

c'ind(i)

'dead thing',

c'indin 'dead person, ghost' and the verb

k>'ida*ma*c'e'^

theme

-c'id 'die').]

(1)

The head and mouth

part of a

lamprey (XiwiW-xa*n).
in

(2)

wreath of myrtle twigs (c'e*y-ticow) worn as a headdress

the

spring

Jump Dance (Kroeber and Gifford

1949: 62).
lips'

['The rim of the

(lamprey's) mouth' < kyi-da-- '(lamprey's) mouth,

-I-

(combining form)

P-mac-i'^ 'P's (circular) rim, hoop'.]

Hupa
kyidckyin*^

Texts: General Glossary

909

Spoon carved from an elk antler, used by men for eating acorn soup (Goddard 1903: 29 and plate 16, figures 3-5 and 7-8; Kroeber 1925,

The handle (about four inches long) is decorated with geometSpoons were kept in a special spoon basket (nahlcisi-3) that ric designs. hung on the wall of the xontah. It was proper etiquette to put a basketplate (q'ay'^te*) on the top of the eating basket (xayca*^), and to put the spoon in the plate, so as to keep it from getting dirty To hand a spoon to someone directly would have been bad manners too much like feeding an animal (text 57, note 12). ['Antler handle' < Ryi-de-- '(elk) antler'
plate 20).

(combining form)
kyiditwe*

-1-

P-kyin(iP

'its

base, handle'.]

Malevolent entity causing pain or sickness; apparently a synois

nym

for sinsir). ['What

beaten'

<

lc>'i-di-i-we-,

agentive passive of O-i-

we- 'beat O'.

kiditwisi-q'id

Morphological Outline 14.3.]

camp on

the east

Redwood Creek side of Redwood

(x^iylq'id-x*e*) gathering

and hunting
2;

ridge (Goddard 1914a,

camp

Baum<

hoff 1958: 205,

site 12).

['On (the high ground) where they

fire-drill'

(c'i-)Ryi-di-l-wis-i, relative

form of the animate 3rd person imperfective of

Uy-di-(w)-i-wis

'drill

for fire, use a firedrilF

sticker.
i

P-q'id 'on P'.]

Map D-10
< Uyi-di-me-n

kyidime*n-3
'somethirj
clitic]

is

Thorn,
sarp'

['The

little

sharp

thing'
-1-

'that

which', relative enclitic

j/,diminutive en-

kyido'niW
ily;

The

effect that a person's evil actions

have on him and his famif

you go around to do with kyidogx^e* 'Indian deviling'. It is believed that if a person does something wrong and does not tell anybody about it, the kyido'niW will cause someone in his family to get sick and die. He must confess or the sick person If misdeeds are publicly will not get well (Wallace 1948: 347-8; text 70). confessed they do not become kyido*niW in this way. When a baby's um"bad karma".
kyido*niW for yourself
graves to rob them, or handle or talk about things having
bilical

You make

cord does not drop off properly,

it

is

a sign

that

the

father or

mother had done forbidden things and acquired kyidcniW that has been passed on to the child (text 13). [Unanalyzable noun, apparently a fossilized derivation from a theme connected to xo-niW 'be awake, aware, have
sensation'.]

kyidogx^e*

Indian devil; a sorcerer

who

derives his

power from bones

robbed from graves (Goddard 1903: 64-5; Curtis 1925: 28; Wallace and
Taylor 1950: 190-93; Valory 1971; text 72).
sneak around
at

Indian devils are believed to

night and to shoot their victims with a projectile

made

from a sharpened human bone (also called l<yidorjx'''e-), and are able to transform themselves into wolves or bears. [Unanalyzable noun, but apparently from Uyido-niW 'effect of evil actions'
-1-

-e-

'which

is

(there)',

emphatic relative enclitic] [= Karuk '^apuriivaan; Yurok

'^uma'^ah.]

910
kyigye''3

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Strawberry.
g>'e'^,

[Unanalyzable noun; apparently

j/,

Icyi-,

indefinite pos-

sessor
k^igye's

unanalyzable element +

diminutive enclitic]

Indian sunflower (Helianthus annus).

See also

c'ahla'^Gade'^.

The

leaves are ripped off and the "backbone" eaten.

The blossoms

are also

eaten

when

they are tender, but not the seeds.

['What one scrapes' <

(c'i-)kyi-gye-s,

animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(w}-gye-s 'scrape

(A;>i-j

(with the nails)', with indefinite object

clitic]

'that

which', relative en-

k-iciW

Lightning.

['What forks' < Ryi-ciW-i, relative form of inanimate

split'.]

3rd person of Ryi-iwj-GiW 'fork,

kyikye'^-din

The

tail

(the fattest part) of a deer or salmon,

when

cut up for

drying or roasting (Goddard 1903: 26).

thing's
'that
tail'

['What

is

at the

base of sometail'

< M-,

indefinite possessor

P-kye^din 'the base of P's

which

is (at)'.]

kyila'dosc'e'^-xontah
shelter at a

Bark house, camping

site,

hut,

erected for temporary

camping

such

as

an

acorn-gatherting

camp

(t'anq'i-

nc'^ondil).

['Bark house'

<

kyila-dosc'e'^

'heavy

bark (of conifers)'

xontaw

'living house'.]

kyila*3onde''

Hazel nuts.

[Unanalyzable noun.]
nuts,

k>ila-3onde'^-3

Chinquapin

chestnuts.
enclitic]

['Little

hazel

nuts'

<

Ryila-^onde'^ 'hazel nuts'

+ j/, diminutive

k^ilcos

Indian paintbrush (Castilleja wightii), a red-flowered bush resem-

bling a huckleberry, sucked on by hummingbirds.

Indians used to suck

to sticks

honey out of

it,

and children would attach the flowers

['What one sucks' <

and put

in

their hair, as a toy.

(c'i-)lcyi-i-c'os-i, relative

form of

animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(s)-i-c'os/c'oc'

indefinite object {kyi-).]

'sip,

suck up O', with

kyitcosi-nehwa*n
into

Head ornament made from

and trimmed
with

a piece of deer sinew, split

three

prongs

red-headed

woodpecker

scalps

items).

(Goldschmidt and Driver 1940, plate 3, figure d, second and fourth It is It is worn stuck into a buckskin headband (teima's-wilc^cn). worn as part of an Indian doctor's regalia (text 26) and in the Brush

Dance
is

(xon'^-na'^we*).

slightly different type of the

same head ornament

['What resembles a

also

sometimes worn

in the

White Deerskin Dance.

(straw for) sipping, sucking something up'

<

kyi-i-c'os-i 'sipping,

sucking

something up (through a straw)', relative form of inanimate 3rd person

imperfective of 0-(s)-i-c'os/c'oc'
(kyi-)
'sip,

suck up O', with indefinite object

14.1)

+ ne--s-d-wa-n

'it

resembles'

(LN

'that

which', relative en-

clitic]

kyitdikyi-kyoh

"Red-headed

woodpecker";

Pileated

woodpecker
with a large

(Dryocopus

pileatus), the largest

woodpecker

in the region,

Hupa

Texts: General Glossary

911

Establishes love medicine (text 45). head and conspicuous red crest. ['The big one that pecks' < Uyi-i-diUy-i 'what pecks at things', inanimate

3rd person imperfective of 0-(s)-i-dilcy 'peck

at

O, crack

by pecking',

with indefinite object

(/:>'/- j

+ kyoh

'big',

augmentative enclitic]

kyRdikyikyoh-ya*kyiwilt'a*c'
45).

Robe worn by Red-Headed Woodpecker (text to the Hupa and mentioned only in myths and medicine formulas. Sam Brown thought this robe was made of buckskin, with a tasseled fringe, and with woodpecker feathers tied on with sinew to 'What has cut-up red-headed woodpecker (scalps)' < the fringes. [ ya-=Uyi'wi-l-ta-c' 'that RyiidiUyi-kyoh 'red-headed woodpecker (scalps)'

garment not known

-i-

are cut up', passive of ya-=0-(s)-i-tas/tac' 'cut

definite object
kyitgyide*^
(Icyi-).]

up, into pieces', with in-

Rotten wood.
is

['Its
-i-

rotten thing'
-(ip,

<

Icyi-,

indefinite possessor

(ni-)i-gyid-i 'what

rotten'

possessed noun formant.]

['The thing that one

kyitcos

Gooseberry (Ribes

sp.).

See also dahc^in'^.

'bite,

cracks in one's mouth' <

(c'i-)lcyi-i-Gos-i, relative

form of animate 3rd perbrittle)'

son imperfective of 0-(s)-i-Gos/GOc'

indefinite object
(Icyi-).]

crunch (something

with

kyitiW

round

cake made

of parched

and crushed

tarweed

seeds

(Xohday*^), or pinole.

See also to'^c^iW.

term),

[Unanalyzable noun.]
blacktail

kyRixan

Deer (general
.

specifically
is

deer

(Odocoileus

hemionus); venison
i,

['The thing that

good-tasting, sweet'

<

Icyi-ii-xan-

relative form of ii-xan 'be good-tasting, sweet', with indefinite subject

(l^n-).]

kyitixan-ticay

Albino deer (rare but occasionally found); the source of

white'

white deerskins (dilixi^-licay) displayed in the White Deerskin Dance

(xonsil-c'idilye*). ['Deer that
is

< kyiUxan

'deer'

+ li-oay

'it is

white'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

kyitmaq'i-kyoh

Aralia (Aralia californica), a

is

swamp weed. What

in

the hus-

band of
(text 59).

Aeon Worm and Water Dog

+ kyoh
lupus).
'big',

transformed into

myth times

['The big one that makes a popping sound' < Uyi-i-maq-i 'what

makes

a popping sound'

augmentative enclitic]
are expert at imitating
(i.e.,

kyit-na'dil

Wolf (Canis
(text 77,

The Chimarikos

wolf howls
'they

line 33).

['The ones that accompany things

,

follow, stalk animals)'

<
-i-

kyi-l 'with

accompanying something'

are around,

go around', inanimate 3rd person of na-=(s)-dil/de-X / 'the ones which', relative enclitic] go around'

na=dil '(two or more)

-i-

kyit-na*dil-kyiwar)xoya-n
1

Old Man Wolf

(text 4).

Institutor of the

misqld

Jump Dance (text 1). Marries the elder daughter of the kyixinay woman who initiates the Flower Dance (text 11). ['Wolf old man' < kyii-na-dil
'wolf
-I-

kyiwanxoya-n 'old man'.]

912
kyRwe*

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Malevolent

spirits that are

believed to live in the water, especially

in lakes

and streams

in out of the

way

places,

where they are associated

with the ta*n of those locations (Goddard 1903: 64).

ber, acorn harvesting stops, so that the kyRwe*
(text 33).

They

are believed to In

cause sickness, particularly pneumonia in children (text 31).

Novem-

may have

['What attacks things' <

lcyi-i-we--i, relative

the remainder form of inanimate

3rd person imperfective of 0-(w)-i-we-/we'^ 'fight, attack O', with indefinite object (/cW-J.] [=

Yurok

sa'^ai 'spirit, ghost'.]

k>itwe*-dii)

The important Yurok village of Sa'al, on the north bank of Klamath River about six miles from its mouth (Waterman 1920: 235, B-50). Waterman writes: "The spirit people, known as sa'aL, who are ordinarily spoken of with some fear, seem to have shared this town with human beings on rather intimate terms. In one of the houses the sa'aL were so numerous that ... one did not dare to turn his back to the fire; that is, if he looked into the dark part of the house, he might see one of the spirits and get sick or otherwise suffer misfortune." ['Malevolent spirit place' < Uniwe- 'malevolent spirit' din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok sa'^ai 'spirit, ghost'.] Map C-7
the
-i-

k)itwe*-k>oh

Spider.

['Big malevolent spirit'

<

Ryiiwe- 'malevolent spirit'

h'oh, augmentative enclitic]

kyRwe*-kyoh-mila'^
'spider'

Lupine (Lupinus),

['Spider's

hand'

<

Uyilwe'-kyoh

mi-la"^ 'its hand'.]

kyRwe'-mitic'e'^

Dragonfly.
-i-

['Malevolent

spirit's

walking

stick'

<

Jcyiiwe-

'malevolent
kyiXa''

spirit'

mi-tic'-i'^ 'its

cane, walking stick'.]

The bottom of

a basket. ['Something's bottom, buttocks'.]

kyiXa'^-dii)

The stem of

a canoe (me'^dil).

['Buttocks place'

<

kyi-Ka'^

'something's buttocks' + din 'place'.]

kyima'w

Medicine; a supernaturally ordained curative or purifying sub-

stance (usually

made from an

herb).

It is

effective only

when
it

istered with the recitation of the

in

fomula

that relates

how

it is adminwas established

myth times, usually incorporating a song. Formulas should be pronounced with shaking voice (each syllable staccato and breathed, and with falling tone in phrases) and recited as a question-and-answer dialogue with the supernatural originator of the medicine, with frequent insertion of
nasalized

hehehehe...
'yes!').

(question)
If

and hehehehe...yarj (answer,

instead.

i.e.,

drawn-out heyarj
lard the

one can't shake the voice, one should

inter-

formula with

little

coughs

The shaking voice

is

is

called

c'e-naxohidil 'clearing the throat before talking', and

the

intended to notify
the

power
is

that originated the medicine.

The person who makes

medi-

cine

called '^adic'in'^dinarj-na'^nehsday 'facing himself he sat down.'

The

Hupa
"answer"

Texts: General Glossary

913
on the

to a question is called '^adima-nc'in^-na'^xe-ne-W 'he talked

opposite side of himself.' [Unanalyzable noun.]

kyima'w-citc^e*
recites the

An

herbal doctor,

modem

medical doctor; the person

in the

who
c'i-t-

formula and prepares the medicine

['The one

Brush Dance (xon'^'make, create

na'^we').
c'^e-,

who makes

medicine' < k>ima-w 'medicine' +

0-(s)-i-c''e-/c'^in'^
/

animate 3rd person imperfective of

O', with
enclitic]

unmarked inanimate 3rd person object +

'the

one who', relative

kyima'w-tiq'a'w

Corpse Medicine

(text 41).

medicinal herb tentatively

1903:
73).
It

identified as wild larkspur

(Osmorrhiza nuda) (Goddard

gives people "a

new stomach" who have

ii-q'a-w-i

lost their appetite after

It is

coming

into direct or indirect contact with a corpse.

chewed.

'Fat medicine'

< kyima-w 'medicine' +

kyimide'^

'which

is fat'.]

The

belly of a salmon,
26).
[/:>/-,

when

cut up

for drying

or roasting

(Goddard 1903:

indefinite possessor (referring to salmon)

+ P-

midP
River

'(salmon's) belly', possessed noun stem.]

kyimide'^-dii)
at

Chenach, a Karuk village on the east bank of the Klamath Sandy Bar and Sims Ferry, opposite Orleans (Kroeber 1936: 33; ['Salmon belly place' < kyfrnide'^ Bright 1957: 457, no. 101; text 41). 'the belly part of a salmon' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Karuk chiinach-'^isiip.]

Map C-36
in particular,

kyimiye*^

Tabooed food;

the parts of a deer forbidden

to

women (Goddard

1903: 22; Driver 1939: 311, elements 103-129).

k.yi^iw'^ 'ear',

These
Neither

parts included k>isa-sta-n 'tongue',

Uye'da'^ay 'head', kyikyan'brisket'.

sa'^an 'heart', ^exoma'^diri 'shortribs', kyiwexo-sita-n

men
both

nor

woman could eat the forelimb (kyic'e-P). It was also forbidden to men and women to eat venison and fresh salmon together. ['Its dan/:>/-,
-f-

gerous places, parts' <

indefinite possessor

-i-

niiy 'supematurally

dan-

gerous thing or place'

kyina'^

-P,

possessed noun formant.]

Yurok (people and language).

The Yuroks

are also referred to as

yida'c'in (q.v.).
na'' 'foreigners,

[Unanalyzable synchronically, but historically from *kyienemies' (Sapir 1936b: 230).]

kyina'^c'ixixe'P

Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum), a plant with red berries

If

that look like small tomatoes.

liable to

you

eat

them before swimming, you are

be caught by a water monster (tehyixolxid)

[Unanalyzable noun.]

who

will pull

you

into a

deep hole.

kyinaMiday one picks

(or kyina'^diday-3)
(for food)'

Salal berry (Gaultheria shallon).

['What

<

kyi-na-=c'i-di-da--i, relative

form of animate 3rd

person imperfective of kyi-na-=di-(w)-da-/da'^ 'pick, gather (for food)'.]

ki'ina'^-q'i-na'^ay

Yurok

style

medicine (k^ima-w) for the Brush Dance

in

(text 12).

['What one carries around

Yurok fashion' <

kyina"^

'Yurok' +

XIV Northwest
-q'i 'in

California Linguistics

such a way', adverb formant + na=c'i-'^a-, animate 3rd person perof na-=0-(s)-'^a-Pa'^ 'carry
.

fective

(a

round

object)

around'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

kyina*'^-sonsol
Ryi-na-'^ 'the

eyes'

Minnow. [Apparently 'the one whose eyes are empty' < + sonsol cf. Ryi-sol 'there is a hollow sound, it
;

(sounds) hollow, empty'.]

kyina'^-xontah-dii]

An

important

Redwood Creek
just

(x^iyJqid-x^e*) village

of the
this

Lower Redwood (Chilula) division, name because a house there looked

It

struction.

was believed
on

to

below Minor Creek. It had like a Yurok house in its conhave been a Ryixinay village, the place where
"Important for-

Money came
mer
village

into existence in this country (see text 50). a flat bordering

Redwood Creek on
Four shallow

the east, about 1/4 mile

north of

Tom

Bair's ranch house.

pits

with the volunteer soldiers occurred

at this village,

were found. A fight in which one Indian

was

killed"

place of the

(Goddard 1914a, site P; Baumhoff 1958: 206, site 31). ['The Yurok house' < Uyina'^ 'Yurok' xontaw 'house' + din 'at
-i-

that place', locative enclitic]

Map D-24
[Unanalyzable noun; historically from *^W'Yurok' (< 'enemy, stranger') +
kili

kyina'k^il
na--,

Slave, debt-slave.

combining form of

Ryi-na"^

'boy'

(Sapir 1936b: 230).]

k^inanq'

k^inasn

Deer lick. [Unanalyzable noun.] Karuk (people and language). ['Ryinas

Yurok' + ni 'people', collective plural (LN

people'

<

Uyinas,

unana-

lyzable element, perhaps contracted from Ryina'^-^i, diminutive of Uyina'^-^i

'little

1.2).] at the

kyinahsn

Parading

in front

of the line of dancers

White Deerskin
of of
'in front

Dance
P'.]

(xonsR-c'idilye*) or the
^'>7-,

War Dance

(kyice*; see text 76). ['In front

-i-

something' <

indefinite postpositional object

P-nasni

kyinc^iW-q'id

Village on the east bank of the Trinity near the north end of

Hoopa Valley and just downstream from the mouth of Mill Creek. Sam Brown remembered one house at this village, with one sweathouse. The owner of the house was Baldy, Mrs. Socktish's father. ['On the (high
ground
'on
P'.]

that resembles a) nose'

mace.]

P-q'id < Uyi-n-cHW 'something's nose' [= Yurok merp'er'^n 'something's nose'; Chimariko hisofunMap A- 15
-i-

kyinehsnoy

Basket design, consisting of straight vertical

13-j).

stripes.

(O'Neale
[=

1932:71, figure

['The things that stand erect'

(LN

74.26).]

Yurok cekwcekwah
kyinehst'a'n
flora).

'vertical stripes

round a basket'.]

pas.

Tan oak (Lithocarpus densiflorus, formerly Quercus densiThe oak from which come the acorns most preferred by the HuUsed medicinally (text 38). [Unanalyzable noun.]

Hupa
kyinilt'a'c

Texts: General Glossary

915
(Goddard

Venison cut

into long flat strips for curing over a fire

1903: 23; Kroeber and Barrett 1960:

197, plate 21).

Strips of

hung from poles

i-t'as/t'ac' 'cut

(kyiniij'^ay) that ran across the interior

meat were of the xontah.

['(Venison) that has been cut up' < kyi-ni-wi-l-t'a-c'-i, passive of O-ni-(s)-

up (venison) for drying, butcher

(a deer)'.]
stripes,

kyinilyiw

Basket design, consisting of slanting

sometimes
is

criss-

crossing (O'Neale 1932: 71, figure 13).

over'

['Something that

crippled, bent

<

Myi-ni-l-yiw-i, relative

form of neuter ni-l-yiw 'be crippled, bent

(me'^dil).

over' with indefinite subject

kyinin'^-dig

(Icyi-).]

The bow of
tea (bush).

a canoe

['Face

place'

<

Hyi-nirif

'something's face' + din 'place'.]

kyinint'iky
line'

Wild

See nahst'iky.

['The (plant) that stretches in a

nin-t'iky '(a

<

Uyi-nin-t'iUy, indefinite subject

form of extension neuter

line) extends'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

kyinig'^ay

Poles running over the fire the length of the subterranean part

of a xontah, for smoking meat and fish and for drying acorns, basketry
roots, etc.

(Goddard

1903:

14).

['The thing that extends (to some-

place)'.]
kyinig-gyise'^

The cartilage in the head of a salmon, eaten roasted; a tradi(Goddard 1903: 26; Kroeber and Gifford 1960: 100). ['Face gristle' < Uyi-nin- '(fish's) face' (combining form) + g^/j 'gristle, cartilage' + -P, posessed noun formant.]
tional delicacy

kyintiyo'di-3

<

Pigmy owl (Glaucidium).

Icyi-ni-ti-yo'd-i, relative

sues (deer)'

['The little one that chases, purform of inanimate 3rd person imper-

fective of P-ni-ti-(s)-yo-d 'chase, pursue after (animal)',

indirect object
(Icyi-)

with indefinite

(LN

10.30) +5/, diminutive enclitic]

kyig'^kya'w

medicinal bark.
ferred.

White oak, post oak (Quercus garryana), used mainly for its White oak acorns are sometimes eaten, but are not pre-

[Unanalyzable noun.]

kyiq'aylosce'^

The

liver of

an

eel,

lamprey (XiwiWxa'n), when cut up for

drying and eating.

kyiq'eh-na'diwal

[Unanalyzable noun.]

worn by the ordinary dancers in Dance (xonsit-cidilye*) (Goddard 1903, plate 30; Curtis 1924: 31 and plate facing p. 30; Goldschmidt and Driver 1940, plate It consists of fur from the tail of a wolf, cut up into small 4, figure d). strips and attached to an ornamented buckskin band. It is worn with the fur extending both above and below the band, the lower fringes hanging down over the face to hide the eyes. It is also worn by dancers in the Kick Dance (text 29). ['That which swings behind' < kyi-q'eh 'behind, following after (that thing)' na-=di-wal-i 'that which swings around', relative
"Blind"; the head-band
the White Deerskin
-1-

6 9

XIV Northwest
form
of

California Linguistics

inanimate

3rd

person
itself

imperfective

of

na-=di-(s)-d-wal/wa-X

'(stick-like object)

throws

around', mediopassive theme).]

elder.

k>isdiya*n (or ''isdiya'n)

di-ya-n-i, relative
(/:>'/-)

Old person,

[The one who

is

old'

<

Icyi-s-

'the

form of neuter si-d-ya-n 'be one who', relative enclitic]

old', with indefinite subject

k>isdiyan-c*ig (or "^isdiyan-c^ig)

U>isdiya-n 'old person'

who

Widow.

['The

old

person

sort'

<

+ -&nn

'of that kind, sort'

is

(LN

1.9).]

kiscgye*^

Patient, sick person

kyi-se-gy-i"^,

being treated by an Indian doctor.

[Apparently

but not synchronically analyzable; inflected as a

-se-g>'e'^.]

neuter verb ('to be a patient'), with stem

kyise'Got'

hood closely woven from

sea-lion
at the

iris

twine (mehs-c'ilVn), worn with

the

crown of

tusks (kyiwo*^) by

two obsidian-blade
p.

carriers

(xo3e*wan-na'^dil)

White Deerskin Dance (xonsit-cidilye*) (Goddard

38).
It

1903: 84 and plate 7, figure 2; Curtis 1924: 32 and plate facing

is

also

worn under

the

three center

men

(the
is

dance leader and the two singers)

a fringe at the

woodpecker scalp headdress (me*wina*sita*n) by the at the Jump Dance

bottom with
tail

(xay-cidilye*).
triangles,

It

decorated with painted geometrical designs, usually

is

from the pheasant (xotidi-kyidilc^e*) attached. It is worn over the forehead and hangs behind to the waist. [Unanalyzable noun, apparently based on the verb theme 0-..God 'poke, spear O'; -se- may be a reduced form of ceand there
feathers

'head'.]
kyisinto'^-kyiwa'd

Wooden
to

tray for serving

meat (Goddard 1903:

plate 16,

figure 2).

According

Goddard
-i-

"for religious reasons these trays were

never washed" (1903: 23).

thing, grease (in cooking)'
k^ist'ay'^-c^ig

['Grease tray' < Uyi-sinto"^ 'the juice of some-

k^iwa'd

'tray'.]

doctor

In myth, a on his own patients in order to increase the fee (text 63). "Bluejay always doctors people for a fee of one load of rotten acorns. When he eats it up, he devils the person again." ['The Uyist'ay"^ sort' < kyist'ay'^, unanalyzable stem + c''in 'of that kind, sort', enJay, "Bluejay" (Cyanocitta stelleri, Steller's Jay).

who

practices sorcery

clitic

element found

in several kinship

terms and other nouns

(LN

1.9).]

kyist'ay'^-kyoh

-I-

['Big Ryisfay"^'
enclitic]
kyist'ay'^-mili3

Clark crow (Nucifraga columbiana, Clark's Nutcracker), < Msfay"^, unanalyzable stem + kyoh 'big', augmentative

Small bird hawk (Accipiter cooperii. Cooper's Hawk).

(with a) wedge-shaped
(bill)'

< Msfay'^, unanalyzable stem mil-i 'having a thin, wedge-haped (bill)' + j/, diminutive enclitic. Alternatively, the analysis 'kyist'ay'^'s urine' is possible < fcyist'ay'^,
[Probably
'little Uyisfay"^

unanalyzable stem

-i-

mi-li^

'its

urine'.

Hupa
kyitaGe*^

Texts: General Glossary

917

The middle
eating.

part of an eel,

lamprey (XiwiWxa*n) when cut up for

smoking and

['The (lamprey's) middle' < kn-, indefinite posses-(i)?,

sor+ P-tac 'between P' +

possessed noun nclitic]

pit in

k>ita*lcid Leaching basin; a shallow sand-lined

which

to leach

acorn

meal, dug in a gravel bar at the edge of a stream (Goddard 1903: 28 and
plate 15;

Kroeber 1925, plate

14; text 5).

to

Heated water from the stream

tannin.

is

poured over the acorn flour

uses her

own

basin.

At the

remove the bitter Acorn Feast, the basins

57-8).

Each

woman
Coytears

are left for Frog,

ote's wife in

myth

time,

who made
1949:

the first leaching basin

from her
verbal
pit'.]

(Kroeber and Gifford

['Leaching

acorns',

noun

(gerund) from lc>i-ta-=(w)-i-cid 'leach acorns in a leaching

k^itasd

"Sweetened" acorn

flour;

acorn flour after the leaching process

28).

has removed

the bitter tannin

(Goddard 1903:
cf.

[Unanalyzable, but

possibly a contraction of Knta-cid,

Ic>'i-ta-=(w)-i-cid 'leach acorns in a

leaching
kyite*lwe*l

pit'.]

Posts for a fish weir, driven into the river bottom and intervines (Kroeber and Barrett 1960:
18-19).

woven with

Crossed pairs of

poles fifteen to sixteen feet in length were driven in with heavy rocks.

A
lc>'i-

walkway was
a fish weir)'.]
kyite't'aw

laid across the top.

['What has been driven as a post' <

te--wi-l-wei-i, relative

form of passive of

lc>i-ti-(s)-i-wei 'drive posts (for

Indian doctor, shaman; specifically a sucking doctor

(sinsirj)

who

re-

moves "pains"

by sucking them from the patient's body (Goddard

See also xol-diyin and xol-c'idye*n,
verb
apparently derived from the

1903: 65-6; Keeling 1992: 69-73).

[Unanalyzable noun,
'float,

theme A-t'aw

waft in the

air',]

kyite't'aw-Wii)

A sucking doctor's song, given to her by the kyixinay in a dream, along with a specific, named "pain" (sinsig) (Keeling 1992: 6973).

These songs are slow and are sung while stamping. song' < Ryite-t'aw 'sucking doctor' + Win 'song'.]

['Sucking doctor

k>'itiGi3

rough game resembling shinny, locally called the "stick game"

(Goddard 1903: 60-61; Curtis 1924: 17, 78-9). It was played by opposing teams representing villages or tribes on important occasions, such as the World Renewal dances. Players hit at a billet or "tossel" (ya'dimil), using sticks about 3 feet long and hooked at one end (mil-kiticis). The aim is to throw the billet out of the playing field past the rival team's goal stake (ce*dimit-dii]). According to Sam Brown, the game was not known by the Hupa until they learned it during reservation times from the Wailaki and Lassik, but given the wide distribution of similar games in northern ['Throwing something along with a California this seems improbable.

XIV Northwest
stick'

California Linguistics

<

kyi-ti-ci^,

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of 0-ti-(s)-Gij 'throw

with indefinite object (^W-j.] [= Karuk imthdatva.]

along with a

stick',

kyitilkyo'd
tive

Thief. ['The one who steals things' < (c'i-)Un-ti-l-kyod-i, relaform of animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-ti-(s)-l-kyo-d 'steal O',
(lc>i-).]

with indefinite object

kitityo'l

Swearing, blaspheming; using words that are taboo.

{c'i-)Un-ti-i-yo-l-i, relative

['(When)

one blows something off <

form of animate

3rd person imperfective of 0-ti-(s)-yo-l 'blow

k>it'a'^afc*e*

off.]

the inner door of a xontah These were never ornamented. [Analysis unclear, but probably a derivation from 0-(s)-i-c'^e-/c'^in'^ 'make O'.]

The two doorposts supporting

14).

(Goddard 1903:

kyit'an'^-nie'^
its

site

sharp bend

at the foot

on the west bank of the Trinity where the river makes of Bald Hill. ['In (the hollow) where there is a
'in it'.]

maple' <
kyifarj*^

U>'i-t'arP

'maple' + me'^

Map A-10
['It is

Maple (Acer macrophyllum).

leafy'

<

Ryi-fan^, inanimate

3rd person imperfective of Uyi-(w)-t'ari^ 'be leafy'.]

kyit'ag'^-dirjq'oc'

Redwood

sorrel (Oxalis oregana), a medicinal

herb used

to prepare the throat for singing.

'it is

['The leafy one that

is

sour'

<

Uyi-t'arP

leafy'

+ di-n-qoc'

'it is

sour'

'the

one which', relative encitic]

kyit'ow

Canoe paddle (Curtis 1924: 26-27, 71). Hupa paddles were long and narrow, more like a pole than a European-style paddle. ['Paddling' < Icyi-t'ow-i, relative form of inanimate 3rd person imperfective of /:>/-( wjt'ow 'paddle,
stir

something'.]
snag.

kyiwa'^ni-3

A broken-off tree,
'that

['A

little

part of (a tree)'

<

Icyi-,

in-

definite 3rd person possessor, referring to a tree

+ P-wan^

'half of P, part

of P' +

which', relative enclitic'

-i-

j/,

diminutive enclitic]

k^iwa'd

A
is

shallow, tightly-woven basketry pan, approximately two feet in

diameter, used to shake off the skins of shelled, seasoned acorns before
they are pounded, and also to receive the
after
it

pounded acorn

flour (widwa*d)

sifted

(Goddard 1903: 28 and

sift

plate 24, figure 2).

['Shaking,

sifting

something' < Uyi-wa-d, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of O-

iw)-wa-d 'shake,
kyiwahday*^

O' with indefinite object

{Uyi-}.]

plant with white flowers,

whose

root

is

chewed

for corpse-

handling medicine (text 41).

[Unanalyzable noun.]

kyiwahday'^-3

A medicinal

plant (English

name

not

known) used

in

doc-

toring (text 27).

['Little kyiwahday"^'

< Ryiwahday'^ (medicinal

plant)

-j/

'small', diminutive enclitic]

kyiwagxoya*n Old man. ['The one who shies away from things' < wa-n 'from things' + xo-yan-i 'the one who is shy, suspicious'.]

kyi-

Hupa
k^iwidis

Texts: General Glossary

919

Twisted twine or rope, made from

iris

(mehs-cire*n) (Goddard

1903: 35 and plate 14, figure 2-3).

use of a shell,

Fibers from the leaves,

removed by
a

were rolled

into twine

on the knee, and wound on

string)'

bobbin.

The twine was used

^isdis.

for a variety of purposes, including nets.

See also
rela-

['Something that has been twisted (into

'twist

< Ryi-wi-diyi,

tive

form of passive of 0-(s)-di3

O' with indefinite subject

ilc>i-).]

kyiwidqcn

twisted, softened hazel withe (Xohs-cilVn).

['The hazel

withe that has been twisted' < IcH-wi-d-q'e-n-i, relative form of passive of
U>i-(w)-qe-n 'twist a hazel withe'.]

kyiwidwol
xxiv;

War-jacket, upper-body

armor (Mason 1889,

plates

vii

and

Goddard 1903: 62; Kroeber 1925, plate 18; Wallace 1949: 75; Hodge 1950; texts 43 and 76) (= Karuk paasah). The usual Hupa warjacket was made of vertical split sticks of RyinXic tied together with twine (kyiwidis). A less common war-jacket was made of thick, scraped elkhide
(or

sometimes deerhide), and the word appears

to

have originally referred

to this variety.

(Elkhide armor was typical of groups further north; Curtis properly made, war-jackets protected the wearer against

1924: 97.)

When

penetration by most arrows.

Armor of

this sort

was worn by

relatively

('Something that has been few warriors, and was a sign of prowess. scraped' < lc>'i-wi-d-wol-i, relative form of passive of 0-(w)-wol 'scrape
O', with indefinite object
(kyi-).]

kyiwidwol-3

buckskin bandolier or sash worn

left

by

Indian

doctors,

reaching from the right shoulder to the

arm, with
(text 26).
j/,

yellowhammer
['Little

(minc*iW-mil) feathers hanging from the fringes

jacket'
clitic]

war-

< kyiwidwol

'war-jacket, upper

body armor' +

diminutive en-

kyiwilc'oc'

Salmon bones.

['The things that are sucked' < lcyi-wi-l-c'oc\

sip,

passive of 0-(s)-i-c'os/c'oc'

suck up O', with indefinite object

(/:>/- j

-i-

'those which', relative enclitic]

kyiwileh-diij

Sregon, a Yurok village on the north bank of the Klamath

River above Pecwan, about 20 miles inland from the mouth of the river

(Waterman 1920: 244, D-90). ['The place where something is painted' < Ryi-wi-liw ( < *lcyi-wi-l-iiw), passive of 0-(w)-iiw 'rub, smear (grease, paint) on O', with indefinite object (^W-j + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok sregon.] Map C-15
kyiwilma*^

A tanned
(1)

hide.

['What has been tanned' <

Icyi-wi-l-ma'^-i,

pas-

sive of kyi-(s)-l-ma'^ 'tan (a hide)'.]

k>iwilte*l

mat made of ripped basketry (usually a large storage bas-

ket, 3e*lo'^) or

tanned buckskin (dic^il), spread for a bed by

15; text 16).

women

in

the

xontah (Goddard 1903:

(2)

The stone pavement on

the ter-

race (min'^day'^) in front of a house or sweathouse (text 68).

['Something

920
that has

XIV Northwest
been spread out' <

California Linguistics

lc>i-wi-l-tei-i, relative

form of passive of Ocausative of neuter

(w)-i-te-l 'spread

out', with indefinite object

(lc>'i-);

ni-te-l 'be flat, wide'.]

kJ'iwilda'^al-c^in
sort to

Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). ['The one that is the keep setting things down' < Uyi-wi-i-da^ii, inanimate 3rd person

progressive of 0-(w)-i-da'^ 'cause

(Icyi-)

to

sit,

stay',
/

with indefinite object

-c'in 'of that kind,

sort'

(LN

1.9)

'that

which', relative en-

clitic]

kyiwilda'^at-c^in-kyoh

seen in
['Big

Raven (Corvus corax). See also Ga'c^ag*^. Seldom Hoopa Valley; found nearer the coast, on lower Redwood Creek. crow' < Icyiwi-tda'^a-i-c'^in 'crow' + kyoh, augmentative enclitic]
Acorns
(in general),

k-iwinya'^n

both in their natural state and

for eating

when

pre-

pared as food.

The acorns preferred

by the Hupa are from the

5.2).]

tan oak (kyinehst'a*n).

['Something that one eats' (LN

knwinya'^n-ya'n

People, person;

human

beings; Indians.

Human

beings

came to live in the world (na*nde*X 'they descended') after it had been made ready for them after its creation (cixolc*e*-dari'^) by the k^ixinay,
Whites,

yima'n-tiwVinyay. After the arrival of the was used to mean 'Indian', as opposed to yima'n'^dil 'White person'. [ 'Acorn eater' < Jcyi-win-yan'^-i 'acorn' ya-ni 'the one who eats'.] [= Karuk yaas'^dra, Yurok "^o-i.]
especially the Transformer
k>'iwinya'^n-ya*n
-i-

k^iwiyal

clusively the

Food from any source; sustinence. Preparation of food was exwork of women, including the gathering of firewood. The
'fish

principal categories of animal food traditionally eaten by the of the

were tohna*y
principal

and

eels',

k^iMxan 'deer', and k^iya'W

foods
are

'birds'.

Hupa The
and

categories

of

vegetable

k^iwinya'^ii
'^isq'o'c'

'acorns'

(principally in the
sa'^liW

form of sa'^xa'W 'acorn soup'),

shoots'.

'berries',

'edible

greens,

['Something that one keeps eating' <

(c'i-)lcyi-wi-yal-i,

animate 3rd person of progressive neuter O-wi-yal 'keep

(Icyi-).]

eating O', with indefinite object

kyiwo'^

(1)

Fishhook; made from a sharp-pointed bone bound between

two small

sticks,

13, figure 1;

and attached to a set line (Goddard 1903: 25 and Plate Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 82-5). (2) "Hooks"; a crown of

eight or nine tusks of the sea-lion (yida'c'in-te'^il) that

pants in the Flower

Dance

(Ryinahlda''), as well as

is worn by particiby the "hook-dancers"

(k^iwo'^-me'^) in the

White Deerskin Dance (xonsU-c'idilye*) (Goddard

34 and 38; Goldschmidt and Driver 1940, plate 4, figure c). The tusks apparently represent antlers, and in the Flower Dance the dancers explicitly imitate the browsing of deer. ['A tooth, teeth' < A:W-, indefinite possessor + P-wo"^
'P's teeth'.]

1903: 83-4 and plate 30; Curtis 1924: 32 and plates facing pp.

Hupa
kyiwo'^-me'^

Texts: General Glossary

92

"Hook

dancers"; the participants in the White Deerskin

Dance

(xonsil-c'idilye*)

who wear crowns

Dance

of sea-lion tusks (kyiwo*^).

These are

the participants in the Boat

ers (xose'wan-na'^dil)

(ta*'^attal),

and the obsidian-blade carri-

who

cross back and forth in the front of the line of

dancers carrying large ceremonial blades of black or red obsidian (to*-

nehwa'n and cei-nehwa*n); the latter wear a woven hood ['The ones neath their hooks (Goddard 1903, plate 30). Uyiwo"^ '"hooks", crown of sea-lion tusks' me'^ 'in it'.]
-i-

(k>ise*GOt') in

be-

"hooks'" <

kyiwoW-nehsnoy
does not
all

"Foam know you there,

it.

spot," a bad-luck place in the river.

it

If the

water

around

muddy, begins to rise, and foam deposits ['(Where) foam stands erect' < Un-woW 'foam' + ne--s-nogets
-i-

'(several things) stand erect, in peaks'

kyixa'^-Ryir)

'those which', relative enclitic]

The

poles of the A-frame lifting net (k^ixa'q).

['A-frame

lifting net sticks'

<

Uyixa"^-,

combining form of

Ryixa-q'

-\-

kyin 'stick, tree'.]

kyixahle*^

Untanned deerhides stretched on

drying

frame

(miq'id/:'>/-

kyRxa*!).

[Analysis unclear, but presumably connected to the theme

(s)-i-xa-l 'stretch out (deerhide) to dry (on a frame)'.]

kyixahs-wan-c'isday
deer)'

Deer-hunting camp.
?)'

['Where one stays for (hunting

P'

< Ryi-xas '(hunting deer

sits, stays'.]

+ P-wa-n 'concerning

c'i-s-da--i

'(where) one
kyixalo*^

Hoof

or

dew claws
in

of the deer, dried and used as a

toring

(Goddard
rituals,

1903, plate 18, figure

4 [not

3]).

rattle in docAlthough deer-hoof

rattles are

common

western North America, often associated with

girls'

puberty

they are relatively rare in northwestern California (Curtis

1924: 97; Driver and Riesenberg 1950).

[Unanalyzable noun; possibly

se'lo*^

reduced from Ryi-xe-lo^ 'the

'storage basket'.]
k^ixa'q'

tip

of something's foot'; see also

fishing for

lifting net, the principal net used by the Hupa in salmon on the Trinity River (Goddard 1903: 23-4; Curtis 1924: 14-15, and plates facing pp. 40 and 76; Kroeber and Barrett 1960:

The A-frame

32-6, 178, plate 2).

The

net

is

attached to a large but easily liftable trian-

gular frame of three poles (k^ixa'^-kyii)), the main shaft of which

about
from
at

10 feet

long rests on

the

bottom of the stream.

About

six inches
is

the base of the main shaft a second pole, about six feet long,

attached

a right angle, and at the outer end of this horizontal pole a third pole runs

up

to the top

of the main shaft. The net (which

is

large and conical)

is at-

tached to these three poles and a rounded crosspiece (ma'^c) that connects

them.

The fisherman holds

a signal cord or "trigger" (mil-dahciwiyo*sil)

net,

running from the bottom of the

net.

which jerks when

fish

swim

into the

When

he feels such a jerk, the fisherman closes off the net by pulling

the trigger line.

He

then hauls the frame from the water, clubs the fish.

922

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

and throws them on shore (where

he fishes he stands or
sits

women

are waiting to clean them).

As

on a platform or scaffold (dah-kyiwe*wita*n or ta'lce'd) that projects over the water. The A-frame net is effective only in a strong eddy where the upstream current can hold the net distended, and the places on the riverbank where such eddies are found (xayah) are

owned by
of wealth.

specific families

['Body, frame'

whose right to use them is an important source < Ryi-xa-q' 'something's body, frame'.] [=

Yurok erkerh, Karuk

k>^ixa*qi-3

"^uripih, '^urutvaap.]

small version of the A-frame lifting net (kyixa*q'), used to

catch trout and other small fish from a weir (Goddard 1924: 15 and plate facing
net").
['Little
p.

1903: 25; Curtis

46; Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 40, "landing

lifting net'

enclitic] [=

A-frame net' < Icyixaq" A-framQ Yurok cawun, Karuk tdkikara.]

race of human-like beings

j/,

diminutive

k>ixinay

The
for

who

inhabited the world before

Curtis 1924: 25-6).

it

was ready

humans (Goddard 1903: 75-6;

They

lived alongside the prototypes of various animals,

who had anthropomor-

The k>^ixinay had no fire, so they knew that humans were approaching when they saw the smoke of campfires in the distance. When humans finally arrived, most of the
phic characteristics but were not k^ixinay.

They have wings

beyond the sky in the east, where they still live. wear chaplets of yellowhammer feathers, and are constantly singing and dancing. They continue to interact with
k^ixinay
left for

a heaven

like angels,

human beings from

tual

their eastern

heaven and are the source of most

spiri-

the

power, particularly luck and the power of doctoring. They look on at World Renewal ceremonies. A wind from the east is a k^ixinay wind and is particularly lucky. The condor (kyiya'Wi-minah-xole'n), yellowhammer (minc^iW-mil), and red-headed woodpecker (kyitdikyi-Ryoh) are the k^ixinay birds, and condor feathers are especially potent with spiritual power. The kyixinay especially like the smell of Incense Root (mixa'c'e*^xole*n), and they are also pleased by tobacco smoke and the steam of cooking acorns. They do not like certain other things, however, including water (doctors and people training to get luck must not drink water), most berries, and peppemuts. Before they left the earth, the kyixinay ordained many medicines, and together with the Transformer yima'n-tiw'^winyay
(himself a kyixinay) established various sacred
sites,

including the dance-

grounds used for the World Renewal ceremonies

tuted death.
in

(cidilye*),
sites that

and also

insti-

A number

of

human

villages

occupy

were villages
sites

kyixinay times

(e.g., ta'^kyimit-diij),

and several abandoned village

are believed to be kyixinay places.

earth,

Some

kyixinay were

left

behind on

such as the rocks on the bank

at ce'wina*l-dii], for

disobeying the

rules

being

and for other transgressions. On the other hand, at least one human the founder of the Jump Dance (xay-c'idilye*) at ta'^kyimiJ-dirj

Hupa
was taken up

Texts: General Glossary

923

into the sky in a cloud

and became a k^ixinay.

relative

who

survive, the survivors'

< Un-xi-na-i,

[The ones form of imperfective of

{lc>i-}.]

xi-(w)-na-/na'^ 'escape, survive', with indefinite subject

[=

Karuk

ikxareeyaVy Yurok wo- gey.]

k^iya-W

Small birds (general term).

[The young,
condor

small ones'

<

kyi-, in-

definite possessor

+ P-ya'W-i

'P's

young ones,

offspring'.]

kyiya*Wi-niinah-xole*n

California

(Gymnogyps

californianus).

Condor
has lots

were used by doctors (texts 26 and 27). [The one that of birds circling around it' < Ryiya-Wi 'birds' + mi-nad '(circling)
feathers
it'

around

+ xo-len

'there

is

an abundance

of +

'the

one which', relative

enclitic]

kyiya'Wi-naynilwal

Prairie

falcon

(Falco

mexicanus),
(text

locally

called

"chicken hawk".
strikes

Medicine for forgiveness

42).
'it

['The one that

strikes

back

at birds'

<

kyiya-Wi 'birds'

+ na=yi-ni-i-wal

back

at

them', obviative 3rd

person

imperfective

of 0-ni-(w)-i-wal/wa-X

'hit
it-

(with an instrument)', with

erative/reversative modifier (na-=)

unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and + i 'the one which', relative enclitic]
scalp of the pileated

kyiya*W-me*da'^ay

The red-feathered

woodpecker
+

(kyiMikyi-kyoh), used for decoration

principally ceremonial regalia.

on a number of valuable objects,

['Bird's head'

<

kyi-ya'W-i '(small) bird'

m-e-=di-^a--i

'its

head'

(LN

6.1).]

k-^iycy

Poisonous mushroom, anything poisonous.

'it is

[Apparently 'what

is

poisonous' < kyi-yo-

poisonous' (otherwise unattested theme)

'that

which', relative enclitic]

kyi3iw'^-na-me*-diij
the west side of

Redwood Creek (x*iytq'id-x*e*) summer camp on Redwood ridge (Goddard 1914a, camp 9; Baumhoff
['The place where an ear swims around'

1958: 206,

site 16).

<

kyi-^iw'^

'someone's ear' + na-=me\ inanimate 3rd person imperfective of na-=(s)meime'^ 'swim around, bathe' + din
'at that

place', locative enclitic]

Map

D-14
kyoh

(1)

Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum).

to

(2)

Porcupine

quills,

usually

dyed yellow, used

rings.

ornament basket hats and

quills,

to pierce the ears for earin the

(3)

headdress of porcupine

worn by women

Jump

Dance.

[Noun stem.]

kig-kyidilcay'^

Sapsucker, smallest woodpecker (Sphyrapicus varius, Yel-

low-bellied Sapsucker).
that dries

See also niskin-mina*d-ciwiltor|'^il.

'tree, sick'

['The one

up

trees'

< kin

kyi-di-i-cay"^,

inanimate 3rd person

with indefinite object

imperfective of 0-di-(w)-l-cay'^ 'cause

{kyi-} referring to trees

to dry',

'the

one which',

relative enclitic]

kRwe*k'i3 or q'itwcq'is
heedless of danger.

In a

somewhat dangerous way; devil-may-care,

'in

[Sound-symbolic diminutive of kyiiwe--qi-^

the

924

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

manner of malevolent spirits (kyilwe*) the manner of malevolent spirits'.]

ko'so's (also pronounced qo-so-s)

in a small

way',

i.e.,

'somewhat

in

doctor by sucking, but says "I can't take out that pain;

enough!" (text 63). o-sos-i 'what stabs, stings things', cf. P-sos-i"^ tive consonant symbolism (lcy> /:').]
ko'so's-mic^o*

Hummingbird (Selasphorus sp.) Tries to my mouth isn't big [Synchronically unanalyzable but historically < *A:>''P's stinger', with

diminu-

Moth.

['Hummingbird's grandmother'
maternal grandmother'.]
perforata, etc.).
'float, drift
i.e.

<

Icoso-s

'hum-

mingbird'

-I-

mi-c''o- 'its

lah

Seaweed (Porphyra

[Noun stem;

historically derived

from the stem of A-...lad

(on the water)', but reanalyzed by

Wi-law'^

some speakers
la'We*^

as underlying law,

'my seaweed'.]
in the

Buckeye (Aesculus

californica).
at the

Found only

mountains to

the south of

Hupa

territory,

Trinity above Salyers (te'l-dirj).

like acorns,

head of Redwood Creek and on the The large nuts were pounded and leached
be a food of the Ryixinay.

and were believed

pack basket
'(which

to

[Unanalyz-

able noun.]
Ja'^a-xe*l
ta'^i

A
-i-

full

(q'ay'^-timit);

one basketload.

['One load' <

'one'

xe-l-i

is a)

load'.]

ta'^-na'ij'^a'^

la*n-tilt'ik>

"Seven Sisters" (constellation). ['Those many i-e-=wi-l-t'ilc>', passive of iwhich are squeezed together' < ia-n-i 'many'
-i-

Month name. The Pleiades,

'squeeze

See under minig.

e-=0-(w)-i-t'ilc>

together',

causative of extension
-i-

neuter

i-

e-=win-t'iRy '(lines) extend together, squeeze together'

relative enclitic]

'those which',

Jehqonc

Salt.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

tehqonci-yiditile*

Goose (Anser
,

sp.).

['The one that

is

attracted to salt'

<

iehqon^i

'salt'

-i-

yidi-ti-le-

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of O-ti-(s)i

leile'^ 'pull, attract

O', with obviative 3rd person object (yidi-) +

'the

one

that', relative enclitic]

leht'e't'e''

Mud. [Unanalyzable noun.]

teht'e't'e'^-c'ilc^e'^-dii]

Trinity about 200 yards between the village and the present site of the shopping center. Mud was collected there to be used for flooring for living houses. During the Jump Dance, the meMil-x^e* camp there.

A site on the east side of the

upstream from

ta'^kyimiJ-dii],

['Where they collect mud' <

ieht'et'e'^

'mud' +

^'i-i-c'^e-

'they collect

it'

(LN

23.5)

+ din

'at that place',

locative enclitic]

Map A-34
(Goddard 1903: 47).

te'kyiwirj'^e'X

Basket design, consisting of a series of peaked triangle de-

signs (c'ah-c'e*rj'e*tr) superimposed on one another

['(Lines) that extend into one another'

<

l-e-=lcyi-win-'^e-X-i, relative

form

Hupa

Texts: General Glossary

925

of extension neuter P-e=win-'^eK '(two or more) extend into P', witii reciprocal indirect object
te*l-dig
(ii-)

and indefinite subject

(Icyi-).]

former Hupa

village,

joins the Trinity

River, where the present

on the west side of South Fork where it highway curves toward the
pits exist there, this site

bridge.

Although several house

all

largely uninhabited in historical times

is

(Baumhoff 1958: 213).

sites at the

may have been The name

sometimes used for

of the village

confluence, also in-

cluding ta*i]'^ay-q'id on the opposite bank of South Fork and ta*kyiwe-lcil-

qid on the east bank of the Trinity.

kyixinay in pre-human times.

The

villages here

were of consider-

able mythological importance and were said to have been occupied

by

At the time of contact the population seems to have been mixed Hupa and Chimariko. [Contracted from ie-wilindirj < i-e'=win-lin 'they flow into each other' (i.e. the confluence of the Trinity River and South Fork) din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok
-t-

"weitspek" (Gibbs in Baumhoff 1958: 213, 235).]

te*l-x^e*

Map

B-7

The South Fork Hupa; Hupa speakers who

lived in the vicinity of

main Trinity at dozen miles (the "Kel-ta" of Powers 1877: 89-91). Their territory included the villages of dilc^ehs-3i-dir) and cUte*l-dir), and several others whose names were recorded by C. Hart Merriam (Baumhoff 1958: 213, nos. 19-22). Hyampom (xonteht-3i-me'^), at the mouth of Hayfork Creek, possibly also belonged to this group, but more likely was a Hayfork Wintu (Norelmuk) village. Merriam (probably mistakenly) considers the le*l-x"'e' the same group as the ce*nir)-x^e* (Baumhoff 1958: 210). ['Those who are at ie-lditj' < iei- (see tei-dirj) + xo, locative enclitic -e- 'the ones who are
the village of te-l-dig, at the junction of South Fork and the
Salyers, and upstream on the South Fork for about a
-i-

(there)'.]

le*na*kyiwiXo*n
signs and the

Basket design, equivalent to Yurok "elk" and "ladder" deKaruk "cut-wood" design (Kroeber 1905: 133-139; O'Neale
['What
is

1932: 71, figure 13).

relative

woven

in a circle' i-e--na-=lcyi-wi-d-Kon-i, in

form of passive of i-e--na-=lcyi-(w)-d-Ko'W/Kon 'make a round

basket weaving, weave (a design) in a circle'

te*na*lda*W

(LN

22.10).]

Basket design, consisting of a series of peaked triangle designs

(Goddard 1903: 47 and plate 27, figure 1). ['What has run in a circle' < i-e--na=win-l-daWi, relative form of inanimate 3rd person perfective of i-e--na=(w)-l-daW
(c'ah-c'e*g'e*tr) arranged in a circle around the basket

'run in a circle'
Je*na*l-dig

(LN

2.14).]

Weitspus, one of the three villages at Weitchpec, at the confluence of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers (Waterman 1920:257-58, G-21). Weitspus was on the north bank of the Klamath and was the principal village of the area.
the village,

name or more frequently the name of the spring weicpek is often used for all three villages collectively.
Its

at
It

926
was the
site

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

of a White Deerskin Dance.

[Contracted from ie-na-wilinditj

(i.e.,

'where (the streams) flow into one another again'

confluence on the Trinity River, the
first

the second

major

being where South Fork and the

'(a

main Trinity join

at te'l-dig)

< P-e-=win-lin
locative

stream) flows into P', with

derivation

reciprocal postpositional object {U-) and

iterative/revarsative

{na=) + din 'at that place', 'confluence'; Karuk ansdfriik.] Map C-25
tcna-lya*^

enclitic]

[=

Yurok

weicpus

Revenge, equalling of scores. [Analysis uncertain (LN 77.45).] Icna'wilay (1) A cooking fire. (2) "Fire"; an open-air camp where food
is

served and people stay overnight

during

the White Deerskin

fire'

Dance
(two

(xonsit-cidilye*).

['(Wood) that has been laid for a

<

i-e--na-=wi-la--i,

passive of i-e--na-=0-(w)-liW/la- 'lay (wood) for a

fire', literally 'put

or

more

objects) back together', with

unmarked inanimate 3rd person

['(The group) that

object.]

Je*na'W

Neighbors, people living together; a village.

together, assembled'

has

come

< i-e=ni-naW-i,

relative

form of inanimate

3rd person imperfective of i-e-=(n)-ya-W/ya-

'(a

group) comes together,

assembles'

(LN

62.33) +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

licow

Pleurisy,

pneumonia; a type of sickness (kyicind), characterized by

(i.e.,

"green matter"
['What

phlegm).

One

of the sicknesses that

came

to afflict

people after being released from a house in Merip (xog'^xahW-dig) (text

37).
is

blue, green'

<

ii-cow-i, relative

form of inanimate 3rd per-

son of ii-cow 'be blue, green'.]

tic'iW

Sand, sandy

dirt.

[Unanalyzable noun.]
(x*iylqid-x*e*) village of the

lic'iW-'^inahW-dii|

A
it

Redwood Creek

Lower
"Little

Redwood
Creek.

(Chilula) division, on the west side of the valley above Lacks

Emma
...

Frank's husband, Henry Frank, was from there.

Henry
dust'

said

was

his father's

home" (Goddard 1914a,

falls out'

site

L;

Baum-

hoff 1958: 206,

site 25).

['The place where sand

<

iic'iW 'sand,

"^i-na-W, imperfective
fall

of impersonal (n)-ya-W/ya- '(small objects,

idiomatic use of A-ya-W/ya-

particles) drop,

out (of a container)',

'(one) goes']

Map D-20

ticiW-xoda-nt'iky-dig

The

northeast

slope

of diW-kyoh-c^eh-dig, the

mountain
line of

at the

head of Tish Tang a Tang Creek.

['The place where a

sand extends downhill'

in a line'
-i-

< Hc'iW
din

'sand, dust'

xo-da-=win-t'il(y

'it

extends downhill

'at that

place', locative enclitic]

Map

C-50
Hgye*y
Jig'^

Pine squirrel (Sciurus douglasi).

[Unanalyzable noun.]

(possessed form: P-linUye'^)

Dog, horse, pet animal. See nckyincyo'd.

[Noun stem.]

Hupa
tirj'^-wilda-l-qid

Texts: General Glossary

927
the Bald Hills,

A resting place (na-'^alye-W-na*r}'^a'^-dig) in

up from the Redwood Creek village of q'ayliW-tah-dig. Where Big Dentalia rested before returning to Redwood Creek (text 50). ['On (the high ground) where the dog runs along' < ^///'^ 'dog' + wi-l-dal 'it runs along' + P-q'id 'on P'.] Map D-22
straight
tisc'

Lumber; rough-hewn boards or planks split from cedar or redwood elkhom wedge (no'^kyitiW) and a stone maul (mil-kyilcil) and used primarily for the side walls and roofs of houses (Goddard 1903, plate [Noun stem.] 3, figure 2-3; Curtis 1924: 8).
logs with an

Jixan-nitc^in

Incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens).

'sweet, good-tasting'

['What has a sweet

/

odor'

< H-xan

ni-i-c'^in

'it

has an odor' +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

tiy

single dentalium shell of monetary value

ally, the

monetary value of anything.

(nahdiyaw). [Noun stem.]

More gener-

lo'^c^iW

Seed

flour, pinole;

crushed and parched tarweed (^Cohday*^) and

13).

other edible grass seeds (Curtis 1924:

this

Also called kyRiW, although

pinole.

may

refer specifically to the cakes

made of
<

[Unanalyzable

noun.]
Jo'^-Ryoh
lo-q'

Sturgeon (Acipenser).

['Big salmon'
'big',

^o?-,

combining form of

'salmon'

(LN

1.37)

+ kyoh
47;

augmentative enclitic]

to''-k>'oh-miG03ine''

Basket design, consisting of lines of triangles back-to-

back

(Goddard

1903:

Kroeber

1905:
-i-

133-139,
'its

element
lumps'.]

209).

['Sturgeon's lumps'
Jo'^n

<

io'^-kyoh 'sturgeon'

mi-co^in-P

White-faced mouse (Peromyscus).

[Noun stem.]
['White trout'
-i-

to'^-yahW-Gay

Salmon

trout,

"half pounder".

married to Crawfish (tehxa-c'e*^) (text 63).

'trout'
-I-

Female myth character, < lo'^-yaW

/

-Gay, stem of neuter

U-cay

'be white'

'that

which', relative

enclitic] to'^-ya'W
io"^-,

Creek trout (Salmo); any small fish. ['Young, small salmon' < combining form of ioq 'salmon' (LN 1.37) + -yaW-i '(which is)

young, small'.]
to*q'i-c"'o*

"Salmon's
locally.
It

Grandmother",
has a black
tail

also

called

"nightingale"

or
re-

"mockingbird"

and yellow breast, somewhat

It

sembling a canary, and

it

sings night and day.

was

identified

by

Sam

Brown (from
Seen

a bird book) as the Yellowbreasted Chat (Icteria virens).

in the area

only from

late April

and early
the

May

through August, a peruns of salmon.

In
in a lake at

riod roughly coinciding with the spring and

summer

myth, Salmon's Grandmother kept

released

all

salmon imprisoned
57-58).

the south edge of the world (yinaci-ninis'^a-n-no'g'^a'-dir)) until they

were

by

yima-n-tiw'^winyay

(texts

['Salmon's

maternal

928

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

grandmother' < io-qi 'salmon (general term),

grandmother'.]
tcqi-ma'-tiliw
57).

fish'

P-c'^o- 'P's

maternal

The

First

Salmon; the leader of the salmon

(texts 6, 7,

and

(mythical) fish that

comes with

the first

salmon run of the spring.

The Hupa used

to believe that

no salmon would come unless the Salmon

Leader led them.

ti-liw

['The salmon that swims along (ahead) for that (cere-

monial) purpose' < io-qi 'salmon' + m-a- 'for that (ceremonial) purpose' +
'it

swims along underwater' +

'that which'.]

to'qi-ya*n

Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus).

['Salmon

eater'

<

loq'i

'salmon' + yan-i 'one

to'q'i-yiditile*

who

eats'.]

River otter (Lutra

'fish,

canadensis).

['What

is

attracted

by
/

salmon' < -toqi

salmon' + yidi-ti-le\ inanimate 3rd person imperfecperson object +

tive of 0-ti-(s)-le-/le'^ 'pull, attract O', with obviative 3rd

'that

which', relative enclitic]

(phonetically [A'w/i])

XiwiW

Snake, specifically rattlesnake (Crotalus).

See

also mitcah-xosin.

[Noun

stem.]

XiwiW-minc^iW The "snake-nose" basket design, consisting of isosceles triangles (Goddard 1903: 44, figure 4, and plate 27, figure 2; O'Neale mi['Rattlesnake's nose' < KiwiW 'rattlesnake' 1932: 71, figure 13). nc''iW 'its nose'.] [= Karuk apsunyiifiv.]
-i-

XiwiW-minc^iW-nitq'id-dahsa'^a*n
triangles

Basket design

consisting

of isosceles
1.

on top of one another (Goddard 1903: 47; Plate 26, figure

that lie
niiq'id
lies

O'Neale 1932: 71, figure 13). ['"Rattlesnake's nose" designs top of one another' < KiwiW-min&nW 'snake-nose design' each other' + dah 'above, on top' + sa'^a-n '(a round object)
-i-

on
'on

some-

where'

-I-

'that

which', relative enclitic]

XiwiW-mixai)''
tlesnake'

Weasel (Mustela).
'its

['Ratdesnake's husband' <

KiwiW

'rat-

+ mi-xan"^

husband'.]

XiwiWxa'n

Lamprey (Lampetra tridentata, loThe lamprey was cally called "eel") (Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 70-72). much esteemed as food because of its fat. The edible parts include
(often reduced to XiWxa'n)
k>ida*ma*c'e'' 'the head, mouth'; k>itaGe'' 'the

middle
'the

part';

miyehco'^

'its

"backstrap" or "string"'; and kiqaylosce''

liver'.

[Unanalyzable
filled

noun, probably from KiwiW 'snake' + xa-n-i 'handled in a

tainer', relativized

con-

stem from the theme

container)', referring to the catching of

A-0-xaW/xan 'handle (a filled lampreys in woven traps or (Ki(fish or

wiWxa*n miseio'^).
net'

See also k>'i-xa-W/xa-n 'catch

lampreys)

in a

(LN

5.13).]
cricket.

XiwiWxa*ni-maVdis3 A type of 'lamprey' + mi-'^adis^ 'its ant'.]

['Lamprey's ant' < KiwiW-xa-n-i

Hupa
XiwiWxa*ni-mi3e*lo'^

Texts: General Glossary

929

Eel pot; small round basket trap for catching lam-

preys (Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 70-72.) ['Lamprey's storage basket' <

KiwiW-xan-i iamprey'
Xo'^-nehs-dii)

-i-

mi-^eio"^

'its

storage basket'.]
the west side of
at

village or hunting
its

camp on

New

River,
(text

about 17 miles upstream from

74),

mouth, on the river bar

Quimby
'prairie'
tall')

['Long prairie place' <

-I-

tl'o"^-,

reduced from Koq'-i

(LN
-i-

1.37)

ne-s 'long',

stem of descriptive neuter ni-nes 'be long,

din

'at that

place', locative enclitic] [=

Chimariko mayca-so^re 'field-rough,

grass" (Typha latifolia); used to cure

ragged').]

Map B-19
Cattail, flat tule,

Xoh-ce''

"swamp

kyitwe* sickness (text 31).

['Grass ce^'

< Koh

'grass'

ce"^,

unanalyzable

element.]

Xohce'^-kyoh

Large variety of swamp grass

'big',

(text 31).

['Big

swamp
in

grass'

KKoh-ce"^ 'swamp grass' + kyoh

^oh-dan'^te*
(text 27).

augmentative enclitic]
doctoring

Medicinal plant (English name not known) used

['Grass dan'^te-'

<Koh

'grass'

dan'^te-,

unanalyzable element.]
(kyitiW,

Koh-day*^
fo'^c'^iW).

Tarweed; grass whose seeds are used for pinole

['Grass

rfay <Koh

'grass'

-i-

day'^,

unanalyzable element.]
(text 27).

Xoh-day'^-kyoh

large variety of tarweed, used in doctoring

'big',

['Big tarweed'

< Koh-day'^ 'tarweed' + kyoh

'grass'

augmentative enclitic]
['Grass that
is

?Coh-diMi3e*w
sticky'

Alternative term for tarweed (Xoh-day*^).

< Koh

di-i-di-^e-w

'it is

sticky'

-i-

'that

which', relative

enclitic]

Koh-dit'in
grass'

variety of sweet grass, used in doctoring (text 27).

'grass'

['dit'in

< Xoh

dit'ini,

unanalyzable element.]
ripped up into fringes, worn by the

Xoh-kya*^
first

Skirt

made of maple bark

in the
[

menstruant (kyinahtdai))

Flower Dance (Goddard 1903, plate

'grass'

9,

figure 2; text 10).

'Grass skirt'

< Kow

kya'^ 'skirt'.]

Xoh-kya'^-t'cn

man-eating monster

who

lives in the forest

around old

camp grounds

(text 62).

Since she always carries a leather seed-basket

is

(dilcow-me'^kyilwal), she

also called

me'^kyitwal-nawe* 'the one

who
<

packs around a seed-beating basket'.

['The one
is',

who

has a grass

skirt'

Koh

'grass'

-i-

kya'^ 'skirt,

dress'

-i-

t'en 'she
-i-

inanimate 3rd person imperrelative enclitic]

fective of -t'en 'act,

do

so,

be such'

'the

one which',

XoW

(possessed form P-Ko-l-(iP)

Carrying strap for a pack basket (qay*^-

timil), traditionally of elk hide; string

on a bow

(c'iUir)'^);

line attached to a

spear or harpoon (mit-kyitifkyis); any strap or rope.

[Noun stem.]
grass, said to be eaten

Xoh-ma''-3 (or Xoh-man'^-3)

A type of
in

fine

bunch

by the kyixinay and used

doctoring (text 27).

['Grass ma^' <

Koh

930
'grass'

XIV Northwest
+
is

California Linguistics

ma"^,

unanalyzable element, probably referring to a sharp edge

'fly')

{man'^

homophonous with

-3/ 'small',

diminutive enclitic]

Xoh-ma'^-3i-dig

'bunch grass

(sp.)'

Red Cap Prairie. ['Bunch grass place' < Koh-ma'^-^i + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] Map C-53
['What
is

Xoh-me'we*
grass'

Cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus).

'grass'

there underneath the

is

<Koh

+ m-e'w 'underneath

it'

-e-

'what

(there in view)',

emphatic relative enclitic]

Xoh-mitah-x*e*
the

The "New River

Shasta." This
lived

was

a local

group of (Scott

Valley) Shastas (yidahcin)

who

on the upper Salmon River above

Konomihu

(c'e*yi-xodi-qeh) and also utilized the Trinity

Summit

area

and the headwaters of

New

River to the south.

Although "New

River

Shasta" had been correctly identified as Shasta by Goddard (ms.

1902)

and Dixon (1905), Merriam elicited a confused mixture of Konomihu and Chimariko from his consultant, Saxey Kidd, which he mistook for a hitherto unidentified language distinct from all others in the area, calling it "Tlo-hom-tah'-hoi" (Merriam 1930; see Dixon 1931 for a rebuttal).
['The ones
it'

who

are in the grassy place'

<

tl'oh 'grass'

+ m/-/aw'amongst

xo, locative enclitic

-e-

'the

ones

who

are (there)']

Xoh-qa'^

type of bunch grass eaten by the k^ixinay and used in doc-

toring (text 27).

['Arrow grass' < Koh 'grass'

-1-

q'a"^,

archaic stem for

'arrow']

Xoh-qa'^-kyowi-q'id Pony Butte, an isolated peak near the head of

New
that

River (see text 30).

is

['On (the high place) where there

is

bunch grass

big'

<

Koh-q'a"^ 'bunch grass'

kyowi, relative form of the augmentative

enclitic kyoh 'big'

P-q'id 'on P'.]

Map B-32
['On (the high place) where
Koh-q'a'^

X!oh-q'a'^-nehsnoy-q'id

Sugar Pine Mountain, on the west side of Hoopa

Valley, where there used to be a lookout,

there
is

bunch grass

that stands erect'

<

'bunch grass' +

ne-s-

no-i

'that stands erect'

P-q'id 'on P'.]

Map C-46
See also

Xohs-c'ilVn

Hazel (vines); heavy rope made from hazel vines.

kyiwidqcn 'hazel withe'. ['What one uses for rope' < Kohs-, assimilated from tl'ohi 'strap' + c'i-l-'^e-n-i 'what one treats (as such), is like', relative form of animate 3rd person of neuter O-W^e-n 'treat O (as such)' with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.]
Xohs-c'il'^e'n-te'dGic'

Two

hazel-vine ropes tied together to form a two-ply

rope and used for heavy-duty

planks to the crosspoles
1903:

purposes,

such as securing the upright

and back of a living house (Goddard and plate 12, figure 1). ['Hazel- vine ropes that have been twined (together)' < Kohs-c'iPen '(rope made from) hazel vines' + ti-wi-d-cic'-i, relative form of passive of 0-ti-(s)-Gic' 'twist O
at the front
1,

14, plate 2, figure

along, twine O', with

unmarked inanimate 3rd person

object.]

Hupa
Xoh-tehi

Texts: General Glossary

931

wide-bladed grass (Xerophyllum tenax), locally called "bear

grass", used in basketry (text 64)

grass" or

"squaw

and as a medicine

against Ryitwe* sickness (text 31).

flat'.]

['Wide grass' < Xoh 'grass' + tei 'wide,

XohWag-q'id (also heard as Xohwag-q'id or ?CohWar)'^-qid) Bald Hill; the large mountain at the downstream (northern) end of Hoopa Valley. [Probably from Koh-Warj-q'id 'on which there is only grass' < Kow 'grass'

Wan

'alone, just, only'

P-q'id 'on P'.]

Map A-3

XohWan'^-lay'?

from

XohWar}-q'(id)-lay'^

Summit of Bald Hill (XohWaij-q'id). [Probably reduced < XohWarj-q'id 'Bald Hill' + P-lay"^ 'P's peak,
Kingbird (Tyrannus
['Prairie
verticalis.

summit'.]
Xcq'i-da'^kya'w

Western Kingbird).
'prairie'

Also

called 3e*nah-na*lah.
'oriole'.].

oriole'

< Koq'i

+ da'^-km-w-i

Xo*q'i-3i-dig

Yurok village on the north bank of the Klamath River about 12 miles from its mouth (Waterman 1920: 236-238, C-72). Waterman writes: "The territory... lies in what might be called a redwood
Serper, a
belt. ...Indians

did not find

it

a favorable place for their villages. ...Sr'pr

some importance because a rich family lived there [but] the big flood of 1862 washed everything away and drove the people up the hillside." ['Little prairie place' < Koq'i 'prairie, grassy place' + -j/ 'little', diminutive enclitic + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok serper.] Map C-10
[was] at one time a place of
Ko*q'i-nehs-dii)

Colt Pasture.
ne-s 'long'

['The place where there

is

a long prairie'

<
In

Koqi

'prairie'

+ din

'at that

place', locative enclitic]

the vicinity of

Map C-55

Xow''-xonteht-3i-me'^
77).

Hayfork; Norelmuk (Hayfork Wintu) country (text

A'ow^

is a prairie' < where it is grassy' < P-Kow-(ip 'P's grass', with unmarked possessor + xontehi-ji-me'^ 'Hyampom' (q.v.).] Map B-26

['The grassy place in (the small valley) where there

'(its)

grass;

ma'^c'

A piece of wood
net.

of semicircular shape connecting the two upright

poles in an A-frame lifting net (Ryixa'q') and serving as the upper attach-

ment for the

ma*-c'iGa'l

[Noun stem.]

The dance leader; the man who leads the procession of dancers from one of the two ceremonial divisions or "sides" (ta''k>imil-x*e* and me'^dil-x*e*) in the White Deerskin Dance (xonsit-cidilye*) (Goldschmidt and Driver 1940: 106-10). In the White Deerskin Dance the ma*-ciGa*l of the ta'^kyimit-x^e* side carries a torch from the ceremonial fire from one danceground to another and is the first one to light the fire at the new danceground. The privilege of being the ta'^kyimit-x^e* dance leader belongs to the family of the Big House at ta'^kyimil-dii], and the dance maker

932

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

(cidilye*-cilc*e*) frequently

assumes the

role.

['The one

who

goes (ahead)

for that (ceremonial) purpose'

< m-a-

'for that (ceremonial) purpose'

c'i-

cai-i 'the

one

who goes
The

along', relative

form of irregular animate 3rd

person of progressive neuter wi-yal '(one) goes along'.]

ma'-de'^da'^aW

World Renewal ceremony; the man who tends the ceremonial fire that burns at the danceground and throws incense root into the fire while praying (Goldschmidt and Driver The privilege of being the ma'-de'^da'^aW at the White 1940: 106-10). Deerskin Dance and the Jump Dance belongs to the family of the Big House at ta'^kyimit-diij, and the dance maker (cidilye*-cilc**e*) frequently assumes the role. ['The one who puts something in the fire for that (ceremonial) purpose' < m-a- 'for that (ceremonial) purpose' + de-=c'i-di"^aW-i 'one who puts (a piece of incense root) into the fire', relative form
priest or ritualist in a

of animate 3rd

person

imperfective

of de-=0-di-(w)-'^aWPa-n

'put

(a

round object) into the

fire'.]

mahn
7).

War

party (Goddard 1903: 62-3; Curtis 1924: 5; Wallace 1949: 75real war-chief,

There was no

and

all

ablebodied

men

of a family were

potential warriors.

War-parties were usually small, only on rare occasions

numbering more than ten men. Each warrior ate alone, avoided sexual intercourse, and recited formulas to insure the success of the undertaking and to protect himself from the enemy (Wallace 1949: 75-6). [Apparently ni 'people', collective plural (LN from mah-, unanalyzable element
-i-

1.2).]

ma*jiwi-lay'^

An

unidentified mountain in Bald Hill country,

['majiwi

summit' < majiwi, element of uncertain meaning + P-lay? 'P's summit,

tip'.]

man'^-c'isgye*

Mosquito,

['c'isgye- fly'

<

man'^

'fly'

c'isg>e-,

unanalyzable

element.]
ma'-niij'^ay

The "backbone" of
+
nin-^a--i

a fish weir C^ehs); the

laid across the crossed posts.

['What extends (across)

(to

walkway of logs for that purpose' <

m-a- 'for

that'

'what extends
resting

someplace)'.]

ma*-no*na''k>a''aVV-dir)
trail

place (na*''alye*W-na*r|'^a'^-diij) on the

from Hoopa Valley to the coast at Trinidad, at the "ten-mile tree" on Redwood summit (text 55). The place is not claimed by any one tribe, but belongs to all Indians, since yima*n-tiw'^winyay rested there. You must
always take off a branch and leave
['The place it there as an offering. where one leaves something for (the k^ixinay)' < m-a- 'for the benefit of (the k^ixinay)' + no--na-=c'i-lc>'i-'^aW, animate 3rd person imperfective of no-=0-(n)-'^aWPa-n 'put (a round object) down', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=) and indefinite 3rd person object (/:>/-) + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] Map D-17

Hupa

Texts:

General Glossary

933

Fly. [Noun stem.] ma*yo* Mourning dove

mag*^
[Unanalyzable noun,
guage.]
me'^-c*i3i-c'itc*e*

(Zenaida macroura).
a borrowing

probably

Also called xonsU-c*iw. from another Indian lan-

Large open-work burden basket for gathering firewood (Goddard 1903: 41 and plate 22, figure 1). ['What one collects firewood

in'

<

me"^ 'in

it'

c^'ij/

'firewood'
-i-

-i-

c'i-i-c'^e-

'one collects'

(literally,

'one

makes, creates'; see note 23.5)

'the

one

(in)

which', relative enclitic]

meMil

means of transportation (Goddard 26 and 44; Kroeber Canoes were usually 1925, plate 13; Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 181). made from redwood logs, although some apparently were made of cedar,
the principal

Dugout canoe,

1903: 50; Curtis 1924:

16 and plates facing pp.

and were hollowed out with

is

fire

and finished by carving.

Since

rare in

Hupa

country, most canoes were purchased from the

redwood Yurok on

Canoes were about 18 feet in length but varied in width and depth; they were paddled from a carved-in seat in the stern (k>i>!a'^-dig). [Contracted from me'^ + c'i-wi-dil 'that in which they travel c'i-wi-dil, animate 3rd person of progressive neuter along' < me"^ 'in it' wi-dil '(two or more) travel along' / 'that (in) which', relative enclitic] [= Karuk paah, Yurok yoc]
the lower Klamath.
-i-t-

me'^dil-dig

Matilton, or Captain John's Ranch; a major village on the east

airport.

bank of Trinity near the

bered 11 or 12 houses
norj'^a-r^ ('where
it

the upstream (southern) division of

at

The principal village of the meMil-x^e*, Hoopa Valley. Sam Brown rememyide"^-

meMil-dii), nine of which had names: (1)

reaches downstream').

(2) Hc'iW-mitahdiij ('the place

with sand').
family.

(3) ce-q'id ('up

(4) yide'^-dice'^-me^ ('in

little

xalxid-q'id {'on a

on the rock'), belonging to the Shoemaker where it is headed downstream'). (5) knoll'). (6) yinaca-yidac ('upstream and uphill').
house of Captain John; he was a
in the early years

(7) to-xodeidirj (analysis uncertain), the

go-between with the Whites

and was looked upon by

they go downhill uphill.

them
have

as the chief or "captain" of meMil-diij, although he did not really

this status.

(8) yinac-xoda'^andiidirj ('where

stream'),

a house

that

stands at the

top

of the

(9)

ta-neh-c'irj'^

('towards the middle of the river'), a house close to the river.

also said there

Sam Brown
the

were three sweathouses:

to to taneh-c'i/j'^.

(1)

yide'^-norj'^a-x''-tak>iW, the
(2)

sweathouse belonging sweathouse belonging

burying places.
locative enclitic]

yide'^-no-ij'^a--x'\

ta-neh-c'irf-ta-k>iW,

(3)

yinaoa-xoda'^andiidin-tahiW,

the sweathouse belonging to yinaca-xoda'^andiidirj.

There were also four

-i-

['Canoe place' <

me'^dil 'canoe'

din

'at

that

place',

Map A-43

934
me'^dil-miqis

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Split

canoe used

to ferry spirits cross the river

on the

trail

to

Hell (c'indin-tah-dig) (Goddard 1903: 74; texts 27 and 36).

['Half of a

canoe' < me'^dil-i 'canoe' + mi-qis 'half of

me'^dil-x^e*

it'.]

For ceremonial

purposes,

the

people

from

the

upper

Hoopa Valley, from Supply Creek (toic'a'^c-dig) upstream past Sugar Bowl to xahslin-dir) (Goddard 1903: 12; Baumhoff 1958: 212-13, incorrectly labelled "Tinuheneu"). They are formally subordinate to the ta'^k>imil-x**e* in the White Deerskin Dance and Jump Dance and cannot join in until after the ta'^kyimR-x*e* have begun. The
(southern) half of

people of the Willow Creek and Salyers area

(te*l-x*e*) were usually alWorld Renewal ceremonies as part of the meMilx^e*. ['The ones who are from me'^dil-dig' < me'^dil- (see me'^dil-dig) + xo, locative enclitic + -e- 'the ones who are (there)', emphatic relative en-

lowed

to participate in

clitic]

me'^isd

Stone pestle, used for pounding acorns (Goddard 1903: 28; Curtis
It is

1924: 9; Kroeber 1925, plate 16).

as a forearm,
(c'i-)U>i-cid-i

cylindrical, usually about as

long

and blunt at the bottom. [Probably contracted from me'^ + 'that in which one pounds something' < me"^ 'in it' + (c'i-)Uyi-

cid,

animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(w)-cid 'pound O', with in{lc>'i-)

definite object

'that (in)

which', relative enclitic]

at
at

me'^isdil-din-nilin

me'^isdil-dir), at the foot

Beaver Creek, flowing into the Trinity from the west of Bald Hill. ['The creek, stream (that flows)
(q.v.)
-i-

me'^isdil-dig'

< meVsdil-dirj

nilin

'creek,

stream (that flows)'.]

Map A- 13
me'^isdil-dii)

White Deerskin danceground

(Norton Field).

end of

c'ilan-dii)

downstream (northern) ['Where they always go uphill' < mat

the

e*=ci-'^i-s-dil-i,

animate 3rd person customary of P-e-=si-(s)-dil/de-tV '(two

din
'at that place',

or more) go up along P', with inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-},
referring to a

mountain

-f-

locative enclitic]

Map A-12
1903,

me'^-kyitwal

Seed-gathering basket; a closely-twined basket for collecting

seeds beaten off plants with a seed-beater (mit-kyilwal) (Goddard

plate 22, figure 2; text 59).
'into
'hit,
it'

['What one beats something into' < me'^

kyi-i-wal, animate 3rd person imperfective of

0-{w)-i-wallwa-K
(A:>7-)

beat

(with a stick-like object)', with indefinite object

'the

one

(into) which', relative enclitic]

me'^-kyisinto'^-citc^'e*

A
<

stone dish for catching the grease that drips

from

eels or venison while

collects grease in'
(literally,

it is

being roasted (Goddard 1903: 26).

it'

['What one which',

me"^ 'in

Ryi-sinto'^ grease'

+
i

c'i-i-c'^e-

'one collects'
(in)

'one makes, creates'; see note 23.5)

'the

one

relative enclitic]

Hupa
me'^-sa*lc'oc'

Texts: General Glossary

935

A dipper or small
is

water basket from which a sucking doctor

(text 25).
'in
it'

(kyite't'aw) sips water to

wet her throat

'sip,

['(From) inside of which

something

sucked into the mouth' < me'^

suck

+
/

sa-=wi-l-c'oc\ passive

of P-sa-=0-(w)-l-c'os/c'oc'

into P's

mouth', with unmarked

'that (in)

inanimate 3rd person object and indirect object +

tive enclitic]
me'^-xe'^q'-c'ilc^e*

which', rela-

which a sucking doctor patient's body (text 25). When a "pain" is extracted, it quickly dissolves into a sticky foam, which is what the doctor spits into the basket. ['That in which one collects spit' < c'i-i-c'^e- 'one collects it', literally 'one makes it' me"^ 'in it' + xe-q' 'spit'
Spit-basket;
the basket into
(kyite't'aw) spits the "pain" she

removes from a

-f-

(LN

23.5)

-I-

'that (in)

which', relative enclitic]

me'c^ilc^o'gy

Brush used for cleaning the mortar after acorns are pounded (Goddard 1903: 28). It is about six inches wide and has bristles made from the sheath (mida-w'^ 'its whiskers') of the soaproot bulb (cas-kyoh), bound with buckskin. Also called miWe*na*dsow. ['What is (for) sweeping scraps along it' < m-e--c'^in=l-c'^o-gy-i, verbal noun (gerund) from Oe--c'^in=(w)-i-c'^o-gy

'sweep scraps along

P', with
is

inanimate 3rd person in-

direct object (mi-).

'dirt, filth'.]

The thematic

prefix

the incorporated

noun

c'in

me*ci-ne*s

Dart; a type of lizard (Gerrhonotus, alligator lizard).

['The one

whose breath is long' < mec'i, contracted from mi-yec'-i 'its breathing, breath' + nes, stem of neuter ni-nes 'be long, tall' + / 'the one who', relative enclitic]

mehl

(possessed form P-mei-(iP)

Gill net, seine; archaic term,

now

usu-

ally replaced

by na'^RyiXoy.
Iris,

[Noun stem.]
(Iris

mehs-c'iPe*n

or "blue flag" grass

macrosiphon), used for rope or

['What one uses for a
but
still

twine (Kroeber and Gifford 1960: 57-8; text 60).

net'

< mehs-, assimilated from

-i-

meM

'net'

(archaic
is like',

recognized

term)

c'i-l-'^e-n-i

'what one treats (as such),

'treat

mate 3rd person of neuter O-l-'^en

animate 3rd person object.]
me'kyinolye*

(as

form of anisuch)' with unmarked inrelative

Marks tattooed on the forearm and wrist (of a man), used for measuring the length (and value) of a string of dentalia (mckyiwiltiw) (Goddard 1903: 48-49). [Unanalyzable noun.]

me'kyiwidloy'^-dii]

The

part of the shaft of an

is

arrow where feathers are

to ?'.]

attached ['Where something

tied to

it'

< <

m-e-=U>'i-wi-d-loy'^-i, relative

form of the passive of P-e-=kyi-(w)-loy'^

me'kyiwiltiw

'tie

something

thumb

nail to

of dentalia (nahdiyaw), reaching from the (Goddard 1903: 48-9). ['What has been measthe shoulder
full

string

936
ured'

XIV Northwest
< m-e-=kn-wi-l-tiw-i,

California Linguistics

relative

form of the passive of P-e-=Uyi-{w)-i-

tiw 'measure P'

(LN

1.31).]

me'Pta'ii (or me*Xta*n)

Live oak (Quercus chrysolepis); acorns not eaten.

is

[Contracted from me'^ile'^-(di)tan 'the one whose leaf

'its

thick'

<

mi-Vl-i"^

(evergreen) bough, foliage' + di-tan-i

'it

is

thick'

'that

which',

relative enclitic]

me*me*

Large

fern

(Woodwardia);

used

in

basketry.

[Unanalyzable

noun.]
nie*ne*q-Xoh-tei
(like)

Striped salamander (Eutoenia).

'its

['The one whose back

is

bear grass' < m-eneq'

back' + Koh-te-l 'bear grass'

'the

one

who'.]

mcnig'^ay

The backbone of

a salmon, with

meat attached
it'

(after cutting

up for drying and cooking).

object (mi-)

['What extends to

< P-e=nin-'^a- '(one

object) extends to P', extension neuter, with inanimate 3rd person indirect

'the

one which', relative enclitic]

['What blows against
which',

mcniwinc'e*
flowers.

"Indian celery"; a plant about 6 inches high, with yellow

it'

Different from sal-k>'oh 'wild celery'.

<

P-e=ni-win-c'e- '(wind) blows against P', impersonal extension neuter,

with inanimate 3rd person indirect object (mi-) +
enclitic]
i

'that

relative

me'siwidlay

Tattoo design element, consisting of triangular tattoos

at

the

comers of the mouth (Sapir 1936: 276, figure 9-a). ['Several that are carried up along it' < m-e-=si-wi-d-la--i, relative form of passive of P-e=0si-(s)-liW/la- 'carry (two or more) up along P', with inanimate 3rd person
indirect object (mi-).]

me'wi-na*sita*n

"Roll"; the principal headdress

it

worn by

participants in the

Jump Dance,

so-called because

is

stored by being rolled around a cylin-

der of redwood (Goddard 1903: 86 and plate 29; Curtis 1924: 33; Gold-

schmidt and Driver 1940: 120 and plate

figure 12).
eral
It

4, figure b;

Wallace 1978:

172,

consists of a large piece of buckskin to

which are sewn sevat the

rows of redheaded woodpecker scalps (kyiya*W-me*da'^ay) with some

(dark)

hummingbird

(q'o'so's) scalps interspersed,

covered

bottom

by a

strip

of white fur from the neck of a deer and reinforced vertically

with thin sticks of kyinXic'.

participants in the

['What

lies

This headdress is also worn by some of the Flower Dance (kyinahWa*^) and the Kick Dance (c'ittal). back underneath it' < m-e-wi 'underneath it' + na=si-tan-i 'the

(stick-like object) that lies there again', relative

ta-n '(a stick-like object) lies fier (na-=).

form of stative neuter sisomewhere', with iterative/reversative modirefers to the design.] [=

The term apparently

Karuk pdathkira,

Yurok plegok.]

Hupa
me'wi-yinaG

Texts: General Glossary

937
it.

The upper Mad River and

...

the people living along

The

"Mad

River Whilkut

inhabit[ed]

the valley of

Mad

River from the

junction of North Fork near, southerly (upstream) to the Ahlgren

on Bug Creek
in

a distance in a straight line of about 21 miles"

Ranch (Merriam
different

Baumhoff 1958:

203).

Their speech was apparently a local variety of

Hupa-Chilula, intelligible to the x^iytq'id-x^e*, but noticeably

(Merriam in Baumhoff 1958: 203). ['Underneath things upstream' < m-ewi 'underneath it' + yi-nac-i 'upstream'.]

from the other

dialects

mic'in'^-na*r)'^e*X

legs'

Wasp. ['The one whose legs hang down' < mi-c'in-P 'its + na-=win-'^e-K 'they extend down, hang' + / 'the one who', relative

enclitc]
mic^a'n'^-tatta'n

Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Also called yida['The one whose excrement is soft' < mi-c'^a-n-'^ 'its excrement' + ta-=ni-i-ta-n 'it is watery soft' + / 'that which', relative enhcin-ce*-q'id-ya*g'^ay.
clitic]

mic*e*xin'^-q'eh-yixolWin
owlark).
anus'

Meadowlark (Stumella

neglecta. Western
its

Mead'its

['The one

who

has a dark patch along

anus' < mi-c'^e-xirP

'it

P-q'eh 'following P, after P'

+ yi-xo-l-Win

has a dark place,

ii-

spot', obviative 3rd

person of xo-l-Win, the areal-situational form of

Win

'be black'

'the

one who',

relative enclitic]

mic'iWe'^-ta'W

ing drying).

Acorn meat with bluish mold (due to water getting is ta-W < mi-c'iW-P 'its dust' unanalyzable element + / 'the one which', relative enclitic]
['The one whose dust

in dur-i-

ta-W,

mida'^-mit-ne'lno'^

bandolier or ceremonial sash, about 4 inches wide,

worn from
(c'ittal, text

the right shoulder to the left hip by

29).

men

in the

Kick Dance

Woodpecker
have
bills'
-i-

scalps and

beaks (mida*^) are sewn on.

stick
-I-

['What

their

beaks

been

made

to

up

with'

<

mi-da'^

'(woodpecker) beaks,
0-ni-(w)-i-no'^
'that (with)

mi-i 'with them'

ne'-wi-l-no"^, passive

of
-i-

'cause (several objects) to stand erect'

(LN 62.121)

which', relative enclitic]

mida'^-mina'xolWin (or mida'^-mina'xolsin, diminutive)

(Junco hyemalis. Dark-eyed Junco).
dark'

Snowbird, junco
it

['The one around whose beak

is

<

mi-da'^

'its

mouth, beak' + mi-na=xo-l-\Vin, inanimate 3rd person

relative enclitic]

of areal-situational form of neuter P-na-=l-Win 'be dark, black around P'

'the

one who',

midaMehmil
xa'diniw.
tehmil 'sack'
mida''-3

-I-

Gopher
/

(Thomomys,
is

pocket
a sack'

gopher).
'its

Also

called
lips'
-i-

['The one whose mouth

'the

< mi-da'^

mouth,

one who',

relative enclitic]

Dentalia (nahdiyaw) that are too small to be used as

money

(under about one and seven-eighths inches) and

worn

as

ornaments.

[Presumably < mi-da'^

'its

mouth,

lips'

-J/ 'little',

diminutive enclitic]

938
mida*n'^-saVn

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Timber Owl

(Strix occidentalis, Spotted

Owl)

(text 69).

['The one who has a hoard (of food)' < mi-da-n(iP 'its hoard, stored-up food' + sa-'^an 'it lies somewhere' + / 'that which', relative enclitic]

miGe*kyig'^-xR-nehwa*n

thing dark'
'P's leg',

make dark designs in < mi-Ge-kyin^

'something dark,

Maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum); used to basketry. ['The one whose ankle looks like some'its

element found only

its leg' ( < P-cecompounds + P-kin(iP 'P's base') + xii murky-colored' + ne-s-d-wan 'it resembles' (LN 14.1)

ankle', literally 'the base of

in

-I-

'that

which', relative enclitic]

miRyow'^ (or mikyowe'')

Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis).

['Its

hugeness',

i.e., 'the one that has hugeness' < mi-, inanimate 3rd person possessor + k>ow 'hugeness', noun stem derived from k>oh 'big', augmentative enclitic + -i"^, possessed noun formant.]

miRyowe'^-mila'^

Basket design; a parallelogram with projecting acute an-

gles along the oblique sides

(Goddard 1903: 46, figure

8).

[Grizzly bear's

paw' < mikyow"^

mikyiGoc'e'^
['Its

'grizzly bear'

mi-W

'its

hand, paw'.]
elk).

Elk (Cervus canadensis, Roosevelt

cracking sound'
the
(i.e.,

brittle,
it

there

is

the

See also gyehs-Ryoh. sound of brush cracking

when
-I-

moves through
is

kyi-GOc' 'there

a brittle cracking sound'

woods) < mi-, inanimate 3rd person possessor -f"^, possessed noun formant.]
-i-

mikyiGoc'e'^-ma*'^a'^
bird).

Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus. Brewer's Black-

['Elk's lice'

<

miRyicoc'e'^ 'elk'

mi-ya'^-a'^ 'its louse'.]

[

mikyilxise'^-xole'n

Big white and black spotted salamander.

'The one
-f-

whose

spots are abundant'

<
is

mi-, inanimate 3rd person possessor

-i-

kyi-l-f-

xi^-i 'spot,

something that
is

spotted'
-i-

-(ip,

possessed noun formant

xo-

len 'there
milimil

an abundance of
flute,

'the one which', relative enclitic]

Three-hole

made

from

an
-f-

elder
mili.]

stick

(clWiW).

[Unanalyzable noun, possibly reduplicated mili

mitcah-xosin
mi-i-ca-d

is

Rattlesnake;

euphemism
it'

for XiwiW.

Also said
is

to

Redwood Creek
'it

(x*iyJq'id-x*e*) dialect form.

['The one that

far

be the away' <

far

away from

(LN 48.10) +

xo-sin 'being so', enclitic

verb

-I-

'that

which', relative enclitic]

mil-ca'^aMimil

Long-toothed comb made of elkhorn, used for shaking

['What one throws oneself out with' < mii 'with

out lice (ya*^) (text 46).

it'

c'e-='^a--c'i-di-mil,

animate 3rd person imperfective

object {^a-=di-)

of c'e-=0-(n)/

mil/me-K 'throw

out', with reflexive

'that

(with)

which', relative enclitic]

mit-c'idilye*

and ceremonial objects that are worn or used by the dancers in a World Renewal ceremony (for the most comprehensive list see Kroeber 1925: 55-6). According to Sam Brown, not to individuals, and all such objects belong to houses family lines
regalia; headdresses

Dance

Hupa

Texts: General Glossary

939

individuals who have possession of them do so on behalf of their houses and should not sell them. They should be kept in the family. There is no rule, however, regarding who in the family they should be passed along
to

whether

younger or
faith.

older, son or daughter, married or not, living in

one's village or not.

one has the most

One should bequeath them to the person in whom [The (things) with which they have a World Re-

newal ceremony' < mi-i 'with it' + c'i-di-l-ye- '(people) perform a World Renewal ceremony' + / 'that (with) which', relative enclitic]

mil-cixosow
fingers

spatula

made

of polished elk horn or abalone shell, used

by a menstruating

to scratch herself, since she must not use her (Goddard 1903, plate 10, figure 4; Curtis 1924: 21). It is worn around the neck or wrist. ['That with which one scratches her' < mi-t 'with
it'

woman

c'i-xo-sow, 3rdperson imperfective of 0-(w>}-sow 'scratch

/

scrape O',

with animate 3rd person object {xo-} +

clitic]

'that (with)

which', relative en-

mit-dah-c'iwiyo'sil

"Trigger" string attached to the net in an A-frame

['That with which
top'

lift-

ing net (kyixa'q') (Kroeber and Gifford 1960: 65).

pulls
it

one

along on top' < mil 'with

it'

-f-

dah 'above, on
/

c'i-wi-yosil,

animate 3rd person of progressive neuter 0-wi-yosil 'pull

along', with

unmarked inanimate 3rd person object +

clitic]

'that (with)

which', relative en-

mit-dahkyiditdil

Flat

winnowing basket
is

for

removing coarser pieces from

figure
1;

acorn or seed flour (Goddard

1924:
9).

1903: 28 and plate 25,

Curtis

The basket
back
in.

gently shaken and tapped with the finger to allow

to trickle

the finer flour

(kye'sde*^) fall

(widwa'd)

over the edge while the coarser pieces

['That with which (pieces) are thrown away'

< mii

'with

it'

dah=l<:>i-di-i-dil,

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of

dah=0-

di-(w)-i-dii 'throw (pieces) off, away'

clitic]

'that (with)

which', relative en-

mit-kyidiMin

Love medicine

(texts 44-46).
it'

['That

with which one

is

loved (by people)' < mi-i 'with

kyi-di-idin, animate 3rd person

im-

perfective of 0-(w}-idinldin^ 'be in love with O', with agentive passive

object (ky-di-)

(LN

31.7)

-i-

'that (with)

which', relative enclitic]

a fire

mil-kiditwis

Fire drill; sticks for

starting

by friction (Goddard

1903: 37-38 and plate 17, figure 7; Goddard 1904: 197; text 62). Made from the roots of the cottonwood (t'an'^-na'kyidil). The term is now used for matches. ['That with which one drills for fire' < niU 'with it' + (c'i-)kydi-i-wis, animate 3rd
fire'
-I-

person imperfective of lcyi-di-(w)-i-wis

'drill

for

'that (with)

which', relative enclitic]

mil-k^itdiky

small darkish rock, about eight inches long, used to crack

acorns.

['That with which one cracks something' <

mH

'with

it'

kyi-t-

940

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

diky inanimate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(s)-i-diUy 'peck at O, crack

by pecking', with indefinite object (^W-j +

tive enclitic]

'the

one (with) which',

rela-

itiit-kyRwal

Seed beater; circular wicker implement with handle, used to

beat seeds off plants into a seed-gathering basket (me'^-k>'ilwal)

(Goddard
'with

1903, plate 23, figure

it'
-I-

2).

[That with which one beats

(seeds)'

< mii +

(c'i-)li>'i-i-wal,

animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(w)-i-wal/wa'K

(/:>/-)
/

'hit,

beat

(with a stick-like object)', with indefinite object

relative enclitic]

'the

one (with) which',

mit-kyititkyis

Fish spear; double-pronged harpoon (Goddard 1903: 25 and

2-4; Curtis 1924, plate facing p.
3).

plate 13, figs.

42; Kroeber and Barrett

['That with which

1960: 74-8, figures 34-5; Wallace 1978, figure

spears at something'

one

< mii

'with

it'

(c'i-)kyi-ti-i-kyis,

animate 3rd person

imperfective of kyi-ti-(s)-i-kyis 'strike out

-I-

at

something (with a fish spear)'

'the

one (with) which',

relative enclitic]

mit-k>itiwa*d

Small

sifting basket, often

used

in

combination with a win-

nowing basket (mit-dahkyidiMil). ['That with which one sifts (acorn (c'i-)kyi-ti-wa-d, animate 3rd person imperfective meal)' < mii 'with it' of 0-ti-(s)-wad 'shake, sift O' with indefinite object (kyi-) + i 'the one
-i-

(with) which', relative enclitic]

mil-k>o''xe*d

Dentalia used for money.

Synonym
it'

for

nahdiyaw.

['That

with which one buys something' < mii 'with

ky-o-c'i-xe'd,

animate

3rd person imperfective of 0-o-(w)-xed 'buy O', with indefinite object

(kyi-)

'the

one (with) which',

relative enclitic]

miWe*na*dsow

Brush for sweeping up (acorn) flour; alternative term for me*c*iIc*o*gy. ['That with which things are scraped together' < mi-i 'with O together', it' 4- i-e--na-=wi-d-sow, passive of i-e-=0-(w)-sow 'scrape with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and unmarked inanimate 3rd
person object +
/

'that (with)

which', relative enclitic]

mit-me'^kyRtiw

Measuring stick for setting the size of the mesh in a net (Goddard 1903: 35-6 and plate 14, figures 4-6; Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 61-4). Nets were woven with the hands, the string being wound about a shuttle; mesh size was measured on this special "stick" (actually made of
bone).
['That with which one measures
it' it'

tiw 'one measures

clitic]

(LN

1.31)

-i-

'the

< mii 'with it' + m-e=c'i-kyi-ione (with) which', relative en-

mil-na'^kyiXoy
2).

making nets (Goddard 1903, plate 14, figure na-=c'i-ky-Ko-, weaves (a net)' < mi-i 'with it' animate 3rd person imperfective of nsi:=kyi-(s)-Ko- IKon^ 'weave (a net)' + /
Shuttle for

['That with which one

-i-

'that (with)

which' relative enclitic]

Hupa
mit-na-na'^kyiWai

Texts: General Glossary

94 1

wooden hook used

to

break limbs off trees while

gathering firewood (text 62).

iivQ of

['That with which one hooks something

down' < mii 'with it' + na--na-=c'i-lcyi-Wai, animate 3rd person imperfecna-=0-(w)-Wa-l 'pull down by hooking', with iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) and indefinite object (Icyi-) + / 'the one (with) which',

relative enclitic]

mtt-no*'^oJwal
3).

it

Alternate term for the small A-frame lifting net (kyixa*qiit

['That with which one throws

'one throws
clitic]

down' (LN 70.27) +

down' < mii 'with it' + no-=c'i-i-wal / 'the one (with) which', relative enkind of Kick Dance song (c'iUal-

mW-no-'^ondil

The

first

(or "heavy")

They are sung slowly, and are sometimes called "Indian waltzes" or "love songs." The doctor does not dance during these songs. ['The one with which they sit down' <
mi-i 'with
it'
-i-

W\\f) (Keeling 1992: 114-16; texts 29 and 30).

no-=c'i-n-dil, animate 3rd person imperfective of no-=(n)-

dil/de-K '(two or

more)

sit

down'

-i-

'that (with)

which', relative enclitic]

mR-tahkyit3e"w

Large seine (Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 53-55). See also na'^kyiXoy. ['That with which they crowd (fish) together out of (the river)' < mi-i 'with it' tah=Uyi-i-^e-w, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of tah=0-(w)-i-^e-w 'crowd O together out of the (water)', with indefinite
-i-

object {Uyi-) referring to fish

mit-tehsc'e'-me''

'that (with) which'.]

Redwood Creek

(x^iy*q'id-x^e*) village of the

Upper
['In
--

Redwood Creek
(the

(Whilkut) division, on the east side of the creek about

site 40).
it,

four miles upstream from c'Uqan-dii) (Baumhoff 1958: 207,

canyon) where the wind blows things along' < mii 'with
'(wind) blows')

things'

te--s-c'e-

+ me^

'in it'.]

Map D-28
in a large

mit-te*wi-na'^kyiGod
stirring

Mush-paddle; long carved wooden paddle used for

it is

acorn soup while

being prepared
3; Curtis

cooking basket
p.
-i-

(mitto-y)

(Goddard 1903: 29, figure

in

1924, plate facing

8).

['That with which one pokes about in the (soup)'

< mii 'with

'one

it'

te-w

'underwater,
about'

the
-i-

(liquid)'
/

-i-

na=c'i-lcyi-God

pokes

something

(LN 66.25)

'the one (with) which', relative enclitic]

mittcy

Large straight-sided basket, closely woven

to

make
p. 8,

it

watertight,

used for the cooking of acorn soup with stones heated in a

1903: 28, 41-2, and plate 15; Curtis 1924, plate facing

fire

(Goddard
left).

center

As

it

cooked, the soup was

stirred with a

carved wooden paddle (milto-

te'wi-na'^kyiGod).
mil-xoij'^a'^ditVn

[Unanalyzable noun, probably based on

'water'.]

Black face and body paint made from deer-marrow mixed with soot (Goddard 1903: 60; Curtis 1924, plate facing p. 34). It
buried in acorn leavings (kycsde'^) to harden and cool it. which one decorates oneself for a ceremony' (LNs 1.14 and
is

['That with
1.16).]

942
mit-xosa'^aW
1950:

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Poison,

specifically

poisoned food (Wallace and Taylor

190; Valory

1971:

114-17).
it'

mouth with

(his food)'

< mii 'with

[That which one puts it into his + xo-sa=c'i-'^aW, animate 3rd person
'put
(a

imperfective

of P-sa-=0-(w)-'^aWPa-n

round

object)

into

P's

mouth', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object and animate 3rd person indirect object (xo-) +
i

'the

one which',

relative enclitic]

[=

Yurok

ohpok.]
mil-yehc'ina*W

A "heavy" song at the Brush Dance (xon'^-na'^we*), sung by men at the beginning of a set as the group of dancers enter the dance The songs are wordless pit (Goddard 1903: 68; Keeling 1992: 102-8). and are performed with a "sobbing" delivery similar to that of the songs in World Renewal ceremonies (c'idilye*). ['That with which one enters (the dance pit)' < mi-i 'with it' + yeh=c'i-na-W, animate 3rd person imperfective of

yeh=(w)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes

in'

'that (with)

which', relative

enclitic]

mimitna*tal'^-3iwol(-3)

second,

descriptive
is

name
-i-

for

the

bobcat

(mindi3).
'its

['The
(

(little)

one whose paw(print)

-(/j*^,

round' < mi-mH-nadil-'^

mi-i 'with
-h

paw(print)'

<
-t-

mi-, inanimate 3rd person possessor

-i-

it'

+
is

na-dil 'they go around'

round, globular'
clitic).]
/

possessed noun formant)

j/,

^i-wol

'it

'that

which', relative enclitic {+

diminutive en-

min'^-cida'^
is

The top course of roofing on

-J-

a xontah,

where the smokehole

(Goddard 1903: 14). ('The crown of the house's head' < min'^- 'house', bound stem found only in compounds P-cida"^ 'the crown of P's head'.]
min'^-c'e*i3''ay-diij

Two

large planks running the length of the

xontah, one
52).
walls.

on each

side,

under the eaves, providing support for the roof (Goddard

1;

1903: 14 and plate 2, figure

Curtis 1924:

10 and plate facing

front

p.

They usually extend a

foot or

more beyond the

and rear

['What extends out from the house'

(LN

2.53).]

minMay*^ (sometimes minMayq') Immediately outside a house or sweathouse, specifically on the stone platform or terrace in front of the house (kyiwilte-1) (Goddard 1903: 14, plate 2, figures 1-2, and Plate 12, figure 1; Curtis 1924: 11-13). [Unanalyzable noun, but presumably 'House-^a>''^' < min"^- 'house', bound stem found only in compounds + -day"^, unanalyzable element.] min'^day'^-cig'^-x^a'-Vne*
ta*n-x*a*-'^a*ne*).

term for a ta*n doctor (xona't'aw'^-na'^ay or

speaks for someone
in the forest)'
(i.e., is

['The one

who
(i.e.,

possessed by
the

a spirit) outside the house

<

min'^day'^ 'outside

house' +
ne-,
i

P-c'in'^

'toward, in the direction of P'

x'^-a- 'for

him' +

'^a-=(di)-

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of '^a-=di-(w)-ne-/ne' 'speak (so)' +

'the

one who',

relative enclitic]

Hupa
min'^day'^-q'

Texts: General Glossary

943

is,

In an uncouth, outlandish fashion.

said to be in the

certain kind of doctoring,

(ta*n), that

The technical term for a manner of the forest spirits

by singing (see inin'^day'^-c'ig''-x^a*-Vne*). More generally, any outlandish type of behavior. [Tn an outside-the-house manner' < min'^day'^ 'outside the house' + -qV 'in such a manner', adverb formant.]
min'^-sowot

The small oval

exit hole near the floor at

16; Curtis 1924:
is

one end of the

sweathouse (ta*kyiW) (Goddard 1903:

80, figure 5; text 62).

12;

Kroeber 1925:
it

Entry to the sweathouse

normally through the

gets so hot

roof (minig'^-xandig), but near the roof that

it

when

the

men

sweat themselves

is

better to

squeeze out through

the min'^-sowot,
this is also the

which, being close to the ground, does not heat up much;

way of exiting. ['House throat' < mirffound only in compounds + P-sowol 'P's throat'.]
"correct"
min'^-t'ah

'house',

bound stem

The entranceway or "woodshed" of

xontah; the long narrow

14).

space between the front wall of a house and the inner wall or partition that
is

built

even with the front side of the housepit (Goddard 1903:

This

area

was used principally for storage of firewood. ['House pocket' min'^'house', bound stem found only in compounds + P-t'aw 'P's fold, pocket,

corner'.]

min'^-3

Menstrual seclusion hut; a small underground shelter about eight

where a menstruating woman lived apart from her family during her period (Goddard 1903: 17-18; Curtis 1924: 20-22). As a rule, each family had its own min'^-3, located not far from the xontah. By traditional rule, a woman was supposed to live for ten days in the inin'^-3 during and after her period, and from one to two months after childbirth, but these rules were flexible. ['Little house' < m/n?- 'house', bound stem found only in compounds + j/, diminutive enfeet square, roofed with planks,
clitic]

mina''^-dah-nehsnoy-3
['The

The

large

redwood

salamander (Chondrotus).
(text
mi-na-'^

Salamanders are locally called "water dogs." Acorn Worm's co-wife

59).
little

one whose eyes stand erect on top' <

top'
-1-

'its

eyes'

dah 'above, on
enclitic]

ne-s-no-i, relative form of the inanimate 3rd per(in

son of neuter ne-s-no- '(several) stand erect

peaks)'

-1-

j/,

diminutive

mina*'^-x^e*
'its

-1-

Raccoon (Procyon

lotor).
-1-

['What

is is

there at

its

eyes'

< mi-na'^
emphatic

eyes'

-xo, locative enclitic

-e-

'what

(there in view)',

relative enclitic]

minahsto'y
na=s-to-,

Island.

['What water has

3rd

moved around, surrounded' <

of
P-na-={s}-to-/to'^
-h
/

mi-

inanimate
P',

person

perfective

'water
'that

moves around

with inanimate 3rd person indirect object {mi-)

which', relative enclitic]

944
mina'g'^ay

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Perforated or grooved stones used as sinkers on

gill

nets or

seines (na'^kyittoy), spaced about three feet apart on the bottom of the net

(Goddard 1903,
2).

plate 14, figure

[Analysis unclear.

Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 50-3, 181Possibly 'Its thing that hangs down' < mi-, inani1;

mate 3rd person possessor + na=win-'^a'-i, relative form of extension neuter na=win-'^a- '(one thing) extends down, hangs down'. However, -/'^, possessed noun formant, is expected with this construction. Perhaps the attested form is mistranscribed.]
minc*iW-mil

woodpecker.

Yellowhammer, common flicker (Colaptes sp.); a small ['The one whose nose is flat like a wedge' < mi-n-c'^iW 'its
flat,

nose' + -mil 'thin,

mindc'^itc^e*

wedge-like'

-i-

'the

one who', relative enclitic]

[Unanalyzable noun;

Indian tobacco (Nicotiana bigelowii).

possibly 'what one gathers outside the house' < min'^-day'^ 'outside the

house' +

c'l-i-c'^e-

'one gathers'

-i-

'the (plant) that', relative enclitic]

mindi3 ment

-I-

Bobcat, lynx (Felis rufus).

[Probably < mindi, unanalyzable ele-

j/,

diminutive enclitic]

mine*3ixo-na'^ne'^ihat-dir|
q'id, at the

A place on the riverbank upstream from mismid point of the route of the Boat Dance. ['Where they always dance half-way' < mi-ne-^id-xo 'in the middle of it, at the half-way point'
-I-

na-=c'i-ni-'^i-i-tal,

animate 3rd person customary of na-=(s)-i-tal/ta-K

'at that place',

'dance, stamp'

+ din

locative enclitic]

Map A-24
j/,

miniloh-3

Hoot owl, smallest owl.

-lo- in

[Apparently minilo\ unanalyzable

element (but note

misg>ilo- 'large owl')

-j/,

diminutive form of

diminutive enclitic]
minin'^-me'q'e'^

Screech owl (Otus

-i-

asio).
it'

[The one whose

(Felis

face

is

inside
(?).]

it'

<

mi-nin'^

'its

face'

m-e-q'i 'inside

-(iP, posessed noun formant

minin'^-miWe-diliw
"panther."
k>'ixinay
(text 39).

Mountain

lion

concolor),

locally

called
in

Establishes

menstrual-period-shortening

medicine

the

heaven

to the north (digyan-yide'^i-yidac), together with his sister

Iris.
it'

Character in text 60, with

'its

['The one that attacks with

its

face'

<

mi-nin"^

face'

+ mi-l

'with

t-e-=di-liw-i, relative
fall

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of P-e-=di-liw 'attack,

minin'^-wilta'^c

form of upon P'.]

Tattooed-Face; one of the "wild Indians" from far upriver

on South Fork in the direction of Yolla Bolly mountain and Round Valley who sometimes raided Hupa settlements (text 75). There were presumably the Hayfork Wintu, the Wailaki, perhaps even the Yuki. ['Its face is tattooed' < mi-nin"^ 'its face' + wi-l-ta'c\ passive of 0-(s)-i-ta-c' 'mark, tattoo
O'.]
minir)

Hupa calendar. The exact remembered (Goldschmidt 1940; for other Northwest California calendars see Kroeber 1925: 74-5 and Kroeber and
Month; lunar month
is

in the traditional

structure of this calendar

not

Hupa
Gifford 1949: 130).

Texts: General Glossary

945

Five month names are preserved: do-mide'^xine'W-

it month'), approximately November, a bad (unlucky) month to talk about. (Ordinarily, acorns are not gathered this month, and they move from acorn-picking camps back to the valley. The remaining acorns are left for the kyitwe*; if any remain in January, people can gather them then.) Wa-nic'^e'^n-cHr} ('dirty moon'), approximately December, la"^ na-rpa^ ('when the moon has gone through one cy-

miniij ('one doesn't speak near

cle'), the first

month of

the traditional

yehna^RyiliyV^a-'^ ('they urinate

Hupa calandar, on their way back

it

or

modern January.
ap-

inside month'),

proximately March, so called because

back

to urinate,

xosta-n-minirj
berries are ripe.

when manzanita

was so cold they had to hurry ('sixth month'), between June and July A stone with incised markings presumasto-

bly associated with the lunar calendar used to be part of the stone terrace
(min'^day'^) in front of the Big

House (xontah-niRya'w), but has been

len (Goldschmidt 1940).

[Unanalyzable noun.]
entry (and smokehole) of a sweathouse (ta^k^iW)
a rectangular opening

miniq'^-xandii)

The roof
16).

(Goddard 1903:
mi-niri^
'its

It is

facing the river, closed by a plank being laid

face'

on the side of the roof across it. ['Near its face' <

+ P-xandin

'near to P'.]

minq'i-kyoh-dii)

Espar; a Yurok village on the coast between Redwood Creek and the Klamath River, opposite Redding Rock (Waterman 1920: 261, H-14). ['Big lake place' < minq'i 'lake' + kyoh 'big\ augmentative enclitic din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok '^espew.] Map D-1
-i-

minqi-nikya*w-qid

Trinity

Hoopa Valley and New

River.

Summit. The high point on the ridge between Colt Pasture (Xo*q'i-nehs-dig) and Box
['On (the high place) that
big'

Camp

(xonig'^-c'e'^ifceh-dir)) are in this area.

(has a) big lake'

minq'i 'lake'

-i-

ni-ha-w

'it is

P-q'id 'on P'.]

Map C-55
mirj'^-kyine''

At the rear of the xontah, where the wall boards

P-kyin-i"^ 'P's base'.]

rest

on the

ground.

['The house's base' < min"^- 'house', bound stem found only in

compounds +
mii)k>ilVn

Menstruating

woman, menstruation

(direct term,

used

among

women).

[Apparently
(i.e.,

'the

one who uses the things

that

are for that

(special) purpose'

she uses the baskets and other objects in the seclu-

sion hut (min'^s) that are not supposed to be used at other times)
'for the

< P-min

purpose of P'

-i-

Ryi-l-'^e-n-i 'the

one who

treats, uses (those things)'

(LN

5.55)

'the

one who', relative enclitic]

miq'eh-me'na'kyiwiltiw

A "light"
women

song

at the

Brush Dance (xon'^-naVe*),

is

sung by either

men

or

after the

"heavy" song

finished

(Goddard

1903: 68; Keeling 1992: 108-14).

Light songs (especially those sung by

women)

are quick-tempoed and often have

humorous or sexually sugges-

946
tive

XIV Northwest
words.
it'

California Linguistics

['The (song) that

is

sung

again

following

it'

< mi-q'eh
with itera-

'following
a song
(at

m-e'-na-=kyi-wi-l-tiw, passive of m-e-=Uyi-(w}-i-tiw, 'sing

literally

a ceremony)',

'measure

it'

(LN

1.31),

tive/reversative modifier {na-=)

'that

which', relative enclitic]

miq'eh-na-diwal-dir)

Requa (Relc*oi), the largest and most important Yurok village, located on a hillside on the north bank of the Klamath One of the River near its mouth (Waterman 1920: 231, A-51; text 77). So named because it is located at the sites of the Yurok Jump Dance. ['The place where it "tail" of the river, where it empties into the ocean. swings suspended behind (like a tail)' < mi-q'eh 'behind, following after it' + na-=di-wal-i 'that which swings around', relative form of inanimate 3rd
person imperfective of na-=di-(s)-d-wallwa-K
itself around', mediopassive theme) + din [= Yurok reU''oy\ Karuk thufip.] Map C-3

'(a stick-like object)

throws

'at that place', locative enclitic]

miqi-cir)'^

flat

tini-ne*s leads to.

c'in'

bench with tan oaks uphill from ta'^kyimit-dig, where ['Toward where it is on top' < mi-q'id 'up on it' + P-

'toward

P'.]

Map A-33

miq'id-c'isday (or miq'e'^isday)

Low stool, about one foot high, made from a cut-off stump (Goddard 1903: 14; Kroeber 1925, plate 19, figure It was the only furniture in the xontah, and was used by men only. a). The proper place for men to sit in the xontah was opposite the door, on
the far side of the fire (yo'^n).

Now
+

refers to

modern
sits,

chairs.
-i-

[That
/,'that

on

which one

sits'

<

mi-q'id 'on

it'

c'i-s-da '(one)

stays'

(on)

which', relative enclitic]

miqid-dahna'^de'^ira'^-dii)

A mountain to the west of Hoopa Valley at the head of Supply Creek, probably Buck Buttes. ['The place where they (customarily) shoot (arrows)' < mi-q'id + dah + na-=c'i-di-'^i-i-'^a'^ 'one
(customarily) causes
it

to stick out

on

top',

idiom for 'one shoots

it

(with

an arrow)'

+ din

'at that place',

locative enclitic]

Map D-42
a

iTiiq'id-k>ig-kye'^itwal (or miqikyig-kye'^itwal)

drum made from

box

covered with leather, used in the stick-guessing gambling game (k^inna-wa-) (Goddard (1903: 61; Keeling 1992, photograph of
with

drum

for

gambling" between pp.

this

126 and 127).

It

is

"Domingo, pounded with

Ac-

a fast, steady beat during the singing of

gambling songs

(kyig-Wirj).

cording to Goddard

drum was
it'

not aboriginal.
-i-

['That against which

U>-e-=c'i-'^i-i-wal, ani-

one flings a

stick'

<

mi-q'id 'on

k^in 'stick'

mate 3rd person customary of P-e-=0-(w)-l-wal/wa-tr 'throw, fling (a stick-like object) against P', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object
and indefinite indirect object
(lc>i-)

/,'the

one which', relative enclitic]

at the

miqld-kye'^sindil (or miq'ikye'^sindil)

The ladder
pit;

inner door of the

xontah, for access

to

and from the house

also similar ladders to the

Hupa

Texts: General Glossary

947
It

storage platform (dahsil) (Goddard 1903: 14; Kroeber 1925: 79).

sisted of a plank with semicircular

con-

notched steps (about two inches deep, sometimes ornamented with some of the same designs as in bas['What they climb up ketry (e.g., to'^k>oh-miG03ine'' and na*kyixolqic'). on' < mi-q'id 'on it' + U>-e-=c'i-si-n-dil, animate 3rd person imperfective of P-e-=si-(s)-dil/de-X '(two or more) climb up P', with indefinite indirect
for toes),

object

{lc>'i-)

(LN

68.93) + /,'the one which', relative enclitic]

miq'id-kyildil

Juneberry or serviceberry; sticks used for the foreshaft of an

that are eaten
/

arrow (na'ccs). ['The berries

-f-

on

top'

<

mi-q'id 'on top of

it'

M-l-dil 'eating berries (one by one)' +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

miq'id-kyitxa*!

Drying frame for freshly skinned deer hides.

(c'i-)lcyi-i-xai,
/

When

dried

and ready for tanning, hides are diwa'n.

['That on which one dries hides'

fc'n-

<

mi-q'id 'on

it'

-i-

animate 3rd person imperfective of

which', relative enclitic]

(w)-t-xai 'dry (deer) hides' +

miq'id-kyi^^oy

'that (on)

Sticks of hazel brush (Corylus rostrata), peeled and sea-

soned, and used for the frame of a basket (Goddard 1903:

20, figure 3).
(c'i-)Uyi-Ko-

38 and plate
it'
-i-

['That on which one weaves (baskets)'

<

mi-q'id 'on

'one weaves (baskets)'

'that (on)

which', relative enclitic]

gill

miq'id-na'^kyilcay'^ (or miq'ina'^kyitcay'^)

Drying frame for

nets

and
will

seines (na'^kyiXoy),
rot.

made from

poles; if left to dry

it'

on the ground they

it'

['That on which one dries

<

mi-q'id 'on

na-=c'i-lcyi-i-cay'^,

animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(w)-i-cay'^ 'dry O',

tive/reversative modifier (na-=)
miq'is-nint'iky
-\-

with

itera-

/,'that

(on) which', relative enclitic]

False Solomon's Seal (Smilacina sessilifolia), a medicinal

is

herb.

The bulb

boiled and crushed for a poultice to be placed on sores.

it'

['What has a line along one side of

nin-t'ilcy '(a line)

<

mi-q'is 'half of

it,

one side of

it'

extends along'

-i-

'that

which', relative enclitic]

miq'os-licow
blue-green'

<

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos).

mi-q'os
'its

['The one whose neck

is

neck'

-H

ii-cow'it

is

blue, green'

'that

which',

relative enclitic]

misah-nitc'^in

Turkey vulture, buzzard (Cathartes aura). ['The inside of whose mouth stinks' < mi-sah 'the inside of its mouth' 4- ni-i-c'in 'it stinks' + / 'that which', relative enclitic]

Table Bluff; the Wiyot rancheria

at the
is

mis-dima'^-me'^

southern end of

Humboldt Bay. ['In (the hollow) where the bluff riverbank' + dima"^, unanalyzable element + me"^ 'in
misgyilo*

dima'^'

< mis

'bluff,

it'.]

Map D-40
Owl).

Medium-sized owl (Bubo virginianus. Great Horned

Juice (of cooking meat), grease (of fish, eel).
-i-

[Unanalyzable noun.]
misinto'^
['Its sinto^'

<

mi-,

inanimate 3rd person possessor

sin-to"^,

apparently reduced from cin-to-'^

948
'flesh water'

XIV Northwest
< P-cin

California Linguistics

'P's meat, flesh'

to-

'water'

-(ip,

possessed

noun

formant.]
misinto'^-xole*n

Silverside salmon;

come

in

June and July, about the same

['That which has lots of
'it

time as the
grease'

summer

run of steelhead (text 57).

'its

<

mi-sinto'^

juice, grease'

+ xo-len

is

abundant' +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

mis-me'^
of the

A Redwood Creek (x*iylqid-x*e*) village, said by Goddard to be Lower Redwood (Chilula) division, on the west side of Redwood

Creek about one and a half miles downstream from q'a*xistah-dii) (Goddard 1914a, site Q; Baumhoff 1958: 207, site 36). ['In (the hollow) where there is a bluff < mis 'riverbank, bluff + me'^ 'in it'.] Map D-25
mis-qid

Miskut (or Mescat); a major Hupa

six living

village,

on the east bank of the

Trinity in Mescat Field, between

Hostler Creek and Mill Creek.

at this village.

Sam

Brown remembered

houses

Two

had names: (1)

which belonged to people who were good singers; Scott (who was part Yurok) lived here. (2) misq'iyide^-ya-rf'^adirj ('where it sticks up downstream from mis-q'id'), referring to the high hill there. ['On the bluff < mis 'riverbank, bluff + P-q'id 'on P'] [= Yurok '^er'^gerc 'sweathouse'.] Map A-21
ta-k>'iW-mit'aw ('above the sweathouse'),
misq'i-mima'nc'ii)''
site

Shenon Farm Bar; on the west side of the

the north end of Shenon
Field.

Trinity

oppo-

mis-q'id, at

['Opposite mis-q'id' < mis-

q'id (q.v.)

P-man-c'irj'^ 'on the opposite side

from

P'.]

Map A-22
+
nilin

misqi-nilin
q'id.

Mill Creek, flowing into the Trinity from the east near misat mis-q'id'

['The creek, stream (that flows)

<

mis-q'id (q.v.)

'creek, stream (that flows)'.]

Map A- 16

mis-xehsta*i]-q'id
the

A site on the east bank of the Trinity just upstream from highway bridge, where the churches are. ['On (the high ground) where the (water) reaches to the bluff < mis 'riverbank, bluff + xe-stan-i 'where (water) reaches to' (LN 27.13) + P-q'id 'on P'.] Map A-36
Unidentified medicinal herb (text 37), used in cases of
flu.

mit'an'^-liGiWi-3

severe internal sickness, such as pneumonia or

['The

little
is

one

that

has

forked

leaves'

<

mi-t'an"^

'its

leaf

+ U-oiW-i 'which
plant.

forked,

pronged' +
mixa'ce''

-j/ 'small',

diminutive enclitic]

Stump of

a tree,

clumped roots of a

[< mi- inanimate 3rd

person possessor + unanalyzable possessed noun.]

mixa*ce'^-xole*n

Incense root (Lomatium califomicum); also

known

as

wild parsnip, wild celery, hog fennel, or angelica (Todt 1997).

is

The root

dried and burned for incense and other ritual purposes.

its

Both the plant

and

root are considered sacred to the k^ixinay.

fire

cense root into a

while reciting a formula

is

the basic

Throwing pieces of inHupa form of

prayer (Curtis 1924: 26).

['The one whose (tuberous) roots are abundant'

Hupa
<
mi-xa-c'e'
'its

Texts: General Glossary

949
/

(clumped) roots' + xo-len 'they are abundant' +

'the

one

which', relative enclitic] [= Karuk kfsvuuf, Yurok wo'^ip'e'^y.]

mixa*ce''-xole*n-q'id
there
is

Captain John Mountain.

['On (the high place) where

incense root'

<

mixa-c'e'^-xole-n 'incense root, angelica'

P-q'id

'on P'.]

Map C-45

mixontaw''-xole*n
plentiful'

Woodrat (Neotoma). ['The one whose houses are < mi-xontaw-P 'its living houses' + xo-le-n 'they are plentiful, abundant' + / 'the one that'.]

miy

supematurally dangerous place or object that must not be touched

it

unless you want

country: a rock at
Ryin'^-dii]),

There were at least two miy places in Hupa the northern (downstream) end of Sugar Bowl (nilinto rain.
at

and a place on the upper Trinity

Campbell's Ranch near

Salyers (miyi-me'^).
travel around, but

The miy

at

Sugar Bowl was once a being

at the
is

who

turned himself into rock

who used to when people came into

north end of
if

existence.

world.

In

He had a brother who turned into a rock Chimariko country back of Big Bar there
it

a place where

you shout
miyehc'c*^

rains.

[< miyi, unanalyzable

noun stem.]
[<

The "backstrap" or

"string" of a lamprey, eel (KiwiWxa'n).

mi- inanimate 3rd person possessor + unanalyzable possessed noun.]

miyeh-wilq'a'^n

Drying rack, for drying pitchwood

[i];
it'

sticks

used in the
fire built

Brush Dance
under
it'

(text 12, note

Goddard 1903:

68). ['What has a

is built'

< mi-yiw 'under

wi-l-q'arf 'a fire

'that

which',

relative enclitic'.]

miyi-me*^

(1)

The

site

of the Rain Rock in Sugar Bowl, about two miles

upstream from Hoopa Valley.

miles upstream from
te*I-dii),

Map

A-52.

(2)

A Hupa

village

on the

east side of the Trinity River at

Campbell's Ranch, about one and a half

as the last

and recognized

Hupa

village go-

ing upstream. [= Chimariko mamsu7^i.]

Map

B-12.

['In (the

hollow or

small valley) where there

thing'

is

a tabooed place'

< miyi 'tabooed place or

me"^ 'in

it'.]

miyi-mida*-q'id
bell's

On

the riverbank near the village of miyi-me*^ at

Camp-

Ranch, on the north side of the main Trinity River above Salyers
['On the riverbank
at the

(text 68).
'its lip,

miy' < miyi 'tabooed place' + mi-daP'.]

edge' (combining form) + P-q'id 'on

Map B-13
red-bellied

mi3e*'^-xo-cei-nehwa*n
(Taricha totosa).
breast, chest'

Red-breasted
is
-i-

salamander,

newt
'at
its

['The one that

'red'

red on the breast'

/

< mi-je'^-xo
a cradle

+ ce'l-nehwa-n

'that

which', relative enclitic]

it

mi3e*''e*din

Baby, during the time

that

is

carried

in

basket

(xcq'ay*^). ['The
'it is

one whose mind

'that

is

lacking'

<

mi-^e-"^ 'its

mind' + '^e=din

lacking'

-i-

which', relative enclitic]

950
mi3e*q'e'^-xole*n

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Slug.
'it is

['The one whose slime

/

is

abundant' < mi-^e-qV

relative enclitic]

'its

slime'

+ xo-len

abundant' +

'the

one which',

mi3e*w'^-xole*n

one whose pitch

dant'

'the

Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana); sugar pine nuts. ['The is abundant' < m/-jrw'^ 'its pitch' + xo-len 'it is abunone which', relative enclitic]

mi3e*w''-xole*n-kyiditq'ic'

Nuthatch, titmouse (Sitta

sp.).

'What makes the

a

sugar pine crackle' < mi^e-w'^-xole-n 'sugar pine' + k>i-di-i-q'ic\ inanimate

3rd person imperfective of 0-di-(w)-i-qic' 'make sound', with indefinite object
(A:'>/-j,

make

popping
is

causative of kyi-di-l-q'ic' 'there

popping sound
clitic]

(as of pitchy

wood

burning)'

'that

which', relative en-

mowan-niWon-dig

(Waterman 1920: 271, < mowan 'ocean, shore' + K-31). good' ni-Wo-n 'it is good' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok curey 'mountain'; Karuk "^asdtuum.] Map D-36
Tsurai; the village at Trinidad
is

['The place where the ocean

mowag

(or miwaij, maijatj)

Ocean; archaic word,

now

restricted to place-

names and compounds. [Unanalyzable noun; possibly mo-wa'n or manwa-n, a phrase formed with P-wan 'toward P' and an element (mo-, man-) occuring only in this phrase.]
na*'^alid-dii)

A Karuk village on the west side

Camp

of the Klamath River

at

the

mouth of

Creek (Kroeber 1936: 33; Bright 1957: 457, no. 106). ['The place where it always burns up' < na-='^i-lid, inanimate 3rd person
{na-=) + din
fo-legen.]
'at

customary of of (w)-lid 'burn, combust', with iterative/reversative modifier

that place',

locative enclitic]

[=

Karuk

tisdnniik,

Yurok

Map C-33

na*'^aIye*W-na'g''a'^-dii]

Resting place along a

trail

(tin), usually

with a 185;

rock bench and a good view (Goddard 1903: 88; Waterman 1920:

Gates 1995: 388-9).

"People when traveling kept on

to these resting-places.
spell.
If

in a business-like

way

until they

came

packs and had a good breathing

likely to

There they took off their they did differently they were
185).

have bad luck" (Waterman 1920:

lished that one rests'

<

na-=c'i-l-ye-W-i, relative
'rest'

son imperfective of na'=(w)-l-ye'W

(in

['Where it was estabform of animate 3rd per+ na-=win-'^a'^ 'it was established

k^ixinay times)'

(LN

5.61)

-i-

din 'the place where', locative enclitic]

[=

Karuk ipuunvdram; Yurok olego.]

na'^k^a'^aw

The "center man"

in the line

of dancers at the

who

leads the singing and dancing with verbal of his ceremonial basket (na'^weh3) (Goddard 1903: 86; Curtis 1924: 334; text 2).

Jump Dance, commands and movements

Despite the name, the na'^kya'^aw does not himself sing; the two

dancers on either side of him do the actual singing.

['The one

who

sings'

Hupa
na'^k^idilyay

Texts: General Glossary

951

Necklace; strings of beads or shells worn around the neck,

1924, plates facing pp.
3,

usually dentalia (nahdiyaw), abalone shell (xosa*ky), and pine-nut shells

(na-de'^X) (Curtis

28 and 86; Goldschmidt and

[Derivation uncertain; proba-

Driver 1940: 120 and plate

figures a-b).

bly connected to the theme na-=de--si-l-ya- '(two or more) stand').]

na'^k>i>Coy

woven from iris twine (mehscilVn), (Goddard 1903: 24-5; Curtis 1924: 16; Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 50-53). (See also mit-tahkyRse-w.) The bottom
large seine or gill net,
in the river

A
is

and

set in a

deep hole
held

of the net

down by

stone sinkers (mina*i)'^ay), while

(dahwixil) buoy up the the top edge. Fish are

in the net to

wooden floats trapped by being enmeshed

and type of fish

and the

size of the

mesh

varies with the season

be caught. The overall size of the net varies, with the largest being over
feet

wide and requiring coordinated community effort to set or drag. After use, gill nets and seines must be dried on a special drying rack 60
(miqina'^kyRcay'^).

['What one

sets as a gill net',

literally

'the (net) that

one weaves' <

na-=c'i-lc>i-Ko--i, relative

form of animate 3rd person imper-

fective of na-=:Uyi-(s)-Ko- IKon^

na'^ne'^ite'^c-dirj

'weave

(a net)'.]

Hostler Point; the top of the mountain behind mis-q'id.

lie

['The place where they (customarily)

te'c',

down
+

again'

<

na=ch'i-ni-'^i-

animate 3rd person customary of

ni-(n)-te-c' '(two or

more)

lie

down'

with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=)

enclitic]

din

'at

that place', locative

Map C-52
Jump Dance
in the

na'^weh3

basket; the basketry purse or quiver that

is

carried

by participants

Jump Dance (Goddard

1903:

86 and plate 29;

is is

O'Neale 1932: 45-7; Wallace 1978: 172, figure 12). It about a foot wide and one and a half feet long, and then and attached to a stick, making a cylinder about six inches
is

woven

flat,

folded over
It

in diameter.

stuffed with straw and a buckskin cover

it

is

attached to each end.

Al-

though

does not resemble the fisher or otter hide quiver used by the

historical

Hupas

(teht-na'^we*
to

older type.

According

may be a conventionalized quiver of an Sam Brown the "wild Indians" to the south, the
), it

"tattooed-faces"

(minirj'^-wiltac'),

used to have a buckskin

imperfective

quiver

that

looked like a na'^wehs.

packs
it

['The

little

thing one packs' < na=c'i-we- 'one

around',

animate 3rd

person

of na-=(s)-we-/we'^

'carry (a pack) around'

ji 'little', diminutive

enclitic.

Open

syllables

with long vowels

-j/;

(CV)

are regularly
fir'

reduced

to

CVh

before diminutive

compare c'imeh^ 'small

<

c'ime--^i

(LN

2.5).] [=

Karuk vikapuh.]

na*ce*s

(Goddard 1903: 32-5 and 326, elements 861-867; 74-5). Also called dah-ciwilcl. The main part of arrow Wallace 1949: shafts were usually made from straight shoots of syringa or "mock orange" (q'a'xis), although sometimes also of elder (c'iWiW), with foreshafts

Arrow (arrowhead and

Curtis

shaft together)

plates

11-12;

1924:

7;

Driver

1939:

952

XrV Northwest

California Linguistics

were usually made from

(q'a'xis),

straight

shoots of syringa or

"mock orange"
Three

although sometimes also of elder (c'iWiW), with foreshafts (about

of juneberry
or serviceberry
(miq'id-kyildil).

four inches long)

rounds of feathers were attached (mckyiwidloy).

or dahkyislay)
na'de'^X
the

The arrowhead (dinday

was barbed.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Digger

pine (Pinus sabiniana); the nuts of this pine were eaten, but
(mi3e*w'^-xole*n) were

nuts of the sugar pine

preferred

(Goddard
nuts are

1903: 30).
na*de'^X-ce'^-3

[Unanalyzable noun.]

"Jack pine"; small digger pine or sugar pine.

The

eaten by the k^ixinay and are used in doctoring (text 27).

['Little

digger

pine

ce'^'

<

na-de'^K 'digger pine'

-ce"^,

unanalyzable element +

-j/ 'small',

diminutive enclitic]

nahdiyaw

Incised dentalia shells, used for

18,

money (Goddard

1903: 48-9,

and plate
Their

figure

2;

Curtis

1924:

10).

Also called mil-kyo'^xe-d

(according to Goddard, to avoid speaking the

was determined by the (me'kyiwiltiw) that stretched from the proximately 25 inches. The most valuable
value
half inches long, and the string held
tionately lesser value
shells (miwah-na-ta-q'),
1 1

name of a deceased man). number of shells in a string thumb nail to the shoulder, apshells

were

strings

were about two and a Of proporwith 12 shells {miwah-na'nahx), 13

shells (miwah-na-ia'^).

and 14 shells (miwah-na-dinky). Shells of shorter length (mida'^-3), under about one and seven-eighths inches, had no monetary value, and were not decorated. An individual shell of monetary value (tiy'^) was called dinky-hid if of the highest value; lesser values were
called c'^ola'^-hid and xostan-hid.
side of their left

Adult

men had

lines tattooed

on the

in-

arms

to

measure the value of half

strings (5 shells) of the

p.

various standard values (Curtis 1924, plate facing

figure 9).

108; Wallace 1978,

Dentalia were conceived of mythically as animals that

swam

in

the river (text 48).

Before being transformed into their present shape, cheeks (text 69).

dentalia were beautiful fish with red

[Unanalyzable

noun.]
nahdiyaw-kyiJc^e*

Money-Mother;
and supposed
full

a mythical entity that "gives birth" to

to

dentalia (text 47)

be a shell about one-and-one-half

inches long.

It is

believed to magically produce wealth.

of these, your house will be

ates Indian

of dentalia (text 68).

you own one ['The one who creIf

-i-

money' < nahdiyaw 'Indian money,

dentalia'

(c'i-)Uyi-i-c'^e-,
/

animate 3rd person imperfective of

'the

0-(s)-c'''eic"'in'^

'make, create O' +

one who', relative enclitic]

nahdiyaw-mil-ciloy''

"Money
'one
ties

snake"; a small, harmless snake.

['What
-f-

one

ties

up Indian money with' < nahdiyaw "Indian money, dentalia'

it'

mi-i 'with
clitic]

c'i-loy'^

it

up'

'that (with)

which', relative en-

Hupa
naWcisi-3

Texts:

General Glossary

953

small basket that was hung on the wall of the xontah to hold
(kyide'Ryin*^)

men's elkhorn spooks

1904: 288).

between uses (Goddard 1903: 29; ['The small hanging thing' < na-=i-cis-i, relative form of the

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of na-=(w)-i-cis 'hang' +j/, diminutive

enclitic]

nahslin-dir)

Ishi Pishi, a cluster

of Karuk villages on the west side of the

1936:
32;

Klamath, opposite Katimin (ce*-nanc'in-dir}) (Kroeber

1957: 456, no.
this place,

Bright

71).

The Klamath goes through

a rough riffle or rapids at

known

as "Ishi Pishi Falls."

['Where the river meanders'

'at that

<

na=s-lin

'(a

stream) flows around, meanders' + din

place', loca-

tive enclitic] [=

Karuk

'^isipis-rihak 'extending

down'; Yurok kepar.]

See

Map
['The
'that

C-38
nahst'iky (or nahst'ik, diminutive)

Wild tea

(vine).

kyinint'iky.

(plant) that stretches in all directions'

in
all

<

na--s-t'iRy '(a line)

extends around,
/

directions',

inanimate 3rd person of extension neuter +

which', relative enclitic]

nahxi-kyiq'os-na'diwal
lives

man-eating giant with two heads (text 62).

Uyi-q'os 'necks'

It

"upstream" and has two babies and a wife.

-I-

['The one that has two

-i-

necks flopping around' < nahxi 'two'

stick-like

na-=di-wal

'(a

object)

throws

itself

around',

mediopassive

of na-=0-(s)-i-

wal/wa-K 'throw (a
nahxiie'n

stick) around'

'the

one who',

relative enclitic]

sewn
'what

together.

wealth.
is

made of two tanned deer hides (or elk hides) Such a blanket was a moderately valuable article of [Analysis uncertain, but probably contracted from nahxi-xolen doubled, two' < nahxi 'two' xo-len-i 'which are (so) many,
large blanket
-i-

numerous'.]
na'kyida'^ay
i,

Rainbow. ['The thing that extends up again' < na'=kyi-di-'^a'form of extension neuter di-'^a- '(one thing) extends up, out' (LN 23.12), with iterative/reversative modifier {na=) and indefinite subrelative

ject {Uyi-}.]

na'kyine*

Mountain quail (Oreortyx

pictus).

[Unanalyzable noun, apparnoise'.]

ently with the stem of di-(w)-ne-/ne'^

'make a

na'kyiwilGot'

Snare, set for deer or elk along a trail in the mountains (Goddard 1903: 21-2). [ < 'What has been set as a snare' < na-=kyi-wi-lGOt'-i, relative form of passive of na=0-(s)-i-GOt' 'set a snare', literally 'bend O around (in a circle)' with indefinite object {Ryi-} (LN 67.4).]
Basket design,
equivalent
to

na'kyixolq'ic

the
1;

"zigzag" design (Goddard 1903, plate 23, figure

13-e). tive form of passive of Kyi-0-(w)-i-qic' 'cause

Yurok "crooked" O'Neale 1932: 71,

to

or
fig,

['What has been cracked back and forth' <

na-=lcyi-xo-l-q'ic'-i, rela-

be cracked (with a
{na-=)

sharp

sound)',

with

iterative/reversative

modifier

and

areal-

954

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

situational object {xo-).

Causative of Un-q'ic' 'there

is

a shaqD cracking

(sound)'.]
na'na'wiloy*^

(Woman's) tied-up
'tie

hair

(Goddard 1903,

plate 5).

['What

has been tied back up' < na-na-=wi-loy'^-i, relative form of passive of

na=0-(s)-loy'^

up', with iterative/reversative serivation {na'=).]

nancig
nandil

Crag, mountain peak.

[Unanalyzable noun; perhaps including

c'in 'awl, needle'.]

Snow.

['The snow that

falls'

< na-=n-dil, inanimate 3rd person

falls', literally '(several

imperfective of na-=(w)-dil/de-X 'snow

entities)

inanimate

come down' +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

nandil-miyehc'itaP

Snowshoe, made from a board with buckskin ties. ['Snow's moccasin' < nandil 'snow' + mi-, inanimate 3rd person possessor + yehc'ital-i 'shoe, moccasin' + -(ip, possessed noun formant.]

nandil-wint'e*-qid
to the north of ual'

\.52)

Mary Blaine Mountain, a high peak in the Trinity Alps Pony Butte. ['On (the high place) where snow is perpet< nandil 'snow' + win-t'e- 'it always is, continually does so' (LN + P-q'id' on ?\] MapB-31.

na'niwiliq'

Mongolian spots; two or three marks on the small of the back According to tradition, while children are still floating around unborn (in the Ryixinay heaven to the east), they throw mud at
of Indian children.
hit.

each other while playing; the slow ones get

that they

['(The

muddy

substance)

have thrown across' < na-=ni-win-iiq'-i,

relative

form of inani-

mate 3rd person perfective of na-=0-ni-(w)-Hw/Hq' 'throw (muddy substance) across'.]

na*nyay

Rain.

One

of the words tabbooed

at the

World Renewal Dances

it

(cidilye*);

one cannot say na-nya- or other forms of the verb, but instead
'grease drips'.

must say

kysinto'^-'^irjxat'

['(When)

is

raining'

< na-=nin-

ya--i, relative

form of impersonal neuter (LN 30.28).]

na'qi-tah-k>itixan

Jackrabbit (Lepus califomicus).

-i-

['The deer on the

gravel bar' < na-q'i 'gravel bar'

na'sa'^a*n-taG (or na*sa'^a*n-me*q')

P-taw

'at,

among

P'

+ RyiUxan

'deer'.]

on was the main This resting place (na''^alye*W-na*r}'^a'^-dig) on the trail between meMil-dig and ta'^kyimil-dig (text 70). Where Iris (mehs-cilVn) grew up (text 60). ['Inside (between) two stands of timber' < na-=si-'^an '(a stand of timber) lies again' (i.e., two stands lie near one another) (LN 20.7) \- P-taci 'between P' or meq' 'inside it, between them'.] Map A-42
spot at the foot of the mountain
the east side of the Trinity, opposite the high school.

na'tinix*

Hoopa

Valley; the Trinity River winding through

Hoopa Valley
+
-xo,

(Kroeber 1925: 130).

locative enclitic,

[Apparently na--tini-xo < na-, iterative/reversative

prefix used in a non-verbal

i.e.,

word (LNs 1.34 and

trail

1.43)

tini 'trail'

'where the

returns' or 'where the trail

goes back

Hupa
and forth
(i.e.,

Texts: General Glossary

955

this etymology is speculative.] [= Chimariko hicu-'^ama 'Hupa country'; Karuk kisakeevrdriik; Yurok hup'o.]

meanders)', but

na'tinix^e*

The Hupa people; specifically, the inhabitants of Hoopa Valley and immediately adjacent areas upstream, from the entrance to the canyon at the foot of Bald Hill on the north, to the village of xahslin-dii), above

Sugar Bowl, on the south. Only the na'tinix^e* could fully participate in the Hupa World Renewal ceremonies (c'idilye*), and were divided into two
ceremonial divisions (ta'^kyimit-x^e* and me'^dil-x*e*). According to Curtis
(1924: 218), repeated by

Baumhoff (1958: 210-13),

is

the term

was

also

employed
Valley' <

as a

synonym

for ta'^kyimit-x**e*, but this

almost certainly a

misunderstanding (see also dinig'^xine'W).

na-tinix'^'

['The ones

who

are at

Hoopa

'Hoopa Valley' + -e- 'the ones who are (there)', emphatic relative enclitic] [= Chimariko hicu\ Karuk kisdkeevara; Yurok hup'o-la 'Hoopa Valley people'.]
na*t'aw-e' (sometimes

pronounced na't'iway)

Duck

(in general);

archaic

term,

now

usually replaced by

mida'^-ni-te*!.

['What you

see floating

around

(in the air)'

< na-=t'aw, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of

air)'
-i-

na-=(s)-t'aw 'float around (in the

phatic relative enclitic.

-e-

'what

is

(there in view)',

em-

Compare
to

xona't'aw'^ 'ghost'.]

na*widi3
winds.

If
is

Whirlwind.

Whirlwinds are made by the ta*n and are warrior

be a warrior
at a

one has trained

twisted around'

whirlwind place and some-

thing happens to him. Whirlwind

['What

comes to his people to notify them. < na-=wi-d-di^, passive of na-=0-(s)-di3 'twist O
-i-

around', with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object

relative enclitic]

'that

which',

na'xosc'e'^ nilin

Type of clover

(see sa'^liW).

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Creek, stream.

['(A stream) that flows'

< ni-win-lin
'that

'(a

stream)

flows', extension neuter (see

clitic]
nilin-Ryin'^-dirj

LN

62.109)

-i-

which', relative en-

camping place for salmon fishing) in Sugar Bowl, on the west side of the Trinity. It was already abandoned when Sam Brown was a child. ['At the base of where P-k>in'^ 'at the foot the stream flows' < nilin 'creek, stream (that flows)' of P' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] Map A-51
Site of an old village (or perhaps only a
-i-

nilc^in-dilma'y

is

Wormwood;
-I-

leaves used in preparing a corpse (text 20).

ni-i-c''in
'it

['The one that

l-ma'it is

pungent and grey' <

/

stinks,

is

pungent'

-i-

di-

grey'

'the

one which',

relative enclitic]

nitc^iniq'a'^-dii)

Panamnik, an important Karuk village on the flat at Orleans, on the west bank of the Klamath River (Kroeber 1936: 33; Bright 1957: 457, no. 102). [' nUc'^iniqa'^ place' < nHc''ini-qa'^, apparently the name of a plant ( < /i/-^-c"/-/'what is pungent, stinks' + q'a"^ a bound ele-

956
ment
originally

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

tive enclitic]

[=

meaning 'arrow(shaft), stem') + din 'at that place', locaKaruk pandmniik 'the flat place'(?); Yurok ko'^omen.]

Map C-35
nRcirj'^-Wo'W (or '^ilcirj'^-Wo'W)

Kingsnake (Lampropeltis

sp.)-

['Wo'Wto

each other' <

ni-t-c'in"^

'toward each other' + WoV-i, unanalyzable element

(said to refer to the kingsnake' s ring-like markings).]

nitkye'kyo'c'

Purse for keeping dentalia (nahdiyaw),

made of

elk horn, or
1;

sometimes of deer horn (Goddard 1903: 49 and plate 18, figure

1924:
10;

Curtis

Woodward
slit-like

1927:

146-7; Wallace 1978, figure 7).

It

varies in

length from four to eight inches.

and a narrow

opening

is

The spongy part of the horn is cut out made on the inner curve. Strings of
slit.

dentalia are folded and placed in the receptacle through this

To
slit

pre-

vent them from falling out a thin strip of horn

held in place by deerskin thongs.
ni[q'id-dah-sa''a*n

is fitted

over the

and

[Unanalyzable noun.]

The

"flint" basket design,

7,

made up of parallelograms

(Goddard 1903: 45-6, figure

figure 13-a).
other'
/,'the
-I-

['The ones that

top'

dah 'above, on
which',

5; O'Neale 1932: 71, on top of each other' < nii-q'id 'on each + sa'^a-n '(a round object) lies somewhere'

and plate 25, figure

lie

-i-

ones

relative

enclitic]

[=

Karuk

otehdhic,

Yurok

veni-gerna.]

niUac
as

Black oak (Quercus kelloggii, or Quercus californica). Acorns not esteemed as those of the tan oak, but eaten when necessary. ['The ones that are between each other', (i.e., grow in clumps) < ni-t-, reciprocal postpositional object
-I-

P-taci 'between P'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

Hill,

niltaca-lay'^

White Deerskin danceground half-way up Bald

is

where

the final day of the dance

held.

['Black oak summit' < niitaci 'black

oak'

-I-

P-lay"^ 'P's top, summit'.]

Map A-4
on the Trinity River
['The place
'at,

nihaca-tah-dii)

Chimariko

village

at

Don

Juan,

about six miles upstream from ce*n-dig.

oaks' < nii-tac-i 'back oak'
locative enclitic]

among
'at

the black
that place',

+ P-taw

among

P'

+ din

Map B-22
"Red Earth";

nin'^-ce*l-nehwa*n

the dead (c'indin-tah-diij)

far as a spirit

a place on the trail leading to the land of (Goddard 1903: 74; texts 27 and 36). This is as may wander in a dream or trance and hope to return. If a

person's

spirit

continues past this place towards Hell, the person dies.

nin"^

['Red earth' <

'ground, earth'

-I-

ceiin-nehwan

'it

is

red'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

nin'^i-dah-sa'^an-dig
15 miles from
its

of the village at

Wahtek, a Yurok village on the Klamath River about It was settled in 1862, following the destruction Johnson's (modern Pecwan) (xohxo-3i-dir)) by a flood
mouth.
['The place where the ground
lies

(Waterman 1920: 241, D-31).

above'

Hupa
(i.e.

Texts: General Glossary

957
top'

'high ground') < nirPi 'earth, ground'

+ dah 'above, on

"^a-n '(a

round object)

lies'

+ din

'at that place',

locative enclitic] [=

+ siYurok

wahtek.]

Map C-12

nin'^i-me-1-dii]

Meta, a Yurok village on the south bank of the Klamath

and a half upstream from Sregon (k>iwileh-dii]) (Waterman 1920: 245, D-118). Meta was one of the villages that collaborated in the building of the fish weir at Kepel, and the formulist for the ceremony came from here. ['The place where (the river) flows against the ground' < nin'^i 'earth, ground' + mei, contracted from m-e-=win-lin '(a stream) flows against it' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok meta.] Map C-16
River, about
a mile nin'^i-wa*k>a''an-dii)

on the south bank of the Klamath River about six miles from its mouth (Waterman 1920: 235, B-52 and B-55; text 11). Waterman writes: "The 'Trail of the Dead' [is] opposite tu 'rip. ...The dead go up the hillside at this place. The 'trail' is a geological formation leading up the steep hillside, which a living person
Turip, a
village
is

Yurok

could not follow." ['The place where there

nin'^i 'earth,

a hole through the earth'

is

ground' + (mi-)wa-=Un-'^a-n 'there

-i-

a hole through

it'

< (LNs

43.21 and 66.23)

din

'at that place',

locative enclitic] [=

Yurok

turip.]

Map

C-8

nin'^i-wilco'l-miyeh

Redwood Creek

(x*iylq'id-x*e*)

summer camp

beat

longing to noleh-dig, on the east side of the valley, near a cold spring
the head of one of the branches of Coyote Creek
7;

(Goddard 1914a, camp

Baumhoff 1958: 205, site 13). ['Below where the ground has been wilcoi-i, apparently the passhaped like a vulva' < nin'^i 'earth, ground'
-i-

sive of 0-(w)-i-coi

'make

O
it

vulva-shaped',

an

otherwise

unattested

causative derivation from the noun P-coi-"^ 'P's vulva' (not translated by

Sam Brown; Goddard

D-11
nin'^-me'^-xa'^sindR-dig

translates

'in billows')

-l-

mi-yiw 'under

it').]

Map

place on the riverbank between ta'^kyimil-dig

first

and mis-q'id; where Old

Man Wolf

thought of establishing the mis-q'id

Jump Dance,
(text 4).

but didn't, because there were too

in the

many wrong-doers
<

there

['Where they come up from

ground'
din

nin'^-me'^ 'in the

ground'
enclitic]

xa*=c'i-si-n-dil,

animate 3rd person perfective of xa=si-(s)(to the top)'

-i-

dil/de-X '(two or

more) go up

'at that

place',

locative

Map A-25
The world,
the

ninisVn

(surface

of the) earth; (a tract

oQ

country;

mountains (Goldschmidt and Driver 1940: 121). The world is conceived of as a round plate of land that is surrounded by an ocean-river (flowing

The world is to some extent a sentient being. When a death occurs, ninisVn cries (i.e., it clouds up) (text 48). People get lost, accidents happen to them, when they are in an unfamiliar place because
clockwise).

958
ninis'^a'n

XIV Northwest
does not

California Linguistics

know

them.

[Contracted from nini-sa'^an-i 'the

ground

that lies there'

relative

< form of
'lie'

nini-,

stative neuter si-'^a-n '(a

combining form of nin? 'earth, ground' + si-'^an-i, round object) lies somewhere'.
'around'.]

For the formation compare Karuk ithiv-thdaneen 'world, country, earth'

(

<

thiv

+ thdaneen

ninis'^a'n c*in'^-da*nyay.

See c*in'^-da-nyay.

ninis'^a'n ne*3ix* sile'^ni-mil

formulaic phrase referring to the mythic

in
its

change from the pre-human (texts 37 and 67). (See c'ixmiddle of becoming' < ninis'^an olc^e'-dag'^.) ['When the world was in the 'world, earth' + ne-^ix'\ contracted from ne-^id-xo 'in the middle, halftime

when

the world

was half-way

k^ixinay state of affairs to the

way

it

is

now

way' +

si-lin'f 'it

became' + -mii 'when,

Big
Hill, east
is

after'.]

ninis''a-n-nik>'a*w

of

Hoopa

Valley, where a fire lookout

is

located.

['Mountain that
'it is

big'

<

ninis'^an 'earth, country, mountain'

ni-k>a-w

big'

-i-

'that

which', relative enclitic]

Map C-44

ninisVn ncnandilah-dag'^ A formulaic phrase meaning 'ever since the world was created', literally 'ever since the world floated back into place'. There was once a flood, after which the world floated back to where it is now (text 41). ['After the world had floated back to there' < ninis'^a-n-i
'world, earth, country'
-i-

no--na-=nin-di-la-d, inanimate 3rd person per-

fective of no-=(n)-la'd 'float to there', with iterative/reversative modifier

(na-=..d-)

-dan'^ 'after, since'.]

nigxa'^t'cn

Headman,

chief of a village; a rich and

important person

(Goddard 1903: 58;

some') +
clitic]
-t'e-n,

text 77).

['The one

who does
-I-

nirjxa'^'

<

ninxa"^-,

un-

analyzable proclitic element, found also in ninxa'^=nc-s-d-wa'n 'be hand-

stem of

'^a-=t'e-n

'do (so)'

/,'the

one who',

relative en-

nirjxosge*

Chokecherry (Prunus

sp.).

[Unanalyzable noun.]

niskyin-3i-dii)

Village on the west side of the Trinity above the mouth of Willow Creek, opposite da*c^an'^-dir). Some of Sam Brown's mother's din cousins lived there. ['Small fir tree place' < niskin-^i 'small fir tree'
-I-

'at that

place', locative enclitic]

[=

Yurok "wang-ulle-watl" (Gibbs

especially one

in

Baumhoff 1958: 213,

nisk^ig (or
"^iskyii))

235).]
Tall,

Map B-4
confier,

straight
fir

without
'tall
-i-

branches, such as Douglass

nis-,

or yellow pine.

[Apparently
tall'

tree'

low <

shortened from nes, stem of neuter ni-nes 'be long

kyin 'tree,

stick'.]

niskin-mina'd-c'iwiltog'^il
said to be the

second term for sapsucker (kyig-kyidifcay');

dialect (x*itq'id-x^e-).

Redwood Creek
tall

['The one that keeps

jumping around a

conifer'

<

nisk>in

'tall

conifer'

+ mi-nadi

'in

a circle

Hupa
around
it'
/

Texts: General Glossary

959

c'i-wi-l-tonPil,

animate 3rd person progressive of {w>)-l-tonP

'jump' +
nista'n (or
i

'the

one

that', relative enclitic]

"^ista*!!)

Log, fallen

tree.

[Probably contracted from nin-s-ta-n-

'what

lies

on the ground'.]

nite'l-wiltac'

Tattoo design element,

made up of widely spread bands on

['What
is tattooed wide' < ni-te-l-i form of passive of 0-(w)-i-tac'

the chin (Sapir 1936: 276, figure 9a).

'what

is

wide,

flat'

wi-l-tac'-i, relative

'tattoo O'.]

no'^kyigxa*n

A
First

ceremonial feast celebrating the annual appearance of an

important source of food, specifically the Acorn Feast (sa'^kyigxa*n, text 5)

and

the

Salmon

Ceremony

(text

6)

(Goddard
set

1903:

78-81).

['(When) they have a

baskets'

feast', literally

'(when) they

down

the (eating)

< no-=c'i-Un-nin-xa-n-i,

relative

form of the animate 3rd person

perfective of no-=}i>'i-(n)-xiW/xa'n 'have a feast', literally 'set

(eating) baskets (filled with acorn mush)'
no'^k>'itiW

down

the

(LN

5.14).]

Elk-horn wedge used to

split

planks from logs (Goddard 1903,

puts

plate 3, figures 2-3, 7; text 62).

no-=c'i-Icyi-tiW-i
no'^kyitiWi-ce*'^

['(The stick) that one

down' <

(LN

26.1).]

plate 3, figure 3;

1903, Kroeber 1925, plate 19, figures d and e). ['The wedge's stone' < c>'^A:>mWelk-hom wedge' + P-ce--(ip 'P's stone'.]

Stone maul used to pound in a wedge (Goddard

no-kyine-yo-d

Dog (Goddard
(tir)*^)

1903:

6-7; Wallace 1951).

The
'pet',

inherited

stem noun for 'dog'

though
it

was

shifted to 'horse' in the 19th century, al-

remains in use as an alternate term for 'dog' (or

'domestic

animal').

['What hunts (animals) down, chases (something) to a stop' <

no-=Kyi-ne--yo-d-i, relative

form of inanimate 3rd person imperfective of no-=P-ne-(n)-yo-d 'hunt P down', with indefinite indirect object (kyi-) (LN
16.28).]

ncPGC'd
larger

Fish trap,

made from

split

boughs of

fir

saplings

woven with

grapevine in the general shape of a cradle basket (xcqay*^), but

much

(Goddard 1903: 24; Curtis 1924: 16; Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 679; text 48). They were set in riffles, with the water running through them. They were also used in fish dams C^ehs), where they were held in place by

on the upriver side of the weir, which they were attached by grapevines. [Unanalyzable noun.].
stakes driven into the river-bottom
noleh-c'ei-dii]

to

Former village in the Trinity canyon, on the east bank of The people of this village previously lived at cc'l-dirj (Socktish Field) but moved downstream into the canyon to get salmon more easily, and also because they had relations at the Yurok village of Pekto (xotiway-q'id, Yurok pakwtui) at the confluence of the Trinity and Klathe river.

math.

[Contracted from noleh-c'e-wilinditj 'where a creek runs into the

960

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

river at a waterfall'
terfall,

< no-=n-liw '(fish) swims to that point; there is a wadam, obstruction in the river' + c'e-=win-lin 'it flows out' + din 'at

that place', locative enclitic]

Map

A-1

noleh-dir)
the

A Redwood Creek (x*iylqid-x^e*) village, the chief village of Lower Redwood (Chilula), on the east side of Redwood Creek below
when the Hill Hoopa Valley" (Goddard 1914a, site B; ['Waterfall place' < no-=n-liw '(fish) swims site 2). a waterfall, dam, obstruction in river' + din 'at that
to

Lyon's place, about 12 miles from the coast. "The site is at the foot of a long glade which slopes toward the creek nearly a half-mile distant ....
This former large village remained occupied until 1888,
family
left
it

and moved

Baumhoff 1958: 205,

to that point; there is

place', locative enclitic]

Map D-5
type).

noiye'c

Knot (common

Other knots include noic'id, a

bow

knot,

and

Icyiwic'a-W, a knot

made

to tie the waist

band of a
['What

skirt (Rya*^)
is

on the

hip by winding wild grass and maidenhair fern.

tied in a knot'

<

no-=wi-l-ye-c'-i, passive of no-=0-(n)-i-ye-c' 'tie

in a knot',

with un-

marked inanimate 3rd person

no'na'wice*

object.]

Entrance door to a living house (xontah), consisting of a

to

round hole about 18

20 inches

in

diameter

in the

second upright plank

from the right front corner, closed by a plank slid up and down on the inside (Goddard 1903: 13-15 and plate 2, figure 1; Curtis 1924: 11 and plate facing p. 12; Kroeber 1925, plate 12). The area around the hole was sometimes ornamented with geometric designs. ['What is shoved back down', see note 9.25.]
no*wilin-dig

The headwaters of Redwood Creek, site of the southernmost Upper Redwood Creek (Whilkut) settlement (x*iytqid-x*e*). ['The place where (the stream) stops' < no-=win-lin 'it flows to there' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] Map D-29

q'alcahsn

An ethnonym
it

of uncertain application.
referred to (1) the

Sapir's consultants

variously claimed that

"Chimalakwe" or bilingual

Hupa-Chimarikos of New River (yinaGi-nilini-qeh); (2) the bilingual Hupa-Chimarikos of South Fork (yisincig-q'eh or te*l-x"e*); both (1) and ['q'alcas people' < q'alcas, (2); or (3) the Wintu of the Weaverville area,
unanalyzable element
qan-ciwilc^^il
-i-

ni 'people', collective plural

(LN

1.2).]

Adolescent boy, male teenager.

11.3).]

['The one

who

has recently

been growing' (LN

qag'^-kyoh-lay'^

A
it;

An

important

belonging to the Lower

side of the valley,

Redwood Creek (x*iylqid-x**e*) Redwood (Chilula) division. It was on

in the
is

village,

the east

on a ridge
the

Bald Hills about a mile east of Lyon's

ranch house.
ter

deep pond

nearby.
is

When
it

the ocean

is

in

high

tide,

wa-

goes up in

when

ocean

low,

goes down.

"This village was

Hupa
the

Texts: General Glossary

961
site

home

of the Socktish family" (Goddard

site 8).

1914a,

D; Baumhoff

1958: 205,

['Big

q'arj'^

summit' <

q'an^.

unanalyzable element

(possibly connected to di-q'a-n 'ridge')

P-lay'^ 'P's top,

summit'.

+ k>oh Sometimes called

'big',

augmentative enclitic
also

Uyitj'^-kyoh-lay'^; Ryin? is

unanalyzable.]

Map D-8
lewisii),

qVxis

Syringa or "mock orange" (Philadelphus

used to

make

arrow shafts (na*ce*s) and for the Flower Dance [Unanalyzable noun.]
q'a-xis-tah-dii)

rattles (kyinahWan-c'e-y'^).

Redwood Creek
According
to

(x^iytq'id-x^e*) village,

where SweatR;

house Creek joins Redwood Creek (Goddard

1958: 207, site 37).

1914a,

site

Baumhoff

Goddard this was the last village (going Hupa World Renewal ceremonies, thus marking the border between Lower Redwood ("Chilula") and Upper Redwood ("Whilkut") territory. ['The place among the syringa' < q'axis 'syringa, mock orange' + P-taw 'at, among O' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] Map D-26
upstream) which could join
in the

q'ay'^-k^isd

Milling basket; funnel-shaped

basketry hopper,

with open

bottom, set on top of the mortar rock (ce*-xat') and held between the legs
of the pounder (Goddard 1903: 27-28 and plate 24, figure
1;

Curtis 1924:

9 and

plate facing p.

8,

lower
in

right).

['Pounding basket' < qay'^- 'basket',

-t-

bound stem found only

cid,

compounds
(Icyi-)

kyisd, contracted

from

(c'i-)Uyi-

animate 3rd person imperfective of 0-(w)-cid 'pound

(with a

rock)', with indefinite object

q'ay'^kyisd-e'-Rye''

'that

which', relative enclitic]

Pecwan, an important Yurok village on the north bank

at the

mouth of Pecwan Creek, about a mile upstream from the white settlement of Pecwan (or Johnson's) (Waterman ['The 1920: 243, D-52a). One of the sites of the Yurok Jump Dance. mouth of milling basket creek' < q'ay'^-Uyisdi 'milling basket' + -e- 'what is (there in view)' P-kye'^ '(creek's) mouth' (literally, 'P's tail').] [= Yurok pekwan.] Map C-14
of the Klamath River
-i-

q'ay''-nehs

Stripes, about

1/2 inch long,

painted on the face or

body
in

with soot (in dressing up for doctoring, texts 26 and 29).

Probably the

horizontal lines on the face of the flint carrier (xo3e*wan-na'^dil)

Curtis 1924,
(sticks)',

shown

plate facting p, 34.

in

['Long basket

sticks'

<

qay"^- 'basket

bound stem found only

tall'.]

compounds + nes, stem of

descriptive

neuter ni-nes 'be long,

q'ay'^-te*

Same as q'ay'^-te*l. q'ay'^-te*! Basket plate; flat,

diameter, and used for

Apparently a dialectal variant.

open-work basketry tray, about 10 inches in serving salmon and other food (Goddard 1903: 41
8, front center-left).
It

and plate 21, figure

2; Curtis 1924,plate facing p.

was woven from hazel twigs

(Xohs-c'iPe*n), joined at the center with their

962
tips radiating

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

spiral

about an inch apart.

toward the rim, and with smaller twigs twined around in a It was good manners to put the q'ay'^te'l on top
After finishing
q'ay'^te*! to
it from empty eating baskets and the meal, hand back to the hostess (text 33).

of the eating bowl (xayca*^), with the spoon in the plate to prevent
getting dirty (text 57).

spoons were placed on the

['Flat basket'
tei,

<

q'ay'^-

'basket',

stem of neuter

ni-te-l 'be flat,

bound stem found only wide' + / 'that which',

in

compounds +

relative enclitic]

qay'^-te*l-iiiik>ii]''-xole*n

+
/

An open work
mi-k>'in-'^ 'its

basket with a handle, used to dip

rocks out of the

fire for

cooking.

['Basket plate supplied with a handle'

base, handle'

<

q'ay'^-tei 'basket plate'

+ xo-len

'it

is

abun-

dant, in

good supply' +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

Pack basket, burden basket; large conical basket, about 1 q'ay'^-timit inches deep and 2 1 inches in diameter at the top, carried on the back with a carrying-strap (XohJ) passing over the bearer's forehead (Goddard 1903:
27 and plate 22, figure
basket' <
qay'^- 'basket',
1;

Curtis 1924,

plate facing p.
in

8,

left).

VtimH
timii,

bound stem found only

compounds +

unanalyzable element.]
qay''-3e*lwa*X

in

Old burden basket

['Basket that
is
-f-

(q'ay'^-timil) split in

drying acorns.

torn apart'

<

q'ay'^-

two and used for 'basket', bound stem

of ^e'=0-(w)-t-i-

found
'that

only

compounds

^e-=wi-l-wa-X,

passive

wal/wa-K

'fling

apart', with

unmarked inanimate 3rd person object

which', relative enclitic]

qay''-3ind

Open-work storage basket made of hazel

sticks (>!ohs-c'ilVn),

used for keeping dried fish and unshelled acorns (Goddard

Curtis 1924: 8).

1903:

41;
in

V^ind basket' < q'ay"^- 'basket', bound stem found only compounds + jindi, unanalyzable element.]
q'ayliW

Willow (Salix

sp.).

[Unanalyzable noun.]
(x*iylq'id-x^e*) village

qayliW-tah-dig

A
pits.

large

Redwood Creek

of the

Lower Redwood
3 or

(Chilula) division, on the east side of the creek about a

quarter mile upstream from ticiW-'^inahW-dirj.

"There were indications of

4 house

Milasses' wife said there was once a round dance house

in this village,

probably the same type as in the Upper

1914a,
is

Redwood and Mad

1958: 206,
site

River country" (Goddard

text 50).

site

M; Baumhoff
locative

26;

['The place which

among

the willows'

taw

'at,

among

P')

+ din

'at that place',

< q'ayliW 'willow' + Penclitic] Map D-21

q'ilwe*q'i3

See kitwe*ki3.
sp.).

q'iW

Alder (Alnus

[Noun stem,]

q'iW-dir)

small Chimariko village or hunting

camp

the west side of

New

River, about nine miles above

its

quarter of a mile

downstream from Panther Creek.

Noble's ranch, on mouth and about a ['Alder place' < q'iW

at

Hupa
'alder'

Texts: General Glossary

963

+ din

'at that

place', locative enclitic]

[= Chimariko paktona-ce

'alder place'.]
q'iW-tehs''e''ni-q'id

Map

B-17
Pine Ridge, west of

Hoopa

Valley.

['On (the high

looks on,

place) where an alder looks on'

<

q'iW 'alder'

te--s-'^in'^ 'it

gazes'
q'o'SG's

'that

which', relative enclitic + P-q'id 'onP\]

Map

C-51

See ko*so*s q'osta'n Basket cap;

20).

a close-fitting cap of fine basketry

plates 25

worn by women
p.

(Goddard 1903: 20 and

sa'^kyigxa-n
tinct

and 26; Curtis 1924, plate facing

[Unanalyzable noun.]

The Acorn

Feast; the specific term for the

Acorn Feast

as dis-

from other

81; text 5).

ceremonies (no'^kyigxa'n) (Goddard 1903: 80['(When) they spoon (acorn soup) into their mouths' < sa=c'ifirst-fruits

form of the animate 3rd person perfective of Psa=0-(w)-xa-W/xa-n 'put (a filled container) into P's mouth', i.e., 'spoon (acorn soup) into P's mouth', with indefinite object {Uyi-} and with no indirect object specified (LN 21.51 and sa'^xa'W).]
Uyi-nin-xa-n-i, relative
sa'^liW

Edible plants and shoots (Goddard

into one's

mouth' < sa=c'i-liW-i,

relative

perfective of P-sa-=(w)-liW/la- 'put

1903: 31). ['What one puts form of animate 3rd person im(two or more things) into P's mouth',

with no indirect object specified(LN 21.51).]

sa'^xa'W
thin mush made from acorn meal cooked in water (Goddard 1903: 29). ['What one puts into one's mouth in a container', i.e., 'what one spoons into one's mouth' < sa-=c'i-xa-W-i, relative form of

Acorn soup;

animate 3rd person imperfective of P-sa'=(w)-xa-W/xa-n 'put

container) into P's mouth', with no indirect object specified
sa*c'

(a

filled

(LN

21.51).]

Black bear (Ursus americanus).

[Unanalyzable noun.]

sace'-qid

Old village in the Willow Creek Valley, downstream from Willow Creek. Sam Brown's mother used to go there when young to gather manzanita berries in summer. ['On sace' < sace-, unanalyzable element +
P-q'id 'on P'.]
235).]
[

= Yurok "seh-ach-pe-ya" (Gibbs

in

Baumhoff 1958: 213,

wrap
a

Map

B-1

sahbiley'^-t'e'^

t'e"^

Soft rabbitskin blanket or robe used to

baby

in

cradle-basket (xe-qay*^) (Cody 1940).

blanket'

[From Yurok

copele'^y 'rabbitskin

'blanket'.]

sah-k^oh

Older (now seldom-used) term for the larger

['Big sah'

na'Wirj'^).

mink (te*wi< sah, unanalyzable element + k>oh, augmentative

enclitic]

sal-k^oh (or saL-kyoh

that

) Wild celery; a plant resembling a sunflower grows on Trinity Summit. See also mcniwinc'e*. ['Big saP or 'Big saP < sal (or sai), stem found only in this compound + k>oh 'big', aug-

mentative enclitic]

964
salxoscg^e*
se't'ot'

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Chipmunk

(Eutamias).

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Shell of a small sea animal, used for decoration.

[Unanalyzable

noun.]
sik>ilaW

type of cricket.

[Unanalyzable noun.]
(x^iytq'id-x^e*) village

sik>inc''in-mitah-dii]

Redwood Creek

of the

Lower Redwood

on the east side of the creek about two ranch. "At the time of my visit [1906] it miles downstream from Bair's was the home of Tom, a famous blind medicine man" (Goddard 1914a,
(Chilula) division,
site

O; Baumhoff 1958: 206,

'at that place',

site 29).

[The

place

among

the

fir trees' (?)

<
silis

sihin-c'^in, apparently

an old term for

fir trees

+ mi-taw 'among them' +

ce*-q'id-ya*i)'^ay.

din

locative enclitic]

Map D-23
used variant of

Ground

squirrel; older, infrequently

[Unanalyzable noun.]
sRkyo*si-k>'a'^

Beaded

dress,

worn by

girls in the

Flower Dance
plate 5).

(text

10)

and other ceremonial occasions (see Goddard

skirt'

1903,

['Blanket

<

si-i-h'os-i, relative

form of

si-i-k>'o-s

'(blanket) lies

somewhere' +

it^a? 'skirt'.]

sinsig

"pain"; a (supposedly) physical object that enters a person's

illness.

body and causes pain and

Pains originate with the k^ixinay, and

(xose*l).

are the vector of supernatural

power

Indian doctor gains control

of this power for the purpose of curing by accepting a "pain" from the
obtain a "pain" a doctor dances herself into a frenzy, and from the surrounding air through her mouth. She can pass it to someone else, by motioning it from her mouth to the other person's (when the other person gets it she sinks back stunned). There are many different kinds of "pains," but doctors always obtain them in this way, and With a "cook" them into themselves through dancing a Kick Dance. "pain" in their mouths, doctors have the power to see other "pains" in their patients, or (by clairvoyance) things that have happened in the past.
kyixinay.

To

sucks

it

in

[Unanalyzable noun, apparently reduplicated.] [= Yurok telogei.]

sintil

Sucker, or "bullhead" (a type of fish) (text 63).

[Unanalyzable

noun.]
so'kyir)'^

fir

limb that

is

used for a cane

by

doctors

(text

31).

[Apparently so-, unidentifiable element + P-k>'in(iP 'P's base, handle'.]

ta*'^altal

The Boat Dance; one of

the

most important segments of the

White Deerskin Dance (xonsU-cidilye*) (Goddard 1903: 85; Goldschmidt and Driver 1940: 110-11 and plate 1, figure b). Late in the afternoon on
the third day of the dance four boats carry groups of dancers

mit'ah to the shore opposite mis-q'id.

"Hooks" (kyiwo'^) two dancers at the prow of each canoe and they all sing a special song that is sung only during the Boat Dance. The Boat Dance could also appar-

from ce*are worn by the

Hupa

Texts: General Glossary

965

ently be used as a triumph dance by a party of warriors (text 77, line 13).

['(When) they have a Boat Dance',

water'

literally,

'(when) they kick

it

into the

<

ta-=c'i-i-tal-i, relative

ta-=0-(w)-i-tal/ta-K 'kick
ta'^kyimit

form of animate 3rd person imperfective of into the water; dance the Boat Dance'.]
in a

Cooking acorn soup

cooking basket (mitto'y) by dropping

(

heated rocks into the liquid (Goddard 1903: 28-9).

<

ta=c'i-lcyi-mii 'one

throws objects into water').

ta'^kyimil-dig

[See note 5.34.]

Hostler Ranch; a village on the east bank of Trinity about

one-half mile downstream from where the highway

Trinity River.

bridge crosses the

The

principal village of the ta''kyimil-x*e*, the

downstream

(northern) division of the

Hupa

(na'tinix^e*).

Sam Brown remembered

which had names:
family
of
to

there being 14 living houses at ta'^kyimiJ-dir), seven of

(1)

xontah-nikya'w ('Big House'),

belonging

the

Mrs.

George Socktish and Albert Montgomery. known), at the upstream end of the village;

(2) yina-wdirj

(meaning un(3)

Emma

Frank's family.

niitac-miyeh ('under the black oak'), belonging to the

Brown

family;

Sam

Brown's mother's mother and sisters used to live there. (4) yinacadinarjme"^ ('in where it faces upstream'), a house facing south. (5) yidac'indice'^ni-me'^ ('in where they come from downstream'), a house facing upriver, belonging to the family of Mrs. Norton Campbell. (6) ta'^lc>imiidiyinao-xoliW ('upstream to some extent from ta'kyimiJdirj'), the house next to xontah-niRya'w. (7) yide'^xoma'^ (meaning unknown), the house belonging to John Campbell's family. Sam Brown also said there were three sweathouses: (1) ta*kyiW-nikya*w ('Big Sweathouse'), belonging to xontah-nikya*w; it could be used by any man of the village, and all praying was done there. (2) ta-kyiW-misgiy'^^ ('small sweathouse'), belonging to house (6). (3) yidahdirj-ta-knW ('sweathouse at the downstream end (of the village)'). Hostler Ranch also had five burying places, all near houses. ['Where they stir acorn mush' < ta=c'i-Uyi-mil, animate 3rd person imperfective of ta-=kyi-(w)-mil/me-K 'stir acorn mush' (LN 5.34) + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok '^o-plego'^ 'woodpecker scalp headband
place';

Chimariko ho-pu-ta-ce 'acorn soup

place'.]

Map A-29

ta'^kyimit-di-yima-ni-yidaG

little

resting place (na*'^alye*W-na-i]'^a'^-dirj)

from Sam Brown's place, on the west side of the Trinity across the river from ta'^kyimit-diij, along the trail to Redwood Creek. Going out, one rested below the knoll; coming back, on the upper side of the knoll. A place to pray for long life. ['Across and uphill from ta'^kyimit-dir}'.] Map A-37
on a knoll about one mile
uphill
ta'^kyimil-x*^e*

For ceremonial

purposes,

the

people

from

the

lower
in-

(northern) half of

Hoopa

Valley, from totcaV-dig (at the

12;

mouth of Sup-

ply Creek)

downstream (Goddard 1903:

Baumhoff 1958: 211-12,

correctly labelled "Natinuwhe").

Both the White Deerskin Dance and the

966

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Jump Dance "belong"

maker

to the ta'^kyimit-x^e*,

more

specifically to the

dance

head of the principal family in the village of ta'k>imil-dii]. They have formal precedence over the meMil-x^e* in all ['The ones who are at aspects of the World Renewal ceremonies.
(c'idilye*-citc*e'), the

ta'^k>imit-dii]'

<

ta'^kyimii- (see ta'^kyimit-dig)

+ xo, locative

enclitic

-e-

'the

ones

who
Water

are (there)', emphatic relative enclitic]

(to drink).

ta'^na'n

ta-=c'i-d-na-n-i,

relative

[Contracted from ta'^dina-n 'what one drinks' < form of animate 3rd person imperfective of

ta-=(w)-d-na-n/nan'^ 'drink'.]
tahdehs'^a'-dir)

'it

Alternative

name

for Kepel (c^i3-na*nirj'^a*-dig), referring

to the fish weir.

['The place where (one object) sticks out of the water' <

tah=de--s-'^a-

extends out of the (water)', extension neuter + din

'at that

place', locative enclitic]

Map C-19
['The ones

tahdindil

Surf

fish, smelt.

who come
3rd

out of the (water)'

<
of

tah=di-n-dil-, relative form

of inanimate

person

imperfective

tah=di-(w)-dil/de-K '(two or more)

tahyidilk>^id

come

out of the (water)'

(LN

71.13).]

A lake

at the

head of Horse Linto Creek (xahslin-din-nilin),

on the ridge between Hupa and New River country. This was known to be a spiritually powerful spot (a tim, for luck-training), and dangerous
(see texts 65

and 74).

(See also ya*''alkyili-qid.)

['Mist, fog

comes

to

shore'

<

tah=yi-di-i-kyid, imperfective of impersonal tah=yi-di-(s)-l-kyid

'cloud, fog

comes

off the water' (for yi- see

LN

3.13).]

Map B-30

ta*deh3

Small bird hawk, sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius, American

[Unanalyzable noun, possibly < tade--, unanalyzable element +

Kestrel).
ji,

diminutive enclitic]

ta'Rye'^

The lower Mad

mouth',
4-

River, from Blue

ta--k>e'^ 'river

literally 'river's tail'

Lake to the mouth. [Apparently < ta-- 'water, river' (in com-

pounds)

P-kye"^ 'P's tail'.]

Map D-33
mouth of the Mad lower Mad River flows out' < takye'^ 'lower
-i-

ta*kye'^-c'e*wilin-dig

Patawat; the Wiyot villages at the

River.

['The place where the

-i-

Mad

River'

c'e-=win-lin '(a stream) flows out (into the ocean)'

din

'at

that place', locative enclitic]

ta-Rye'^-x^e*

Map D-34
['Those
-i-

The Wiyot, <

ta-kye"^

specifically the Patawat tribelet

River

(ta-kye*^)

(Kroeber 1925: 112-114).

'the

who

are

on the lower Mad from the lower

-i-

Mad
ones
ta'fcyiW

River'

lower

Mad

River'

xo, locative enclitic

-e-

'the

who

are (there)'.]

Sweathouse; small lodge for the exclusive use of men (Goddard 1903: 15-16 and plate 2, figure 2; Curtis 1924: 12-13 and plates facing pp. 14 and 82; Kroeber 1925: 80-2 and plates 10, 12,13, and 14). See
also ta'ysc'e'y'^ and ta'ysciWe'^.

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Hupa
ta*kyiwe*lcili-qid

Texts:

General Glossary

967

Hupa village on the east side of the Trinity River, on a bench a little downstream from le*l-dir) and opposite the mouth of South Fork (text 68). One of the cluster of villages at the confluence of the Trinity River and South Fork, including also ta*ij'^ay-q'id and te'l-dig, that were often referred to collectively as te'l-dig. ['On (the high ground) where something squatted into the river' < ta-=fcyi-we--win-l-cil, indefinite
perfective of ta-=l<>i-we--(w)-l-cil 'squat projecting into the river')

+ P-q'id

'on P'.] [= Chimariko hacugi^i.]

ta*lGe*d

Map

B-1

Fishing platform;

shoved out into the

river'

synonym for dah-kyiwe*wita*n. ['(Stick) that is < ta-=wi-l-Ge-d-i, relative form of passive of
river'.]

ta-=0-(w)-i-Ge-d 'shove (a stick) out into the

ta*n

Forest spirits who,

among
that

their other

powers, have control of

game

animals (Goddard 1903: 77-8; text 32).

special doctoring

They were

also the source of a

power

could cure madness, strange behavior, and

other complaints (see ta*n-x*a*-Vne').

The

ta*n inhabit specific locales

and look
strangers,

after

the deer within that territory.

They

are

suspicious of
it

and

to gain the favor of the ta*n resident in that area to

is

cus-

tomary for a hunter

singing to him.
If

spend the
is

first

night of a hunting trip praying

and

he

displeased, the ta*n will not only withhold deer

lost.
It is

but cause the hunter to get

familiar country, because

dangerous for anyone to go into un-

if

the ta*n doesn't

know

you, tree limbs

may

fall

on you and you

will

have nightmares

(text 74).

According

to

Goddard,

the ta*n "watches carefully to see that the deer he does permit to be killed are properly treated.
at
It is

believed that the deer's ghost

tells his

master that

such a house he was well treated and that he would like to go back
This good treatment consists in the observance of
all

again.

the

many laws
ni

concerning the dressing, serving, and eating of the deer, and also the disposal of the bones" (1903: 77-8).
ta*n-x*a*-'^a*ne

[Noun stem.] [= Yurok heikew

wo\\

singing doctor
spirits.

who

cures madness by

obtained

from

ta*n

See
them'

also

min''day'^-cii]''-x*^a*-''a*ne*
(i.e., is

xona't'aw'^-na'^ay.

['One

who

speaks for
-t-

means of power and possessed by) the tan' <

/

tan

'forest spirits'

x'^-a 'for

'^a=(di)-ne\ inanimate 3rd person

-i-

imperfective of'^a=di-(w)-ne-/ne' 'speak (so)'

clitic]

'one who', relative en-

ta'g'^ay-me'^

Trinidad Head, a peninsula that extends into the ocean near

the

Yurok

village of Tsurai,

above the mouth of

Little River.
lie

It

was conto Hell,

sidered a bad place, possessed of kyRwe*, and to

on the road
the

being situated almost due west of Hoopa Valley (texts 27, 36, and 41).
Despite
its

mythological

associations,

Hupas

visited

area regularly.

Waterman notes that an offshore rock near Trinidad was called omimoswa'^eg 'Hupa his rock', and comments: "A Hupa man bought this rock from the people in Trinidad, because he liked mussels to eat. According

968

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

to the account, the

Hupa came over every season

['In
it

to collect the mussels"

is

(1920: 272, K-60).

ta-=win-'^a--i '(where)
ta*g'^ay-q'id

(the cove)

where there

a point of land'
'in it'.]

<

extends into the water' + me"^

Map D-35
at the

The

principal

Hupa

village at the confluence

of the Trinity

River and South Fork, situated on the bluff between the two streams

modem town

of Salyer.

One of

the cluster of villages at the confluence,

le*l-dii), that

including also ta*kyiwe*lcil-qid and

collectively as te'l-diij.

Called yinahcin-ta'rj'^ay-qid by

46) and by John Carpenter (text 48).

'^a--i

'what extends into the water',

i.e.

were often referred to Emma Frank (text ['On the point of land' < ta=winthe point of land where two rivers

join)

P-q'id 'on P'.]

Map B-10

ta'ysc'e'y*^

"Luck wood"; wood for the fire in the sweathouse, specially men (Goddard 1903: 38; Curtis 1924: 13; Kroeber 1925: 81). Manzanita wood was preferred. Sweathouse wood was spoken of as if it were a living plant or tree (LN 41.33). ['Sweathouse firewood' < ta-ys, contracted from *ta-kyis, unattested diminutive form of ta-kyiW 'sweathouse' (with diminutive consonant symbolism W > s) + Pgathered by young
de-y-e^ 'P's firewood'.]

ta'ysc'iWe''

Black soot from the boards above the

to

fire

in a

sweathouse,

mixed with grease

from

make

black paint for ceremonial

face and
ta-ys,

body
(with

decoration (mR-xoij'^-'^aMHVn).
*ta-kyis, unattested

['Sweathouse soot' <

contracted

diminutive form of ta-hiW 'sweathouse'

diminutive consonant symbolism

tehkyixis

W > s) + P-c'iW-i"^ 'P's

soot, dust'.]

Kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon).

Feathers of the Kingfisher are

a medicine against drowning (text 69).

ter'

['The one that dives into the wa-

<

teh=Uyi-xis-i, relative

form of imperfective of teh=(w)-xis/xic' 'drop,

(^'>/-j.]

fall into

the water' with indefinite subject

tehkyixolxid

water monster, said to resemble an alligator (text 69).

['What swallows one into the water' < teh=lcyi-xo-l-xid, inanimate 3rd person of teh=0-(w)-l-xid/xit' 'swallow

into

the water',

with indefinite

subject (kyi-) and animate 3rd person object (xo-)

relative enclitic]

'the

one which',

tehkyixotGoW-kyoh (or tehkyitGoW-kyoh)

Pelican (Pelecanus).
relative

['The big

one

that spears into the water'

< teh=Uyi-xo-t-GoW-i,

form of

in-

animate 3rd person imperfective of teh=kyi-xo-(w)-i-GoW/Goc' 'throw a

spear into the water', with areal-situational object (xo-)
tative enclitic]

-kyoh,

augmen-

tehla'n

Whale.

[Unanalyzable noun, possibly 'what

is

born

in the water'
'that

<

teh- 'in the water'

-la-n,

stem od

(s)-la:n 'be born'

which',

relative enclitic]

Hupa
tehl-na'^we*

Texts: General Glossary

969
at

Ordinary quiver, made of otter or fisher hide and carried

the side, under the figure 5).

arm (Goddard 1903: 19 and

c'idaci-na'^we*.

plate

1;

Wallace 1978,

Compare

['What one carries

flat'

<

tel,

stem of

neuter

ni-te-l 'flat,

wide' + na-=c'i-we-, animate 3rd person imperfective of

/

na=0-{s)-we-lwe'^ 'go around carrying (a pack)' +

enclitic]
tehl-q'id
line

'that

which', relative

Ordinary dancers

at the

Jump Dance;

so called because

when

the

of dancers rests between sets of songs, the three dancers in the middle

dancers must

two singers and the "center man") sit on stone blocks, but the other sit on the ground (Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 63; Barrett 1962: 78). ['The ones who are on the flat (ground)' < te-l, stem of neuter ni-tel 'flat, wide' + P-q'id 'on P' + / 'the ones who', relative enclitic]
(the

tehmil

Netted sack,

made from

iris

string (k^iwidis)

carry caught birds and other objects (Goddard 1903:

also dic^il tehmil.

and used by men to 19 and plate 6.) See

[Unanalyzable noun.]

tehnehsnoy Clam, mussel, any bivalve shellfish. ['What stand erect in the water' < teh=ne-s-no-i '(several things) that stand erect in the water' (LN
74.26).]

tehs3eh3 (or teh3eh3) [Unanalyzable noun.]

tehs3eh3i-mikye'^

Swallow (Hirundo

rustica.

Bam

Swallow).

figure 10 and plate 25, figures 4 and 6; Kroeber

1932: 71, figure

tail'.]

The "swallow-tail" basket design (Goddard 1903: 46-7, 1905: 133-9; O'Neale ['Swallow's tail' < tehs^ehp 'swallow' mi-kye'^ 'its 13).
-i-

tehxa'c'e'^

Freshwater crab, crawfish.

Married
'in

to

[Uncertain analysis, but possibly < teh(tuberous) roots'.]

tehxa*c'e'^-3

the

Salmon Trout (text 63). water' + P-xac'e'^ 'P's

'freshwater crab,

-i-

Scorpion.

['Little crawfish'

<

tehxa-c'e'^

crawfish'

j/,

diminutive enclitic]
mythical monster that lives in the water.
['The (being) that

tehyixolxid

swallows one into the water' < teh=yi-xo-l-xid-i, relative form of obviative
3rd person imperfective of teh=0-(w)-l-xid 'swallow

onto the water',

with animate 3rd person object.]

teh^ag*^

Small black water beetle, said to be poisonous.

[Apparently <

teh- 'in the water'

jan'^

'muddy

water'.]

te*lma*s-wilc^e*n

cylindrical buckskin headband stuffed with shavings

and grass and with large woodpecker scalps sewed on.

(texts

Worn by
['What

doctors
is

26 and 29) and

in the

Brush Dance (xon'^-na'^we*).

made
cylin-

to

be rolled up' < te-wi-l-mas-i, passive of 0-ti-(s)-i-mas

'roll (a

drical object)'

wi-l-c'"en-i, passive of

0-(s)-L-chwe:/chwin? 'make, cre-

ate O'.]

970
tcwi-na-Wig*^

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Mink (Mustela
+

vison); larger variety, black

and brown.

See

also sah-Ryoh and xonin-soh-3.

[Derivation obscure, but possibly te-w-i

'what

is

in the water'

na-Wiij'^,

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of

{w)=Win'^ 'become black' with iterative/reversative modifier (na=), transitional

tic

of

H-Win

'be black'.]

Walking

stick, cane;

digging stick (Goddard 1903: 30).

[Uidil place'

[Noun stem.]

tidil-dii)

Janes Creek, north of Areata.

'at that place',

element + din

locative enclitic]

< tidil, unanalyzable Map D-38

tim

Any place where one

trains for long life or luck (k^a'^a'^diq'ay).

Men

train for

luck in hunting (but not for fishing).

going to war, prevention from sickness, acquiring wealth, and Women train for long life, getting

wealthy, and success in weaning babies (but not for love).

One important
[Unanalyzable

kind of tim

are the

swimming
is

places used by
is

women
free for

during menstruation
all.

(see text 10).

tim

not claimed but

noun; possibly a reduced form of ti-me- 'swimming along', inanimate 3rd person imperfective of ti-(s)-me-/me'^ 'swim off, along' (continuative
theme).]
tima*^

['There is a Famine; a famine comes (Goddard 1904: 191). famime' < ti-ma'^, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of ti-(w)-ma'^ 'there
is

a famine'

(LN

71.3).]

tin

(Goddard 1903: 88; Gates 1995). Trails are considered to be animate beings that should be treated with due respect (e.g., not stepping off one without asking its permission, not urinating on one). If not, a person can fall unexpectedly or otherwise be hurt by the trail. There are established resting places (na*'^alye*W-na*g'^a'^-dig), and other places where it [Noun stem.] is necessary to stop and make an offering (Goddard 1913).
Trail

tini-ne's

A trail leading from

Out
woods,

per bench at miq'i-c'ig''.

danceground at ta'^kyimit-dig to the up['Long trail' < tini 'trail' + nes, stem of descripthe
-1-

tive neuter ni-ne's 'be long'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

Map A-32
reanalysis of

tintah

<

in the

in the bush.

[Apparently tin(i)-taw 'among the

trails'

tini 'trails'

older *k>in-taw>
'at,

among

P'.]

+ P-taw 'at, among P', but possibly a 'among the trees, in the woods' < kyin 'stick, [= Yurok heikew.]

tree'

+ P-taw

tintah-kyitc*e*

birth out in the

birth', literally

The mother of an illegitimate child. ['The one who gives Un-l-c'^e- 'she gives woods' < tin-taw 'out in the woods' 'she makes something' + / 'the one who', relative enclitic]
-i-

tintah-nii]xa'^t'e*n

Largest owl.

['Headman out
(Parus
the
sp.,

in the

woods' < tintaw

minimus).

'out in the

woods' + nirjxaYen 'headman,

rich man'.]

tintah-xixe*x

Chickadee,

bushtit
in

Psaltriparus
in

['Bush

childen'

< tin-taw'oui

woods,

the

bush'

xixe-xi

'children'.]

Hupa
tigxiniwidye'W

Texts: General Glossary

97

particular during a

Improper speech, words unsuitable for the occasion, in World Renewal ceremony (cidilye*) (text 18, note [a];

Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 127-8). A number of ordinary words are considered improper at a World Renwal ceremony and euphemisms are used.

One does

not say ta'^nan 'water' but k>isinto'^ 'grease', so there should be

plenty of grease.

One

not say narjya

'it's

raining' or other forms of that

verb, but kyisinto"^

'^irjxaf

'grease drips'.
lest
it

One

doesn't mention

snow or
not say

cold weather or anything unpleasant,

be that way.

One does
(i.e.,

kyic'ind 'sickness' but kyiwilc'o'^c' 'what has

been sucked'

'salmon

bones'), so there will be less sickness and plenty of salmon.

Similarly, one

doesn't say
lots

iiij"^

'dog' but ioq'i-ma-'^a'^ 'salmon's lice' so there should be

of salmon.

One

"^ayeh 'I'm tired',

all, nor can one say because you say that when you are sick or suffering

doesn't say c'ind 'dead things' at

from weakness.

One

doesn't say

miWcahs
'I

'I

won't do

it'

when asked
strict at

to
ta-

dance; instead one says meso-ysin^

want
is

it.'

Forbidden words are

booed
spring

at all c'idilye-

dances, but they used to be particularly

the

Jump Dance

at mis-q'id.

['What

spoken improperly' < ti-n=xi-ni-

wi-d-ye-W-i, relative form of passive of ti-n=xi-ni-(w)-ye-W 'speak improperly', literally 'speak in a lost, stray fashion'.]

tismil

Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos).

[Unanalyzable noun.]

tit'awi-licay
69).

mythical bird whose wings are said to scatter dentalia (text

['White floater' (?)

<

ti-t'aw,

apparently the inanimate 3rd person

'float,
-i-

imperfective of otherwise unattested ti-(s)-t'aw

air)'

be wafted off (in the

ii-cay
'it is

(LN

38.6)

-t-

'the

one which',

relative enclitic

white'.]

tohna*y

Fish

(all varieties)

and lampreys; general term for

to-

all

edible water
'fresh

creatures.

[Unanalyzable noun, probably <

'water'

+ xi-nayi

meat'.]

toliW

Type of clover

(see sa'^liW).

[Unanalyzable noun.]
hill

toliW-q'id

place near ta'^kyimW-diij, up the

is

['On (the high ground) where there

q'id 'on P'.]

clover'

and away from the river. < toliW 'wild clover' P-i-

Map

A-31

tolc'aV-din-niiin
(ta'^kyimit-x*e*)

Supply Creek; the boundary between the downstream and upstream (meMil-x^e*) divisions of Hoopa Valley.
at tolca'^c'-dir)'

['The creek, stream (that flows)

'creek, stream (that flows)'.]

<

toic'a'^c'dirj

(q.v.)

nilin

Map A-40

totcaV-dii]
ity at the

Former village in Agency Field, on the west side of the Trinmouth of Supply Creek. [Analysis uncertain, but said to refer to a spring or seepage of water.] [= Yurok '^er'^lern.] Map A-39

totgyid

"Indian cheese"; unshelled acorns buried

in

to rot to

remove

the tannin

(Goddard 1903:

29).

damp ground and left When dug up, the rotten

972

XIV Northwest
in a
'it is

California Linguistics

acorns were usually boiled

stew (wa'^ntcd).
rotten'.]

[Apparently contracted

from

to-

'water'

ni-i-gyid

toJgyid-q'id

site

on the west bank of the Trinity

in the vicinity

of the old

Ace Cafe, near Clifford Logan's house. ['On (the high ground) where (they make) rotten-acorn stew' < toigyid 'a stew made from rotten black acorns' + P-q'id 'on P'.] Map A-38
to-me-q'on3e'^

Large river beetle.

[Unanalyzable noun, apparently with

to- 'water'.]

to--mine--kyiya*W
water, ocean'

Seagull (text 77).

['Water mine- bird' <

to-

'(body of)

mine-, unanalyzable element

+ Uyiya-Wi

'bird'.]

Redwood Creek (x*iylq'id-x*e*) village of the Lower to-n'^-dinan-dii] Redwood (Chilula) division, on the east side of the creek north of Lacks Creek (Goddard 1914a, site H; Baumhoff 1958: 206, site 17). ['The place sloping toward the river' < ton'^, contracted from to--c'in'^ 'towards the
river'

+ di-na-n Map D-15

'sloped, tipped'

+ din

'at that place',

locative enclitic]

to-nah-3i-dig

Lo'olego (destroyed by mining activity), on the north bank of the Klamath River about one mile upstream from Weitchpec (Waterman 1920: 258-259, G-30). ['Little to-nah place' < tonah-, unanalyzable element + -j/ 'little', diminutive enclitic + din 'at
Site of the

Yurok

village of

that place', locative enclitic] [=

Yurok

lo'^olego

'where they build a fish

weir'.]

Map C-28

tonc*'ig-qid

Murek,

an important Yurok village on the north bank of the

Klamath River about half a mile downstream from the site of the fish weir at Kepel, and closely involved in the fish weir ceremony (Waterman 1920: 247, E-35). ['On toncnn' < tonc'^in, unanalyzable element (possibly from P-q'id 'on P'.] to- '(river) water' + ni-cHn'^ 'it is bad', i.e., rapids, riffles) [= Yurok morekw 'large cooking basket'.] Map C-18
-i-

to--nehwa-n

Black Hint; a large ceremonial blade of black obsidian carried by one of the Flint Carriers (xo3e*wanna'^dil) at the White Deerskin Dance (Goddard 1903, plate 30; Kroeber
(1)

Anything dark black.

(2)

Such ceremonial blades were oblong, up to a foot or more in length, and were made of either red or black obsidian (see ce*l-nehwa*n). The ones of black obsidian were said to come from Shasta They country to the northeast (Goldschmidt and Driver 1936: 120). "belonged" to a specific house, and were inherited with that house. Although symbolizing the wealth of the family that had custody of them, ceremonial blades could not be sold or exchanged. ['What resembles wa1925: 26-7 and plate 2).
ter'

<

to-

'(body of) water'

-i-

ne-s-d-wan

'it

resembles'

(LN

14.1)

'that

which', relative enclitic]

Hupa
to*-no*i]'^a*-dii)

Texts: General Glossary

973
['Where the
'at that

water reaches' <

place'.]
tosit

The shore of the ocean to- 'water' + no=win-'^areduced

hot'.]

(real or
'it

imagined).

extends to there' + din

(sometimes
si-se-l

to

tos)

Warm

water,
to-

[Apparently contracted from to-sehi 'hot water' <

of neuter
tosq'ac
'it is

lukewarm water. 'water' + -sel, stem

to--siq'ac'-i

Cold water, spring water.

is

[Apparently contracted from

si-q'ac'
'it

'water that

cold'

<

to-

'water'

is

cold'

'that

which', rela-

tive enclitic]
tosq'ac'-dir)

Spring (of water).

['Cold water place' < tosq'ac' 'cold water'

din, locative enclitic]

to'xo-tawe*
river'
'that

Willow (Salix

sp.); roots

used in basketry.

['What
'at,

is

at

the

<

to-

'water, river'

-xo, locative enclitic

+ P-taw

among

P'

which',

relative enclitic]

t'an'^-nahsma'c

['The one whose leaf

Redbud, "Judas Tree", a plant used in doctoring (text 27). is circular' < t'an"^, reduced from mi-t'an'^ 'its leaf +
circular'

na-=s-ma-c'
t'an'^-na'kyidil

'it is

/,'the

one which',

relative enclitic]

Cottonwood (Populus
'its

trichocarpa).

The

roots are used for

in a

fire drills (mii-kyiditwis).

['The one whose leaves

leaves'

move about
'they

crowd'

<

t'an'^,

reduced from mi-t'an^

/,'the

+ na-=Un-dil

move about
['The one

in a

crowd' (LN 2.21) +

one which', relative enclitic]

in doctoring (text 27).
'its

t'an'^-nitwe''

Greasewood, a plant used

whose
i-we"^

leaf shines with grease'

'it is

<

t'an"^,

reduced from mi-fan"^

leaf + nirelative

greasy, oily, shines with grease'

/,'the

one which',

enclitic]
t'an'^sohs

Small (baby) suckerfish (da'c'ahd).

[Apparently

'little

scrached

leaf <

t'an'^,

reduced from

mi-t'an'^ 'its

leaf + + sow, stem of

0-sow

'scratch, scrape (with an instrument)'

t'anc**in-tah-c'ir)'^

j/,

diminutive enclitic]

one of the three villages at Weitchpec, at the confluence of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers (Waterman 1920: 258, GErtlerger is on a low hill on the south bank of the Klamath just 23).
Ertlerger,

downstream of where the Trinity enters. ['Toward the pepperwood trees' < t'anc'^'in 'pepperwood' + P-taw 'among, at P' + P-c'tn"^ 'toward P'.] [= Yurok "^erierger; Karuk pahipriik 'pepperwood place'] Map C-24
t'anc^^ig

Pepperwood, California laurel (Umbellularia californica); called "myrtle" in Oregon. A dense-crowned evergreen. Pepperwood leaves are a medicine for sinus congestion. ['The leafy sort' < t'an 'leaf + -d''in 'of
that kind, sort'

(LN

1.9).]

t'anc**ig-kyoh-dii]

(1) Wohkel, a small village on the south bank of the Klamath River, opposite the town of Klamath (cahli-dirj) (Waterman 'pepperwood']. Map C-5.- (2) 1920: 234, B-39) [= Yurok wohkel.

974

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Wohkero, one of a
settled
in

string of villages
its

River about 15 miles from

1862,

on the north bank of the Klamath mouth (Waterman 1920: 240, D-25). It was
at

following the destruction of the village

Johnson's

['Big pep(modern Pecwan) (xohxo-3i-dirj) by a flood. Map C-11. perwood place' < t'ancHrj 'pepperwood' + kyoh 'big', augmentative enclitic + din 'at that place', locative enclitic]
t'anc*^ig-kyisxan-dii)

Wa'asey, a Yurok village on the north bank of the Klamath River about one mile upstream from the site of the Kepel Fish Dam and half a mile downstream from Merip (xog'^xahW-diij). (Waterman 1920:249, E-68). ['The place where the pepperwood tree stands' < t'anc'in 'pepperwood' + lc>i-s-xa-n '(a tree) stands' (LN 27.14) + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok wa'^asey 'poor'.] Map C-20
(time)'

t'anq

[Apparently 'during Autumn; the acorn-gathering season. < t'an, stem of P-t'an-"^ 'P's leaf, leaves' + -q'i 'at, during').]

leaf

t'anqi-no*''ondil
trees,

Acorn-gathering claim; a grove of acorn-producing oak

individually
exclusive, but the

known by name and

is

gather from such a claim

share in a good crop.

['(Where)
'they

autumn'

no-=c'i-n-dil

owned (text 58). The right to owner can invite others to they stop in the autumn' < t'anq'i '(in the) stop, stay somewhere' + /,'the (place)
hair left on, used for a

where', relative enclitic]

t'e*^

(possessed form P-Wt'e'^)

Tanned deerhide with

blanket or as a robe; any blanket (Goddard 1903: 18 and plate 4).

stem.]
t'e'^-diyditkyo's

[Noun

Wren (Troglodytes and

fire'

other genera).
ff.).

The husband's

helper on the expedition in text 69 (line 57

blanket into the

['The one
'it

who

puts a

<

t'e"^

'blanket'

-i-

de-=yi-di-i-k>o-s

puts (a blanket)

into the fire', obviative

3rd person imperfective of de-=0-di-(w)-i-kyo-s

'put (a fabric-like object) into the fire'

'the

one who', relative enclitic]

t'ehxi3

Young

girl

(before puberty).

[Unanalyzable noun; historically

-i-

*t'e-d-xi-^i 'little girl child'

clitic.

< *t'ed

'girl'

xi 'child'

j/,

diminutive en-

Compare k^ilcxis 'young

boy'.]
is

t'e'wig

novice Indian doctor whose training

(c'ittal)
-i-

not yet complete, or

her.

who

has not yet had a Kick Dance

t'e'w-i

performed for

['Raw person' <

'what

is

raw, uncooked'

-n 'person'.]

wa'^nto'd

Stew made from acorns that have been buried in a damp place and left to rot (tolg^id) (Goddard 1903: 29). The rotten acorns are soaked in water for a week or more to remove the bad taste, then are boiled, sometimes with fresh acorn meal added. [Unanalyzable noun.]
['What one takes away Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus). 'what one picks' < (mi-)-wa--n=c'i-di-'^aW-i, relative form of animate 3rd person imperfective of P-wa--n=di-(w)-'^aWPa-n 'take (a

wan'^da'^aW

from

it', i.e.,

Hupa
round object) away from

Texts:

General Glossary

975

P',

with inanimate 3rd person indirect object

/

(unexpressed mi-, see note 1.46) +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

widwa'd

Acorn
sift

flour after
sifted'

['What has been

pounding and sifting (Goddard 1903: 28). < wi-d-wa-d-i, relative form of passive of 0-(w)['The one

wa-d 'shake,
wilkya*n
i,

O'].

Pregnant woman.

who

is

made

pregnant' < wi-l-kya'n-

apparently the passive of (unattested) 0-(w)-i-ky'a-n 'make

pregnant',
see

with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object (referring to a

note 1.55).]
wilkya*n-mik>'ima*w'^

woman;

Medicine for a pregnant woman,

is

small so that the delivery

kya-n-i 'pregnant

easy.

['Pregnant
'its

to make a baby woman's medicine' < wi-l-

woman' <

mi-lc>ima-wi-'^

medicine'.]
It

wiloy*^

Part of the headdress of dancers in various ceremonies.

at the

consists

of a small grass bundle strung around the head and tied

buckskin.
In the

back with
the

Jump Dance
['What
is

(xay-cidilye*)

it is

worn under

wood-

pecker scalp "roll" (me*wi-na*sita*n) and serves as the base for a feather

plume (yehna'lce'd).
'tie

tied up'

<

wi-d-loy'^, passive of 0-{s)-loy'^

up'.]

wiloy'^-wa'kya'^a'n
riors

Hair dressed in doughnut shape, a special style for wartext 76).

'tie

(Goddard 1903: 62;

['A bundle with a hole tied through

it'

<

wi-loy'^,

passive of 0-(s}-loy'^

up'

wa-=kyi-'^a-n-i, inanimate
is

3rd
P',

person form of neuter theme P-wa-=Uyi-'^an 'there

a hole through

with unmarked inanimate 3rd person indirect object.]

wiltac

tattoo; tattooing

been tattooed; a
tac' 'tattoo O'.]

tattoo'

<

wi-l-tac'-i, relative

(Goddard 1903: 20; Sapir 1936). ['What has form of passive of 0-(w)-itrunucata), a plant with a small yeltree'
-I-

wilqis-kyiyiq

Columbine (Aqurlegsa
kyiyiq'

low or orange flower. wiiq'is 'on one side' +

'that

['What (grows) on one side of a hollow

<
/

(contracted from kyin-yiq') 'hollow tree'

which', relative enclitic]

Month name. See under minir). xa''k>'iWeh-3i-dig The southernmost Karuk village,
Wa*-nic^e'^n-c*ii]

the

on the west bank of Klamath River opposite the mouth of Red Cap Creek (Kroeber 1936:
114).

33; Bright 1957: 457, no.

Also called bahla-n-dirj.

['Little

dig-

gings place' (apparently referring to mining activity in the area) < xa'=d'i-

kyi-We\ inanimate 3rd person imperfective of xa-=kyi-(w)-We-/We'^ 'dig

something up, excavate' +

place',
place'.]

J/ 'little',

diminutive enclitic + din

'at

that

locative

enclitic]

[=

Karuk vuppam; Yurok "^o-pegoy

pocket
itself

'flicker

Map

C-31
gopher).

xa'diniw
tehmil.

Gopher (Thomomys,

Also called

mida*^-

[Apparently 'what does

out of the ground'

< xa-di-niw-i.

976
relative

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

ground', mediopassive of
'that

form of inanimate 3rd person of xa=d-niw 'do oneself out of the xa=niw 'do something out of the ground' + /
Riffle, swirling rapids in a stream.

which', relative enclitic]

xahslin

['(Where)

it

flows uphill'

<

xa-=s-lin-i, relative of extension neuter xa-=si-lin '(stream) flows

top'.]

up

to the

xahslin-dii)

Village on the east bank of the Trinity, about a mile upstream

at the

from Sugar Bowl,

mouth of Horse Linto Creek (xahslin-din-nilin). ['Where there is an eddy' < xa=s-lin '(stream) flows uphill' (i.e., there is an eddy or swirl in the river) + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok wohtoy.] Map A-54

xahslin-din-nilin
lin-dii)'

Horse Linto Creek.

['The stream (that flows)

at

xahs-

<

xahslin-dirj (q.v.)

nilin 'the creek, stream (that flows)'.]

Map

B-28
xahslin-taw
"crane" (text 77).

taw

'at,

Heron (Ardea herodias. Great Blue Heron), locally called ['The one that is at the riffle' < xa=s-lin 'riffle' + Pamong P' + / 'the one who', relative enclitic]

A mythical man-eating crane-like bird that inhabits xahslin-taw-nehwa'n ['What resemthe headwaters of Horse Linto Creek (xahslin-din-nilin). bles a heron' < xahslin-taw 'heron' + ne-s-d-wan 'it resembles' + / 'that
which', relative enclitic]
xa*kyiwidWe'^-dii)
village of

The

area on the south (upstream) side of the former

site

xonsah-dig, near the

of c^a'^ay-me'^, where

ing activity occurred during the 19th century.

out'

['Where

it

some gold minhas been dug

<

xa-=lcyi-wi-d-We'^, passive of xa'=0-(w)-We-/We'^ 'dig

(Icyi-)

out',

with

indefinite 3rd person object

+ din

'at that place',

locative enclitic]

Map A-7
xalo'q'e'^

Silverside salmon;

the first part of the

spring run

of King
First

salmon, running in June.

These are the salmon

that are led

by the

Salmon

(Icq'i- ma*tiliw) (text 57).

[Apparently < xa-, unanalyzable ele-i-

ment, possibly a reduced form of xay 'winter'

sessed form of ioq' 'salmon, fish'.]
xalto'^n

P-loq'-i'^, fossilized

pos-

Flea. ['What jumps out of the ground' < xa=l-ton'^-i, relative form of imperson imperfective of xa-=(w)-l-ton'^ 'jump up out of the

ground'.]
xan'^-t'e'n

married woman, a

woman who
-f-

has a husband.

['The one

who

has a husband' < P-xan"^ 'P's husband', as proclitic without possessor

/

+ t'en, stem of '^a-=t'e-n 'do (so)' Compare "^ad-t'cn 'married man'.]

xanis-c'ilVn

'the

one who',

relative

enclitic.

Dipper basket; basketry cup used as a ladle or

bailer,

ap-

proximately the size of an eating basket (xayc'a*^)

but without designs and

Hupa
slightly pointed at the

Texts: General Glossary

977
1,

ends (Goddard
['What
is

1903: 28, plate 15, figure

a canoe'

and

plate

25,

figure

2).

like

< xanis, synchronically

unanalyzable, but historically 'canoe'

such),
is like',

O
xarj*^

(as

'what one treats (as form of animate 3rd person of neuter O-l-'^en 'treat such)' with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.]
c'i-l-'^e-n-i

relative

Marked

stick,

"ace" in stick gambling

1;

game

(kyin-na*wa*) (Goddard
p.

1903: 61 and plate 19, figure

Curtis 1924, plate facing

18).

[Noun

stem;

homophonous with

the possessed

noun stem P-xan^

'P's husband'.]

xa*xowilwa*X

Dug-from-the-Ground; a hero of Hupa myth (Goddard 1904: 135-49). ['What was thrown up out of the ground' < xa=xo-wi-lwa-K-i, relative form of passive of xa-=0-(w)-i-wal/wa-X 'throw O up out

of (the ground)'.]

xay

(1) Winter, year.

(2)

The

roots of a conifer (pine, spruce,

redwood,

ponderosa pine), used

in basketry.

[Noun stem.]

xayah (possessed form

P-xayaw-'^)

Fishing claim; a privately

owned

fishing spot along the river, located at an

eddy where an A-frame lifting net (kyixa-q) could be used (Goddard 1903: 26; Curtis 1924: 15; Kroeber and Barrett 1960: 3-4). Such claims were usually owned by individuals or families, but were sometimes jointly owned, and an owner might give someone else permission to fish at his claim. Ownership of a fishing claim
could be sold for dentalia, and could be inherited.
[=

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Karuk imvira, Yurok m-ekwoL]

xayah-me*^
First

The canyon at the upstream end of Sugar Bowl, where Salmon ceremony was performed in the spring (texts 6 and 7). (the canyon) where there is a fishing claim' < xayaw 'fishing claim' + 'in it'.] Map A-53

the
['In
me"^

xayca'^

Eating basket; basketry dish used for serving acorn

In traditional times,

soup and
served by

other foods (Goddard 1903: 29).

men were

women, who placed

with spoons.

mush before them, together [Unanalyzable noun, probably containing xay 'pine or
eating baskets of acorn

spruce root'.]
xay-cidilye*

The Jump Dance (also called the Jumping Dance, and earlier the Woodpecker Dance), one of the two principal World Renewal ceremonies (c'idilye-) of the Hupa (Powers 1877: 79-83; Woodward 1892; Goddard 1903: 85-7; Curtis 1924: 33-4; Kroeber and Gifford
Barrett 1963).

1949:

56-65;

The English name comes from

It

of the dancers (ya*xo*'^aW).

ten days
c'idilye*),

is

danced
of the
to the

after

the

conclusion

and was originally linked

located
a

like the

White Deerskin Dance, the Jump

short

hopping step biennially in the early autumn, White Deerskin Dance (xonsilAcorn Feast (no'^kyigxa'n). UnDance is performed at only one
the distinctive

danceground,

distance

upstream

from

the

village

of

978
ta'^kimil-dirj.
as a

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

temporary backdrop fence of upright planks (referred to

is

According to Hupa belief, the details of the Jump Dance were ordained by a young man from ta'^k>imil-dig who was taken away in a cloud to the kyixinay heaven He returns each time the Jump in the south (de'-nohol-yima*ni-yinaG).

xontah

'living house')

erected at the danceground.

Dance takes place and looks on from behind the fence. ['Winter World Renewal Ceremony' < xay 'winter' + c'idilye- 'World Renewal ceremony'.]
xay-cidilye*-Wirj'^

1992: 93-9).

Two

Jump Dance songs (Goddard 1903: 86-7; Keeling solo singers, who stand flanking a "center man" who

does not sing but gives the signals for starting and stopping, take turns singing over a bass part which is chanted by the rest of the dancers
(tehlqid) at a slightly slower tempo (dicigy-le*na''^asow).

no words, and are characterized by a "sobbing" delivery.

singers has his individual repertoire of songs,

The songs have Each of the two

turn.
-(ip,
-i-

['Jump Dance's songs' <

possessed noun formant.]
xay-na*dil

xay-c'idilye-

which they sing in 'Jump Dance' + Win 'song'

The winter run of

all

steelhead,

coming

in the latter part of

Octo-

ber and staying

'(in the) winter'

winter.

['The ones that are around in the winter'

'the

< xay

+ na=dil-i

ones

who

are around'.]

xa*yond

Pigeon (Columba

fasciata. Band-tailed Pigeon).

[Unanalyzable

noun, possibly borrowed from another Indian language.]

xehl (possessed form: P-xei-(eP)

a pack.

A load in a carrying

basket (q'ay'^timi!);

[Noun stem.]

xehlsaq*^

Dried cedar or juniper berries, used for decorative necklaces

to fabrics.

and sewn
xcqay*^
at

[Unanalyzable noun.]
at the top,

Cradle basket; open-work basket, open

with a pocket

bottom for absorbent moss or other material in lieu of a diaper The baby, (Goddard 1903: 52 and plate 21, figure 1; Cody 1940). wrapped in a blanket (sahbiley'^-t'e'^), is laced into the cradle basket across the arms and torso, with the legs left free to kick. Babies were placed in a
cradle basket after 10 days.

[Apparently 'baby basket' < xe-, combining

form of xi-xiy 'baby, compounds.]

xi?Ce''-k>a-n

child'

q'ay'^

'basket',

bound stem found only

['What eats
at night'

in

Flying squirrel (Scuiropterus).

<

xiXe"^

'night'

lc>i-ya-n,

inanimate 3rd person imperfective of lcyi-(w)-ya-n/yan'^

-i-

'eat (something)'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

at

xiXe'^-na-mat'

Bat.

['What flaps around

i

night'

<

xiKe"^

'night'

--

na-=mat'
xina*y

'it

flaps around' +

'that

which', relative enclitic]

Fresh meat, game. [Unanalyzable noun.]

xo'^osday (or x^e'^esday)

'the

Man,

adult male.

[Apparently < xo-c'i-s-da-i

one who

is sitting

there', relative

form of animate 3rd person of xo-s-

Hupa
da\
areal-situational

Texts: General Glossary

979
Refer-

ring to the fact that

form of stative neuter si-da- '(one) sits, stays'. aduh men sat on stools (miqid-c'isday) while
floor.]

women
traces

and children
xo'^Si-tehs'^e'^n
lost things

sat

on the

Tracing doctor, clairvoyant.

illnesses.

An

Indian doctor

who

and diagnoses

He

can't cure, and doesn't

do sucking
xo'^^i 'well,

doctoring, but can see secrets by closing his eyes and singing, using con-

dor feathers and a pipe.

thoroughly'
ti-s-'^in'^
-i-

[The one who

relative

looks thoroughly' <

te--s-'^in'^-i,

form of inanimate 3rd person of neuter

'be looking, gazing'.]

xoc'ine'^-inil-ya'^mil

Oregon grape (Berberis nervosea), a medicinal herb (text 38). ['What one trips up (people's) legs with' < xoc'in(ip 'one's legs' + mi-i 'with it' ya-=c'i-mil 'he throws them up', animate 3rd person imperfect of )'a=0-fH'j-m///m^A' 'throw O up (in a bunch)', with unmarked
-i-

inanimate 3rd person object

xoc'ine'^-yehkyiwilt'ow

-i-

'the

one who', relative enclitic]

to the knee;

Buckskin leggings, reaching

worn by
yeh=kyi-

men

to protect the legs while travelling

through brush (Goddard 1903: 18;

xo-c'ine'^ 'his legs'
'slip
-i-

text 62).

['What his legs are slipped into' <

something', with indefinite object

wi-l-t'ow-i, relative
side, into

form of passive of yeh=0-(w)-i-t'ow

(lc>i-).]

tightly in-

xoc'in'^-ce*d
xo-c'in'^

small black beetle.

['The one that farts toward someone' <

'it

'toward someone' + -ce-d

breaks wind,

farts'

-i-

/,'that

which',

relative enclitic]

xodisXo'nC^)

White cedar (Thuja

plicata, coast cedar). Port

Orford cedar.

[Unanalyzable noun.]
xodnan-din-milay'^

Hopkins Butte, a mountain to the south of the Klamath River, opposite Bluff Creek village, in Karuk territory (text 69). ['Bluff Creek peak' < xodnandirj 'Otsepor (the village opposite Bluff
-i-

Creek)'

mi-lay'^

'its

peak, summit'.]

Map C-30

xodnan-dii)
the

Otsepor, the easternmost Yurok village, on the south bank of

a mile

Klamath River about half

the
traditional

Creek,

border

downstream from the mouth of Bluff between Yurok and Karuk territory

[Contracted from xodinandiij 'the < xo-di-nan '(ground) is steep', arealsituational form of neuter di-na-n 'be sloped, tipped' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok '^o-cepor 'where it is steep'; Karuk 'Hniinach 'little crossing'.] Map C-29
text 69).

(Waterman 1920: 259, G-39;

is

place where (the ground)

steep'

xohxo-ce'l-dig

Willow Creek (the creek and the modern town, possibly The bench where the modern town stands was called yinaci-xa'tinid (q.v.). ['The place where (the creek) flows out at a cliff < xoh-xo 'steep place, cliff (element restricted to placenames) c'el, conalso an old village).
-i-

980

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

traded from c'e-=win-lin '(stream) flows out' + din

enclitic]

'at that

place', locative

Map

B-3

xohxo-3i-dii]
.

Ko'otep, the Yurok village at the white settlement of Pecwan (formerly known as Johnson's), a mile downstream from the Yurok village of Pecwan (qay'^kyisd-e'-kye'?) (Waterman 1920: 242-243, D-50). Many of the Yurok houses here were destroyed in the flood of 1862 and the families relocated in two settlements a short distance downstream (nin'^i-dah-sa'^an-dii] and t'anc*ir)-kyoh-dig). ['Small cliff place' < xoh-xo 'steep place, cliff (element restricted to placenames) + j/ 'little', diminutive enclitic + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok
ko'^otep, KsLUik

firipdmyuusah.]

Map C-13
[Unanalyzable noun.]

xolse*

Skunk (Mephitis

mephitis).

xol3eh3

Civet

cat,

small spotted skunk.

-j/

Synonym

for xol3e*-xi3.

['Little

skunk' < xol^e- 'skunk' +

xol3e*-xi3
that
is

'diminutive enclitic]

Civet

cat,

small spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis).

['Skunk
which',

spotted'

<

xol^e- 'skunk'

xij 'spotted, speckled'

'that

relative enclitic]

xotcay-taw

"Lion"; mythical animal with a ruff of fur around

its

neck,

like a lion's

mane.
P'

['The one that

is

around dry places' < xo-ni-i-cay 'dry

place' (areal-situational

form of descriptive neuter ni-i-cay 'be dry') + Pwhich', relative enclitic]

taw

'at,

among

'that

xotc^it-tah-t'an'^-nahsma'c'

Wild ginger (Asarum caudatum), a small plant

is

with heart shaped leaves.

c'il 'place

['The rosebud that

around wet places' < xo-iP'

that

is

moist, wet'

+ P-taw

'at,

among

t'an'^-nahsma-c'

'redbud'.]
xol-c'idye*n

sucking out a pain.

The dance that an Indian doctor (kyftct'aw) performs before The doctor stands in one place and dances in an easy

fashion, not lifting her feet but flexing her knees and sweeping her right

hand scoop-wise, palm up, sometimes with a pipe. ['(When) she doctordances with (the patient)' < xo-i 'with (the patient)' + c'i-d-ye'n-i, relative form of the animate 3rd person imperfective of (w)-d-ye-nlyin^ 'do the
doctor-dance'.
Historically, this verb

theme

is

connected with the noun

Win

'song' and originally

meant

'sing (shamanistically)'.]

xd-diyin (or xotdiyn) Sucking doctor; old term, now generally replaced by k-itc't'aw. A doctor at Hostler Ranch, who died in the late 19th century, was called xai-diyin-j 'little sucking doctor'. Because she was the sister of Senaxon, the owner of the xontah-niRya'w, the family was able to taboo the word after her death. ['Doctor-dancing person' < xo-i 'with (the patient)' di-ye-n 'doctor-dancing' + n 'person'.]
-i-

xo}idi-k>idilc*e*

Ruffed

grouse

(Bonasa

umbellus),
'a

locally

called
is

"pheasant".

['What makes a sudden noise' < xo-iid-i

sudden noise

Hupa
heard'

Texts: General Glossary

981
a
noise'

U>i-di-i-c'^e\

imperfective of kyi-di-(w)-i-c'^e' 'make

(theme found only

in this construction).]

xoticay'^-tina'Wi-kyehtca'n
light of

Dawn Maiden

(text 49).

['The

girl at the first

'girl,

dawn' < xoiicay-tina-Wi young woman'.]

xoiicay-tina'W

'the first light of

dawn' + U>ehica-ni

The first light of dawn. ['The whiteness of dawn that goes along' < xo-U-cay 'the whiteness of dawn' (LNs 8.4 and 39.29) + tinaW, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of ti-(s)-ya-W/ya- '(one) goes off,
along'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

xolxidi-3

medium
little

sized

fast-sliding

snake,

non-poisonous.

[Apparently 'the
place/situation
clitic.

slippery

place'

<

xo-ni-l-xid-i, relative
j/,

form of

form of neuter ni-i-xid 'be slippery' +

is

diminutive en-

This analysis

not certain.]

xon'^-dig

Fire pit; a small depression bordered with stones in the center of

a living house or a sweathouse,

'fire'
-I-

where a

fire

burned.

['Fire place'

<

xon"^

din 'place'.]

xon'^-na'^we*

the occasion for a public dance in

Brush Dance; a curing ceremony for a sick child as well as which both men and women participate

(Goddard 1903: 67-9; Curtis 1924: 29-30; Keeling 1992: 100-14; text It is held in a living house (xontah) with the top removed, or (in 12). more recent times) in a specially constructed dance pit. The atmosphere is more social than religious, although the singers are supposed to concentrate on the well-being of the child. The English name refers to the small bundles of brush that are carried by the male dancers as they enter the dance pit. ['(When) they wave fire around' < xon"^ 'fire' na=c'i-we-t-

'they

wave

(fire)

around', literally 'they carry (a pack) around', animate

(a

3rd person imperfective of na-=0-(s)-we-/we'^ 'carry

pack)

around',

with unmarked inanimate 3rd person object.]

xon'^-naVe--Wig
100-14).

Brush Dance songs (Goddard 1903: 68; Keeling 1992: of songs begins with a slow and solemn "heavy" song (mil-yehc'ina'W), which has no words and is sung only by men, followed

Each

set

by a "light" song (miq'eh-me'na'kyiwiltiw)

lighthearted or

in a faster

tempo, often with

mocking lyrics, which can be sung by any of the participants, including women. ['Brush Dance song' < xon'^-na'^we- 'Brush Dance' Win 'song'.]
-f-

xona't'aw*^
to

One's ghost; the

part of a

dead person which remains on earth

haunt the living (text 36).

['What (of him that) floats about' < xo-,

animate 3rd person possessor + P-na-t'aw-i'^, possessed noun based on na-=(s)-faw 'float around'; now also used for 'flag'.]
xona't'aw'^-na'^ay

A
treats

ta*n

doctor,

special

type

of

sucking

doctor

(knte't'aw)

who

people for headaches or nervousness by singing

982

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

songs he obtains from the ta'n (for the Yurok equivalent see Valory 1971:
37, fn.
1).
It is

difficult to

doctor this

way and only

do it. The patient was locked up five days in the opened and no dogs or visitors allowed. (Also called min'^day'^-c ig'^-x^a*Vne- and ta*n-x*a*-Vne*.) ['The one who has someone's ghost' < xona-t'aw"^ 'someone's ghost' + na-=c'i-'^a-, 3rdperson imperfective of na-=0(s)-'^a-Pa'^

few were trained to house. No doors were

a

'carry (a
/

round object) around', with unmarked inanimate 3rd

person object +
xonc^iW-wa'rj'^ay

'the

onewho',

relative enclitic]

Nose

plug; a bone or stick

the

ornament.

Not used by

worn through Hupas, but worn by Indians

the nose as

an

living further

Baumhoff 1958: 214). ['What sticks through one's nose' < xo-nc'HW 'his nose' + (mi-)wa'=win-'^a- '(a single object) extends through it' + / 'that which', relative enclitic]
north (Merriam, in

xonin-soh-3
mink-fur

The

small, white-spotted variety of

mink (Mustela vison)

an animal
guide
to

(see also te*wi-na*Wig'').

The guardian
27).

spirit

of a doctor, embodied in a
as

pipe-sack

(text

Serves
little

yima'ntiw'^winyay
face'

(text 57).

['The

one

that has a scratched face'

<
-j/

XO-, animate 3rd person posessor

-I-

+ P-nin-, combining form of

P-nin"^ 'P's
4-

sow, stem of 0-sow

'scratch, scrape (with an instrument)'

'small', diminutive enclitic]

xonirj'^-c'e'^itGeh-dig

<

Box Camp.
xo-nirj'^ 'his

['The place where he (customarily)

face'
-I-

sticks his face out'

c'e-=c'i-'^i-l-Ge-d,
-i-

animate 3rd
din
'at that

person customary of ch'e-=0-(n)Ge-d 'shove (a stick) out'

place', locative enclitic]
xonist'e*^

In the vicinity of

Map C-55

person that goes to the afterworld

nohq'id) (text 36).

One's body, substance, person, personality; the part of a dead (cindin-tah-dir}) or to heaven (dc-

What leaves

a person

when he goes

into a trance.

In

medicine formulas, the conscious actions of the institutor of the medicine:

'Let

him know about my person

(Winist'e'^)', i.e., let

him know how

in-

stituted this medicine.

['His person'

<

xo-, animate 3rd person possessor

P-nisfe'^ 'P's person', unanalyzable possessed noun.]

xonist'e'^-xa'^siliW-dii]

Hooker Ridge.
-i-

['The place that they carry bodies

-i-

up'

<

xo-nisfe^ 'their (dead) bodies, persons'

xa=c'i-si-liW 'one carlocative enclitic]

ries (several)

up

to the top'

din

'at that place',

Map
north

C-48
xonsah-dig

Former

village

on the east bank of the Trinity

at the

end of Hoopa Valley.

Sam Brown remembered one house

at this village,

and perhaps one sweathouse. Albert Montgomery's father's mother was raised there. Around 1860 the village moved to its present site from c^a'^ay-me'', nearby upstream, when the latter was washed out by hydraulic

mining

activity.

['Where (the river)

is

deep' < xo-n-sad '(water)

is

Hupa

Texts: General Glossary

983 + din

deep', areal-situational form of neuter ni-sa-d 'be distant, far, deep'

'at that place',

locative enclitic] [=
(2)

Yurok
a

"^oknul.

Map A-6

xonse*!

(1)

Sweat.

A
that

"heat";
is

kyixinay.

['Someplace
'(a

hot, heat'
hot',

neuter xo-ni-sei
hot'.]

place)

is

power given to a doctor by the < xo-n-sei-i, relative form of areal-situational form of si-sei 'be
ground, filled with hot rocks, then
lac-

xonsil-q'id

"Heat bed"; a

pit

dug

in the

covered over with earth, creating a steam-bath for treating bruises and
erations (texts 26 and 64).
hot'

['On the heat' < xo-n-sil-i

'heat,

something

P-q'id 'on P'.]

xonsR

Summer. [Reduced from xonsehi '(when)

is

it

is

hot'
hot'.]

<

xo-n-se'l '(a

place, time)

hot', areal-situational

form of si-sei 'be

xonsit-c^iw
to

A second name for the mourning dove (ma*yo*). Dove used gamble all winter. One time while he was gambling, someone told him his grandmother was dead. He said there would be plenty of time to cry next summer, and kept on playing. When summer came he cried, and we still hear him crying "^e-wa-g Wic'^o- 'Alas! My grandmother!' every sumc'^iw 'it mer. ['The one who cries in the summer' < xonsii 'summer' cries, weeps' + / 'the one who', relative enclitic]
-f-

xonsit-c'idilye*

The White Deerskin Dance, one of the two principal World Renewal ceremonies (c'idilye*) of the Hupa (Goddard 1903: 82-5; Curtis 1924: 31-3; Goldschmidt and Driver 1940). It is danced every two years, in August or early September, and lasts for the ritual number of ten days. The English name comes from the decorated albino deerhides (dilxi3licay) that are carried by the dancers. The most salient characteristic of the Hupa White Deerskin Dance is its procession through a number of dancegrounds in Hoopa Valley. The ceremony begins in the evening in front of the Big House (xontah-nikya'w) at ta'^kyimit-dir). On the second day it moves upstream to the danceground at Campbell Field (xowanq'id). On the third day the dance moves back downstream to ce*-mitah just below the mouth of Hostler Creek. On the fourth day the Boat Dance
(ta''^aUal) takes place, with dancers

on canoes floating about a mile

down

bank opposite misq'id. On the fifth day the dance proceeds downstream to Norton Field (c'ilan-dii)). On the sixth day, it moves back upstream to c'c'^indiGot'-dii], where the two ceremonial groups (ta'^kyimitx^e* and me'^dil-x^e*) camp on opposite sides of the river and spend the
the river to the

day

day the dance moves to a danceground a short distance downstream from c'ilan-dir), at the foot of Bald Hill. On the eighth day the dance climbs half way up Bald Hill to niltaca-lay'^, where the dancing continues through the night, reaching a
in feasting

and gambling.

On

the seventh

climax on the afternoon of the ninth day.

On

the tenth day the dancers

return to c'ilan-diij for a day of feasting and games.

After a 10-day inter-

984
mission, the

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Jump Dance (xay-cidilye*) is then held. ['Summer World Renewal ceremony' < xonsii 'summer' + c'idilye- 'World Renewal ceremony'.] [= Karuk sah-vuhviiha 'river World Renewal dance'.]
xonsit-c'idilye*-Wir)'^

White Deerskin Dance songs (Keeling 1992: 81-93). These are led by a single singer in the center (kyita*'^a*n), who kicks the ground as he sings, joined by two "helpers" in chorus, one on each side
The others together are called ya'^k>ita'^aw 'the singers'). accompany with he'^ he'^ and yells of ceh ce-w, while time is kept by stamping. The solo part is sung entirely in meaningless vocables, the appropriate style for a sacred context. ['White Deerskin Dance's songs' < -(ip, possessed xonsi-t-c'idilye- 'White Deerskin Dance' + Win 'song' noun formant.]
(the

three

(tehlq'id)

-i-

xontah (possessed form P-xontaw-(iP) (1) Living house, the principal dwelling in traditional times, where women and children slept and food and possessions were kept (Goddard 1903: 13-15 and plate 2, figure 1; Curtis 1924: 10-12). The typical house was built around an excavation
approximately five feet deep, roughly
12 feet square.

plank super-

structure (usually of cedar) extended several feet

excavation, with upright plank walls in the front

pitched roof.
(2)

beyond the edge of the and back and a doubleat the

temporary fence of upright planks erected

Jump

Dance danceground (xay-cidilye*) as a backdrop for the dancers. [Unanalyzable noun, but historically < *xon-, combining form of xon"^ 'fire' +
-taw 'among',
i.e.,

an encampment.]

xontah-mik>ine'^-dir)
rest

The back of a living house, where the wall-boards on the ground (text 62). Large objects were brought into and out of ['At the base of the house by removing one or more planks at the back. the house' < xontah 'living house' + mi-kyin-i"^ 'its base' din 'place'.]
-i-

xontah-nikya*w

The Big House;

the largest house in ta'^kyimit-dig, and in

vil-

traditional times the living

house of the most prominent family of the

1;

lage (Goddard 1903: 12-13, 82, and plate 12, figure

Curtis 1924, plate

facing

p.

12;

Goldschmidt and Driver 1940:

105; Kroeber and Gifford

The head of that family is the leader of the village (nigxa'^t'cTi) and inherits a number of ceremonial rights and obligations, most importantly the role of dance maker (c'idilye*-citc^e*). Since the World Renewal ceremonies must begin at the Big House, it is considered a
1949:
56).

ceremonial
"church".
k>a-w
'it is

site

(cideilye'-dirj)

and
is

is

often

referred

to

as

the

Hupa
-i-

[*The living house that

big'
-i-

big'

< xontah

'living house'

ni-

'the

one which', relative enclitic]

['The
flat

xonteht

Flat, prairie.
flat,

place'

< xo-n-tel,

areal-situational

form

of ni-tel 'be

wide'.]

Hupa
xontehl-me'^

Texts: General Glossary

985
at

The
its

principal village of the

Hayfork Wintu (Norelmuk),

1

the site of the

modem town

of Hayfork, on Hayfork Creek about

8 miles

where there is a prairie' < xo-n-tei 'flat, prairie' (areal-situational subtheme of ni-tei 'be flat, wide') + me'^ 'in it'.] [= Chimariko canqhoma; Wintu norelpom 'going south uphill place' (Bauman 1980: 22).] Map B-25
upstream from
junction with South Fork.
'In (the small valley)

xonteW-me'^

A Redwood Creek (x*iytq'id-x^e*) village

of the

Lower Red-

wood

(Chilula) division, on a large flat on the east side of the valley above

Lacks Creek.

"Charlie Beaver's father, a white man, used to be there"

(Goddard 1914a, site J; Baumhoff 1958: 206, site 23). ['In (the hollow) where there is a flat' < xo-n-tei 'flat, prairie' (areal-situational form of nitei 'be flat, wide') + me"^ 'in it.] Map D-19

xonteW-miwah

(or xontehl-migwah) A former village in Campbell Field, on the west side of the Trinity near the mouth of Campbell Creek (see text 73). ['Away from the flat' < xo-n-tei 'flat, prairie' (areal-situational form of ni-tei 'be flat, wide') + mi-wah (or mi-n-wah) 'away from it'.] Map A-

46 xonteW-taw

Coyote (Canis
11).

latrans).

Tricked by Frog

at

a dance, an epiat

sode in the origin story of the Flower Dance, said to have happened
Orleans (text

Married to Frog

(text 61).

['The one that

P'
-h /

is at

the flat'

< xo-n-tei
enclitic]

'flat, prairie'

+ P-taw

'at,

among

'the

one

that', relative

xonteW-3i-me''

The modern town of Hyampom, on South Fork at the mouth of Hayfork Creek, about 20 miles upstream from le-l-dig; also the mixed Hayfork Wintu (Norelmuk)-Chimariko village formerly on the same site (text 77). ['In (the small valley) where there is a little prairie' <
'flat, prairie'

xo-n-tei
-I-

(areal-situational
-i-

j/

'little',

diminutive enclitic

me"^ 'in

subtheme of ni-tei 'be flat, wide') it'.] [= Chimariko mayca 'flat,

field, river-bench';

Wintu xayin-pom 'Chimariko ground' (Bauman 1980:

22)]

Map B-24

xog'^xahW-dig
south bank

Merip, a mythologically important Yurok village on the

Weitchpec (Waterman 1920: 250, E-87).

six miles downstream from The people of Merip had the reputation of being sorcerers (kyidoijx^e*), and many of the places around The Hupas bethe village were considered supernaturally dangerous. lieved Merip to be the place where sickness (k^i-c'lnd) originated: in myth times, there was a house built in the village where all the sicknesses were kept. They were supposed to destroy it, but dust escaped and became our

of the Klamath River, about

present sicknesses (text 37).

lying like a

There

is

a rock in a cave
to

on Merip Mountain,

human

being, which
is

is

supposed

be the bad person

this cave,

who
it

made

sickness.

This rock

deadly poison.
that

You must

not stoop to drink

but must dip

from the creek (Merip Creek)

comes from

986
up, and
if

XTV Northwest

California Linguistics

you kick rocks near the cave you will bleed to death. Emma Frank said that her paternal grandfather was grazed by an arrow made from a rock from Merip and he died from the relatively superficial wound, while he had been shot through with bullets and had survived. ['xorj'^xahW place' < xorj'^xahW, unanalyzable element (possibly < xon"^ 'fire' + xaW, stem of the theme lc>i-xa-W 'net (with an A-frame net)', i.e.,
'netting fire"?)

+ din

'at that

place', locative enclitic]

[=

Yurok merip.]
top.

Map

C-21

xoijxog'^

type of edible

mushroom; orange, with "cream" on

tail

[Unanalyzable noun.]
xoq'id-dahk>is'^a*n

cap of

feathers,

bunched up, worn by men

in the

Kick Dance
one
q'id

(ciltal, text 29).

It is

made of

fringed buckskin strips, with

feathers stand

each fringe. This is sewn to a cap so that up and partly hang over. ['What lies on top of him' < xoRyi-s-'^a-n 'some (round object) lies 'on him' + dah 'above, on top'
tail-feather attached to
-i-i-

there'

'that

which', relative enclitic]

xos

Cough,

flu.

One

of the sicknesses (k>icind) that

came

to afflict

peo-

ple after being released

from a house

in

Merip (xog'^xahW-dig)
[Unanalyzable noun.]

(text 37).

[Noun stem.]
xosa'ky

Abalone

(Haliotis), abalone shell.

xosa^kyi-kya*^

Abalone-shell dress, worn by women at the Jump Dance and on other special occasions (Goddard 1903: 19 and plate 5). ['Abalone skirt' < xosaRyi 'abalone (shell)' + km"^ 'skirt'.]

xosa'g'^ay
carriers

whistle that

is

used

in the

White Deerskin Dance by the

1903,
plate
18,

flint

(xo3e*wan-na'^dil) (Goddard
It is

figure

4;

Gold-

schmidt and Driver 1940: 113).

ally is

about two inches long, and traditiontied with wild

made from

the leg

bone of a crane (xahslintaw) and

grass.

['What sticks into his mouth' < xo-sa-=win-'^a--i, relative form of P-

sa-=win-'^a- '(one object) extends into P's mouth', with animate 3rd person
indirect object.]

xosic'-mil

Freshwater mussel (Mytilus califomianus); mussel-shell spoon

1903: 29 and plate wedge-shaped' < xo-sic' 'his
in

used by

women (Goddard

16, figure
lip'
-i-

6).

['The one
is

whose

lip is thin,

mil-i 'what

thin,

wedge-shaped', stem found only

xotiway-q'id

compounds.]
1920:

Pactah, one of the three villages at Weitchpec, at the conflu-

ence of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers (Waterman

258,

G-24).

Pactah was on the high knoll between the Trinity and Klamath Rivers, overlooking the Trinity. Some of the families here were intermarried with the Hupa. ['On (the high ground) among them' < xo-tiwa--i 'what is among them' + P-q'id 'on P'.] [= Yurok pekwtui 'pile of rocks'.] Map C-26

Hupa
xotiway-k>oh-qid
nilin)
text

Texts: General Glossary

987

mountain bewteen Horse Linto Creek (xahslin-dinand the Trinity River, about 10 miles southeast of Hoopa Valley (see Presumably on or near Waterman Ridge. ['On the big (high 75).
is

ground) among them' < xo-tiwa--i 'what

augmentative enclitic + P-q'id 'on
xot'ina'n-dir)
P'.]

among them' +

k>oh 'big',

Map B-29

Wahsek, a Yurok village at the white settlement of Martin's Ferry, on the north bank of the Klamath River about a mile upstream from Kenek (c'ixolc*e--dii]) (Waterman 1920: 254, F-32). The village is situated on a bluff high above the river, where it was relocated from the steep slope below, ['xot'ina-ni place' < xot'ina-ni, unanalyzable element + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok wahsekw; Karuk xooxhirak.]

Map C-23
xowah-na'^kyita'^aw

The second

(or "light") kind of

Kick Dance song

(ciltal-Wig'^) (Keeling 1992:

114-16; texts 29 and 30).

beat than a "heavy" song, but otherwise the same.

these "light" songs,

Sung to a faster The doctor dances to

['What they sing
which',

but rests during

"heavy" ones.

alongside of her' <

xo-wah

'alongside of her'

na-=c'i-lcyi-ti-'^aw-i, ani-

mate 3rd person imperfective of na-=Uyi-(w)-'^aw

relative enclitic'.]

'sing'

-i-

'that

xowa*-na*na*Iwe*n

Medicine (kyima'w)
to

someone who wants an enemy

(mixa'c'e'^-xole'n)

remove hard feelings, for forgive him. If you kill a man this
to

medicine makes his relatives not so hard-feeling.

You burn
all

incense root

and sing a certain kind of song

-f-

night.

['What melts
'it

away from him' < xo-wa- 'away from him'

melted'
-t-

na-na=win-l-we-n

has

'that

which', relative eclitic]

Redwood Creek (x^iytq'id-x*e*) village, the northernmost xowani-q'id of the Lower Redwood (Chilula) settlements. It was about 10 miles upstream from Orick, a mile east of Redwood Creek on a small flat, south of the ridge along which the trail to Trinidad used to run. "Tom Hill's oldest brother used to live at this village, which was deserted many years ago,
probably because of
its

nearness to the
1).

trail"

(Goddard

1914a,

site

A;

Baumhoff 1958: 205,

element
-i-

site

['On

xowanV < xowani-, unanalyzable

P-qid 'on

P'.]

Map D-4

xowag-q'id

Campbell Farm, Kentuck Ranch; the principal village in Campbell Field, on the west side of the Trinity at the site of the Van Vleet lumber mill. The first day of the White Deerskin Dance is held at the danceground here. Sam Brown remembered four living houses at xowarjq'id,

but didn't

remember any of

their

names.
private

[Analysis usually denied,

but apparently 'on (the place that resembles) someone's vulva' < xo-wo-n

'toward her', a euphemism for

[=

'her

parts'

Ywrok py ewe g-ei 'World Renewal ceremony

place'.]

+ P-qid 'on Map A-45

P'.]

988
xowidiligy
ligy,

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

story, telling, account.

['What has been related' < xo-wi-d-

passive of xo-(w)-ligy 'relate (a story)'

'that

which', relative en-

clitic]

xose'wan-na'^dil

Flint carriers;

the four

dancers

who

carry

the

large

in the White Deerskin Dance (Goddard 1903: 84 and plate 30; Curtis 1924: 32; Goldschmidt and Driver 1940: 109-10 and plate 1, figure a). These blades are valuable symbols of wealth, owned by prominent families, but the actual owners are not necessarily the

ceremonial obsidian blades

ones

who

carry them.

Two

flint carriers

walk toward and past one another

in front

of the line of dancers, keeping time with the beat of the song.

Each holds a red obsidian blade (ce*l-nehwa*n) at arm's length in front of his eyes and blows on a whistle (xosa*i]''ay). After three songs they take up positions at one end of the line of dancers, holding their obsidians flat against their abdomens, while a second pair of flint carriers dance in front
of the line holding black obsidian blades (to*-nehwa*n).

['The ones

who

go around
in front
'to,

in front of (the line of dancers)'

(

< xo-^e--wan

'to their chests,

of them'

<

xo-, animate 3rd person indirect object

for P's front, chest',

-I-

presumably from

P-je"^- 'P's chest, heart'

71.18)

P-wa-n
/

'to,

for P'

na-=c'i-dil '(two or

+ P-^e-wan (LN more) are around, go

around'

-t-

'those who', relative enclitic]

x^e'de'^itoy

Bone

hairpins with both ends sharpened,

prevent their hair from being seized by an

68).

bundle of these
the hair

worn by warriors to enemy (Wallace 1949: 77; text sharpened bones were woven together and thrust
tight,

through

knotted

either

at

the

top

or

in

the
-loy'^.

rear.

[Unanalyzable derivation from an otherwise unattested theme

sibly connected to

Pos-

P-e=0-(s)-ioy
Hills

'tie

to P'.]

x^iytq'id

on the east side of Redwood Creek, and by extension the entire Redwood Creek valley. There are variant pronunciations

The Bald

xoyiq'id and

according to Merriam (in Baumhoff 1958: 203) faUpper Redwood and Lower Redwood dialects respectively. [Apparently x'Hyi-q'id 'up on x'^iyV < xHyi (? < *xoyH), unanalyzable element + P-q'id 'on O'.] [= Yurok culu.]
x'^e'iq'id,

vored

in the

x^iytq'id-x^e*

The "Redwoods",

the Whilkut and Chilula; the people of

Redwood Creek from its headwaters to the boundary of Yurok territory a few miles above Orick. Because of the dense redwood forest along the northern part of Redwood Creek, many x*iylq'id-x*e* villages and campsites in that area were located as much as a mile from the river, on the high grassy slopes to the east (Goddard 1914a). People downstream from the village of qa*xis-tah-dir} (x*iytq'i-yide'^-x*e*, "Lower Redwood") were permitted to have a peripheral role in the Hupa and Yurok World Renewal
ceremonies
(cidilye*), while

those further upstream (x^iyJqi-yinaG-x^e*,

In

"Upper Redwood") were excluded.

the ethnographic

literature

the

Hupa

Texts: General Glossary

989

former are called "Chilula" (from Yurok culu-la), while the Hupa-derived term "Whilkut" is used only for the x*iytq'i-yinaG-x*e* (of. Goddard
1914a; Wallace 1978).
tact

This

is

merely a scholarly convention;

in

precon-

Yurok culu-la and Hupa x*iytqid-x^e* were synonymous (Baumhoff 1958: 202). The Hupa speech of the x*iytq'id-x*e- was shallowly differentiated from that of the Hupas along the Trinity River, and there were some differences between downstream and upstream varieties (Goddard 1914b), although Merriam (in Baumhoff 1958: 203) reports
times

language is uniform throughout Redwood Creek Valley except one or two slight differences of pronunciation." ['Those who are at the Bald Hills' < x'^iytq'id 'Bald Hills, Redwood Creek valley' + xo, locative enclitic + -e- 'the ones who are (there)', emphatic relative enclitic] [=
that "the

for

Yurok culu-la 'Bald

x^ylq'i-yide'^-x^^e*

Hills-people'.]

The people of
to

the

"Lower Redwood"

villages, called

"Chilula" in the ethnographic literature (from Yurok culu-la; see x^iylq'id-

Goddard (1914a) the furthest upstream of these was Merriam (in Baumhoff 1958: 207), however, assigns this village and the next one below (mis-me*^) to the "Upper Redwood" group (x^iytq'i-yinaG-x^e-) and places the boundary about three miles downstream, near Minor Creek. The main trails from the Klamath
x*e*).

According

the village of q'a'xistah-dig;

River and Hoopa Valley to the coast passed through Lower

ritory,

Redwood

ter-

and contacts were frequent. People from x*iytqi-yide'^-x*e- villages were welcome at the Hupa White Deerskin Dance and Jump Dance and
to take part in the

were allowed
footing as

ceremony on approximately the same While they had no World Renewal ceremonies of their own, they were believed to have possessed them at one time in the past. ['Those who are from downstream in the Bald Hills' < x'^iyiq'id 'Bald Hills, Redwood Creek valley' yi-de'^ 'downstream' xo,

Yurok and Karuk

visitors.

-i-

-i-

locative enclitic

-i-

-e-

x*iy*q'i-yinaG-x^ethe ethnographic

who are (there)'.] The "Upper Redwood" villages,

'the

ones

called "Whilkut" in
to

literature

(see x*iytq'id-x*e*).
territory

According

(1914a) Upper
(in

Redwood
to

began above

q'a*xistah-dii);

Goddard Merriam
one
to

Baumhoff 1958:

207), however, assigns this village and the next

below (mis-me'^)

them. The Hupas considered the Upper

Redwoods

be uncouth, a status they shared with the Chimariko (yinahcin), with

whom
to

they were sometimes classed (see text 77).

in the

They were not allowed

if

dance

Hupa World Renewal ceremonies;

at the

they came, they could

look on from a distance,

edge of the danceground.

they also
south",
(

Merriam

(in

Baumhoff 1958: 203) states Ching'-ching-e'-nok "Prairie

P-c'iri^

that

called

themselves

'Klo-ke

place

apparently

Ko-q'i-c'iif-c'iif-i-

yinac 'toward the prairie side upstream'

'toward P' + yi-nac-i 'upstream').

<

Xo-q'i 'prairie'

c'irf 'side'

-f-

['Those

who

are

from upstream

990
in the

XIV Northwest
Bald
Hills'

California Linguistics

<

x'^iyiqid 'Bald Hills,

-e-

'upstream' + xo, locative enclitic +

ya*^

'the

Redwood Creek ones who are

P-ya'^-i'^)

valley'

yi-nac-i

(there)'.]

(possessed form:

P-a'^a'^,

contracted from

head louse); any

ya'^alcay

parasite.

See ya'^atcay 'body louse'.

Body

louse.

['White louse'

<

ya'^i

'louse'

Louse (specifically [Noun stem.] + H-cay 'it is white'.]

yahsi-me'^
(text 9;

Goddard 1904: 270-274).

Alternate

mountain between Willow Creek and Redwood Summit [Possibly < yah^i '(where) there is

snow' +

me'^ 'in (the valley, hollow)'.]

ya*''atk>ili-qid

name

for the lake at the

head of Horse Linto

it it

Creek

(cf.

tahyiditRyid).

['On (the high place) where

'it

(customarily)
to pieces'

tears things to

P-q'id 'on P'.]

ya*'^asq'oi]''
q'on"^ 'fish

pieces' < ya-='^ii-Uyil Map B-27

(customarily) tears

Lice eggs.

[Unanalyzable derivation from

ya"^ 'louse'

and

eggs, roe'.]

ya'dimil
sticks

The

"ball" or "tossel" in the stick

game

about 5 inches long tied together with a

'what gets flung up
(in the stick

two round thong buckskin (Goddard

(kyiticis);

1903: 60 and plate 19, figure 4; Curtis 1924: 17).

up',
i.e.,

['What fling themselves

game)' < ya-=di-mil-i, relative of

inanimate 3rd person of ya-=(w)-d-mil/me-K '(several objects in a bunch)

throw themselves upward'.]

ya*xo*'^aW

The

distinctive

jumping or hopping
text 2).

step of the

Jump Dance
set

(Goddard 1903: 86; Curtis 1924: 33-4;

kets (na'^wehs), join hands, and

At the conclusion of a
their

of songs (xay-cidilye'-Wig*^) the dancers lay

down

ceremonial bas-

jump

violently with both feet.

['(When)

they

jump

up'

< ya=xo-'^aW-i,

relative

form of inanimate 3rd person im-

perfective of ya'=xo-(w)-'^aWPa'n '(several)

jump

up'

(LN

2.23).]

yehcital

travelling through the

9).

Moccasins made from buckskin, with elk-hide woods and fields (Goddard 1903:
used for shoes.

soles,

used

when
1924:

18; Curtis

Now

['What one steps into' < yeh=c'i-tal-i, relative

'step inside,

form of animate 3rd person imperfective of yeh=(w)-tal/ta-X

into something'.]

yehkyiwilda'^

Soapstone bowl of a tobacco pipe (RyigVgya'n) (Goddard

figure 5).

1903, plate 17, esp.

inside'

['What (living being) has been

made

to

sit

<

yeh=Uyi-wi-l-da'^-i, passive of yeh=0-{w)-i-da'^ 'cause (a living

sit

being) to

inside, seat

inside', with indefinite object {Uyi-).\

yehna'^kyili3-Wa*'^

Month name. See under

feathers

minir).
tail

yehna-lce'd

plume of white

from the

of a

hawk (kyiya'Wxo-

minah-xole-n), about 12 to 18 inches long, worn by dancers in various

ceremonies (Goddard 1903, plate 29; Goldschmidt and Driver 1940, plate Pieces from the neck of the hummingbird (ko*so*s) are 3, figure d).

sometimes sewn on.

['What

is

stuck back

in'

< yeh-na-=wi-l-Ged-i,

rela-

Hupa
live

Texts: General Glossary

991

form of passive of yeh=0-(w)-i-Ged 'shove

(a stick-like object) in',

with iterative/re versative modifier {na-=).]

yehwilin-dig
east

A village at the southern end of the Trinity canyon, on the bank of the river. ['Where (the river) enters (the canyon)' < yeh=win-lin 'it flows in' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] Map A-2

yehwilxit'
ting fish
in'

Obsidian knife, hafted to a

split

wooden

handle, used for cut-

and roots (Goddard 1903, plate 3, figures 4-5). ['What is slipped < yeh=wi-l-xit'-i, relative form of passive of yeh=0-(w)-i-xid/xit'

'cause

to slip in', with

unmarked inanimate 3rd person

object.

yice'^n-e*-q'i-c'ii)

west of noleh-dir) in

(Goddard 1914a, downhill on the opposite

q'i(d)-c'ifj

Redwood Creek (x*iyJq'id-x*e*) acorn-gathering Redwood Creek valley, about halfway up the camp 3; Baumhoff 1958: 205, site 3). ['At a
side'

place ridge place

<

yi-cin'^-e(?).]

'downhill

at that place'

+ P-

'on the opposite side from P'

Map D-6
village of the

yice'^ni-nig'^ay-q'id

A Redwood Creek (x^iylq'id-x*^e*)

"It is said that

Lower

Redwood

(Chilula) division, located half a mile east of the creek,

ridge south of Coyote Creek.

This was the village of Mrs.

on the Oscar Brown's

mother's father.
that
it

Tom

Hill's father lived at this village

and

was occupied at the time the White people came" (Goddard 1914a, Baumhoff 1958: 205, site 14). ['On the ridge that extends downhill' < yi-cin'^-i 'downhill' nin-'^a'-i 'the (ridge) that extends to there' + P-q'id 'on P'.] Map D-12
site F;
-i-

yice'^ni-xohc'indit-dii)

Blue Lake; where the

trail

from the

interior reaches
>'/-

the lower
cin'^-i

Mad

River.

['The place where they go downhill westward' <

'down toward the water, westward' + xoh=c'i-n-dil, animate 3rd perdin

'at that place',

son imperfective of xoh=(w)-dil/de-X '(two or more) go downhill (to the

bottom)'
yida'c'in
-I-

locative enclitic]

Map D-32

River).
c'in

The Yuroks; people from downstream (along the Klamath k>'ina'^. ['People who come from downstream' < yida-'coming from downstream' + ni 'people', collective plural (LN 1.2).]
See also

yida'c'in-dinan-dir)

Weitchpec Butte

(Burrill Peak, Rivet

Mountain).

high mountain peak to the north of Weitchpec, of considerable mytho-

(Waterman 1920: 256, G-2). A mythic village lies on many stories are told, most of them involving a handsome and powerful young man (Yurok kewec). text 69 is a Hupa version of one of these. ['The place that slopes toward us from downdin stream' < yi-da--c'in 'coming from downstream' di-nan 'it slopes' 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Yurok kewet; Karuk iknuumin.] Map C-27
logical sugnificance
its

slopes about which

-i-

-i-

yida'c'in-kyitidmat'
that

Lewis woodpecker (Asyndesmus flaps along from downstream' < yi-da-c'in 'in

lewis).
this

'The one

direction

from

992

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

downstream' + U>i-ti-d-mat\ indefinite subject 'flap along' + / 'the one that', relative enclitic]
yida*c'in-te''il

(/:>7-j

form of ti-(s)-d-mat'

Seal,

sea lion

(Zalophus californianus). Tusks used for

(yida*c'in-te''il kyeWca'nii))

"hooks"

(k>iwo'') headdress.

The Seal-Maiden

who lives at Orick Hill creates a love medicine (text 45). ['The ones that swim along here from downstream' < yi-da-c'in 'in this direction from downstream' + ti-'^il 'they swim along', inanimate 3rd person imperfective of ti-(s)-'^il '(two or more) swim along' + / 'the ones that', relative enclitic]

yidaGe*-qay'^-na*'^alid-dig

A Karuk

village near the site of

Happy Camp,

on the west bank of the Klamath River at Indian Creek, near the upstream boundary of Karuk territory (Kroeber 1936: 30; Bright 1957: 456, no. 89).

['Up country where basket sticks always

bum

up'

<

yi-dac-e- 'at that

place uphill, up-country'

q'ay"^

'(basketry sticks)' (element found only in

compounds) +

na-='^i-lid,

inanimate 3rd person customary of of (w)-lid

'burn, combust', with iterative/reversative modifier (na-=)

place', locative enclitic] [=

+ din

'at that

Karuk ^athith-uuf

'hazel withe-creek'.]

Map

C-42
yidace'-xodnan-dig
part of

Inam, a ceremonially important village in the upper Karuk territory, on the west side of the Klamath River at the mouth of Clear Creek (Kroeber 1936: 30; Bright 1957: 456, no. 22). A White Deerskin Dance was held there. ['Up country where (the ground) is steep' xodinandirj 'the place < yi-dac-e- 'at that place uphill, up-country' where (the ground) is steep'; cf. xodnan-dir).] [= Karuk innaam 'World Renewal place'; Yurok okonile'^l.] Map C-41
-i-

yidaci-dahwintal
['It

second, descriptive
tree)'

keeps jumping upward (on the

-i-

name for the jay (kyistay'^-c^ig). < yi-dac-i 'uphill, upward (on a
n before -ia-d
is

tree)'

dah=wi-l-iai, inanimate 3rd person progressive of dah=(w)-l-ia'd

/-classifier to

'jump up'. (The dissimilation of

istic

character-

of this theme.)]

yidaGi-Je*da'^a*-dig

In the

upper corner of a living house (xontah). ['Up

where

(the roof)
-i-

comes

together'

< yidaci

'up, uphill'

-J-

i-e-=di-'^a-

'it

ex-

tends together'
yidaGi-^e*na*l-dii]

din 'the place where'.]

ence of

Denny; or the confluTrinity Summit. [ContTSiCted from yidaGi-ienawilindirj' up-country where the streams flow i-e-na=win-lin, into one another again' < yi-dac-i 'uphill, up-country'
forks of

The

New

River, above

New

River and Virgin Creek, not far from

-f-

impersonal extension neuter P-e-=win-lin '(stream) flows to P', with reciprocal indirect object
din
'at

(ii-)

that

place',

locative

enclitic]

and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=) + [= Chimariko qha'^a-yawismu-ce

20)]

'rock goes across place'

(Bauman 1980:

Map B-20

Hupa
yidaci-nilini-qeh

Texts: General Glossary

993
its

An

alternative term for

New

River and

people

(cf.

yinaGi-nilini-q'eh).
'uphill,

['Along the stream (that flows) up-country' < yi-dac-i

nilini 'creek,

up-country' +

stream (that flows)' + P-q'eh 'along P,

following after P'.]

yidahcin

The Shastas of
the upper

Scott River and Scott Valley, and sometimes the

Konomihu of
like

Salmon River
['People
-i-

(c'e*yixodi-q'eh).

They were

also

referred to (derogatorily)

as k>'ila-g>ah-q'i-c'idilwa-W 'those

who
(LN

chatter

acorn woodpeckers'.

who come from

uphill, up-country'

<

yidah-c'in 'coming from uphill'

yidahc'in-ce'-q'id-ya*g'^ay

ni 'people', collective plural

1.2).]

Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Also Flower Dance; chases race (text 11). ['The grey squirrel who comes from up-country' < girl in yi-dah-c'in 'in this direction from uphill' + ce'-q'id-ya'ij'^ay 'grey squirrel'.]
called mic^a*n'^-taUa*n.
Participant in the original

yidah-dig
place'

The downriver section of < yi-dac 'uphill' din 'at that

-i-

ta'^kyimii-dig (see text 77).

place', locative enclitic]

['Uphill

Map A-30

yide'^-ninisVn-nG'rj'^a'-dig

The northwest edge of

the world,

downstream ocean
64).

(the Pacific) reaches to (toward the north) (texts

yi-de'^

['Where the world extends to downstream' <

-f-

where the 57 and 'downstream'

-i-

ninis'^a-n-i 'world, earth, country'

no-=win-^a-

'(a single object)

extends

to that point, reaches that far'

-i-

din 'the place where'.]

in

yide'^-xa'^asdit-dig
trail to

Bald Mountain,

Redwood Creek

country, on the

the coast.

['The place that they customarily go up downstream'

-i-

<

yi-de"^

'downstream'
din

xa=-c'i-'^i-s-dil 'they

(customarily) go up to the

top'

-I-

'at that place',

locative enclitic]

Map D-45
Creek, near Martha Ziegler's

yikyiGa*n-dig
place.

A village on New River at Big

['The place where dogs bark (in hunting)' < yi-Uyi-ca-n-i, relative

form of imperfective of the impersonal theme yi-Kyi-(w)-Ga-n 'dogs bark in hunting' + din 'at that place', locative enclitic] [= Chimariko hime hakuce (Bauman 1980:
yima'n'^dil
19).]

Map B-16
< yi-man-i
alternate

White man, white people. [Contracted from yiman-na'^dil 'the

across (the ocean)'
-i-

ones

who go around

'across (the ocean)'

\-

na-=c'i-dil 'they

go around'

'the

ones who'.]

yima'n-e'-kyiwarjxoya'n
tiw'^winyay.
(the river,

-e-

Transformer;
is

name

for

yiina*n'across

['The old

man who
'who

across (the ocean)'

(there)',

< yi-ma'n

ocean)'

is

emphatic relative

enclitic

Uyiwarjxoyan-i 'old man'.] [= Karuk ithyaruk-pihriiv < ithyanik 'across

the water'

pihriiv 'widower';

Yurok wohpekumew < wohpekw

'across

the sea'

+ "^umew 'widower'.]

yima*n-e*-kyiwai]xoya*n-xoyehcitaP
latum).

Ladyslipper (Cypripedium fascicushoes'

-i-

['The
-i-

Transformer's

<

yima-n-e--kyiwaijxoyan-i

'Transformer'

xo-, Srdperson possessor

yeh-ci-tal-i 'shoe, moccasin'

994
+
-(ip,

XIV Northwest
possesed noun formant.

California Linguistics

Presumably a near caique on the English

term.]

yima*ni-yinaG

See de*-nohot-yima*ni-yinaG.

yima'n-sile'^n (or yima*n-silin'^-dii])

Springtime. See also

dar)*^.

['(When)
has

becomes become' +
it

across'
/

< yi-ma-n-i

'across (the river, ocean)'

+
is

si-lin"^ 'it

'that which', relative enclitic.

The metaphor

obscure.]

yima'n-tiw'^winyay
beings (k>ixinay)
its

The Transformer;

the principal deity of the

(Goddard 1903: 74-6; Curtis 1924: 26-7).

He was one of
it

the

Hupas pre-human

who

inhabited the world while

human

inhabitants (cixolc^c-daij''),
it.

was being prepared for and he took a major role in rebeings, yima'n-tiw'^winyay trav-

structuring
elled

On

the arrival of

human

Klamath and was 'lost' across the ocean to the west, whence his name. Much of Hupa mythology concerns the actions of yima'n-tiw'^winyay, and a good many of the episodes have trickster themes (e.g., text 57). Although the equivalent figure in Karuk mythology is identified with Coyote, yima'n-tiw'^winyay (in common with the other k^ixinay) has no animal characteristics. The equivalent figure in Yurok mythology is also anthropomorphic and is called an old man or "widower" (wohpekumew), the translation of which is a secondary name for the Hupa deity (yima*n-e*-kyiwagxoya*n). To the Hupas, Coyote (xonteht-taw) is a completely different character, confined to comic stories of no mythic significance, and the same is true for the Yurok. ['He who went astray across (the ocean)' < yi-ma-n-i 'across (river, ocean)' + tithe

down

n=c'i-win-ya', animate 3rd person perfective of ti-n=(w)-ya-W/ya- '(one)

goes astray, becomes

yima'Di-yide*^

lost'

'the

one who',

relative enclitic]

See de*-nohot-yiina*ni-yide'^. yinaci-c'isday A supernatural dwarf with a long

controls the distribution of
all

beard

who

is

believed to
5).

look after the acorn crop (Goddard 1903: 77; 1904: 157-61; text

He

kinds of food (nuts, acorns, salmon), and

it.

can also cause starvation by withholding

tiny bits of every kind of food;

He

is

continually traveling
(3e*lo'^-3)

and always carries a pack of acorns and a treasure basket

them.

with

these grow magically when he scatters Crows go after him to spill his acorns, to make them more abundant in the coming year. He watches the world, but except in unusual circumstances people can't see him (text 71). A priest used to dress up as yinaci-cisday during the Acorn Feast (no'^kyigxa'n) (Goddard 1903: 81; Kroeber and Gifford 1949: 58). ['The one who lives upstream' < yi-naci 'upstream' c'i-s-da- 'he stays, dwells' + i 'the one who', relative enclitic]
yinaGi-nilini-q'eh

New River, and the tribelet of bilingual HupaChimariko people who lived along it, sometimes known as the "Chimalakwe" (Silver 1978: 205) (see also q'alcahsn). The villages or

Hupa
camps along
mouth),
kyilan-dir),

Texts: General Glossary

995
at

New

River included ce*-miyeh (Doctor Tom's village,

yikyiGa*n-dii],

the

dahand yidaGi-te*na*l-dig. Higher up on New River in the Trinity Summit area, and across into the Salmon River drainage, was the territory
q'iW-dig,

cVna-dahW-dir),

Xo'^-nehs-dig,

of the

"New

River Shasta" (Xoh-mitah-x^e*).

['Along the stream (that

stream (that flows)'

flows) upstream'

< yi-nac-i 'upstream' +

following after
P'.] [=

nilini 'creek,

+ P-q'eh 'along

P,

Chimariko calita-som 'Ironside

the world,

Mountain-upstream'.]
yinaGi-ninisVn-no*i)V-dii)

The southeast edge of

is

where the

Trinity and South Fork have their headwaters at the (mythical) upstream

ocean
to

(texts

57 and 64).
all

Near here

lived and hoarded

the varieties

where Salmon's Grandmother of salmon. ['Where the world extends

a lake

upstream' < yi-naci 'upstream' + ninis'^an-i 'world, earth, country' +

no-=win-'^a- '(a single object) extends to that point, reaches that far'
'the place where'.]

+ din

yinaGi-no*mice'^-dii)
the

major Redwood Creek (x^iytqid-x*e*) village of

Lower Redwood

(Chilula) division, near the

Howard

ranch.
tales

"Former
by both

large and important village, often the

21).

mentioned

in

myths and

Hupa and
['The

Chilula" (Goddard 1914a,

place

site I;
its

upstream

to

which

Baumhoff 1958: 206, site head extends' < yi-nac-i

3rd person
indirect

'upstream' + no-=mi-ce'^, inanimate 3rd person imperfective of no'=P-(w)ce^ 'extend P's head to there', with inanimate

ob-

ject/possessor {mi-)
yinaGi-no*ta*>Ca*

+ din

'at that

place', locative enclitic]

It is

Map D-18
is

(Village at?) Big Lagoon.

not clear whether this

'

synonym

for ca'qita'kye*^ (qv.).

['Upstream

...

< yi-nac 'upstream' +

notaKa' 'unanalyzable element'.]

yinaGi-xa'tinid

town of Willow Creek now stands (see also xohxo-c'e*I-dii)). [< yi-naci 'upstream' + xa-tinid, element of uncertain analysis, possibly xa--tini-d 'the place where the trail goes up'.] Map B-3

The bench where

the

yinahcin

The Chimariko; the people who lived upstream from the Hupa on the Trinity River and its tributaries (South Fork and New River). There were three Chimariko-speaking (or bilingual Hupa-Chimariko) tribelets:
(1)

on the main Trinity

at

south along the South Fork (k'l-x^e*); and (3) along

nilini-q'eh).

Burnt Ranch (ce*nig-x*e-); (2) from Salyers New River (yinaGi(1)

Merriam

(in

Baumhoff 1958: 210) considers

this is

and

(2)

to

be the same group ("Tsa-nung-wha"), but

tion.

probably a misinterpreta(in particular

Hupa was spoken

of these areas.

(probably as a second language by most speakers)

to

in all

According
there

some sources

Merriam

in

Baumhoff 1958: 210)

South Fork as were few. The vivid description

were villages further up the Trinity (and well?) where only Chimariko was spoken, but if so they
in

Powers (1877: 72-73, 92), although

996

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

probably overstated, indicates that the tiny Chimariko speech community

was being overwhelmed by Hupa

the

at the

time of contact.
['People

The yinahc'in

were considered brave fighters and on

at least

one occasion were hired by

Hupas

to attack a

Yurok

village (text 77).

who come from

upstream' < yinah-c'in 'coming from upstream' + ni 'people', collective

plural

(LN

1.2).]

yinahcin-ta*g'^ay-q'id. See ta*g'^ay-q'id.

yineh-taw

Edible bulbs of various plants of the

lily

family, in particular

soaproot; "Indian potato" (Goddard 1903: 30).

Now

used for the

culti-

vated potato.

['What

is

among
11.1)

(things) underground'

'underground', see
relative enclitic'.]

LN

+ P-taw-i

'at,

< yiniw ( < nin-yiw among P' + / 'that which',

yiniw-na*kyidmo*t'
yiniw-i

(< nin-yiw 'underground',

up'

Mole (Scapanus). ['What mounds up underground' < see LN 11.1) + na'=Uyi-d-mo't' 'it
which', relative enclitic]

mounds

'that

yiniw-na'lto'^n

mythical bird with spikey wings.

(

['What jumped un-

derground' < yiniw-i

l-ton'^ 'it

< nin-yiw 'underground', see

which', relative enclitic]

LN

11.1)

+ na-=win-

jumped'

-i-

'that

yisincig-q'eh

The South Fork of

the Trinity, and the people

along
hill'

it

(see te*l-x*e*).

<

yisin-c'in

'along P,
yo'^n

['Along (the stream) coming from the 'coming from the west, downhill' (LN 11.58) + P-q'eh following after P'.] [= Chimariko hacukuce.]

who lived west, down-

opposite side of the

on the from the entrance (Goddard 1903: 15). This was the place of honor, where men were seated; women sat near the door.
In the far

comer of

the house pit in a living house (xontah),

fire pit

[Locative adverb of

unknown

derivation.]
['Little

3iwahslay

Shelled acorns; acorn kernels with the shell removed.

lie

(acorns) that

cracked open' < ji-wa-=s-la--i, diminutive of ^i-wa'=s-

la-i, see note 21.11.]

3eh-kyiya-ce'

Pitchwood torch,
-i-

used

in

the

Brush Dance

(text

12).

[Apparently from je-w 'pitch'

Uyi-ya-c'-e"^,

an otherwise unattested noun

stem {ya-d) with indefinite possessor

i-i').]

{Uyi-}

and possessed noun formant

3eh-ya*n

large greyish-brown cricket,

['Pitch eater'

found

in the

mountains

among
eats'.]

the acorn groves.

3e*lo''

< Jew
lid,

'pitch'

+ yan-i

'the

one who

Large storage basket, with

1903:
'eel pot'.

household goods (Goddard

?CiWxa*n-mi3eio'^
tip

used for storage of blankets and 42-43 and plate 23-1). See also
see also kyixalo'^

[Unanalyzable noun; possibly from ^e-lo"^ 'the

lid;

of the breast, nipple', referring to the shape of the

'deer-hoof'.]

Hupa
3e*lo''-dir)

Texts: General Glossary

997

Amaikiaram, a large and important Karuk village on the west side of the Klamath River, opposite the mouth of Ike's Creek (Kroeber
1936: 33; Bright 1957: 456, no.
85; text 41).

['Storage basket place'

enclitic]

^eio"^ 'storage basket'

+ din 'at that place', locative '^ameekydaraam 'salmon making place'; Yurok "^enek.]

[=

< Karuk
lid,

Map C-37

3e*lo'^-3

Treasure basket; a small or medium-sized storage basket, with

['Small
storage basket'

used for storing valuables (Goddard

1903 plate 27; Curtis 1924: 22-23

and plate opposite

'storage basket'
-i-

p.

24;

text

77).

< ^eio^
floats

j/,

diminutive enclitic]
(3Co*q'i-da''k>'a*w).
-i-

3e*nah-na*lah

Second name for the kingbird

['It

around up

in the air'

< ^e'nah

'up in the

air'

na-=lad, inanimate 3rd

person imperfective of na-=(s)-la-d

3e*nis

'float around'.]

Day, daytime

(as distinct

from

night).

[Unanalyzable noun.]

Scnogy
way,

(or 3e*nogy, diminutive)

Snail.

[Unanalyzable noun.]
her hair grow out half-

3e*r)'^kyilay

A widow (kyisdiya'n-c^irj) who has let

married
again
(text

in a "dutch-cut", signifying that she is in love with a

18,

intends to get

note

[e]).

[Contracted

new man and from

^e-na^Uyi(wi)lay 'the one

i,

who

parts her hair again'

<

^e'-na-=c'i-Uyi-(w)-la--

relative

form of animate 3rd person perfective of ^e-=0-(w)-liWlla'.

'move

(several things) apart', with indefinite object {Uyi-) referring to hair,

and iterative/reversative modifier {na-=).]

3ime*l (or 3imei, with diminutive consonant symbolism)
(Sceloporus, scaly lizard).
Sime'l-mikye*^

type of lizard

[Unanalyzable noun.]
the narrowest braid
tail'

A type of knot (no*lye*c');

['Lizard's

of a buckskin apron (cag).

tail'.]

< ^imel

'lizard'

on the fringe + mi-kye"^ 'its

skin)'

3iwa*kyisdixit'

Ripe

nuts.

['What has

slid apart,

loosened (from

its

(LN

69.30).]

Kinship Terminology

P-a*di (-a*d)

P's older sister

P-dehch

P's younger sister

P-a*di-c^in (-a-dic^ig)

P's

P-Rya'yi (-kya*y)

P's (woman's)

paternal aunt, father's sister

daughter's child
P-kyili (-kyil)

P-an-c*in (-anc^ig)

P's mother

P's younger

P-an-c^in + wi-l-c^e*n-i (-anc^ii)

brother.

wilc^cn)
['P's

P's stepmother
-

P-kyisdiya*n-ni-'^ (-kyisdiyan*^)

mother

who

has been

P's parent, parents ['P's old

made']
P-a*s-c'e''

people']

P's sister's daughter

P-l-Ga*I-i
['the

(-lea*!)

P's in-law.

P-a*Wi (-a*W)

P's sister's son

one who goes

along with

P-'^ad- P's wife.

P-ce**^

P']

P's (man's) daughter.

P-lin (-tig)

P's (man's) buddy,

cousin, kinsman (ti-tig brothers,

P-co*yi (-co*y) P's (man's)

cousins to one another)

P-hisc'e*^

daughter's child.

P-c*iwe*

P's (woman's) brother;

(i.e.,

P's maternal

(man's) sister
grandfather, mother's father

sibling of the

P-c^o*

opposite sex)
P's maternal

(li-ttisc'e*^

'brother

and

sister to

one another')
(-

grandmother, mother's mother

P-c'Id-c'Inay*^ (-cic'inay*^)

P-ma*^! (-ma'^) or P-ma'^i-c^in

P's

ma'^ac^ig)

P's paternal

(woman's)

sister's

husband, after

grandfather, father's father.

the death of her sister; P's

P-ma*lyo'^

P's friend, relative.

husband's brother, after the death

of her husband
P-c'id-yanxe*^ (-c'idyagxe'^)
P-me-'^i-ce'^-c^in (mr'^c'e'^c^ig)

P's mother-in-law. P's

P-n-q'ay*^ (-gq'ay*^)

deceased mother
P-cindi-ni-'' (-cindine'^)

P's maternal

aunt, mother's sister

P's

deceased father ['P's dead

person']

P-n-wo3 (-gwo3, -go3)

older brother
P-q'e*yi

P's

P-cini

(-c'in)

P's paternal

(-qVy)

P's brother-in-

grandmother, father's mother.

P-de*

law
P-s'^i
(-s'')

P's (woman's) sister,

C^ilde* 'sisters to

P's mother's brother

kinswoman
each other')

P-ta*^

P's father

1000
P-ta*^

XIV Northwest
+
wi-l-c*e*n-i
(-ta*^

California Linguistics

wilc^e-n)
-

P-we*

P's (woman's) sister-in-

P's stepfather ['P's father

law
P-we'-c'e*^

who

has been made']

P's (man's) sister-in-

P-ta-yi (-ta-y)
brother.
P-te-dilt'e*^

P's father's

law
P-Wan-ce*^

P's father-in-law.

P's brother's child

P-xan*^

(-xarj'')

P's husband.

(son or daughter)

P-ya'c'e*^

P's (woman's)

P-wan-da*n-i (-wanda-n) P's

son-in-law.

daughter
P-yali (-yal)

P's son's child

P-yaW-'^ad

P's daughter-in-law.

KINSHIP TERMS

FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF A FEMALE

P-md'

P-c'in

P-c"iwe'

P-c'O'

6
P-adic"ir)

P-tay

^
6
P-deh^

^-6
P-ta''

P-anc^it]

P-nqay''

z\
P-s'>

A
P-kyil

.^
P-xarf'f

6
P-ad

A
p.^o^

KEY

y^\

male
female

r^
=

^-O
P-Wxiy''

z\
P-yacef

P-yaWad

P-wandan

marriage

Boldface indicates that a different term is used if a female is speaking

P-yal

P-kyay

Hupa

Texts: Kinship Terminology

1001

KINSHIP TERMS

FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF A MALE

^-O
P-nm>
P-d'in

z\-:0
P-d'iwe'
P-c'^o-

Wadic'ir)

n
P-tay

l-i
P-ta'>

6
P-ijqay''

A
P-s''

P-anc^in

6
P-deh^

A
P-hil

O
P-->ad

6
P-ad

^
P-no^
P- wandan

KEY

x\
r~)
=

male
female
marriage

^
P-Wxiy"

o
P-yaWad

6
P-ce-

-"

Boldface indicates that a different term is used if a female

is

speaking

O
P-yal

^
P-<:oy

Key

to section

maps

Placename Maps
The
locations of the places in Northwest California for

which Hupa names

are attested in the Sapir-Golla corpus

approximately 180

are located

on the following four maps. Only

information about a specific

brief identifications are given.

For fuller

name

or

site

the entry in the General Glossary

should be consulted.

Hupa placenames,
banks.

like those of adjoining

tribes, cluster

along the riverreferred to

Creeks, ridges, lakes and mountain peaks are

that links
at

commonly
etc.)

by a periphrastic name
tic

them

to a site

along the river ("at the head

of the stream that flows in

such-and-such a place",
the thoroughness with

Also characteris-

which the Hupas gave their own names to sites on the territory of non-Hupa-speaking peoples, particularly the Yuroks on the lower Klamath River. Foreign placenames were almost never used. The Yuroks, Karuks, and Chimarikos, in turn, had their own nomenclatures for Hupa places. Waterman noted eight Yurok names for Hupa sites (1920: 188), and Sapir collected a few others from Sam Brown.
is

of Northwest California

Goddard and Merriam

in California

made

separate, extensive collections of

toponyms

Athabaskan
maps.

territory, including the

Hupa-Chilula-Whilkut areas

covered

in these

This material was collated and published by

is

Baum-

documented in considerable detail in Waterman (1920). Names of most of Karuk village sites can be found in Kroeber (1936) and, in phonemic transcription, in Bright (1957: 453-457). Data on Chimariko placenames can be found in Dixon (1910), Silver (1978), and Bauman (1980).

hoff (1958). Yurok ethnogeography

The maps

in this section

were prepared

in the

Cartography Laboratory,

Department of Geography, Humboldt State University, by Verena Kellner and Curt Shaffer, under the supervision of Dr. Margaret Pearce.

1004

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Map A

..

Hupa
A.
1

Texts:
in

Placename Maps

1005

Placenames

Hoopa Valley and Sugar Bowl

37. ta'^kyimU-di-yima-ni-yidaG

noleh-c'e-l-dir)
in the Trinity

Former

village

2.
3.

4.
5.

6. 7.

Village. - Bald Hill. niJtaca-lay'' Danceground. dah-sitane'-qid Resting place. xonsah-dir) Village. xa*k>iwidWe''-diij Area deyehwilin-dii]

canyon.

XohWag-q'id

38. 39.

40. 41. 42.

stroyed by hydraulic mining;

c^a'^ay-me''
9.

Former

village.

8. ce*-na*Pa'-dir)

Village.

dah-Ryisxa-n-q'id
trail

Resting place on the trail to Redwood Creek. tolgs^id-qid Place on bank. totcaV-diij Village at the mouth of Supply Creek. totc'aV-din-nilin Supply Creek. dah-wilin-dig Former village. na*sa''a*n-taG (or na'sa'^a'n-mcq') Resting place on the trail be-

Where

the

tween 29 and 43.

Village of Matilton; Captain John's Ranch. 44. dahc"'in''-dii] Lower part of 43. 45. xowag-q'id Village at Campbell Field; Kentuck Ranch. Danceground. 46. xonteht-miwah (or xonteht43. me'^dil-dir)

goes up Bald Hill. Foot of Bald Hill. 11. cilan-dir) Norton Field. 12. me'^isdil-dir) Danceground.
10. km'an'^-me''

13.

me'^isdil-din-nilin

Beaver

Creek.
14. ce*-k>iwoX-dii) 15. Ryinc^'iW-q'id

Danceground. Village near the

16. misq'i-nilin 17. ce--qid

18.
19.

Mill Creek. Site at Mill Creek. cVl-dir) Socktish Field. c'e-''indiGo''-dir) Village near
Opposite Socktish Creek. mis-qid Village of Miskut.

mouth of Mill Creek.

47. cc'^is

mir|wah) Former village. Campbell Field prairie.

48. cc'^is-miyeh

Below

49. diys-ta*i)V-dig

47. Village at

Tish-Tang Point.
50. ce*-yehk'yixa*W-q'id Flat.

the mouth of Socktish Creek. 20. cVindico'^-dii) mima*n-cii]''

51. nilin-k^^in'^-dir)
in

Former

village

22. misq'i-mima'ncii)''

Shenon
the Boat

Sugar Bowl. 52. miyi-me'^ Rain Rock. 53. xayah-me'' Canyon at the upstream end of Sugar Bowl.

Farm

bar.

23. ce*-yehkyixa*W

54. xahslin-dii)

Village at the

Along

mouth of Horse Linto Creek.

Dance
Along

route.

24. mine'3ixo-na''ne''iitat-dii]
the Boat

On
the

Dance

route.

25. nin'^-me'^-xa'^sindit-dii]

bank between 21 and

26. ce'k>'iwe''U-dii]

29.

On

the

bank

near

Sam Brown's

27. ce'-mit'ah

house.

Danceground.

28. ce*-mit'ah-nilin 29. ta'^kyimiJ-dii)

tler

Hostler Creek. Village of Hos-

Ranch.

30. yidah-dir)

31. toliW-qid 32. 33.

34.

Lower part of 29. - Uphill from 29. tini-ne*s Trail from 29 to 33. miq'i-cir)'' Flat with oaks JehtVt'e''-cUc"^e''-dii) Place upstream from 29.

Village of Senalton. 36. mis-xehsta*i)-q'id Place up35. ce'wina'I-dir)

stream from the highway bridge.

1006

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

,aTang Creek

Map B

. .

Hupa

Texts:

Placename Maps
its

1007
tributaries

B. Placenames along the Trinity River and

upstream from Hoopa Valley

1

sace'-q'id

Former village Willow Creek valley.

in the

17. q'iW-dig
18.

2.

ce*-dig

Camping

place in the
at the

Noble's Ranch. dah-kyilan-dig A place on River, opposite 19.

New

Willow Creek
3.

valley.

19. Xo'^-nehs-dirj

xohxo-cei-dii) Village mouth of Willow Creek.

20. yidaGi-le*na*l-diij 21.

Quimby. The forks of

4. niskyin-3i-dii]

5.

Village upstream from Willow Creek. Village opposite da*c"'an''-dir)

New River, above Denny. Chimariko village at ccn-dig Burnt Ranch. Chimariko 22. nittaca-tah-dig

4.
6.

village at

7.

Place upstream from Willow Creek. Je*l-dii] Group of villages where South Fork and the Trinity River
ce*-sigya*si-miyeh

Don

Juan.

23. diniW-t'an'^-tah-dir)

Chimariko

village at Taylor's Flat (Del

Loma).
24. xontehi-si-me''

join.
8. dilc"'eh(s)-3i-dir)

25. xonteht-me''

Hyampom.
at

Wintu village

Village at the mouth of Madden Creek. Village on South 9. cRtei-dii] Fork. Village at Salyers; 10. ta*i]''ay-q'id

part of 7.
1 1

ta'kyiweicil-q'id
site the

mouth

Village oppoof South Fork; part

Hayfork. Hayfork; 26. Kow'^-xontehi-3i-me'^ territory of the Hayfork Wintus. Tish 27. diyshta'i]V-din-nilin Tang a Tang Creek. Horse Linto 28. xahslin-din-nilin Creek.

29. xotiway-Ryoh-qid
30.

Mountain on

of 7. Village at Campbell's 12. miyi-me'' Ranch. 13. miyi-mida*-q'id Along the river

Waterman Ridge. tahyiditk>id Lake

ya*''aikyili-q'id.

at the head of Horse Linto Creek. Also called

bank
14.

at

12.

31. nandil-wint'e'-q'id

Mary Blaine

ce'-miyeh
the

Chimariko village

at

Mountain.
32. Kohq'a'^-kyowi-q'id
33. ccnirj-q'id

mouth of

New

River.

15.

cVna*dahW-dii]

16. yik)'iGa'n-dii]

Dyer's Ranch.
vil-

Pony Butte. Ironside Mountain.

Chimariko

lage at Big Creek.

1008

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

MapC

Hupa

Texts:

Placename Maps
in the

1009
mountains around

Placenames along the Klamath River and

Hoopa
1.

Valley.
35. nUc"^iniqV-dir) 36. kninide'^-dir) 37. 3eio''-dir)

can-dig

2. ce*Jc'e''-dii)
3.

Omen. Welkwew.

4.

Requa. miq'eh-na'diwal-dii) Hop'ew (Klamath). cahli-dig

5. t'anc*ii)-kyoh-dii]

Wohkel.

(Same name
6.

as 11).

40. ce*-nanc'iij

GaW-kyoh-tehKyisxan-dir) Terwer.
RyUwe'-dii)

Fort

Katimin. Sugar Loaf. Inam. 41. yidaGe'-xodnan-dirj

38. nahslin-dii) 39. ce*-nanc'in-dir)

Panamnik. Chenach. Amaikiaram.

Ishi Pishi.

7.

Sa'at.

8. nin''i-wa'kya''an-dii)

Turip.
at

42. yidaGe'-q'ay''-na*''aIid-dir) ruk village at Happy Camp. Mud Springs. 43. diniW-dir|
44. ninis''a'n-nik5'a*w

Ka-

9. ce*-q'i-na''dil-dii]

Emer,

Blue

Creek.

45. mixa*ce''-xole*n-q'id

Big Hill. Captain

10 Xo'q'i-3i-dii]
11

Serper.

John Mountain.
46. Kohqa''-nehsnoy-q'id

t'anc*ir)-kyoh-dig

Wohkero.

Sugar

as 5.) 12 nin'^i-dah-sa'^an-diij
13. xohxo-3i-dii]

(Same name

Pine Mountain

Wahtek.
at the

47. ce'-tidmil-q'id

Telescope Peak.

Ko'otep, modern town of Pec wan.

48. xonist'e'^-xa'^siliW-dir)

Hooker

Ridge.
village

14. q'ay'^kyisd-e'-kye''

Yurok

49. ce'lce'^-nilin
50. ce'lc'e'^i-q'id
rie.

of Pecwan.
15. kyiwileh-dirj

Pine Creek. Hundred Acre Prai

Pine Ridge. Hostler Point.
Prairie.

16. nin'^i-me'l-dir)

17. ce*-no'rj''a*-dii)

18. 19.

Former Yurok village of Nohtsku'm. tonc^irj-qid Murek. c*i3-na*nir)V-dig Kepel

(Cappell).

Sregon. Meta.

51. q'iW-tehsVni-q'id 52. na'^ne'^ite'^c'-dig 53. Xohma'^3i-diij

ity

Red Cap

54. diWkyoh-c*eh-dii)

North TrinTrinity

Mountain.

55. minq'i-nikya'w-q'id

20. tanc*iij-kyisxan-dir) 21. xog'^xahW-dig 22. c'ixolc^e*-dir) 23. xotlna*n-dii]

Kenek. Wahsekw

Wa'asey. Merip.

Summit.

(Martin's Ferry).
24. t'anc^in-tah-cii)''

Ertlerger, part

of Weitchpec.
25. le'na'l-dir)

Weitspus, part of Weitchpec. Pactah, part of 26. xotiway-q'id Weitchpec. Weitchpec 27. yida*cin-dinan-dii] Butte (Burrill Peak).

28. to*nah-3i-diij

Former Yurok

village of Lo'olego.

29 xodnan-dig
Creek).

Otsepor (Bluff

30. xodnan-din-milay''

Hopkins
village

Butte. 31. xa''kyiWeh-3i-dii]

at

Karuk

Red Cap Creek.

32. c'e''liW-dig

33. na''^alid-dig

Sahvurum. Karuk village at

Katipiara.

Camp

Creek.

34. k^ila-gyah-dig

1010

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Map D

Hupa
D.
1

Texts:

Placename Maps

1011

Placenames along Redwood Creek and on the coast.

minqi-kyoh-dir) Espar. dahdimo'^t'-dime'' Orick Hill. Orick, at the 3. cVwilin-diij mouth of Redwood Creek. Northernmost Chi4. xowani-q'id
2.

Resting place 3 1 GaW-kyoh-c oIgoW at the Arrow Tree. Blue 32. yice'^ni-xohcindit-dir)

Lake.
33. ta-kye''

Mad

River, from Blue

lula village.
5.

noleh-dii]

Lake
Chilula village. Chilula acorn-

to the

mouth.

34. ta^kye'^-cVwilin-dir)

Wiyot

vil-

6. yice''n-e*-qi-c'ii)

lage of Patawat.
35. ta*g''ay-me''

gathering camp.
7. c'ide''ilye''-dii)

Trinidad Head.

'

Chilula seed-

36.

mowan-niWon-dir)

Yurok

vil-

gathering camp.
8.

Chilula village. kyinyiq'i-k>oh-mir)wah Chiq'ag'^-kyoh-Iay

lula village.

lage of Tsurai at Trinidad. 37. c'a'q'ita'kye'' or yinaci-no'ta'Xa*

Big Lagoon.

10.

11.

12.

RyidUwisi-qid Chilula gathering and hunting camp. nin'^i-wilco'I-miyeh Chilula camp belonging to 5. Chilula yice''ni-nir)''ay-q'id

Table Bluff. 41. cehq'a'n Redwood Ridge. 42. miqid-dahna''de''H''a'^-dig

39. dah-wilahl-diij

38. tidil-dir)

Janes Creek. Eureka.

40. mis-diina'^-me''

Buck
43.

Buttes.

village.
13. c'in-sila'-diij

GaW-me'^

Chilula village. Chilula 14. kJ'isiw'^-na'ine'-dii]

44. dilc^eh-Rye'^ildil-me'^

Brush Mountain. Horse

Mountain.
45. yide''-xa''asdH-dir)
tain.

summer camp.
15. to*n''-dinan-dig

Bald Moun-

Chilula

vil-

lage.
16. c"'ag''-xa*''aPa''

17. ma'-no^na'^kya'^aW-dii]

Chilula camp. Resting

place,

on the

trail

from Hoopa

to

Trinidad. 18. yinaGi-no'mice'^-diij

village.
19.

Chilula

xonteW-me''
lage.

20. JiciW-'^inahW-dir) 21. q'ayliW-tah-dii) 22. Jig'^-wilda'l-q'id

Chilula village. Chilula vil-

Chilula village. Resting place

1

on

trail

above 2

23. sikyinc*in-mitah-dir)
village.

Chilula

24. k^ina'^-xontah-dig
village.

Chilula

25. mis-me''

Chilula village.

26. q'a*xis-tah-diij 27. citqan-dig

Southernmost

Chilula village.

Chief village of the

Upper Redwood Creek (Whilkut)

people.
28. mil-tehscV-me''

Upper Red-

(Whilkut) village. Headwaters of 29. no'wilin-dir) Redwood Creek. A place on Maple 30. ce'-kyin-dii) Creek.

wood Creek

Yurok and Chimariko Materials

Yurok Texts
Edited by
1.

Howard Berman

Introduction

The Yurok language, which

in

is

now on

the verge of extinction,

its

northwest California along the Klamath River from

fluence with the Trinity River and along the Pacific

the

was spoken mouth to its concoast from the mouth of

Klamath south to Trinidad Bay. In the first decade of the twentieth century Alfred Kroeber made a detailed study of Yurok culture (Kroeber 1925:1-97). Incidental to his ethnological work he elicited some linguistic material and published a brief sketch of Yurok (Kroeber 1911:414-26). Two years later, Roland Dixon and Kroeber (1913) proposed that Yurok was related to the neighboring Wiyot language in a family which they called "Ritwan", after the Wiyot word for "two". In the same journal, Edward Sapir (1913b) presented additional evidence for the relationship between Yurok and Wiyot and suggested that they were both related to the widespread Algonquian languages of eastern North America. The Algonquian-Ritwan family is now considered one of Sapir' s most important discoveries, but at the time his proposal was met with great skepticism. It was strongly attacked by the noted Algonquianist Truman Michelson (1914), and a vigorous de1915k). Sapir Michelson Sapir (Sapir 1915b, 1915, bate ensued presented evidence that the Yurok and Wiyot kinship terms (1923a) later were related to those in Algonquian.
After Kroeber's pioneering work,
little

was published on Yurok

for

over

40 years. In 1951 a British linguist R. H. Robins, then a visiting Research Fellow at Berkeley, undertook the study of Yurok and eventually published a detailed grammar together with a lexicon and a short collection of texts (Robins 1958). His principal informant was Mrs. Florence Shaughnessy of Requa. Using Robins' Yurok material as well as new Wiyot data collected by Karl Teeter (see Teeter 1964), Mary Haas (1958) reexamined Sapir's Algonquian-Ritwan proposal and demonstrated that the languages were in fact genetically related. From 1970 to 1972 the present writer also worked with
Mrs. Shaughnessy and collected additional Yurok lexical material (Berman
1982).
In the

summer

of 1927, while on his field trip to the

Hupa

Indians, Sapir

recorded some Yurok data from Mrs. Mary Marshall, one of his Hupa in-

1016

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

formants. Mrs. Marshall was

the daughter of a

bom

in the

Hupa

village of misq'id about 1868,

father.

She was also an informant for Pliny E. Goddard, who published several Hupa texts from her (Goddard 1904), and for Alfred Kroeber, to whom she gave the Yurok formula and ritual chants for the Kepel fish dam (Waterman and Kroeber 1938:75-77, Kroeber and Gifford 1949:135, 137). Sapir's Yurok field notes fill 91 pages of a small notebook similar to his Chimariko notebook (Sapir ms. 1927d). The first 35 pages cover a remarkably wide variety of topics, including the use of possessive prefixes with body part terms, the various classes of numerals, the inflection of verbs and adjectives, kin terms, active and passive verbs, causative expressions, and expressions of time and weather. The remaining pages contain the three texts given below: "Coyote and Crane", "Coyote Tries to Kill the Sun", and "Medicine-Formula to Get Wealthy". The texts are arranged on alternating lines with a word-by-word interlinear translation. There are also notes on various words which occur in the texts. These notes are very extensive for the first text, less so for the later ones. Sapir's Yurok material is important because it differs in many ways from the Yurok which is described by Robins (1958) (see section 5 below).

Yurok mother and a Hupa

common

Both of the myths told by Mrs. Marshall involve Coyote, who is the most Trickster figure in California Indian mythology. Among the Yurok

he shares that role with

Wohpekumew,

"the

widower across

the ocean", but

many adventures

are nevertheless attributed to him. See the references in Kroeber (1976:486). "Coyote and Crane" is similar to the Karok myth "Coyote and Great Blue Heron" (Kroeber and Gifford 1980:186-87). Coy-

ote desires Crane's wives.

fishing spear.

He

turns himself into a

He

then gives the spear back to

salmon and steals Crane's Crane in exchange for his

wives. But the wives don't like Coyote, so they escape and return to Crane.

"Coyote Tries to Kill the Sun" is very similar to the Yurok myth "Coyote and the Sun" (J. Sapir 1928:256-57). Coyote blames the Sun for the death of his children and seeks revenge on him. He makes his way to the sky and succeeds in killing the Sun. He then tries to dance with the Pleiades, but he
fails

and

falls

back

to earth.

There are many other versions of

is later

this

myth. In

"Grown-in-a-Basket" and "Coyote and Sun" (Kroeber 1976:89-94, 321-22),

Coyote

kills the

Sun, but the Sun

returned to the sky. In a different

in the

version of "Coyote and Sun" (Kroeber 1976:299) and

Karok myth

"Coyote Sign" (Kroeber and Gifford 1980:177-78) Coyote fails to get revenge on the Sun, The incident of Coyote trying to dance with the stars is
often treated as a separate myth. Various versions
listed in

include the references

Kroeber and Gifford (1980:342) and the two Karok tales in Powers (1877 [1976]:39-40). The third text, "Medicine-Formula to Get Wealthy", belongs to a special type of text called a "formula" (Kroeber 1925:4-5, 6973).
It is

similar to a myth, but

is

recited for magical purposes.

young

Yurok Texts

1017

weaving a basket cap. Her lover throws woman waits a year and the basket cap floats back with money in it. A magic rock appears which keeps filling up with money and the young woman becomes very wealthy. She leaves human habitation and goes to heaven, but she ordains that whoever knows this formula will never be poor. The formula concludes with a song sung by the basket cap. For other examples of formulas see Goddard
rejects her lover in favor of
it

woman

the cap into the river and

floats

away. The young

Bright (1957:251-61), Kroeber (1976), and Kroeber and Gifford and Hupa texts 37-50 in this volume. (1980),
(1904),
Sapir's texts are given in sections 2-4

below with an
5).

interlinear

word-byfollowed
in Sapir's

word
ins'

translation.

have converted Sapir's phonetic transcriptions into Rob-

system of phonemic transcription (see section

free translation,

Each

text

is

by a

which

is

based on the interlinear translation

I

have sometimes inserted the names of the characters where the Yurok omits them and I have sometimes left the introductory adverb t^usP untranslated. Many of the words in these texts can be found in Robins (1958) or Berman (1982). Others are discussed in the
cited in the footnotes and in secby the abbreviations R for Robins (1958), B for Berman (1982), and S for Sapir. Forms from Sapir's texts are followed by the sentence number in parentheses, those from elsewhere in the notebook are followed by the page number. Abbreviations used in the interlinear translation

notebook. The main differences are that

footnotes.

The sources of

the

Yurok forms

tion 5 are identified

CIRC circumstantial, EMPH emphatic, PUT future, IMP imperative, INTER interrogative, ITER iterative, LOC locative, PERF perfect, PL plural, and PRES present.
are
2.

Coyote and Crane

'

( 1 )

segep
Coyote

me
PAST
3

k'^eget
visit

ko'hci once

muk'^tiks 2
crane.

(2)

"^em

newo'^m
he sees

PAST
(3)
"^o

skuye'^n
it

so-

?o?/

na'^aPn

wa-hpew
his wive(s).

ko'hcemo^o'^l
he stays
night.
all

is

good

so

he lives

two

LOC

(4)

koypoh
In the

'^o

le'^m

cu
"Let's

'^o'^lep

ki

kon
something

morning

LOC
(5)
kic

he says,

house

FUT

lu

go
(6)

nep'oh we two eat."

le'^m

wey
LOC
finish

kon
something
kic

wenepek
his eating.

PERF
ki

kemeyU
I

(7)

?0

keme'^y
he goes home.

LOC

he says,

"FUT

go home."

PERF

LOC

1018
(8)4
les

XIV Northwest
kus "How

California Linguistics

ki

sonowok
I

ki

io-k
I

LOC

think,

FUT
'^o

do
5

FUT

take

(9)
the
his spear?

ko
Then

menso'^m
he buys
it

mei
with

ku
the

'^wahpew
his wive(s).

LOC

back

(10)

wPi't That
ki

ku FUT

sonowok
I

ki

numi
very
so-

pelin
big

nepuy
salmon
ki
the
'^uma'^a'^
his spear.

do,

FUT
cpi only

wi"^

nek
I.

w'^it 6

to-k
I

EMPH
(11)

FUT
k'^'usi'^

thus

FUT
'^o

so

take

pa'^ai
water

so'tok
I

(12)

kic

"^o

nepuy
salmon

Then
w/?
he.

LOC

LOC

go."

PERF
'^o

LOC
'^ap

(13)

k'^'usi'^

muk'^'tiks'^
ci
:

wi

wenok"'
he comes,

newo'^m
he sees
k'^usi'^

Then

EMPH
k'^usi'^

LOC

PAST
(15)

nepuy
salmon

pelin
big.

(14)

^o

ma^a-hske'^m
he spears
it.

Then

LOC
(16)

Then
les

segep
coyote

wi"^

ku
that

nepuy
salmon.

muhtiks
crane.

EMPH
ma'^a-hskek
I

LOC
'^o

think

ku "FUT
k'^uW
then

'^

(17)

k'^'esi'^^

newo'^m
he sees

pelin
big
sleko'^n 9
it

nepuy
salmon.

spear."

Then
ma'^ahske'^m
he spears
it.

LOC
t'usi'^

"^o

(18)

^o

LOC
'^uma'^a'^
his spear.

Then

LOC

is

pulled out

ku
the

(19)

ku
That

nepuy
salmon

wP
EMPH
kic

kic

nege'^m
he takes.

PERF
mo'^ok'''
there
is

(20)

k^'usi"^

"^o

keme'^y
he goes home.

(21)

ku
the

ma'^a'^
spear.

Then

LOC

PERF

not

(22)

'^JpgJL-C

kap
LOC
^o
then

10

sot
go.

11

(23)

ienutu"^
Finally

cme'^y
it

Sweathouse

is

evening,

noi
so long

'^o'ike'^s

'^u^gJ-C

(24)

'^em

legp
he
is

ko'^n
told,

he

is

lying

LOC
"^o

sweathouse.

PAST

"Something

nu
go

'^neps
eat!"

^"^

(25)

Wm
he says,

pas
"No!

(26)

nimi
Not

LOC
kic

ciweyek I am hungry.
ku
that

(27)

kimon
It

sonowok
I

(28)

kic

ho-'^yketek
I

is

bad

PERF

do.

PERF

lose

ko'^l

mei
CIRC

ho
PAST

something

nepe'^moh^^ we eat."

Yurok Texts
(29)
k'^usP

1019
kit

newP
LOG
he
is

segep
coyote

nes
come.

(30)

Then
le^m
he says,
muk'^tiks 2
crane,

seen
^^

about to

LOG
le'^m

kus

sonowole'^m
you are?"
kic

ha^m
he says

segep
coyote.

(31)

"How

LOG
ho-'^yUeteU
I

he says

kimo^l
"It is

sonowok
I

kic

bad

PERF
16

do,

PERF
ko"^!

lose

nemaPaP my spear.

'

(32)
What

kye
ever

^wg^

ki

mei
CIRC

PUT
nege'^m

something

nepe'^moh we eat?
le^m

(33)

nepuy
Salmon

(34)
it."

segep
coyote,

EMPH
na'hca?
you give

he takes

LOC
yek'^sek
I

he says

tPn "What

ki

moco'^
if

ki

(35)

k'^usP

PUT

PUT

find it?"

Then

LOC

me
le'^m
A:/

na'hcecek
I

he says,

"PUT

give you

necvk my money

moco^
if

yek'^se'^m

PUT

you find
50- 17
it/

(36)
the

k'^usP

le'^m

my

spear."

Then
?o
/e'i'm

LOC
mo'?
"
1

he says.

"What
SO-

PUT
skewo'kseme'^m
you want?"
le'^m

na-hca^
you give me?"

(37)

r/?n/?

LOC
le'^m

he says,

what

(38)

ku
"The
ki
the

ka-hpews^'^
your wife."

(39)

LOC
korin 20 "One of them

he says.

LOC
le'^m

he says,

has
INTER
/e'^m

'^na'hpew

(40)

my
kiki
"All

wife?"

LOC
(42)

he says,
le'^m

pa"^ "No!"

(41)

na^a^n
two!"

LOC

he says,

LOC

he says,

"All right!"

(43)

/ia^2i

tu^
in that

case

ku PUT
(45)

ni'^nowoPo'^
I

(44)

tusP
Then

segep
coyote

look for them.

2

'^U^gJC

sweathouse

^m 22 LOC

o/:'"'

k'^usP

mjh'tiks
crane

'^nest'ecok''

he

is.

Then
cu-"^

LOC
kic

he comes back.
*?/

(46)

le'^m

(47)

LOC
ka-hpewei
your wives."

he says,

"All right!

Now
ku
he gives
the

PERP
'^umaPa^
his spear.

LOC

(48)

noi
Then

?0

LOC
SO
to

(49)

?0?/23

He

is

kas down

"?/

sloycok"^
he de-

rvkew
shore

?0

LOC

LOC

he passes

scends

1020
so
to

XIV Northwest
pill

California Linguistics
"^o

(50)

husi'^

downstream.

Then

LOC
k'^'usi'^

na'^amo'^yi two days

noi
so long

'^j^gux

sweathouse

ni

segep 24
he
is

(51)

ku
the

"^wa'hpewei
his

'em

LOC

coyote.

Then
kic
tern
in

wives
ko'^n

PAST
nu go

wonkewei
they leach

'^o

LOC

has down

legi"^

segep
coyote

PERF

he

is

something

acorns
"^neps
eat! 2

vain

told

'

(52)

"fo

Wm
he says,

LOC
(53)
kic

nega'^amo'^yi "two days ITER

"^emsi

kon
something

and

nepek
I

numi
LOC
lak'^s

tyohpeyoksemei
they hate him.

eat."

PERF
k^si'^
"^JpgJfC

very

(54)

cywU'^i'^n

newo'^m

Then

sweathouse
'^i

outside

LOC

he

sits.

LOC
(55)

he sees

ku
the

wa-hpewei
his

wonkewei
they leach acorns

horecewe-i
they
kets.

k^uW
Then

wives

LOC

weave bas-

^o

newi'^
it

kic

leckenek"^
they float
the river

^M
the

holoh
basket(s).

(56)

k^uW
Then

?0

LOC

is

PERF

down

LOC

seen
lego-'^s

(57)

^o

le'^m

he shouts.

LOC
k'^us

he says,

ko'loh "Your basket(s)

kic

leckenek'"'
they float away!

PERF

(58)

kic

le'^mo'^w

(59)
They
wo'^gik
inside

Where

PERF

you

PL go?"
k^usi"^

LOC

leave

ku
the

"^uwonkewei
their acorn leaching.

(60)

reki'n

Then
niki then

LOC
so
to

sit

PL

wo'loi
their baskets.

wop
middle of the river
k^'usi'^

la-yckenek""'
they float along

pulek"^ downstream.
rek'^oy
river

(61)

segep
coyote

ri-kew
shore

?o

Then

LOC

rayo'^rep' he runs
along.

(62)

iontu 26
Finally

mouth

ho
to

ph'o'^rep'

'^1

(63)

k'^usi^

?0

newo'^m
he sees

muh'tiks 2
crane

he comes out.

Then

LOC
wi'^it 6

kic

nohsoy
he
flies.

(64)

"^onumi
Exactly

PERF

there

neko'^l 28 he lights

ku
those

holoh
basket(s)

weno'^omec

'^^

(65)

k'^usi'^

wo'^gik
inside

'^i

they float along.

Then

LOC

rekvn sit PL

ku
those

holoi
baskets.

1022
after trying to tell

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Coyote to go and eat. (52) He said, "I always eat every two days." (53) Then they hated him worse. (54) Then he just sat down outside the sweathouse and he saw his wives just then soaking acorns and making baskets. (55) Then he saw the baskets floating down the river. (56) Then he shouted. (57) He said, "Your baskets are floating away! (58) Where have you gone to?" (59) They had left their acorn-soaking. (60) They were sitting inside their baskets, they were floating along downstream in the middle of

Coyote ran along the shore. (62) Finally he came out at the mouth of the river. (63) Then he saw Crane flying. (64) Right there he lit on those baskets which were floating along. (65) They were sitting in those baskets. (66) Crane went with his wives. (67) Coyote cried by the river bank. (68) He had no more wives. (69) Crane had taken back his wives. (70) They went on the ocean. (71) They were ducks. (72) The story has ended. 39
the river. (61)

3.

Coyote Tries
'^oie'^m

to Kill the

Sun
segep
coyote

(73)

ko'hci Once
"^ut'soh
his child(ren).

"^wk'^soh
his child(ren)

welowoyl
ten

40

LOC
(74)

be

PL
"^o

Ui
the

k'^si'^

le'^m^^
he says,

ci

nu
go

negepoyon^^
pick grass PL."

Then

LOC
(76)

"IMP
"^o

(75)

husi"^

"^o

Wm
go PL.
then

Ic'usi'^

tenpeweV
it

k^usi"^

Then
?0

LOC

Then

LOC
ku

rains,

then

LOC
(77)

ro^r it snows,

menekoletkoi

"^wksoh
his child(ren).

LOC
^emei CIRC
"^o

they freeze

the

huW
Then
43

wistu^
therefore

tetomoUs
he
le'^m
is

(78)

t'usi'^

?0

angry.

Then

LOC
hegor
sun."
'^^

lego-'^l

segep
coyote.

(79)

ki

sumutuU
I

Ui
the

he goes

LOC
ku'cuh

he says,
"^ap

"FUT
'^o

kill

(80)

k^'usi'^

cpinah
wait
for.

(81)

Then
kohcemo'^o'^
he stays
'o
all

LOC

ridge
wi'^it 6

PAST
(82)

LOC
k^'usi'^

LOC
wo'n
elsewhere

'^OWO-i 45
next morning

night

LOC

there.

Then

pt'ecop^^
come
out

hegor^"^
sun.

wo-gin
other

"^o

'^ukrcjh'^''
its

(83)

ienutu^
Finally

LOC

LOC

ridge.

wonoye'^ek
in the

ho
to

nesk^ecok''
he arrives.

(84)

muunipuni
Sharp

'^^

ha'^ag
rock

w/5fM^49

sky

EMPH

nege'^m

Yurok Texts
werepok"^
its

1023
'^oc

(86)

"^ap

ko^mo^y

koV
something
le'^m

ka^o
PRES
kic

doorway.

PAST

LOC
h'usP
Then

he hears

nepe'^m
eat

cmeyonen
evening.

(87)

PL

sweathouse
l(oy
early

LOC

go PL,

PERF

?0

ckPm
sleep PL.

(88)

h'usP
Then

'^owo'i 45
next morning

numi
very

koy^^
early

LOC

LOC

ko^moyo^m
he hears
no'ipe'^y he goes out

pega'hcewo'^m
he moves

kolin
one of them.

(89)

k'^usP

ITER

Then

LOC
^weno'lpeyk
he goes out.

mei
from
sweathouse;
just

woklkecP
it

ku
when

is

daylight

(90)

h'usP
Then

wPt
there

"^o

mya'hika-hpe'^m
he jumps on him,

segep
coyote
k'^usP

p/52

LOC

EMPH
ikeli

do.

(91)

k'^usP

'^o

tek'^tek^'o-hso'^m 53

(92)

Then
leko^n

LOC
ku
that

he

hits

him with

a rock.

Then
/c^'wi^/'^

ground

LOC

wonewsleg
sun.

(93)

nki
at

ho'^O'hko'^i
it

LOC
(94)

he

falls

Then

once

is

dark.

k'usP
Then

niki
right

segep
away
he goes
coyote.

(95)

k'^usP

?0

Then
le'^m

LOC
it/

newo'^m
he sees

Wpt
there

"^O

gelomeye'^m
dance PL.

(96)

LOC
0*
too
6
/:/

LOC
(97)

he says,

"PUT

megeloU
I

ki

helomeyU
I

legp

go with

PUT

dance."

LOC
helomeye'^m
you dance
ki

he

is

told.

"No!

(98)

mos
Not

wPt
thus

not
so long

nekah
we
to'^

negoi
so long
ki

54

PUT

PUT
(100)

PL

helomeye'^m
dance PL."

(99)

le'^m

LOC
(101)

he says,

"No!

Anyhow
(102)

PUT

megeloU
I

legp

k'^usP

go with."

LOC
welomeye'^m
they dance.

he

is

told.

"All right!"

Then

niki keep on
nimi'^

(103)

kic

ko'si
all

'^i'^ikonew ^^

(104)

h^'usi'^

PERP

be held PL.

Then

numi
very

wo
PAST
'^o

Cpalong

not
so long

helome'^y
he dances.

not

(105)

k^usP
Then

le'^m

nek
"I

k'^ei

loska-hpit 56
buckskin pipe

kiti

leko^n
it

LOC

he says,

EMPH

PUT

falls."

1024
(106)
k^'usi'^
'^O

XIV Northwest
legi'^

California Linguistics

mos
told.

Wpt
thus

ki

met
CIRC
(108)

wey
finish

Then

LOG

he

is

"Not

FUT

KelomeyU
your
dancing."

(107)

k'^uW
Then

"?/

kom
hard

leth'elesi'^

k^usi"^

LCXi;

he is dragged along.

Then

iow
finally

ikeli

"fo

lo-

Wwuiku'^^'^
his bone(s)
wi'^it 6

cpikom
only.

ground
t^usi'^

LOC
ku
the

LOC

be thrown
wo'^o'^l

(109)

Then

"^ukucos his grandmother

numi
exactly
'^em

leko'^n

her house

there

he

falls.

(110)

t'usi'^

koypoh
in the

ku
the

Then

morning

'^ut'ucos his grandmother

?0

newo'^m
she sees
so- il
it?"

PAST
ti'^ni'^

kes

'^Q-ike'^s

(111)

k'^uW
Then

le^m
she says,

down
(112)

he

is

lying.

LOC

"What
'^o

husi"^

'^o

meione'^m
she touches him.

(113)

le'^m

Then

LOC
?/

LOC
(114) k'^uW
Then
?0

he says,

nek
"I

k'^eleh'^^
well

yo
PAST

ckeyU
I

ku
that

LOC

sleep.'

'^ulc('^)ep'ew

wP
EMPH.

(115)

k'^uW
Then

'^o'^lep

sotoi
they go.

her grandchild

house

LOC

(/^6j
There

ho
PAST
to Kill the

wjyukui 59
end.

Coyote Tries
(73)

Sun

One

time Coyote had ten children. (74)

He

said to them,
it

"Go and
all

pick grass." (75)

Then they went.

(76)

It

rained and

snowed and

his

children froze. (77) That's

"I'll kill

why

he got mad. (78) Coyote went. (79)

He

said,

Then he waited on a ridge. (81) He stayed right there all night. (82) The next morning the Sun came out in a different place, on a different ridge. (83) Finally Coyote arrived in the sky .61 (84) He was carrying a sharp rock. (85) He waited by the doorway of the sweathouse. (86) In the evening he heard people eating.62 (87) Then they went to the
the Sun."^ (80)

sweathouse and they slept. (88) Next morning very early he heard one of them moving. 63 (89) He went out from the sweathouse; it was just getting daylight when he went out. (90) Right there he jumped on him, Coyote did. (91) He hit him with the rock. (92) Then that Sun fell on the ground. (93) At once it got dark. (94) Right away Coyote left. (95) He saw that they were dancing there.64 (96) He said, "I'll go with you, I'll dance with you." (97) He was told, "No! (98) You can't dance as long as we dance." (99) He said, "No! (100) I'll go with you anyhow." (101) Then he was told, "All

Yurok Texts
right."

1025

All of them got hold of each Coyote did not dance for a very long time. (105) He said, "My buckskin pipe-cover is about to fall." (106) He was told, "That's not why you're quitting dancing." (107) They just dragged him around. (108) Finally they threw him down on the ground, only his bones were left. (109) He fell right there exactly by his grandmother's house. (110) In the morning his grandmother saw him where he was lying. (Ill) She said, "What is this?" (1 12) Then she touched him. (113) He said, "It's me, I was just sleeping." (114) That was her grandchild. (115) Then they went into the house. (116) That's where it ended.

(102)

They kept on dancing. (103)

other's hands. (104)

4.

Medicine Formula
wit
there
'^ok'"

to

Get Wealthy
(118)

(117)

pet'tui^^
Pek^tul

we'^yon
maiden.

niskw ^^
After a while

nimi
not

she Hves

nu'wo'^m
he sees ITER

ku
that

we 'yon maiden
(120)

cinomewos
LOC
k'^usP

(119)

teno'f
It is

young man.
ko'hci
one time
lek'^si

much
ki

negv^nowo'^m
he looks for her ITER.

les

Then

LOC
'^i

think,

"PUT
t^u
where

negv'^nowok
I

(121)

h'usP
Then

cywk'''Pn
he
sits

look for her ITER."

outside

LOC
kimoi
sure

'^O'hk'^in

ku
that

we'^yon
maiden.

(122)

k'^usP

"^o

ko'^moyo'^m
he hears
tu'
to

she lives

Then
''o

enough

LOC
kit

kit

begin to

pega'hcewo'^m she moves ITER

(124)
k'^usi''
''o

''o'^lepik ^"^

(123)

LOC

house LOC.

Begin
no'ipe'^y she goes
out.

and
keski

newor
be
light.

newo'm.
he sees

kic

(125)

Then

LOC

PERF

Down

niki
right

so'tok"^

(126)

k'^usi'^

hinoafter

''o

away

she goes.

Then
k'^'usi'^

LOC
wi'^t 6

''orogok'" he follows her

''o

ku
that

cinomewos
young man.

(127)

''o

newo'^m
he sees

cyukH'^n
she
sits

Then

LOC
"^"^

there

LOC
''ekah cap

ku
that

we'^yon
maiden.

(128)

wistu''

''o

hoTece'^w
she weaves;

hole'^m 68
she weaves.

There

LOC

1026
(129)

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Yurok Texts

1027

(145)

pa-htet's
Storage basket

"^o

neU

76

UX!

she puts;

7o

ri-komP
it

ku
the

LOG

is full

cvk money

pa'htek'^s
storage basket(s)

kic

PERF

LOG

1028
saw
she
that

XIV Northwest
maiden
sitting there.

California Linguistics

(128) That

is

where she was basket-weaving;

He went right up and took her cap away from her. (130) He said, "Is that why you abandoned me?" (131) He threw that cap into the water. (132) She looked at that cap. (133) The cap floated away down river. (134) She was always sitting there. (135) One year went by, again she sat down there, then she heard some place there was singing.
wove
a basket-cap. (129)

(136) She looked towards the water. (137) She saw that cap floating back, (138) She picked up that cap, looked inside of
it,

and saw

in

it

there lay

something very small. (139) It was Indian money. (140) She took the money out and put it into the water. (141) That money was there in the water where she was always sitting. (142) Then that was her magic rock.93
(143) In a
little

while

it

was

full

of Indian money.
it

(144) She

took that
river.

money

out of the water and packed

back

to the house,

up from the

it into a storage basket; one by one in a little while they filled up with Indian money. (146) Finally as many storage baskets as there were had filled up. (147) Then she94 thought, "Now I'll go away. (148) I'll leave it among human beings. (149) I'll leave that magic rock. (150) Nevertheless

(145) She put

there will not be

( 1

1 )

many people who know and will tell about me how I did. 9 Whoever knows my medicine will never be poor." (152) Then right
left

away she
(154)

Peknul Ridge96 and went

I

to heaven.

(153)

ran along so far away,

ran along as far as Dentalium

Home.

Now

I've

come

back.

5.

Notes on Phonology and Morphology

Yurok
s

5.1.

In Robins'

and

s are distinct

consonants (Robins 1958:4-5).

s.

In Sapir's
affricate
5.2.

Yurok they have which Sapir writes Yurok

fallen together as
ts.

In contrast, c

is

an alveolar

In Robins'

intervocalic

is

often pronounced yw, with slight

velar friction (Robins

1958:5).

In Sapir's
is

Yurok

there

is

no trace of

this

phenomenon.

Instead, a glottal stop

w: wonke'^wei S (51),

sometimes inserted before intervocalic wonkewei S (54) 'they leach acorns', Ica-hpe'^wei S

(47) 'your wives', P)wa-hpe'^wei S (51, 54), '^wa-hpewei S (66) 'his wives',

and tenpe'^wei S
(29) 'he
the
is

(76),

seen',

tenpeweV R 'it's raining' (see 5.5). Note also newi'^ S where Sapir originally wrote ne'^wi'^ and then crossed out
This non-distinctive glottal stop
is

first glottal stop.

not indicated in the

transcriptions.
5.3.

Final
y"^.

'^m, "^n, "^7,

V, and

"^y

are sometimes recorded by Sapir as

w*^, n"^,

P,

r*^,

and

These pairs of
-m"?.

clusters appear to be in free variation.

They are

transcribed with the glottal

stop

first,

as in

Robins'

Yurok.

Cf Berman

(1982:198) on final

Yurok Texts
5.4.

1029
lost

In Robins'

Yurok

final h is optionally

before an

initial
is

glottal

stop or a voiced or glottalized consonant, and the preceding vowel

length-

ened (Robins 1958:8-9). In Sapir's Yurok final h is optionally lost before any initial consonant or in utterance-final position and the preceding vowel remains unchanged. All such words are transcribed with final h, as in Robins' transcriptions.
5.5.

Sapir sometimes failed to record a glottal stop:

'I

"^o

(3, 4, etc.),
'^o-ike'^s

o S

(16) 'locative', ho-'^yketeU S (28), ho-yUetek S (31)

138), '^o-ikes S (23) 'he
etc.
is

lose',

S (110,

lying down',
is

tPnP S

(36), tPni S (37,

all

111) 'what',

As with

final h,

Robins' practice

followed and

such words are tran-

scribed with the glottal stop.

5.6.

Occasionally Sapir added a glottal stop after a monosyllabic word:

ki

(4,6, etc.),

kP S

(10, second occurrence) 'future', tenP S (51),

tema

'in

vain' (see 5.16), cpa'^ S (104), cpaetc.), so"^

R 'long (time)', and so S (48 twice, 60, S (136) 'to'. This is probably an optional feature of Sapir's Yurok which does not occur in Robins' Yurok, but there are not enough examples
determine the conditioning factors. Since the glottal stop
omitted in the transcriptions.
Sapir had difficulty distinguishing between glottalized and unglotis

to

not distinctive

it is

5.7.

talized consonants. In Robins'

their glottalization in

Yurok

glottalized consonants

sometimes lose

connected speech (Robins 1958:4). This also occurs in

Sapir's Yurok, even in isolated words. But Sapir also recorded

talized consonants

some unglotS (49,

as glottalized:

wo'^gik S (60),

wo'^gik
'to

S (65) 'inside',
out', kas

p'ho^rep"^'^ S (62) 'he

51), Hes S (110), kes

comes

out',

pt'ecop S (82)

come

B 'down'

(see 5.15), ku S (9, 15, etc.), K^u S (121),

etc.),

ku

S (121)

'the,

that,

where' (see 5.10), and t'en S (32, 133,

k^enis S

(151) 'indefinite relative'. Sometimes Sapir originally recorded a glottalized

consonant and then crossed out the mark of glottalization: keme'^y (keme'^y) S
goes home', wo-p (wo-p') S (60) 'middle of the river', and sotoi (so-t'oi)S (115) 'they go'. Because of Sapir's inconsistency, in ambiguous
(7) 'he

cases glottalized consonants are transcribed as they occur in Robins' Yurok.

5.8.

In Robins'

add a
ends

glottal stop before the

Yurok some words which begin with a voiced consonant consonant when the preceding word or prefix
glottal stop
is

in a

vowel (Robins 1958:9-10). This added

this glottal stop is obligatory

written

C^).

In

Sapir's

Yurok

after a

pronominal prefix, but

is

optional after a
ten only

word boundary.

In the transcriptions this glottal stop

writ-

where Sapir recorded it. Two words have initial C^) in Sapir's Yurok which do not have it in Robins' Yurok: Oneskwec- S (45,154) 'to come, to
arrive, to

come back' and

C^jma-yoi S (130) 'to abandon', which

is

derived

from ma-y5.9.

'to pass.'

In Robins'
/

Yurok when
or
/,

initial

is

preceded by a word ending

in a

vowel other than

the h optionally shifts to g (phonetically y) (Robins

1030
1958:9). In Sapir's

XIV Northwest
Yurok h usually
les

California Linguistics

shifts to

rather than to g. This

'locative':
"^o

is

espe(4,

cially frequent after the pre verbal particle

etc.) 'he

"^o

le'^m

6,

said',
"^o

'^o

(8,

16,

etc.) 'he

thought',
'^o

?o

lego-'^s

S (56) 'he

shouted',
told'.

legon S (78)
of
/i

'he went', and

legi"^

The

shift

to

also occurs after "^em

S (97, 101, 'past time' and

etc.) 'he

was

tern 'in vain',

which correspond
"^em legi"^

to "^ema

and tema and

in

Robins' Yurok (see 5.6 and 5.16):

S (24) 'he was

told'

tern legi'^

only example of h shifting to g in

S (51) 'he was told in vain'. The Sapir's texts is ?o gelomeye'^m S (95) 'they

were dancing'. In one instance in Sapir's Yurok initial h shifts to w after u: ki koV mi wo-hhumeU S p. 55 'I'm going to work', literally 'I'm going to make something', from ho-hkum- 'to make' (see 5.10).
5.10.
In Sapir's
A:""

Yurok when k
;

is

preceded or followed by u or

it

op-

tionally shifts to
U-:

similarly U

in the

same environment optionally

'his

shifts to

S (73, twice), '^wksoh S (76) '^uk'^ucos S (1 10) 'his grandmother', kus S

'^u-k-soh
'^uki^'jep'ew

children',

"^ukucos S (109),

(8, 30), k'^'us

S (58) 'how, where',

S (114) 'her grandchild', "^uk^oyku-n S (142) 'her magic rock', "^nekoyku-V S (149) 'my magic rock', etc. This shift may also occur when there is an intervening consonant: nimoh^su S (151), nimoksu R 'emphatic negative'. There is one example in Sapir's notebook where the shift occurs

word boundary: we'^ ku k('^)ecoyn S p. 35 'today', literally 'now this day'. In Robins' Yurok the sequences k'^u, k'^w, /c'^m, and U'^w do not occur, but are replaced everywhere by ku, ku\ leu, and ku\ (Robins 1958:8).
across a
5.11.
In Sapir's

Yurok when

ko'^l

'something, someone'

is

followed by a

word which begins with

similation

n, assimilation
/

may be

in either direction;

may optionally take place. The asor n may shift to may shift to
ai /.

Sapir sometimes gives variants with and without assimilation. All of the ex-

amples
'go'.

in Sapir's texts involve

4, 24,

koV followed by

the pre verbal

particle

See sentences

include kelew ko'^1 lepe'^mek'^ S

p.

and 51. Other examples from Sapir's p. 10 'ye eat!', and kic weykolc ko'^l lenepeU S

nu notebook

55 'I'm through eating'.

5.12.

Yurok has

three degrees of

vowel length:
is

short, long,

and three-

morae vowels. The longest type of vowel

does not occur

very rare (Robins 1958:8) and

degrees of length:

in Sapir's material. Sapir indicates three

vowels with no length mark, vowels followed by a raised dot, and vowels followed by a colon. Instead of a colon, Sapir sometimes writes the vowel
twice, occasionally with an intervening glide. In general, Sapir's

vowels are
els

short, his colon-length or repeated

vowels are long,

unmarked and his vow-

with a raised dot are ambiguous and

I

may be

either long or short. In the

ambiguous cases
5.13.

have followed Robins' spellings.

In Robins'

Yurok

the vowels a and o followed

by h plus a conso-

nant are always short, but in Sapir's

73), kohci

Yurok they
9,

are always long ko-hci S (1,

'once', C^jwa-hpew S (2,

etc.),

C^jwahpew

'his

wife',

Yurok Texts

1031

ho'^ohkon S

(93), ho'^ohkon

'it is

dark', pa-htek^s S (145, 146), pahtek^s

is a regular sound change it is indicated in the notebook the only unambiguous example of the vowel u followed by h plus a consonant is short: nuhpuy S p. 61 'berries (any

'storage basket', etc. Since this

transcriptions. In Sapir's

kind)'.
the phonetic realization of the vowel e has a wide Robins 1958:6) and sometimes overlaps the pronunciation of /. Spellings with the symbols e or e are unambiguously e, and spellings with / are unambiguously /, but spellings with i may be either e or
5.14.

In Sapir's

Yurok

range of variation

(cf.

/.

The

spelling

for the

vowel e

is

especially

common

in the suffix -el, the

third

e-class verbs,

amples of

of which is regularly written -iL In transcribing ambiguous exhave followed Robins' spellings.
indicative

plural

5.15. In Sapir's Yurok, in a few words, e is in free variation with a. In most of these Robins' Yurok has e: hes S p. 36, has S (39), hes R

'interrogative adverb', kes S (110), kas S (49, 51), kes

'down',

30, lake's S (54), lek^'is)

'outside', mesk'^oh

p. 88,

mesk'^oh

S p. 'medicine',

M"f

C^jnemas S (151), P)nemes R, 'my medicine', heikus S (144), hait'u S p. 30, heiku(s)R 'ashore' (see 5.10), and yet^i, yak^i S p. 78, C^)yekH R

'worm'. In one instance Robins' Yurok has both e and

etc.) 'he said',

a:

^o

Wm

(4,

6,

hd^m S

(30), he^m,

ha^m

'he says' (see 5.9). This

was ap-

parently a sound change in progress.

Sapir's Yurok: '^em S (2, 24, etc.), "^ema R 'past tema R 'in vain' (see 5.6), kom S (107), koma R 'hard', cpikom S (108), cpikoma R 'only', and mel S p. 26, mela R 'past time'.
5.16.

Final a

is lost in

time', tern S (51),

5.17. The transitive verb final -im- is replaced by -em- in Sapir's Yurok: ma^a-hskem- S (14, 17), maPahskim- B 'to spear', skewo-ksem- S (37), skewoksim- R 'to want', tyo'hpeyo-ksem- S (53), tyohpeyoksim- R 'to hate',

mya-hika-hpem- S (90)
(128), holimleave'. 5.18.
In Robins'

'to

jump

on',

mya-ikahpim-

'to

jump

at',

holem- S

'to

weave', and knoksem- S (148,

149), knoksim-

'to

Yurok

in the indicative
is

of the bipersonal conjugation,

/

(Robins 1958: 69-73). This / always corresponds to e in Sapir's Yurok. The only example in Sapir's texts is na-hcecek S (35) 'I give it to you (sg.)', which corresponds to nahciceU in Robins' Yurok. There are many other examples in Sapir's notebook, including swo'^metecek S p. 26, swo'meticek R 'I smell you (sg.)', nahceseU S
p.

the vowel following the stem

sometimes

42, nahciseU

'I

give

it

to him', nahcec'o'^
p.

p.

42, nahcic'o'^

'I

give

it

to

you
e

(pi.)',

tyo-hpeyo-kseseU S

48, tyohpeyoksisek

'I

hate him', etc.

The
13,

may

shift to u in ./-modifying

verbs (Robins 1958:36): sumutjcuk S p.

sumuticeU

'I kill

you'.

1032

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

[5.17 and 5.18 are instances of the general rule that

when

the vowel

fol-

lows the stem

other example

in
is

Robins' Yurok

it

corresponds to e

in Sapir's

Yurok. An-

the incremental plural of "^ahsp- 'to drink': '^ahspe'^moh S p.

26, '^ahspi'^moh
5.19.

'we drink'.]

In Robins'

Yurok

there are special third person singular and plural

suffixes

-(y)ne}c and -(V)neckenek"' referring to motion in or on water

In Sapir's

(Robins 1958:39-40).
57), leneckenek"^
(60),

Yurok

the

corresponding

suffixes

are

(V)neU'' and -ckeneic'': leneU''' S (133), tenet'

'it

drifts',

leckeneJc'''

S (55,
(137),

R
'it

'they float

down

the river, they float away', layckenek'" S

la-yoneckenet''

'they

float

along',

and

weno'^monek'^

weno'^monet'
5.20.

floats along'.
first

Most verbs which have

type o-class inflection in Robins'

The verbs ni-'^now- S (43, pa-hcew- S (88, 122) 'to move (intr.)', and rurow- S (135) 'to sing' are second type o-class in Sapir's Yurok; "^ocom- S p. 29 'to sneeze' is e-class; and ko^moy- S (86, 88, etc.) varies between first and second type o-class. The verb wa'^soyow- R 'to be poor' corresponds to the e-class verb waWoy- S (151). The third singular forms so'^n S (150) 'she does' and tt'e'^ro'^n S p. 16 'it (a stick) is short' are ambiguous and could be
Yurok
are inflected differently in Sapir's Yurok.
119, etc.) 'to look, to look for',
first

type o-class or e-class.

5.21.

Nouns which have

separate plural forms are rare in

Yurok (Robins
ka-hpewei S

1958:23). There are three additional examples in Sapir's texts: C^jwa-hpew S

(2, 9, etc.) 'his wife',

C^)wa-hpewei S (51, 54, 66)

'his wives',

(47) 'your wives', holoh S (55, 64) 'basket', ho-loi S (65) 'baskets', woloi

S (60) 'their baskets', and negut' S

plural suffixes in the first

form the example

5.22.

third
is

p. 60 'duck', negenut' S (71) 'ducks'. The two words resemble the suffixes -e-t and -at used to person plural indicative of verbs (Robins 1958:33). Another

ha'^a-g

'rock', plural ha'^a-gei B.

in Sapir's texts differ

number of words
126),
'well,

forms
weir,

in

Robins' Yurok

in other

ways than those

listed in 5.1-5.21:

from the corresponding cinome'all

wos S (118,
cu-l

cinomewes

'young man', cu-V S (101, 147)

etc.),

right,

goodbye', cywkHn- S (54, 121,

cywk'^en-

'to sit',

ha'^ag S (84), ha'^a-g

'rock', hino-

S (126, 132), hinoy

'after',

knoksem-

S (148, 149), knoksim- R 'to leave', h'usi'^ S (1 1, 13, etc.), k^eW S (17, 130), S (17), k'^esi R 'sentence connective', tetk'^etes- S (107), letk'^elos- R 'to drag along', ma'^a'^ S (8, 10, etc.), ma'^ait R 'spear', me-tonem- S (112),
kusi"^

meiownem- R (90) 'to jump

na'^amoyi

'to touch',

moco'^ S (34, 35),

on',

mya-ikahpim-

'to

moco R 'if, mya-tfiika-hpem- S jump at', na'^amo'^yi S (50, 52),

'two days', nikoi S (134),

niko'^i

'always', noi(pey-) S (89

(37),

twice, 124), no-t(pey-)

'to

go

out',

skewoksem- S
'to

skewoksim-

'to

want', tetomoks- S (77), tektomoks-

tyofipeyoksim-

'to

be angry', tyo-hpeyoksem- S (53), hate', wa'^Poy- S (151), wa'^soyow- R 'to be poor',

5 3 1

Yurok Texts

1033

wokikecoy- S (89) 'to be daylight', woikecoy- R 'to be morning', wonoye'^ek S (83, 152), wonoyenk R 'in the sky', wo'^gik(s} S (60, 65), wonk(s) S (138),

wonk(s)R

'inside',

woWl
R

S (109), Owo'^on

'her house',

won

won R

'elsewhere', '^onumi S (64), '^enumi

'to lie

'exactly',

and

'^o-^kes-)

S (82), S (23,

110, etc.), '^oyi(kes-)

(down)'. In one instance Sapir's Yurok varies

in

between two forms, one of which also occurs

48, etc.), no-l S (147),

Robins' Yurok: noi S (23,

'so long, then'.

Notes
1

This verb

may

also have e-class inflection:

me

k'^egeteU
p. 37.

'I

was

visiting

(long ago)', ku k'^egeteceU Til visit you', etc. S

Cf.

merkwteks

'crane' (Kroeber 1976:378 n. 1)

and mu-k

'crane'.

The

bird in question,

Ardea herodias,

is

also called the great blue heron.

Written so, with a short vowel, but from the semantics this must be the
preverbal particle so'so'.

Sentence 7 was originally followed by sentence

15 are a later insertion.

16.

Sentences 8 through

Second type o-class verb mens-

'to

buy back'.
'this, that, these,
w'^it in

The nonpersonal pronoun wPvt,

This verb

wit

those, thus, there'

also has the variants wPit, wPt, and

Sapir's Yurok.

may

also have second type o-class inflection: kiti ma?a-hsko^m

it'.

S
8

p.

40

'he'll

spear

Sapir cites an alternate form kusP.

It is

not possible to determine the stem of this verb. Cf. the e-class verb
p.
"^i

sleko-h(pen-) S

40, slekoh(pin-)

'to pull

out (something stuck)'.

10
1

Sapir translates

kap 'make a

bee-line'.

Noninflected form of sotEnglish lexicon, but there

'to go'. It is
is

not listed in Robins' Yurokit

an example of

in

Robins (1958:98):

kiis

kic sot 'Where has he gone?'.

12

Second singular imperative C^jneps from nep- 'to Yurok the corresponding form is nep's or nep'es.

eat'. In

Robins'

Sapir cites an alternate form negepe'^moh, with the -eg- infix.

e-class verb sonowol-, with the

14
1

same meaning
as

as

sonow-

'to

do, to be'.

This sentence appears to have the same construction as sentences 27 and

28.

However, Sapir
in

translates

it

one sentence and

have followed

him

my

translation.

1034
16
In Sapir's

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Yurok the adverb kye

is

used with the indefinite relative ad-

verbs t^en and k'^enis instead of the article Ui, as described by Robins
(1958:141-42).

17

Preverbal particle used regularly after

the

ti'^ni'^

'what?' in Sapir's texts in

in

same way

that so- is often

used after kus 'how?'

Robins

(1958:151).
1

The meaning of

this

word

is

unclear.

It is

not translated by Sapir.

19

Second person possessive form of *ha-hpews 'wife', which is derived from *hahpew 'wife'. Final -s is the diminutive suffix (Berman
1986:421).
Indefinite pronoun, 'one (of a number)', derived

20
21

from kolin (see sen-

tence 88), with r for

because of diminutive symbolism.

An

exclamatory adverb which often introduces imperatives. See the exin

amples under hel

Robins (1958:198).
of the pen for the preverbal particle
in
ni,

22
23

Perhaps

this is a slip

which oc-

curs in the

same phrase

sentence 50.
'^-

Third singular indicative of

tence
is

'to be, to live'. Its

it

function in this sen-

unclear. Sapir translates

'just'.

24

Sapir added a footnote

stayed

away from

his

"He pretended to be a big chief Didn't eat and new wives as yet. Not eating makes him lucky, so
'to

he gets rich."

25

Second type o-class verb ko^'he left

it'. It is

leave

(tr.)'.

Cf

w/'? ni ko^ok""

p.

48

uncertain whether

ko'^o'^ is

third singular indicative or a

(pi.)',

noninflected plural similar in formation to trnvgo"^ 'to hunt

based

on tmeg- 'to hunt' (Robins 1958:42), although vowel alternation. 26

Sapir cites an alternate form ionitu.
e-class verb pk^o'frep- 'to

it

lacks the internal

27 28

come

out'.

e-class verb nekol- 'to light'.

29
30
31

The stem of

this

verb

is

uncertain. Perhaps

it

is

a short

form related

to

weno^moneckenek"^

'they float along'.

e-class verb tetolo-i- 'to weep'.

Cf

teget

and tegetolos-

'to

weep'.

e-class verb k'^omonep- 'to take back'.

32 33 34

Noninflected verb
end' in sentence
I.e.
1

'to

be tied up

tight',

perhaps related to wuyukui

'to

16.

go from the sweathouse, where Coyote and Crane had been sleepSentences

ing.

Sentence 16 originally followed immediately after sentence

8 through 15 are a later insertion.

7.

As

the text

now

stands, sentences 16

and 17 are redundant.

Yurok Texts

1035

35

Strings of dentalium shells.

I.e.

36
37
38

the first offer

is

was not enough.

is

Yurok
So

ambiguous whether wife

singular or plural.

translated by Sapir. Literally "let

it

me
up

look for them".

39
40
41

Literally "there

(the string) is tied

tight".

Numeral,

'ten'. This form does not occur Robins (1958:87-89).

in the table

of numerals in

Sapir added a footnote "Also:

"^o

ge'^m".

See section

5.9.

42 43

Noninflected verb nepoyon

ing that the subject
is plural.

'to

pick grass', with the -eg- infix indicat-

Cf.

nepoyon
'to go'.

'wild parsley'.
is

Third singular indicative of heg(see 5.9).

The underlying form

hego'^l
cor-

The long
in

o- is

unexpected and

may be

a mishearing.

The

responding form

Robins' Yurok

is hego'^l.

44

This word
translates
'sun'. Cf.

may

refer to either the sun or the

it is

it

'moon', but

clear

moon. In sentence 79 Sapir from the context that it should be

hegor

'month'.
related to

45
46

Adverb 'next morning', perhaps

night'.

woyi R

'all

night, over-

Noninflected verb

'to

come

out'.

It is

possible that the final consonant

should be

p' (see 5.7), in

which case

this

would be

the third singular in-

dicative of an e-class verb pk'^ecop-.

47

Sapir added a footnote

that

"He was waiting to kill Sun but was disappointed Sun always came up on another ridge. (Same Yurok name for
is

"sun" and "moon".)"

48

Third person attributive. The stem

root as

uncertain, but

is

from the same

munipoy-

'to

be sharp'. Cf. munipuni

is

'thistle'.
It

49
50
5

In Sapir's

Yurok wistuP

often the equivalent of wp.

may be used

to

emphasize the preceding word or as an adverb

Cf. "^ocka-

'there, thus'.

R
is

'present time'.

numi koy

an idiom meaning
is

'at

dawn'.

52
53

Sapir indicated that this

the equivalent of wi, the emphatic personal

pronoun. Apparently the

initial

has assimilated to the

p of segep.

Second type o-class verb tek'^tet'o-hs- 'to hit with a rock'. Cf. tehohs- B 'to hit with something held in the hand (e.g. a rock or a club).'

54
55
56

Adverb not

'so long' with the -eg- infix indicating plurality.

'to

Noninflected passive of '^ekonemnation indicating that the subject

hold' with internal vocalic alter-

is

plural.
is

The

lack of a
it

first

person possessive prefix with this word

unex-

pected, and

may

not be correctly recorded. Cf. Oskdpitsa 'pouch'

1036

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

(Curtin ms. 1889:83). For a description of the pipe cover or tobacco

pouch see Kroeber (1976:454 57

n. 9).
it is

The

final

vowel

is

written

j-

and

therefore uncertain whether

it is

long or short (see 5.12). Cf. (Vwiku'^

and Pjwuiku-'^

'bone'.

58

Written nekwili. Sapir translates

is

it

"It's

me". The proposed emendation

be tied up

very uncertain.
'to end',

59

Noninflected verb
tight' in

perhaps related to wjyumuk'^ui

'to

sentence 72.

60
61

Sapir added "(for sending snow)".

The episode

telling

how Coyote reached

eating in their not

the sky has been omitted (cf.

J.

Sapir 1928:256).

62
63

The Sun people were

It

own

house.

was

the Sun,

who

is

named

until the

end of the episode.

64
65

The dancers were seven

version.

girls,

the Pleiades.

They

are not

named

in this

In the interlinear translation Sapir calls this village Pek'^tew. This

was an

alternate

name

of the

site

(Kroeber 1976:203

n. 28).
it

66
67

Adverb
Written
Sapir

related to "^iskw

'gradually'. Sapir translates

"all at

once,

after a while".
'^o'^lep'ik. I

have transcribed

it

as in Robins'

Yurok

(see 5.7), but

may be

correct, since

he also recorded

'^o'^lep'ik

'right in the house'

on

p. 55.

68

"I.e., she is weaving all alone, no one sees her. She makes cap to get rich, does not want to have anything to do with young man. They say baskets are sold now because of this story."

Sapir added a footnote

69 70
71

Noninflected verb (^)ma-yoi

'to

abandon'. Sapir translates

it

"you went

back on me".
Sapir' s handwriting
is

unclear and this could also be the emphatic pro-

noun

wi.
in these texts this word is pronounced ko"^! (4, 5, etc.) or ko'^n See section 5.11. Another example of free variation between and final '^i in Sapir' s notebook is Ugj^l, UgJ^i S p. 59 'turkey

Elsewhere
(24, 51).
final
?/

buzzard'.

72
73

Sapir cites an alternate form wo'^giks.

This word

is

not attested in Robins' Yurok, but there are several verbs

which appear to be compounds with ken as the first member: kenroksim- 'to trust, to admire', kensonow- 'to take care, to be sensible', and kensonoksim- 'to dislike'. In the first two verbs, the second members are roksim- 'to trust' and sonow- 'to be, to be like, to happen, to behave, to do'. The third verb has two additional elements, so- 'thus,

Yurok Texts
so'

1037

and noksim-

'to think
is

of. Unfortunately the meaning of ken in

these

compounds

not clear.
'to

74
75

The phrase kei tomoy- means

Sapir translates
it

be very young, to be very small'.

"a

little bit

of a thing".

Reduplicated form of cvk 'money'.

In Robins'

76 77

Yurok nek- means

or 'to take'.

'to put',

but in Sapir' s

Yurok

it

may
if

mean

'to put'

Sapir added a footnote "=

Hupa

ce--xayc'a? 'rock-basket.' Found,

it.

you're lucky, in certain springs. This rock has hollow in

You wash

your hands

in

it

and get good luck. They used

little

to train for

long time in

sweat-house, drink very

78 Written pecan"^.
It is

water, to find

it."

uncertain whether the glottal stop in this word is sometimes added a glottal stop after a monosyllabic word (5.6), but this would be the only example after a longer word. Cf. pecan R 'for a little while' and pege can S (145) 'in a little while'.
distinctive. Sapir

79
80
8

Sapir translates this adverb "back to the house up from the river".
In Robins'

Yurok

this

verb means

'to lift up, to raise'.

Numeral

ko'^r 'one',

with the -eg- infix, used as an adverb 'one

at a

time, one by one' (Robins 1958:92-93).

82

Third person attributive. The stem of the verb

lates
it

is

uncertain. Sapir trans-

"as

many
is

as there were".

It

may be

related to the adverb

tomeni

R
83

'all sorts'.

The

last

vowel

written o\ so
it

it is

uncertain whether

it is

long or short

(5.12). Sapir translates

live". Cf. "^oVoiet"

"place

among human

beings, where people

'village'

and Olekwoyoi 'persons' (Kroeber

1976:361

n. 6).

84

Derived from the indefinite relative adverb k^en. Perhaps this is the form used with the negative nimok'^su, just as the indefinite pronoun

koV
85

alternates with ko'^lis

when used with

go away'.

the negative

mos (Robins

1958:22).
e-class verb meneco'hk'^- 'to

86
87

Sapir noted "Whenever you sing song of this story while making bot-

tom of
This
is

basket, you're sure to sell basket for lots of

money."

an idiom meaning

'it is

a long time' (since something hapit

pened) (Robins 1958:92). Sapir translates

rect translation

"so far away", but the cor-

may be
'to

"so long ago", in contrast to we'^ykoh 'now' in

sentence 154.

88

Noninflected verb
Written noi, so
5.22).

run along'.
is

89

it is

uncertain whether the vowel

long or short (5.12,

1038

XIV Northwest
is

California Linguistics

90

cikcik '^oV

the

home

of
it

money

in

Yurok mythology. Sapir

translates

it

"money where
91
First singular

a lot of

stays". Cf. Tsiktsiko'i

'Dentalium Home'

(Kroeber 1976:115

n. 49).

back'.

It is

pronominal prefix form of Onesk'^ec- 'to come, to come uncertain why it is used here. Perhaps the adverb we'^ykoh

'now' takes the pronominal prefix form in Sapir's Yurok.

92
93

Redundant.
Unclear. Did the basket turn into a rock or did the rock just appear?

94
95

From
This

here on Sapir's interlinear translation refers to the maiden as "he",

a confusion resulting from the lack of gender in Yurok.

is

common

phrase in formulas.

96
97

The

ridge between the Klamath and Trinity (Kroeber 1976:148 n. 18).

In this

word

the first p'

is

an error and the second

p' is correct.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

Edited by
1.

Howard Berman

Introduction!
lived
in

The Chimariko Indians formerly

narrow canyon which exin

tended about 20 miles along the Trinity River

northern California.

They

were nearly wiped out by miners in the 1860's, and by the turn of the century there were only a handful of survivors. In 1906 Roland B. Dixon worked on Chimariko, with Polly Dyer and Friday as his main informants.

He

published a description of the language in Dixon (1910).

P.

From 1921

to

1928 John
Noble,
film
material,

Harrington worked with several informants, including Sally

Abe Bush, and Lucy Montgomery. But he never published any of his and it has only recently been made available to scholars on micro(Mills 1985). Other scholars who collected smaller amounts of data on

Chimariko include Stephen Powers, Alfred L. Kroeber, Pliny Earle Goddard, and C. Hart Merriam. The material from the first three was incorporated into

Dixon (1910). Some of Merriam's Chimariko notes were published

riam (1979).
In the

in

Mer-

summer of 1927, during his field trip to the Hupa in northwest CaliEdward Sapir spent a few days working on Chimariko. He described the circumstances of his field work in a letter to John P. Harrington: 2 "While doing my Hupa work I heard of an Indian at Salyers named Saxey who was supposed to know quite a bit of Chimariko, and as I was not satisfied with Dixon's record ... I went to see Saxey with my Hupa interpreter [Sam Brown] toward the end of my field trip, only to find that he knew very little indeed and that little distorted by his Hupa phonetics. However, I learned from him of the existence of an Indian named Abe Bush at Hyampom who, he suspected, might know Chimariko rather well, as he used to hear him talk it to Friday. So ... I proceeded to Hyampom to get in touch with Abe Bush ... While Bush used to understand Chimariko very well many years ago, he
fornia,

never spoke

it freely himself and has obviously forgotten a great part of what he once knew." Sapir also worked briefly with Martha Ziegler,^ a half

sister

of Sally Noble.

Sapir's inches,

Chimariko which is now

field notes are in

in the

a small

notebook,

6 inches by 9

Library of the American Philosophical Society in

1

Philadelphia (Sapir ms. 1927c). Page

is

a sheet torn out of another note-

040

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

book and attached to the inside cover. It contains notes about various informants and about where Chimariko was spoken. Pages 2 to 4 contain a list of 65 words from Saxey, which were apparently all that he could remember. Pages 5 to 42 contain 661 words and phrases from Abe Bush. They are chiefly a rehearing of the English-Chimariko vocabulary in Dixon (1910). Page 43 is blank. Pages 44 to 49 contain a list of 80 words from Martha
from Abe Bush, it is a rehearing of the EnglishChimariko vocabulary in Dixon (1910), but it stops abruptly at the word coyote. It appears that Sapir was interrupted at this point and was unable to finish the rest of the vocabulary. There are also notes about Abe Bush on page 5 and about Martha Ziegler on page 44. The rest of the notebook is
Ziegler. Like the material

blank.
cards based on his Chimariko field notes. few Chimariko words from his Hupa inforOn these cards he also included a mant Sam Brown and from Webb Forke which are not in his Chimariko notebook. On the file cards he added suggestions about the phonology and mor-

Sapir later wrote out a set of

file

phology of Chimariko. He apparently intended

material, but he never carried out his plan.

to write

an

article

about the

2.

Informants

Abe Bush was about 70 years old in 1927, and lived at Oak Flat, Hyampom. He was also an informant for Harrington and Merriam. He was born at Hayfork and came to Hyampom when he was 4 years old. His mother was
raised at Taylor's Flat and

was a full Chimariko. She was a cousin of Dixon's informant Polly Dyer. Bush never spoke Chimariko thoroughly, but he understood it well. At the time of Sapir' s field work he said he hadn't heard Chimariko for 50 years. There is a photograph of Abe Bush in Silver
(1978:210).

Saxey lived on his ranch in Salyers. He was bom a New River Shasta. When he was a little boy his parents were killed by gold miners and he was taken to live with the Hupa. As a consequence he spoke Hupa fluently, but
he knew only a few words of

New

River Shasta.

mariko and spoke a

riam,

little

of their language.

He also lived with the ChiHe was an informant for Merin

who

published a brief
is

New

River Shasta vocabulary from him

Mer-

riam (1930). 4 There

a photograph of

Saxey

in

Merriam (1930) opposite

page 280.

Martha Ziegler' s maiden name was Dyer. She was the daughter of Polly Dyer, who had been one of Dixon's main informants, and was a half sister
of Sally Noble.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

04

Sam Brown was Sapir's chief Hupa informant. On page 1 of his Chimariko notebook Sapir says that Sam Brown got his Chimariko words from his mother's mother's sister because the Hay Fork and Hyampom people used to visit her people at the Hupa village of Ts'e-winaidirj. In fact, when
Sapir cites Chimariko

Brown

learned them from.

1

from Friday,

words from Sam Brown he often adds who Sam Of 13 words, 9 were from Martha Ziegler, 1 was was from Old Rogers, and 2 were from unidentified sources.

Sapir lists 6 forms in his file slips which are from been able to learn anything about this informant.

Webb

Forke.

have not

3.

Phonetics

Dixon was not a good phonetician, and his recordings of Chimariko are far from adequate. One of Sapir's goals in his Chimariko fieldwork was to correct Dixon's phonetics. Unfortunately, it appears that none of Sapir's informants spoke Chimariko with a native accent. In his letter to Harrington which was cited above, Sapir wrote that Saxey's pronunciation was "distorted by his Hupa phonetics" and that Abe Bush "has been influenced by Wintun phonetics". Martha Ziegler's speech has lost many phonological distinctions, including consonant length, vowel length, and the distinction between velar and uvular consonants. It is likely that her phonetics are affected by some other language, perhaps English. In addition, for many words Sapir gives alternate forms, and when he elicited the same word two or more times from the same informant the recordings frequently do not
agree.
It

is

uncertain whether Sapir's unfamiliarity with the language or his

a combination of both. In any case, the description

informants' fading memories are responsible for this lack of consistency.

Perhaps

it

is

which

folleft

lows should be taken only as representing the material which Sapir has us, and not as a description of Chimariko when it was a viable language.
Since the bulk of the material
scribe his speech
first

and then

is from Abe Bush, it is convenient to dehow Martha Ziegler and Saxey differ. It

should be remembered that the amount of material from Martha Ziegler and Saxey is quite small, fewer than 100 words each.

The phonemes of Abe Bush's Chimariko appear

0-, u, U-, p,

to be: a,

a-, e, e-,
s, x,

i,

i-,
'^,

o,

n, 1,

r,

p\ p\ w, and y.

t,

t',

t',

t^ i'\ t'^

ts,

tsS

t's,

k,

k^

k', q,

q\ q\

x, h,

m,

Two phonemes

are poorly attested.

The vowel

occurs only

in the

proper

noun xdwi- Wailaki. The consonant

t"^'

occurs only

in mdit^'a valley,

which

also has the variants mdiiya, mditc'a, and mditsa.

1042

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

The basic allophones of the vowels are a, e, /, d and v. The vowel a is sometimes more open and is written a or a. At the end of a word, a often has an r-like quality, which is indicated by a raised r or.r.
In

Martha Ziegler's speech a

is

never fronted, and final a never has an

is

r-

like quality.

than in

The quality of Abe Bush's speech,

is

the other vowels

as in

sometimes higher or closer

hoBew AB acorn-soup, hoBew

MZ

acorn

mush.
In Saxey's speech a
in

never fronted, and final a has an r-like quality only

Genip^awa'^ sifting basket. Final a sometimes adds an h, which Sapir

writes \ as in

aW deer,

and
is

in the

common

verbal suffix -hint'a\ -hvnt^a\

d:

The
I.

basic allophone of c

o as opposed to

Abe Bush's
to

nobt AB, n&^of S

d:

In

word

final position
fire,

AB, hdSo S

Abe Bush's v corresponds sdwv AB, cdwo S potatoes.

Saxey's o or

dBv

els are shortened, as in

Martha Ziegler has no distinction of vowel length. Abe Bush's long vowmd-lah AB, mdlah MZ my aunt. Saxey has distinctive vowel length like Abe Bush. The clearest example of a long vowel in Saxey's speech which corresponds to a long vowel in Abe Bush's speech is

the final o- in himoe,

AB, hemo- S

yes. In addition,

Saxey often lengthens

esjhint^a

a,

and o

in

an

initial

open syllable dkh AB, &kh S

salt,

AB

it's

cold,

hecohintW S I'm

cold,

phY^v AB, p'^&fco S

ai, ei, oi,

grizzly bear.
ui.

Abe Bush
diphthong
is

has 4 diphthongs:
often

and

The

first

element of the
otter,

lengthened,

as in

tc^eitc^ei buzzard,

he^xjitc'^e-i

occur from Martha Ziegler: p'^dtcwai, p^dtcvwai Wintu, t^cokokD^tcei bluejay, hipvi snow, etc. In tce^tce-i buzzard the first element is nondistinctively lengthened. There are no diphthongs in the material from Saxey. The only word with a diphthong in Abe Bush's speech that has a corhdha-imat lovely, beautiful, etc. All of these diphthongs except oi also
in the material

respondence in the material from Saxey

In

is

q^viGv AB,
of

xoGo

S four.
into

few

words

Saxey

has

contraction

two
hat, ten,

syllables
it'sin

one:

hd-^vm(i)yak'tc'i
hit'cint^^dla

AB

basket-hat,

hd-myak^Dja

Djeyela AB,

S old man, sd'dnp'vn AB, ca-np'vn S

and

DjemDahvwakDa
to a retroflex

AB, dje-mdvwdk'^Da S white man.

f,

Abe Bush's f series corresponds which is written tr. This retroflex

corresponds to Martha Ziegler's

in
t

Martha Ziegler's speech

as in
tr
yiif^^i

is
tr,

never glottalized, so that

Abe Bush's

f'

AB

acorn (of any kind),

yiitri^

MZ

acorn.

It is

uncertain whether

has an aspirate counterpart, since

Abe Bush

this word does not occur in the The Chimariko described by Dixon has tr rather than f, so it appears that the f series is a peculiarity of Abe Bush's speech. There is no good cognate set to show which consonant corresponds to Abe Bush's f and Martha Ziegler's tr in Saxey's speech. In pbY^v AB,

has

t^'

only in mdif^a valley, and

material from Martha Ziegler.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

p^&t'co S grizzly bear,
t's),

1043
t'c

Abe Bush's

t^^'

corresponds to Saxey's
tc,

(phonetically

but Martha Ziegler has pblcv^ with

so

Abe Bush's speech may be out

of line. There is no example of tr in the material from Saxey, and the only example of a possible t^ series is in hit'cint'^dla old man. But Abe Bush has lYsin Djeyela old man, so it appears that Saxey's t^^ corresponds to Abe Bush's DjEy- and is therefore the result of contraction and should be interpreted as a cluster of t' and y.

The
c.

sibilant s varies

between
than

and

s.

Sapir writes s with the symbols s and

ts

Similarly the affricate series varies between

and

ts.

In

Abe Bush's speech

Martha Ziegler's
ts is

s is

much more common

is

s.

In Saxey's speech
s.

and

in

speech, s

more common than

ts.

For

all

three speakers,

much more

common
It

than

is

uncertain whether s and s are one

ri'-series

phoneme

or two, and similarly

whether the
evidence
is

and the

r^-series are in contrast or in free variation.

conflicting.

On

the one hand,

Abe Bush

has a

The number of words

which have variants with both points of articulation: t'cdwa, t^sdwa eel, hit^sahv to know, xvt^sahvn I don't know it, xvtsVnanan I don't want it, xvtcVnat I don't want (to eat). Cf. also the first person singular prefixes in ts'^awe'ini I'm angry and ts^vxvlik'^m I'm bad. There are no examples which alternate between s and s, but there are only about a dozen words with s in the material from Abe Bush, and none of them was elicited on two separate occasions. On the other hand, Martha Ziegler has a near minimal pair contrasting s and s\ hv^sC' breast and hvcP liver. These words were elicited consecutively. Since both words are in the same semantic sphere there may be some sort of sound symbolism involved.

The

aspiration of q' in

Abe Bush's speech sometimes sounds

muddy. After q'^dwv
fricative
r,

like x, as in

q^&wa

coal and maDjiq-ol

rattlesnake

Sapir

added

"almost q^dwv".

similar

phenomenon occurs with

as in

glottalized q^ in q^-vmi

elk-hide (for armor).

The uvular

x occasionally has an r-like quality

which

is

indicated by a raised r or

mdtsx'u rainbow, x'vts^vla short,

in Djitq^omiia'^

etc.

xvGeyat he can't hear, ts'axanThe uvular stop q' has the same quality

uprooted

tree.

no distinction between velar and uvular consonants in the material from Martha Ziegler, that is between the A:-series and the ^^-series or between X and X. The ^-series does not occur in Martha Ziegler's speech. Abe
There
is

Bush's

q'

corresponds to Martha Ziegler's

k' in

q'dGo AB, k'dku

tsq^ cluster

MZ

arrowwith

point. In sitsqh

AB,
tr.

citra^

MZ

blood,

Abe Bush's

corresponds to
<7-series

Martha Ziegler's

There are no other examples of Abe Bush's

a correspondence in the material from Martha Ziegler. Except as the second

member

of a cluster,

Abe Bush's x and x

jcdVw

regularly correspond to h in Martha

Ziegler's speech, as in

AB

basket hopper, hd'ew

is

MZ

mortar basket,

XD^Ew AB, ho^^w

MZ

board,

etc.

The only exception

xdniobnd

AB

black-

044

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

MZ berries. This is the only occurrence of x in the material from Martha Ziegler. The velar fricative x does not occur at all. As the second member of a cluster, Abe Bush's x and x are lost in Martha Ziegler's speech, and the preceding consonant usually shifts in manner and/or position. Examples include hipxafci, hipxaDji AB, hip^atri^ MZ bark of tree, djiDxa'^ AB, t'cit^d MZ blanket, Bdtsxvwai, Bdtcxuwai AB, p'^dtcwai, p'dtcvwai MZ Wintu, etc. In the material from Saxey the velar and uvular
berry, xa^o^mond

consonants generally agree with those in

Abe Bush's
'

speech, as in dpxa,
salt.

dpxd AB, dpxa S excrement,

q'^d^a

AB,

q'^d'^a

S rock, and dkh AB, d'kh S

he's

The consonant h
word-final
xe[rEk'tc^ei
initial
'

is

written h before vowels and

as in

before consonants and in

there,
is

position,

hiwohint^a

AB

sitting

at

home,
is

AB

humming-bird, and d'W S deer. The only exception

the

in

'dBvn'a

AB

cedar.
glottal stops
in Abe Bush's AB, p'^&fco S, ph^tcv^ MZ grizzly buzzard, hvsi AB, hvcf MZ liver, etc.

Martha Ziegler adds many

bear, tc'eitc'e-i

which are not found

or Saxey's speech. Examples include p'^of-v

AB,

tc^Hce-i

MZ

Abe Bush's
hopper,

r varies

between a
that r

trill

and a retroflex
as in

resembling English.

Sometimes Sapir says

is trilled,

wemer
r,

fish-eagle,

fsdDvr

grass-

DzdBvkbr mole,

p^vsvr, p^vsvr"^
it

mouse, and t^cimdriko Chimariko,

as in

and sometimes he says

hits'v'rvha' high,

is

like

English

musDtri housefly
r,

and

but he writes them both with the symbol

tell

so in other

places

it is

not possible to

them

apart.
/

Abe Bush's

r generally

corresponds to

in

the

material

from Martha

Ziegler and Saxey. Examples include tc^esamra

AB, Djisamla MZ, cicamla

S bear, DPira AB small game, birds, tCla MZ birds, and t^simar^, fsimar, fulmar AB person, Indian, fcimal S man. An exception is sCra AB breast,

cPra

MZ

woman's

breast. This is the only

example of

r in the material

from

Martha

Ziegler. In t'sdDvr

AB,

t^sdto,

t'sdDo S grasshopper,

final r is lost in

Saxey's speech.

The

fricative

occurs in
is

the

material

from

Saxey

in

the

placename
field notes.

hisofvn'maDji. This

the only

example of/ in Sapir's Chimariko

Abe Bush
and
in

distinguishes between long and short consonants.

in

Examples of
an-j^a pitch,

long consonants occur

hes-iGo hazel, svn'hvia'^ old

woman,

many

other words. In addition, words of the shape

if

CVCV

lengthen

the second consonant

that

consonant

is

or , as in him-i hair, p'^dna'^

are lengthened sporadi-

snowshoes,
cally:

etc.

Other consonants

in that position

xvwv,
I

xvwv

bee, yellow-jacket, dla, alia-

moon,

sun, etc. In

Berman

(1985)

called this process "consonant lengthening".

Long consonants do
Ziegler.

not occur in the material from Saxey or Martha Both have short consonants corresponding to the long ones in Abe

Chimariko Linguistic Material

Bush's
speech:

1045
apxant^cola

wisila
it^sin

AB,

wisila

MZ

chipmunk,

AB,

dpxant'cvla S fox,

Djeyela AB, hifcint^^d-la S old man. In the last example Saxey may have compensatory lengthening of the preceding a. In Martha Ziegler's speech there is no phenomenon corresponding to consonant lengthening: yvm-a AB unleached acorn-meal, yvma MZ unleached

basket to sift with, p^vna MZ basket pan, hin-i AB, Saxey does not have consonant lengthening, but has vowel lengthening instead. As noted above, Saxey often lengthens a, e, and o in an initial open syllable: d'eno' AB, d'ano' S elk, djewv, djewv AB, Dje'-wo S big, no^ot AB me, n&^of S it's me, etc. The high vowels and v remain short. Vowel lengthening in Saxey's speech is applicable to all initial open syllables, and is not restricted to words of the shape CVCV as is Abe Bush's consonant lengthening.
acorn-flour, p'vn-a

AB

hini

MZ

brain, etc.

It is unclear whether accent in Chimariko is distinctive. In the material from Abe Bush most words in isolation have an acute accent, which is most often on the first syllable, yiit'^i acorn (of any kind), mun-e black-oak acorn, imdWi your head, imd^tc^e our heads, and ydq'^dn^a white oak also have one or more grave accents. Many words used in phrases or sentences have no

accent at

all.

Occasionally

word occurs

in

isolation

with

the
I'll

accent
drink,

unmarked. Examples include

yaqW

white oak acorn, luh to drink,

alla'^ sun, moon, etc. A few words have two hd-hdDew Indian money, tcHsjmila orphan, hdk^ewnd^d sugar pine, and Df^mDjiDjela water-bird (probably little snipe). In Djvmak^v my father-in-law, imaY my head, and dwa^e my home, both the stem and the

hamew

food, apxant^cola fox,

acute accents:

possessive affix have an acute accent. In ydq^d white oak acorn, ydq^dn^t

white oak, himd^ head, and imdic^e our heads, the second syllable
with a vertical line whose value
horizontal line after the
is

is is

marked
it?,

unclear. In Bats^C what?

indicate rising inflection.

what

the

word may

Sometimes Martha Ziegler or Saxey have the accent on a different syllable from Abe Bush. Usually Abe Bush has the accent on the initial syllable and Martha Ziegler or Saxey have it on a later syllable, as in hdfsanBv, hitsanSv

AB, itcempv^ MZ arm, tc^eleh AB, tceleY MZ black, ndhak^ AB, nahdk' S bring it!, Bvsvwa AB, Bvcvwa S wood, etc. In hoBew AB acorn-soup, hoBew S acorns, hoBew MZ acorn mush, and dq^d AB, d-q^a S water, however, Abe Bush has the accent on the second syllable and Martha Ziegler or
Saxey have it on the first. In the material from Martha Ziegler the grave accent and the accent indicated by a vertical line always occur together in the same word. Examples include kvrniDjVh all (of them), himvDjdt'dn bitter, ho^kw board, k^awih bug, hvtrkw cane (for walking), and cvpvH sharp.
elicited the

As noted above, Sapir gives alternate forms for many words and when he same word two or more times from the same informant the reis

cordings frequently do not agree. Since the corpus

basically a

Chimariko

1046
to English

XIV Northwest
word
list

California Linguistics

there are not that

is

many

repetitions, but

when

they occur

the percentage of variant forms

very high. These variations are listed be-

low according

to type. All of the

examples are from Abe Bush. The numbers

refer to the pages of the notebook.

Vowel
Vowel

length:

m&mimat
hdt'sanBv

7,

mdmimat

19

you're

alive,

he-?t'cesBvl-a,

het^cesBvla 34 sucker.
quality:
1 1

7,

hitsanSv 31 arm, k'lwat, kiwcot 36

boat, etc.

this

one,

mvdima

canoe,

mvDvma

28

Consonant manner: q'dDaitV 27, q'aDdiDa, q'atdita 33 down, below, tc'dwal, tcdwal 37 bunch of little fish, k'ftfv 12 grass, Gjtsv 19 eatable
grass, etc.

Consonant position: diya,dDs(?)a 25, afsa 37

39
clear, white, xvli' 8, xvli' 21 bad, etc.

tree,

mdiyah

12,

mdDjah

Consonant manner and

mditsa 38 valley,
Position of
accent:

position:

mdijya 17 meadow,
hdweita 36

mditc'a, mdit^'a 20,

set'^eh 10,

seDjeh 28 blue.
16,
etc.

haw^-ifa

swift,

^dmemDvma^

20,

dmemDuma^
In the

32 are you hungry?,

tried to describe the recurring sound correabove outline I spondences between Abe Bush, Saxey, and Martha Ziegler. In addition to

have

these there

are
list

many unique

or sporadic

correspondences.

To

list

them
in-

would be

to

almost every form which was elicited from

at least

two

formants. These unsystematic correspondences and the lack of consistency in the material are undoubtedly the result of long disuse of Chimariko com-

bined perhaps with Sapir's inexperience with the language. The conclusion
to

be drawn

is

that Sapir's material

does not give us an adequate basis for

writing a phonological description of Chimariko. Hopefully the large

of notes collected by John P. Harrington from Sally

body Noble and Lucy Mont-

gomery will enable us to describe Chimariko phonology, and will provide us with a framework for analyzing the speech of Sapir's three informants, all of whom were partial speakers to some extent. Sapir wrote that Abe Bush and Saxey were influenced by Wintu and Hupa respectively. And Martha Ziegler shows evidence of influence by English. But we cannot identify the nonChimariko characteristics of their speech until we know which features were
native Chimariko.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

4.

1047

Morphology

Chimariko morphology was described by Dixon (1910), but there are still in our knowledge. The reason is that the texts which Dixon and Kroeber were able to elicit are of very poor quality. Dixon described them as "fragmentary and confused" and added that "The translation is often doubtful ... Not infrequently the text forms differ from those secured in the paradigms of grammatical material" (1910:339). Sapir's Chimariko notes provide very little additional material on the morphology. There are no texts, and there are only a few complete sentences of more than one word. There are other difficulties in the morphological analysis of Sapir's notes. Sometimes Sapir gives the same gloss for two different forms: hdxawinat, hdxawin old, hiDdk'^ni, hiDakYa it rains, aqhaDdk^Da^, hdtak^ to sing, his'vmat, hisvma to throw, etc. There are also a number of forms which appear to be

many gaps

glossed incorrectly:
1.

mvwakYa

did you come?,

It

mvwaGa^ you came. These two forms were

elicited consecutively.

appears that the glosses have been reversed, since

-a^ is the interrogative suffix.

2.

tc^vmihnan
I

don't like you. This probably

means he
n. 29).

likes

me. Cf.

xomhnanan
3.

don't like you in Dixon (1910:348

it?
is

nixdyat^ are you making

This doesn't look like a question, since the

root for
perative.
4.

make

is

xay and n-

the prefix of the second person singular im-

mvx'vGe-ya^ do you understand? This should be glossed don't you unis

derstand?, since -x5. 6.

the negative prefix.

is

ndnuwas whip

(verb). This

probably the second singular imperative.

mek'vh brother-in-law (pages 37 and 48). This should be glossed

is

my
it

brother-in-law, since -h
correctly
7.

the

first

singular possessive prefix. Sapir glossed

on page

1 1

rndsolaifa daughter. This should be glossed his daughter, since

-t'^a

is

the third person possessive suffix,

8.

ts'vsimda daughter-in-law
is

(?).

This should be glossed

my

daughter-in-

law, since ts^v9.

the first person singular possessive prefix.

is

dwami

his

second person singular possessive

10.

home. This should be glossed your home, since -mi suffix. Cf. dwami your house.
sit

the

miDjitmi

down! This

is

probably you

sit

down, since mi-

is

the

second person singular indicative prefix.

The following

is

an outline of the grammatical elements which occur in

Sapir's Chimariko material. First the spelling and definition of the

compara-

1048
ble item in

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Dixon (1910) are given, then a which contain an example of that element.
There are two
certain
sets of possessive affixes
is

list

of the forms in Sapir's notes

used with nouns, one which

is

pre-

fixed and one which

suffixed.

Abe Bush

uses the prefixing set only with

it

names of

in-laws.

Martha Ziegler and Saxey also use

set is used.

with a few

body

part terms.

Otherwise the suffixing

my

AB daughter-in-law (?), Djvmak^v AB tc^vmak^sa AB my mother-in-law, t^ciip^j^ MZ my foot. In ts'dt'xvn bone, Abe Bush has incorporated the first person singular possessive prefix into the stem of the word. Cf. ts^dfxvnh AB my bone and hv^trvn MZ
tc- first

person singular: ts^vsimda

father-in-law,

bone.
m-, mi- second person singular: mimak^v
h- third person singular

AB

your father-in-law.

and

plural: hisot'^

S his eye, hip^a S his foot, h^ma*

syllable

S his head. In these words the indication of third person possession appears
to

be a

shift

in

the

vowel of the

first

rather

than

the

initial

h-. Cf.

hvsjt

AB, hvsj'h

MZ

eye, hup-'o

AB, huph'

MZ

foot,

and himd^ AB,

hima''

MZ

head.

aunt,

AB my arm, mdlah AB, mdlah MZ my home, dwah AB my house, vlvitWe AB my sister, ts'dfxvnh AB my bone, mek'vh, mek'vh AB my brother-in-law, mdsDla(iyi AB my daughter, huphh AB my foot, imaY AB my head, etc. Note that Abe Bush has hiipb^i my foot with the possessive suffix -h in contrast to Martha
-/ first

person singular: hdt^sanBvh

dwa^e

AB my

Ziegler,

who

has t^cupb^ with the possessive prefix

t'cu-.

daughter, hisamami

AB your arm, mdsolami AB your AB your head, hvwesmi AB your horns, dwami AB his home [sic], dwami AB your house, vlvifaimi AB your sister, mdkbPami AB your uncle, Bvntsarmi AB your wife. -ida third person singular and plural: mdsjlait'^a AB daughter, dwait^a AB
-mi second person singular: hdt'sanBvmi

AB

your

ear,

imd^m\

their house, his house.

-tee first person
plural:

fmdic^e

AB

our heads, dwaitc^e

AB

our home,

dwahDje

AB

our house.
as the second person plural possessive suffix, but there are
in Sapir notes.

Dixon cites -qe no examples of it ond person plural

dwanuDje

AB

your

home may have

a sec-

suffix -miDje.
in addition to those indi-

There are a number of suffixes used with nouns

cating possession, but only one
is

attested in Sapir's material.

-gulan merely, only: njb(t) tsh^k^via

AB

alone, only.

The
both

subject affixes of the verb resemble the possessive affixes of the

noun

in their

shape and

in their

use as prefixes and suffixes.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

/-,

1049
and with some I see, imihnan

y- first person singular, prefixed with transitive verbs

intransitive verbs: imiDjitm

AB

I I

kick (the dog),

eat, I'll eat
it,

imdmni

AB
I

AB

want

(to eat),
etc.
first

yemd^xan S

yem-a'

AB

eat,

yvwdmni AB
verbs:

I'm going,
-/-,

-y-

person

singular,
[sic].

suffixed

with

some
I'll

intransitive

ph^mvyen

AB

I'm sleep

The second
in luh

-e- in q'e'esjbt

AB when
it

I'm dead

may

also be this suffix.

this suffix,

but in luh

The -i mimPna'

AB

(to drink);

drink appears to be

AB

do you want

to drink?

does not refer to

the first person.

AB AB I'm bad. It is uncertain whether this is the same prefix as in t'svGvhen AB I don't want to, t'svk^'vhen, t^svGvhen AB don't want it!, and fsvk^'vtc^e-i, fsvGvtc^e-i AB I won't! Note that the first two extc- first

person singular, prefixed with some adjectival stems: ts'awe-im

I'm angry, ts^vxvlik^ni

amples have an

initial aspirate

consonant, in contrast to the other examples,

one. tcuis

which have an

initial glottalized

also prefixed to express a first

person singular object with a third person subject. However, the only example in Sapir's notes
is

tc^vmihnan AB, which

is

glossed

don't like you but

appears to

mean he

likes

me.

m-, mi- second person singular, prefixed with transitive verbs and with

some

intransitive verbs:
kill

mdBvk'e^

AB

did you catch

it?,

mdk'oye'

AB

are

you

going to
angry?,
etc.

me? mi mama' AB (what) do you see?, maweya' AB are you mwxvhVt'a AB you're bad, mvx^vGenat AB you don't understand,

miDjitmi

AB
sit

translated

you

sit down! probably contains down.

this

prefix

and should be

-m-, -mi second person singular, suffixed with

some

intransitive

verbs:
are

'dmmDvma\ dmemDuma' AB
you?, md(-)mvsmi'

are

you hungry?, qh'masmi'

AB who

AB

is

that

you?

h- third person singular and plural, prefixed with transitive verbs

and with
he's an-

some
gry,

intransitive verbs: himatt'a

AB

(he) found

(it),

himiDjitni he kicks (the

it,

dog) AB, hdkbt

coughs,
-'-

AB

he

kills,

hifsahvt

hiwdk^m S he's coming,

etc.

AB he knows hvwakYa AB he walks

plural, suffixed with

hawe-it'a
(bad),

AB

hisaxni

AB

he

third person singular

and
hot.

some

intransitive verbs:

q^E-'t'a

AB
first

died, 'eh't'a

AB

These should probably be translated he died

and

it's hot.

ya-

person plural, prefixed with transitive verbs:

ydma AB we

eat,

ydmiDjitmi
-,

AB we
bring

kick (the dog).

na- second person singular imperative, always prefixed:

nahdk'

S,
hit

ndhak^

AB

it!,

ndBvk'e'

AB

catch

it!,

nvwak'

AB

come!, net'svt

AB

me!

etc.

One

other verbal prefix

is

attested in Sapir's notes.

1050
X-, -X- negative:

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

xrvGeyat AB he can't hear, xvGenat AB he can't understand, mvxvGenat AB you don't understand, mu/vGeya' AB do you understand? [sic]6, xvfsahvn AB I don't know it, xdtaknan AB I'm not singing, hvmi'nan MZ I don't like him, etc.
There are several instrumental prefixes listed by Dixon, but there is only one possible example of them in Sapir's material, and that one is very doubtful. Dixon (1910:329) cites a verb naklucmu knock over with bat, which he
analyzes as n- second singular imperative,
-a-

with a long

object,

and

-klucmu knock over. This stem may be further analyzed into -kluc- knock over (1910:333) and -mu directive (1910:352 n. 4). This word may be compared to naq'vsmv AB knock him over! But the latter form probably
contains the second singular imperative prefix n- with the connective vowel -a- rather than the instrumental prefix -a-, and -q'vsmv may not even be the

same verb

as Dixon's -klucmu.

There are a large number of suffixes used with verbs to indicate direction of motion. Dixon noted that "The meanings of some of these suffixes are not
as yet wholly clear" (1910:330).
-lo apart (?):
-tpi

perhaps nd'dh'

AB

go away!
nd'awvtBik'

out of: nd'awvtBim

AB AB

go

out!,

AB come

out!

See below

for the final

-m and
(?):

-k'

of these words.
lie
sit down, miDjitmi Dixon said that -mi ground, or motion downwards" (1910:344 n.

-mi

down

ndDjitmi

down!, hiDjitmit

AB

to

AB
44).

sit

down!

[sic],

perhaps also his-ak'itmi

AB

to hide.

"seems

to refer generally to the

to

-dam, -tam, -ktam down: perhaps hiwjtomta AB he stays home. According Dixon the meaning of -dam is not always certain (1910:358
n. 69).

See also the examples on

p.

353

n. 20.

Dixon described a suffix -mu "which seems to have a somewhat variable directive meaning and function" (1910:352 n. 4). Possible examples in Sapir's notes include hisekmvt' AB to swallow and naq^vsmv AB knock him
over!
In addition to these suffixes, there are several in Sapir's notes

which are

not listed

by Dixon.

-ma: perhaps hPaC)tc'imat

AB

he laughs, his'vmat

AB

to throw,

hisvma
and

hdweita

AB

to

throw

swift.

-m motion towards
in

there:

nd'awvtBim

AB

go

out!,

hvwam AB

to go,

other forms of the verb to go. This suffix also occurs in nu-tu-tpim

jump

out of (Dixon 1910:330).

-k'

(fish)

motion towards here: nd'awvtBik' AB come out!, nfekyak' AB you hurry up and swim hither!, nvwak' AB come!, and in other forms of

Chimariko Linguistic Material

the verb to come. In a note to hadtpikta he

105

comes

out,
n.

Dixon says
1).

that -tpi

"seems sometimes
added

to

occur with a

final A:"

(1910:340

There are also a large number of temporal and modal suffixes, which are after the directional suffixes. Several of the most frequently occurring suffixes are of uncertain meaning.
-n, -ni, -in present,

incompleted action:

AB AB

he

is

barking, wj'wDni

MZ
like

to bark,
it,

ts'awe'-ini AB I'm angry, wj-Svo-in hiwdk'm S he's coming, hisaxni AB

he coughs, him-fnan

AB
all

hvmPnan
kvmiDjVh
new,
etc.

MZ
is

don't like him, pb'mvyen

(of them), Be'Behn

I'm sleep

[sic], etc.

This set of suffixes

(of
it),

also frequently used with adall

jectives: k'vmit'-in
thick, xe^ren

AB

MZ

AB
AB

AB

narrow, dmani

AB

-sun present, used apparently as the auxiliary verb to be: no^jt svnt'a
it's

me.7
I

-xan future: yemd'xan S

eat, I'll eat

is

it,

xvwdmxan
followed

k^vts^i^ainan

AB

don't

want
-an,

to

go.
is

This

suffix

often

by

the

suffix

-nan,
I'll

which

of uncertain meaning (see below):

I

yemaxanan

AB

eat,

yvwamxanan AB

shall go.

AB when I'm dead. AB I eat all the time, continuously. -ye interrogative: mdk^oye^ AB are you going to kill me? -a interrogative: mawe-ya' AB are you angry? mvwaGa^ AB you came [s\c],^ qhma mvwama^ K^ where are you going? ^dmemDvma\ dmeniDvma^ AB are you hungry?, etc. -da, -inda^ present participle: haw^-ith AB he's angry, hvwakU^a xvW AB he walks bad, q'eYa AB died, nurimt'a AB dropped, hiwdxt'a AB he excreted, hvwamt^a AB going, njbt svnt^a AB it's me, hiDak^t'a AB rains, hiDak'Da- AB it's raining (?), rain (?), himamta AB to see, haBoDa- AB to shoot, ho(-)hdfa AB to stand, hiwDtomta AB he stays home, hik^vita' AB sweet, hinobk'Da AB to get well from sickness, hirnvmoit^a AB he whirls around (intr.), Dje-wohvntW S it's big, he-cohintW S I'm cold, esohint'a AB it's cold, hi w Dxi ntW AB sun goes down, hiwohint^a AB he's sitting there, is at home, ^E-loh(w)intW S it's hot, he-mohvntW S I'm sleepy, pb^mvhinta AB he's sleeping, qHe-hinta AB it's smoky, etc. It appears that Dixon's -da may
-soop conditional: perhaps q'e'esjbt

-hun continuative: yemanhvn

it

actually be
finite

two

distinct suffixes, -t^a

and -Da or

-ta. In general,

-t'a

forms

verbs and -Da or -ta forms infinitives, although there are a few excep-

tions.

-nan, -an a general verbal suffix of uncertain meaning, possibly temporal.

It

usually occurs with the future or the negative:

I

yemaxanan AB

I'll

eat,

yvwamxanan AB
hv(w)d^ma^n
xuts'^v^nanan

shall go,

xvwdmxan
away,
it.

k^vts^i^ainan

MZ
AB
I

he's

going

xdtaknan

AB AB

don't want to go,

I'm

not

singing,

don't want

1052
-t,

XIV Northwest
-at

California Linguistics

hit^sahvt

AB he can't hear, hdk'ot AB he kills, AB he's lying down, himihnat AB to like, hdxawinat AB old, hiDjitmit AB to sit down, hvp^dt AB smoking, lo^rdt AB it's soft, hiVjt, hekbt AB to talk; word, BeBeht AB thick, etc.
(uncertain) 10; x'vGeyat

AB

he

knew

it,

hadjvDat

5.

Wider Relationships
The
first

Chimariko

is

not closely related to any other language.

person to

notice similarities between Chimariko and another language family

was

J.

W.

Powell (1891 [1966]: 139), who considered a possible relationship with Pomoan, but rejected it: "Although a study of these [Chimariko] vocabularies

number of words having correspondences with the Kulanapan (Pomo) equivalents, yet the greater number show no affinities with the dialects of the latter family, or indeed with any other. The [Chimarikan] family listed a number of is therefore classed as distinct." Dixon (1910:336-39)
reveals a

cabulary, and suggested that they might be related.

between Chimariko and Shasta-Palaihnihan, chiefly in the voDixon and Kroeber (1913) presented rather slender evidence for the relationship of Karok, Chimariko, Shasta (including Palaihnihan), Pomo, Yana, Esselen, and Yuman, a
similarities

family which they called "Hokan". The

first

extensive presentation of evi-

dence for the Hokan family was

in

Sapir (1917e).ii

Sapir believed that Chimariko occupied a special position in the

family.

Hokan

He

called

it

"one of the most archaic languages of the whole group,

perhaps the one language in California which came nearest to a faithful representation of the theoretical Hokan prototype" (1920d:291).i2 Research on
the

Hokan languages has

not yet reached the point where

we can

evaluate
to

Sapir' s opinion of the position of Chimariko.

But there does appear

be

some evidence of a genetic

relationship between Chimariko,

Pomoan, Yu-

man, and Cochimi. Mauricio Mixco (1979) has presented convincing evidence for the relationship of Yuman and Cochimi. Margaret Langdon (1979) has made a promising start in comparing Pomoan and Yuman. And James Crawford (1976) has presented many suggestive comparisons between Chimariko and Yuman. Some of the Proto-Pomo and Proto-Yuman forms cited by Langdon (1979:636-39) are strikingly similar to Sapir's Chimariko
forms, as

shown

in the following table.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

1053

Hokan Comparisons

1054

XIV Northwest
6.

California Linguistics

English-Chimariko Glossary

This section contains

all

of the Chimariko material

as follows:

in

Sapir's notebook.

The informants
Ziegler, S Saxey,

are

abbreviated

AB Abe
Forke.

Bush,

MZ

Martha

SB Sam Brown,

WF Webb

informants' names refer to the pages of the notebook.

The numbers after the The forms from Sam

from Sapir's
as the

Brown and Webb Forke

file cards.

are not in the notebook, but are taken

tion F.

When

Other notes from Sapir's file no gloss is given after a word, the gloss

cards are indicated by the abbreviais

the

same

head

word. Sometimes words are cited from the vocabulary in Dixon (1910). These are indicated by the abbreviation D. Proper names and place names
are listed at the

end of the glossary. Wintu forms are from Schlichter (1981)

and Pitkin (1985).

acorn:

yiit'^i

acorn (of any kind)

afternoon: Dixon's

hlmoqanan
is

AB 6, yiitr/ acorn MZ 45, hoBew acorns S2, hoBew acorn-soup AB 6, hoBew acorn
hoBe-u meaning unknown, see Dixon's hdpeu "acorn-soup" SB (heard from Mrs. Martha Ziegler), tsxup'un

recognized but not known;

thinks

meaning

"afternoon"

AB

24. Cf.

hlmoqanan noon

mush

MZ 45,

alder: p'dq't'vn'd

AB

6,

pakUo'nan,

Bak'Do'nan
alive:
7,

MZ 45.

acorn (of any kind)

AB

md-mimdt you're alive AB md-mimdt mdmfd' are you

6,

yvma

unleached acorn-meal

AB

6,

yvma

unleached acornleached
6, p'dsi, p'dci

flour

MZ 45, p'^dsi
AB

acorn-meal

mixed acorn-flour

MZ

AB 7, himolah mamt^a my grandson, mdmimat are you alive yet? (often heard by Abe Bush when out playing, from his grandalive yet?

45,

mune

black-oak acorn

mvn-e black oak acorn

acorns

AB AB

mother)
6,

AB
all

19.

24,

all:

A:'Llm/r^^mall(ofit)

AB7,

triipvn, tfrupvn black-oak

kvm)DjVh

(of them)

MZ 45.

MZ

45,

mvne
6,

live-oak
alone: See one and only.

acorns (?)

MZ 45, ydq^d white

AB AB
yaq^a white
25, hCitn shelled 45. Cf.

oak acorn oak acorn

acorns

angry: haw^-ifa he's angry

AB

7,

MZ

Wintu

yokila white oak acorn. See

also oak and

ts^aweim I'm angry AB 7, maw^-ya^ are you angry? AB

See also
fast.

7.

hdp^?vDaDji and
under place

yaq'an'a

tc'eli'

ant: pvle'ne'

biggest ant

MZ 45.

names.

Cf. pelo'a black ant D.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

arm: hdt^sanBv

1055

AB

7,

hitsanBv

you're bad

AB

31, itcempv^

MZ 45,
8.

I'm bad
he

hdt^sanBvh my arm AB 8, hdt^sanBvmi your arm AB

AB 8, ts^vxvliYni AB 8, hvwakH^a xvW walks bad AB 21. Cf.

side and white

hoakta-xolik lame D. See also

left

See also hand.

arrow:

man.

sdV AB

27, sd'a

MZ 45.
8,

bark (of

tree): hipxat'ci

AB

8,

See also potato and

arrow-point: q'^dGo

ten.

hip'xaDji bark (not "skin")

32, hip'atn' bark of tree

AB

AB

k^dku

MZ

MZ

45.

46. Cf. hi-pxadji, hi-patci skin,

bark D. See also maple.

ashes: mdt^sxiBa (phonetics not
certain)
dirt

AB

8,

mdtripa ashes,

bark (verb): wj-^wj-in he

ing

is

bark-

MZ 45.

See also dust.

aunt (Dixon:

AB

8,

wD^woni

to bark

MZ

46.
aunt: md-la\

my

"maternal aunt")

my

aunt

MZ

mdlah 46, mv^Dalah my

8,
8.

AB

basket:

xdnimicaYin basket tray S2, G^'nip^awa sifting basket

(-r is faint

grand-aunt (older, he thinks,

than "aunt")

English

r)

S2,

AB

Cf. mdlai-i,

h&myak'^Dja hat S3,

hd'^vm(i)yakHch basket-hat

mutala-i aunt (maternal) D.

AB

autumn: nvmaDji
8,

fall,

autumn

AB

9,

sd^anGin open-work pack

basket

AB

9,

p'vqhnsd'd big

numaDji
19.

fall

(of the year)

AB

cooking basket
gallon)

AB

9,

p'vq'ila

small basket (from quart to

awl: ts^isifsin awl; bone put in hair

for defense (see Dixon's

AB

9,

xdVw

basket

"scorpion")

AB

31. Cf. tcisitcin

hopper (2 holes) AB 9, hd'ew mortar basket MZ 46, p'^dwa

scorpion D.
axe: ha-m(i)y6.k'^tca S2,
hd-t^simvk^ts^e, hd'fsimvkHc'^e

open

tray basket; seed-beater

AB

9,

p^dwa fanning basket

basket plate

MZ 46, p'awa
basket

SB

AB

8.

See also basket-hat, un-

(heard from Mrs. Martha

Ziegler), sdsa great big storage

der basket.
baby: xdralla (not clear
or
-/-) if -II-

AB

9,

p'vn-a basket to

AB

sift

with (not tray)

AB

9,

p'vna

8.

basket pan

MZ 46,
AB

hentfv
wentcv^

bachelor:
less,

Bvnsar'vsGv woman-

baby-basket

12,

bachelor

AB
8,

9.

See also

baby-basket

wife and

woman.

cooking
26,

MZ 49, po^okelna basket MZ 46. Cf.

back: himina

AB

hihmina

p^unna tray basket D. See also

axe and sasaDjin^dwv under
place names.

MZ

46. See also behind.

bad: xvli'

AB

8, xvli'

AB

hvli'
bat:

no good MZ 46, mdtropin "bad" MZ 46, mvxvlikYa

DjenpxdDjila

AB

9.

See also

bear.

1056

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

bay: wilih bay (like horse)

AB

28.

black: tc^^leh (tc' clear; not

re-

Cf. wili'i red D. See also red.

type)

AB

10, 28, tcele'i

MZ 47,
14.

beans: t'sina
F.

MZ

48,

< wood-tick?

tc'elehn dirty (cf. "black") (not

real

See also

tick.

word

for "dirty")

AB
10,

bear:

cicdmla S2, tc^esamra AB 9, Djisamla black bat(?) (=bear)

See also brown and

blackberry:

laurel.

xdmobnd AB

MZ
bear

46,

hipWanvla bear (<

xdmobndn^d blackberry bush

"his-foot pitch") S2, p^&t'co

grizzly bear S2,

AB
47.

10,

xaWmond
(-'^

berries

MZ
be

pbY^v

grizzly

AB

9, p'^Dtcv^ grizzly

bear
pitch.

blanket: djiDxa'^

seems
r)

to

MZ 46.
beard beard
beautiful:

See also foot and

unvoiced English
t'cit'd

AB

10,

beard: hvBvt^^vn

xdma

chin-hair,

MZ 47, Djitxa

nahdk'

AB AB

9,

hvBvt^^inxama
See also chin.

bring the blanket here S3.

blind: hvsat

12.

xomi without
10.

eyes,

See lovely.

blind

AB

See also eye.

bee: See yellow-jacket.

blood: sitsq'i
26. See
blue: set'^e'i

behind: himinat&e
also back.
belly:

AB

AB 10, citra' MZ 47. AB 10, siDje'i AB 28,

AB
10.

satraH
10,

MZ 47.
See

hviyvnew AB

bluebird:

hiBvyHa'

hvtcv^new

MZ 46.
10,

also snow.

below: See down.

belt:

bluejay: See jay.

sd^mat

AB

hica^maDa^
belt, strap

board: xd^ew

AB

10,

ho^iw

MZ

MZ 47, kb'-susu
37. Cf.

AB

47.'
boat:

kdsusu tump-line D.

moDima

canoe S4,
boat

mvdima

See also crease.

berries:
big:

canoe (same as Hay Fork) '3

11,

AB

See blackberry.
S3, djewv, djewv'^

mvDvma

AB

28,

mutrvma boat

MZ 48.

See also

DJEwo

redwood and mvtvmadji,

(very flabby -v, as in

mvDvmadli under
boil: p'jtpbt' to boil

place names.

"tobacco": vwv, perhaps with

slight
it's
-')

AB

21,

Dje-wohvntW
Wintu

big S3.

AB

10. Cf.

p''uta- to boil.

birds:

squirrels) (see

Dihra small game (birds, Dixon sub

bone: ts^dfxvn

"bird"), birds

AB

10, tPla birds

MZ 46.
bitter:

Cf. di'la, tirha bird D.

my MZ47.

bone

AB 10, ts^dfxvnh AB 10, hv'trvn bone

See also coyote.

himvDjdt'dn

MZ 47.

bow: xoBvnew bow, gun AB 11, hop'v'new gun, bow MZ 47.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

boy: Bd-tcWla S2, it'hla

1057

AB

11,

bulb: See potato.

bull snake:

Ba-tca'dla\ BaDja'dla'^ friend

See snake.
to

SB. See also man.

brain: hin-i

AB

11, hini

MZ 48.

buy:

haDjiYa

buy

AB

31.

buzzard: tc'eitc^ei
bread: t'coDoc S2, tc'e^new bread
(of any kind)

AB

11, tce'tei

MZ48.
cane: hvtrkw cane (for walking)

AB

6, tc'e'new

bread, acorn-bread
tse^ne-u ye-ma^yei
I

MZ
wish

45,
I

had

MZ
captive:

48.

bread to eat!

SB

(heard from
Cf.

canoe: See boat.

Mrs. Martha Ziegler). Wintu c'otos bread.

breast: si'ra breast,

See prisoner.

catch: hdBvk'e' to catch

AB

32,

"bag that gives

mdBvk'e' did you catch

32, ndBvk'e'
C2iic\\ it!

it?

AB

milk"
breast

AB

11,

cCra woman's
hu'sp' breast

AB

32.

MZ 48,

MZ

See also prisoner and spear.

cedar: ^dBvn^a cedar (< fire-tree)

48.
bring: ndhak'^
it!

hand
eat

it

over! bring

(because they used to

it)

drill

with

AB

11,

nahdk^ y-md^xan
it

AB

12. Cf.

Hap-poo-nah
no.
fire.

bring

it,

I'll

S3, Djitxa

yew (Merriam 1979:82

294). See also
center:

nahdk^ bring the blanket here

S3.

See middle.

brother-in-law:

mekWi AB

37,
chair: hiwo^nats^a thing to sit on,

mekVi
brown:

MZ 48, mek^vh my
AB
11.

chair

brother-in-law
tc'eli'

AB

12.

See also

sit.

AB

28. See also

Chimariko: t^cimdliko, t^cimdliGo

black, laurel, and yaq^an^a

tc^^li'

under place names.

Chimariko Indian S3, Vcimdriko Chimariko, trilled not /, AB 5. See also person.
chin:

r,

brush: q^dSv

AB

14,

q^dBvn^d

brushy

AB

14. Cf.

qapuna

hvBvt'h

AB

12.

See also

deer-brush D.
buck: hvwe-tch
14.
(cf.

beard.

"horn"?)

AB AB

chincopin: p^e'svn^d chincopin

(wild nut like small chestnut)

See also horn.

AB

26.

bug: q^o'a big bug (species?)

10,

k^awm bug

chipmunk: wisila

AB

9, wisila

(not
Cf. qo'a

"caterpillar")

MZ 48.

MZ 46,
wisilla

not "beaver" F. Cf.

beetle D,

Ko-ah spider

chipmunk

(?),

beaver

(Merriam 1979:82 no. 274), and xawin, qawin caterpillar D.

build:

(?)D.
cider:

See manzanita.
jc)

h^mvt
24.

to build (a
nest.

house)

clam: h^(-)x-ew (not

AB

31. Cf.

AB

See also

exeu

shell D.

1058

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

claw: See finger-nail.

clear:

dance: hisamxvni dance (noun)

See white.

cloud:

haweDa'm MZ 49, hdwiDami cloudy AB 12.

AB AB

13, 13,

hisamxvmn dancing
hisamxvni dance
to

AB

15, hicd-iWine"^ let us dance!

WF. Cf -samxu-

dance and

clover: See grass.

coal:

hi-samqu-ni drum D.

q^&wa

AB

12, dk'v coals

MZ

daughter: mdsolait'a^^

AB

13,

49.
cold: ^S3

mdsDla(i?yi

my

daughter

AB

AB

12, hecohint'a'
it's

I'm

13,

masDlami your daughter

13.

cold S3, isDhint'a

12.

cold

AB

AB

daughter-in-law: ts^vsimda
tc'dnatc'i
/'-)

comb:

AB

12,

k'dnoDju^

daughter-in-law(?)i7
day:

AB

13.

(not:

MZ 49.

Cf. ranarc/

dse

AB

13, 35.

See also sun.

comb

D.

dead: See die.

come: hiwdk'ni he's coming S2,

t'cimal hiwdk'ni
nt'waA:'

dead

tree:

See

tree,

dead.

man comes
12,

S2,

come!

AB

deep: hitsvxvnmi deep

< long-

mvwak't'a did you come?i4 AB 12, mvwaGa' you camei^ AB

12,

down
water

AB AB

31

13.

hitfvxvnmit deep See also down,

AB
come

hvwak'fa xvli' he walks bad 21. See also go and white

high, long, and shallow.

deer:

dV S2, d'a AB
elk.

14,

MZ 48.

man.
out:

See also See go

out.
die: q'e-'t'a

died

cough: hisaxni he coughs

country: See earth.

AB

12.

when I'm dead

AB 14, q'^esobt AB 42. See also

heaven and pain.

dirt:

See earth and ashes. See black.

coyote: maits^an Di^ra

meadow12,

game =

coyote'5

AB

Djicin
also

dirty:

Djoca coyote MZ 49. See birds and meadow.

crawfish: tsxDll
crease:
belt
belt.

disease: See pain.

doctor: hemiselo' bad doctor

who

AB

13.

sd'maDaDji crease where a has been AB 10. See also

AB 14, t'siiwv Indian doctor AB 31. dog: cit'cela S2, sit'cela AB 14,
poisons people
cit'cEla

MZ

48. See kick for

creek: dDjdq^d, dD'dq'd

AB

29,

<

tree-water (?) F. See also tree

more examples. Cf Wintu secila dog. See also wolf

door: wes-a

and water.
cricket:

dnvBocila S3.

dove:

AB 14. yu*'ra AB 14.

crow: wd'^ra

AB

13.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

1059

down: xvnmi ( not

wise-i

x-)

AB
AB

15,

sdmna^dma'^ under place

AB

37, q'dDak'ni
is)

down

names.
east:

(where speaker

27,

xvnyit'a (x-

?)

AB

21. Cf.

q'^dDaitW down, below (where

xunoi into

you
low

are) (of. "water"?)

AB

(?) D. See also

down

27,

and Karok.
eat:
I

q'^aDdiDa, q'^ataita down, be-

AB

33. Cf. wise

under and

hdma

to eat

AB

35, ye-md^xan

qadaida south D. See also

deep, east, northward, shallow,

eat, I'll eat

it

S3, nahdk'
it, I'll

ye-md\an bring

eat

it

S3,

and valley
dragonfly:

quail,

under quail.
14.

y^md'
I'll

eat

AB
41,

eat

hiDjCnamnam AB

AB

15, yemaxanan yemanhvn I eat

all

the time, continuously

I

AB

dried meat: See meat.

drink: lu\ (to drink);
14, luh
I'll

drink

AB
to

mimVna^ do you want drink? AB 14, luh hmPnan I want to drink AB 14.
drop: nurimt'a dropped

AB

15.

want to eat AB 15, ama hmPnan I want to eat AB 36, ydm-a we eat AB 41, yw ndma you eat it! S3, ndma you eat! AB 15, 41, ndma'^ eat! AB 36, tse^neu ye- may el I wish I had bread to
42, ye'ma^ imPinan
eat!

Cf, -lurim- to drop D.

SB

(heard from Mrs.

drown: hitcxvt he drowned (<

Martha Ziegler). See also food,

hungry, and table.

went down under water)

15.
dry:

AB

dtcxvnmi

AB

15,

See also

edge:

mdsBoi edge, edge of water

15, dq'dq'vt

meat.
duck: xa^xdHc'^ei
dull:

AB AB
15.
15.

edge of the

water (not "river")

river D.
eel:

AB

29. Cf.

Dono'it

AB
8.

apenmaspoi eddy and aqaqot

See also water.

dust: mdtshq'ol (phonetics not

certain)

AB

t^s&wa S2, fcdwa, t^sdwa

15, t^sawa

AB

See also ashes

and muddy.
eagle:

SB

(heard from Mrs.

Martha Ziegler), t'sa-wd WF.

-')

wemer

fish-eagle (fully

trilled r;

not

AB

egg: dnvq^a egg; sugar, anything

15.

sweet

AB

15.

ear:

hisama

AB

ear

AB
8.

8,

hisamah my hisamami your ear

8,

eight: xvt'aitfip^Dm

AB

7.

See also

AB
earth:

three.
elk: d-'ano' S3, d'eno'

dma earth, land not ama) AB 12, dma earth, dirt, land AB 15, dma earth, country MZ
{
:

AB

15,

<

"deer-big" (?) F. See also deer.

elk-hide: q'^vmi elk-hide (for

49,

ama

Idwit^ce

muddy

places

armor)
to

AB

8.

Cf. t^ummi

armor

AB

Hupa, sand, and nvmnd^dmd'^ and

24. See also

D. Sapir's q^ also corresponds

Dixon's

/'

in flea.

1060

XIV Northwest
(?)

California Linguistics

evening; himok^m evening

(heard word; not sure of

female: yets^ewa female (not only

"doe")

AB

14. Cf.

yetcawe deer

meaning) AB 24. Cf. himokni night D. See also night.

excrement: dpxa S3, dpxa, dpxd

(doe) D.
fern:

AB
excrete:

16.

See also fox and

intes-

tines.

De^wDewna^a big fern, water AB 17. Cf. Td\-td-nah brake fern (Merriam 1979:82 no. 406) and Wintu tewtew a
fern

hiwax

to excrete

hiwdxt^a he excreted
Cf.

AB 16, AB 16.

fern sp.

growing on dry

hill-

sides (Pteridium?).

hi-wax excrement D.

few: xvt'aVi few, not

many AB
{ not

20,

eye: hvsDt

AB
16.

10, hvsD'^t

MZ 48,
hvsv
sug-

xvDal

less,

few
27,

left

hfsot his eye S2, hvsjt,

"poor")

AB

xvDalintW
little

eyes

AB

Abe Bush

there isn't but a

27. Cf.

(here)

AB

gested that hvsjt meant eyes

xodalan poor and

and hvsv meant eye, but he

qdtala

how many

D.

was

little

doubtful. See also

fiddle: hositoiit to fiddle, to play a

blind and tears.

face:

musical instrument

AB

35.

hisvma, hisvma'^

AB

16.

fight:

hdtck?vwat, hdtcx?vwat

AB

See also wildcat.

fall

17.
find: himatt^a (he)

(season): See autumn.

found

(it)

AB

fast:

his-vmat haweit^a to throw

17.
finger-nail:

swift
to

AB

16,

hisvma hdweita

Bjlaxot finger-nail,
17.

throw swift

AB

36.

See also
fir:

claw

AB

angry.
fat (noun):

GimiBind'd-

AB

17.
1

pTa'

father: itc'ila'

AB 16. AB 16, itchlah my

See also man.

fire:

hdBo

S2,

dBv AB

1.

See

also cedar, fire-drill, and whis-

father

AB

16.

key.
fire-drill:

father-in-law:

ther-in-law

Djvmak^v my faAB 16, mimak^v

dBv'nd'd'

AB

17,

aBvnaxoi
and
fish:
drill)

fire-drill set (hearth

your father-in-law
doubtful)

AB

16,
(slightly

AB

17.

See also

fire.

hitfvmta father-in-law

AB

See

trout.

33. Cf.

itcumda
fish-net: dtcxv,
-tck-,

son-in-law D.

dtckv (sounds like

but syllabified as -xv)

string.

AB

fawn: ne'la S4. See also ne'laDji

17.

See also

under place names.

fisher: qh'phimitce (< smells of?)

feather:

hvDj

coarse feather,
16,

tail

feather

AB

coarse feather

hvDv AB 40.

AB

17.

See also

stink.

big

See also

five: ts^dnehe

AB

7.

wing.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

flea:

1061

q^dmind

AB

17. Cf.

t^amina

go:

flea

D. Sapir's q' also corret^

hvwam to go AB 18, hvwamt'a going AB 18,

yvwamni I'm going
certain place)

sponds to Dixon's
hide.
fly:

in elk-

(not to a

AB
42,

42,

musDtri housefly

(r like

Eng-

I'm going

AB

yvwdmni yvwDmni
42,

lish r)

AB

17.

I'm going home

AB

fog:

KB 18. food: hamew AB 18. See also eat. foot: hup-b AB 18, hup'o' MZ 48, hup-^o'i my foot AB 18, t'cup'o'
dp'Dvn'a

yvwamxanan I shall go AB 42, q'oma mvwama' where are you going? AB 42, xuwdmxan
k^vtsh^ainan
I

don't want to go

AB

42. See also

come and go

my

foot

MZ

48, hip'a his foot

away.

S2. See also bear.

forehead: himosni
forget: xvme-'t'a
four:

AB

18.

he forgot

x&Go
dwra

S3, q^viGv

AB AB 7.

go away: nd^dh^ go away! AB 39, hv(w)d'ma'n he's going away MZ 45. See also go.
18.

go down: hiwoxintW sun goes down AB 35. See also sit and
stay.

fox:

AB

13, dpxant^cvla fox

(< "dung-soft") S3,

go

out:

nd^awvtBim go

apxant^cjla dung-soft (used

for "fox" apparently up North;
cf.

42, nd^awvtSik^

AB come out! AB
out!

Hoopa; not known

13. Cf.

42.

at

Hyampom) AB
ha-w
friend: fox.

Wintu

good: hisiYa
nice

AB

18,

hisPnd

to

be

See also excrement.

AB

18.

See also right

18. Cf.

side.

See boy.

goose:

Wh' KB
yvmaDji

Wintu laq

goose. 18
frog: dq^dnts^iBoq^

(approximately) frog (<

gopher:

AB
19,

"water-hopper")
also

AB

18.

See

(not -Z>'-)

AB

yumaDji yvmaDji MZ
8,

46.
grandfather: xdwilah
full, it's full

water.
full:

my

grand-

hit'sDlam

AB

18.

father

AB

19.

See also old.

gambling: h^wimt^svwat PiQ

18.

grandson: himolah

my

grandson
are

game, small: See

gills:
girl:

AB
birds.

19,

himolah mdmimat

mamt^a my grandson,
42.

you

siVoye

fish-gills

AB

Bvnsald AB woman.
hdwvt
it

18. See also

AB grass: k'j'ts'v AB able grass AB

alive yet?

19.

12,
19,

Gots'v eatkftchi clover

grass
oats D.

give:

to give

give

to

him!

AB 18, ndwvt AB 18.

MZ 49,
AB
25.

dq'eDew bunch Cf. aqedeu wild

1062
grasshopper:
t^sdto,

XIV Northwest
t^sdDo S3,
trilled -r)

California Linguistics

heaven: q^exiDadl heaven (<

t'sdDvr (strongly
19.

AB

dead-place)
die.

AB

14.

See also

grass-seed: k'jnia grass-seed

(flour

hide: his-akHtmi to hide

AB

20.

made

of

it)

(any kind)

high: hits^v^rvha^ high, long

up

AB

19.

and down

{-r- is

cerebral Eng-

green: hi'mamsv^

AB

19.

See also

lish r, not trilled r)

AB

20. See

unripe.
grizzly bear: See bear.

also deep, long, and

ruha'^'

hewet

under personal names.

grouse:

momahila
19.

S2, himimi^tc^ei

hip: hiDjiBi

AB

36. Cf. hi-tcipe

AB

thigh D.
hit:

gun: See bow.

hair: him-i hair (of
9, him-i hair

n^t'svt hit

me!

AB
D.

34. Cf.

any kind)
16.

AB

-tcut- to strike

AB

See also

home: See house.

horn:

beard.

hand: hiD-a

AB

17, hiD'a'i

my
arm

hand

AB

17, hftsa hand,

hvwes horns AB 7, h-owis MZ 45, hvwesmi your horns AB 7, hvwesh my horns

horns

AB
hat:

31.

See also arm.

AB
it's

7.

See also buck.

harpoon: See spear.

hot: 'elo'fa

AB

20, 'e-loh(w)intW

hot S2.

See basket.
ye'-k^ek'^

house:

hawk:

chicken-hawk

(blue-backed, white on side of

head; swiftest hawk)

hay: hdwvn^cf
(-'^

AB

19.

is

perhaps cere-

bral -r timbre of preceding

vowel)
litter

AB

19,

hdwvn^d hay,

dwa AB 20, MZ 48, dwa'e my home AB 6, dwah my house AB 41, dwamiDje your home AB 6, dwami your house AB 41, dwami his home 9 AB 6, dwaitc^e our home AB 6,
dwa AB
6,
1

of leaves, dry stuff for a

36. Cf.

dwahDje our house

AB

41,

Are
hazel:

AB

hauna

tinder D.

dwait^a their house, his house

head:
48,

AB 20. himd^ AB 6, 20,

hesiGo
hema^
head
his

AB
hima'

41. See also village.

MZ

humming-bird: xe^rek'tc^ei

AB

20.

head S2, ima^i

6,

my

AB
6,

imd^m) your

hungry: ^dmemDv'ni I'm hungry

head

AB

imdHc'e our heads

AB6.
hear:

AB AB

20,
32,

dmemDu'ni I'm hungry

^dme'mDvma^
are

you

x'vGeyat he can't hear

AB

13. Cf.

hukenan deaf D. See

hungry? AB 20, dmemDuma^ are you hungry? AB 32. See

also eat.

also understand.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

1063
to know AB 21, knew it AB 2 1 don't know it AB

Hupa: hitc^wo^dma Hupa Indian20

know: hit'sahv
hit^sahvt he

Hupa Indian AB 20, hitcxvi^am-a Hupa country (-^S3, hitcxv

not sure)

xvt'sahvn
29.
lake:

AB
me
38,

20.

See also earth

and Karok.
I:

DjiDaha

lake,

swamp AB
hills,

n&^of
only

it's

S3, no^ot
I

me AB
it's

21, Djifa-

little

lake in the

20, nDb(t) tfik^vla

alone,

pond

AB

35.

AB
39.

rubt svnt^a

me

land:

AB
D.

See earth.

laugh:
ice: q^dt^sa

AB

hPaC )tc'imat he

laughs

AB

12. Cf.

xatsa cold

21. Cf. -yatci-, iatci-mut to

laugh D.
laurel: ts'^^lihnd^d'^

Indian: See person.

intestines:

poison laurel

ipxa

AB

21. See also

excrement.
jay: t^cjGDGjHc'^e-, t^sDGjGo'^tc^e-

AB 19. Cf. tselina gooseberry D and Ser-re-nah gooseberry

(Merriam 1979:82 no. 352). See also black and brown.
left side:

crested bluejay

AB
AB

10,

t^cokoko^tcei bluejay

MZ 46,

xvWts^dni
.

left side,

hand

t^?xvyikHc'^e-, ts? xvyikHc'^e- jay-

AB
leg:
less:
lie

21

See also bad and right

bird (no crest)

10.

side.

Karok: xunomni hitcxu (eastern

hitxan (-tx-?)

AB

21.

Hupa), Karok Indians (not

See few.

"Salmon River Indians"; see Dixon sub "Salmon-river people") AB 30. Cf. hunomitcku
Salmon-river people D. See
also east and Hupa.
kick: himiDjit he kicks

down: haDjvDat he's lying down AB 21, ndDjitmi lie

down! down.
like:

AB

21. See also

sit

AB

21,

himihnat
I

to like
like
I
it

sifcela imiDjitm

kick the dog

himi^nan

AB 19, AB 21,
I

AB

41, sifcela himiDjitm he

tc'^vmihnan

don't like you22 don't like

kicks the dog

AB

41, sit'cela

AB
him
litter:

19,

hvmPnan

ydmiDjitmi
41.
kill:

we

kick the dog

AB

MZ 45.
AB
1

See also want.

See hay.
hvsi
1,

hdk'j to

kill

AB

21, hdk'jt he

liver:

hvcP
21.

MZ 48.

kills

AB

42, mdk'oye^ are you

kill

lizard:

Ddk's e I

AB

going to

me? AB

42.
log:

sDtnv

knife: cit^cila S3, tch'seli

AB

21.
long:

AB 22. hits^vt AB 13.

See also deep

knock over: naq^vsmv knock him

over! (see Dixon's -kluc-)^^

and high.
lots:

AB41.

See plenty.

1064

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

love: hdtcxvnet he's in love

AB

mink: xvneri, xvneyri

moccasin:
mole:

AB

22.

15.

ipW AB
{-r

22.

lovely: hdha-imat lovely, beautiful23

DzdBvkbr

syllabic

AB

38.

trilled r)

AB

22^

low: xowenila hfkbt to talk low,

not loud

money:

hdhdDew

Indian

money
14. Cf.

AB

32.

See also

(also "gold dust")

AB

slowly.

ahateu dentalia D.

madrone: yetsxolnd^cf madrone < red-tree AB 22. See also red.

make: mxdyat' are you making

it?24

moon: dla moon, sun AB 22, alla'^ sun, moon (used more for "moon") AB 35. See also sun.
morning:

AB
1 1
,

22.
it^^i

himeDv morning

(<

man:

itri'

MZ 47,
p'd'vt

man, male
that

AB
36.

h't'si

man AB

See also boy, man, and person.

manzanita:
tch'tch

father, old

Hupa) AB 22, himeta'^ this morning AB 37. Cf. himeda, himeta tomorrow
night-after? cf.

D. See also night.

tc'itch

manzanita

AB 5, 22, berry AB 15,

mosquito: hinoBiia

AB

23.

moss: hiVPnd

(-k^-

somewhat
mother

tcHtchdq^ay manzanita cider

22. See also water,

AB

doubtful)

AB

23.

and tcPa^na

and tchtc'inmdidja under place

mother: seDj'i

names.
maple: ipxaDjind'd\ ipxaDzind^d'

maple < bark-tree

also bark

AB

22. See

AB 23. mother-in-law: tc'^vmak^vsa my mother-in-law AB 23. mountain: dwv (flabby -v) AB 23,
my
dwvmiya recognized by Abe
Bush but not remembered
as to

(of tree).

me: See

I.

meadow: mdijya
"coyote")

AB

17, mditc^a,

meaning, suggests "up the mountain, half way up the

mdit^'a valley (same as in

mountain"

AB

23. Cf.

aumiya

AB

20, mditsa valley

AB

38. Cf. maitra flat, river-

mountain D. See also sasaDjin^dwv under place names.

mountain
lion: tc'^et^casmv
(x,

bench D. See also coyote and tc^itchnmdidja under place

names.
meat: Bitc'itc'vn dried meat
22, probably Bitc'i-tc'vn

tcxenep'v'

AB

mountain ridge:

AB 23, AB 23. hdDjim AB 23.

not x)

mouse: p^vsvr, p^vsvr'^ (strongly

trilled r)

"meat-dry",

cf.

dtcxvn-mi

AB

24.

"dry" F. See also dry.

middle: dq'emend middle, center

mouth: hdwa,

hdwd AB

24.

muddy: rndDjiq-ol
Idwit'ce

AB

38,

ama
24.

AB

17. Cf.

akamina d'pu

fire-

muddy

places

AB

place D.

See also dust.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

nail:

1065

See

finger-nail.

pdtcikun, patcut no D. See also

narrow: xeVen
slim.

AB AB
1 1

24.

See also

what.

now: dmdnik^o young(?); now

24. the time, right

is

navel:

hinaBv
hiGi

now AB

41. See

neck:

AB

also new.
nuts:

nephew:

micakW AB

See pine.

24,

micakVi

my nephew AB my nephew AB
nest:

24, dnxalah
11. Cf.

oak:

antxala-i cousin D.

hemvt

nest, yellow-jacket's

nest
net:

AB

24. See also build.

AB 25, heBvt^sind^d live oak AB 25, xdxasna^a poison oak AB 25, yvt^^xvina^a tan-bark oak AB 25, ydq'dn'ci white oak AB 6, ydq'^an^a white oak AB 25. See
mvnen^d black oak
also acorn, poison, and
yaq'^an^a
tc'^eli^

See

fish-net.

new: dmani

AB

24, dmdnit

AB

under place

41. See also

now and young

names.
of course!: q'^Dsvymvt
old:

woman.
nice:

AB

39.

See good.

niece:

dnxasah

my
13,

niece

AB
AB

11.

AB

hdxawinat AB 25, hdxawin 25, haxawinfa he's old AB

Cf. antxasa-i older sister D.

night: him-i

25. See also grandfather.

AB

him-e

24.

old man: hifcint^^d-la S2, ifsin

See also evening and morning.

nine: p^vn-p^em nine (=
7.
1

Djeyela
old

AB

25. See also

man.

less)

AB

woman:

svn'hiil-a'^

AB

25.

See also one.

once

in a while: p^vneslala

once

in

northward: wiseit^a northward

a while (Dixon "by and by")

(South Fork flows North)

14. Cf.

AB

AB

11. Cf.

punuslala by and

wiseda down stream D.

by D. See also one.

one: p^vn S3,

See also down.

nose:

AB
7,

hoxv

AB

24. See also whis-

alone

AB

7, p^vld one, < *p^vn-ld "onein

tler

and hisofvn'maDji under

dim."? F. See also nine, once

a while, six, and ten.

place names.
nothing: Bdts'vt

AB
1

24, Bdts'ik'vn

onion: sdpxir {x almost x)

only: nDb(t) tfik'vla
I

AB
D.

25.

nothing here,
24,

don't

BdDji

kvnt'd',

know BdDji
(heard

AB

alone, only

AB

38. Cf. tclgule

we

kvnt^a-ye-

meaning unknown,

orphan: tch'sDmila

AB

26.

see Dixon's "no"

SB

from Mrs. Martha Ziegler), patci kvnt^d-\ Batci kunt^d-^ no

otter: hexj-itc^ei otter

(< "diver";

not
pain:

-JC-)

AB

23.

more WF.

Cf. pdtcigun.

sickness

q^ehewa "pain", disease, AB 26. See also die.

1066
pay:

XIV Northwest
to

California Linguistics

hdDeyat

pay

AB

26. See

prisoner: haBvk'^efe^ew prisoner,

also settlement.
penis: hiBel

captive

AB

32. Cf.

habukedeu

AB

26.

slave D. See also catch.

quail:

pepperwood: wdtc^el AB 26. Cf. Wah-chel-nah California laurel (Merriam 1979:82 no. 312).
person: t^cimal

Bisor mountain quail

AB

27, q'dDak'^ni Bisor valley quail

(< down, low country-quail)

AB
quick:

27. See also

down.

man

S2, t^simar"^

person, Indian
t^^imar person

AB 18, t^simar, AB 26, t^cimal

S2. See

welmv AB

27. Cf.

welmu

quickly D.
quit: hik'oine'^ let

hiwdk'ni

man comes

us quit!

WF.
27.

also Chimariko.
pestle: tc^^svn^d pestle (for grind-

quiver:

xosvsak^Da

(not exact

phonetics, he thinks)
rabbit:

AB

ing acorns)

AB

23. 26.

hiwinjle cotton-tail rabbit

27,
F,

pigeon:

ydnanvwa AB

AB

pine: hdtfo-nd^d digger-pine

26, 26,

AB hdts'o- digger-pine nuts AB hdk^ewnd^d sugar-pine AB

26.

< buttocks-round hemjxjia jack rabbit AB

See also rear and round.

28.

raccoon:
rain:
it

yeD-vywa
it

AB

23,

26, hdk'ei-)\y sugar-pine nuts

hiDdk'm
rains

rains S3, hiDak^t^a

it's

AB

AB

22, hiDak'Da-

pipe: d'n 'p^a S3, onip^d

AB

26,

raining(?), rain(?)

AB

28,

j-ma SB (heard from Friday). 25

pitch: an-j'a

hiDaGint^a

it is

raining

AB

28.

AB

27. See also bear.

See also snow.

rainbow: ts^axan-mdtsjjfu rainbow

place:

See

earth.

< color(?)-variegated(?)
play a musical instrument: See
fiddle.
rat:

AB

28.
p'dt'^usu

plenty:

hiDat plenty,
lots,

lots

AB

AB

28.

22,
rattlesnake:
rear:

hiYam

plenty

AB
(is

29. Cf.

See snake.

hitam rich D.
poison: xdxas poison

hiwi rear of person's body

7, rear, butt

somewhat

AB

end

AB

27. Cf.

doubtful)

AB

25. See also poi-

hi-wi anus D. See also cottontail rabbit,

son oak, under oak.

pond: See lake.
potato:

under rabbit.
22, y^tsxol, ydtsxjl

red: yetsxol

AB

red (like blood)

cdwD potatoes

S3,

sdwv

AB

28. See

also bay and madrone.

potato, edible bulb (general

term)

AB

27, sd^ana'a

redwood: mvDvman^aDja
27.

AB

28,

"potatoe" (species?)

AB

mvDvman^a redwood
ber

log, tim-

See also arrow.

AB

28. See also boat and

tree.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

relative: imik'^jt

1067
salmon. See also

AB

18. Cf. imikot

ceyta

fall

friend D.
ridge:

winter.
salt:

See mountain ridge.

d-kh S3, dkh

right side: hisi^ ts^dni

AB

21. See

sand:

AB 'dmdydq'a'^ AB

30. 30.

See also

also
ripe:

good and

left side.

earth.

homat^

AB

29.

sarvice-berry: Dfimiydn^d'^,
tsimiydn^d'^

robin: siDjro robin (probably

redbreast)

AB

29.

scorpion:

AB 30. k'j'd AB 30,

k'o'a

MZ

rock: q'd-'a S4, q'd'a

AB

23, 34.

46.
see:

See also q'^d^anole under personal

himamta
r,

to see (not clear

t\

names and q'd-mDadJi

whether D,
true surd

or

t\

seems

like

under place names.

roe: hitxayi (syllabified: hit-xa-)

unaspirated)

AB

31,

imdmni
36.

see

AB

41, Batfi

AB

29.

mimama^ what do you

seed: See grass-seed.

see?

AB

room: weBvq'^dn room, inside of

house

AB

17. Cf.

weboqdm

floor D.
root: 'dDji

settlement:

hdDeiDa, hdDeit^a

set-

AB

29.

tlement of a dispute
also pay.

AB
7.

26. See

rope: hd-xak^Dja rope (not "deertrap")

AB

14, hd-xaDji

AB

34.

seven:

xDqxv'sphm

AB

See also

Cf. haxaktca deer-trap D. See also string.

two.
shallow: xvts^ vxvnmi, xvtsvxvnmi

round: nole

AB

27, nol-e

AB

29.

short-down = shallow

AB

31.
short.

See also cottontail rabbit under

rabbit

See also deep, down, and

and q'd^anole under persharp:

sonal names.

svBvh

AB

8, 31,

cvpvH

MZ
31.

salmon: j-mvl S2, vmvl

Dinal

AB

29,

46.
shoot: haBo'Da- to shoot
short:

SB

(learned from Mrs.

AB

Martha Ziegler), Dj^iDa dogsalmon i-t'a?) (= Wintun) AB

29, p'vt^svkb'lmv hook-bill

x'vtfvla

AB

13.

See also

shallow and wild

sickness: See pain.
sing:

cat.

asDDin^vmul winter-salmon > steelhead salmon AB 30, vmvWsd^m real salmon, regular salmon >
salmon
29,

AB

hdDak^ni to sing; you sing! (?) S3, aqhaDdk'Da- to sing

AB

2>\,hdtak'io sing

summer salmon
balls

AB

30,

sdma

d-q^atak^ to sing well

dried salmon rolled up into

xdtaknan I'm not

42.

AB 41, AB 41, singing AB

AB

30. Cf.

crumbled salmon

tsdmma dried D and Wintu

1068
sister: vlvit'a

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

AB

11, vlv'ta
sister

MZ

snake:

q^dwo S2, q^dwv

rattlesnake

46, vlvitWe

my

vlvit'aimi your sister

AB 11, AB 11.

(almost q^dwv)
bull snake

AB

28,

AB

33. Cf.

mdmvsi mamusi

Cf. ulaida brother and uluida-i

king-snake D.
sneeze: ninxvt to sneeze ("sounds

(my) paternal aunt D.

sister-in-law:
sit:

maxdh AB
31.

31.
is

like it")

AB

33.

hiwjhint'a he's sitting there,

at

snipe:

DjemDjiDjela
little

water-bird

home AB

See also

chair,

(probably
Cf.

snipe)

AB

35.

go down, and
sit

stay.

Chem-che chel-lah

spotted

down: hiDjitmit
31, miDjitmi
31.
sit

to

sit

down AB

sandpiper (Merriam 1979:82

no. 228)

down!26

AB

and tumtitella swallow

See also

lie

down.
7.

D.
snore: xjYufu^ta, xjtsutsu^ta to

six:

p'v'nsipbm

AB

See also one.

snore

AB

33.
10,

skunk: p'isra
sky: tc'em-v

AB 12. AB 32. See

snow:
also

thunder.
sleep: he-mohvnt'a'

hiBvy AB hiBvy iDak'fa it snows AB 22, < it rains snow F. See also bluebird

hiBvOy AB

33, hipvi

MZ 47,

I'm sleepy S3,

32,

and

rain.

p'^fmv to sleep

AB

pb^mvyen I'm
he's sleeping
slim: xehri

sleep [sic]

AB

snowshoes: p^dn-a'
soft:

32, I'm asleep F,

p'fmvhinta
32.

U'^rdt

it's

AB 22. soft AB 33. AB

33.

AB

something: BdtsihnydmGv

AB

24. See also nar-

See also what,

son: ^vwelah

row.
slippery: Ivyvht

my

son

AB

33.

See

AB

33. Cf. luyuin

also

young man.

smooth D.
slowly:

soon: xdni in a while, pretty soon

(go) easy! slowly

xowemla
32.

AB
soot:

11.

Cf.xani by and by D.

AB
slug:

See also low.

t")

ndkbtBi

nexefai (true

AB
t\

33. Cf.

sour: q^vyvht

AB 33. AB 33.
AB
t')

nixetai snail D.
small: vle-ta (not
t'

south: wdit^a upstream. South

nor

appar32,

15, wdit'a (true

South, up-

ently not true -D-)

AB

stream

AB

33. Cf.

waida

east,

hle'tc'iDd' small, little

WF.

upstream D.
spear:

smell bad: See stink.

smoke: hvp^dt smoking

Takelma

6-"p'

W AB
it's

(cf.

spear

33.

heBvq^ana^a harpoon, fish AB 1 2, wep^vq^dn fishspear with toggles AB 34. See

smoky: qHehinta
32.

smoky

AB

also catch.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

spill:

1069
literally

hdkbxat

to spill (intr.)

AB
34,

huwuaniikai honey D,
bee-sugar.

34.
spring of water: d-xafsa'

AB

summer: dxanmaDji
sun:

siDila spring (of water), small

swamp AB
kisvmaDji

dsa

sun,

AB 35. moon AB 13, ds-a'

35. Cf.

34.

AB
34.

35, dsinaia, dsinala sun

spring of the year: k'lsvmaDji,

< day-sun

AB

Wintu

AB
tail"

sani sas, literally day

squirrel: aq'^ayetc'^vr gray squirrel

moon/sun. See also day and

< "spread

AB

34, tdHra
t'

moon.
sunflower: Djintc^ei sunflower
but
(plant, seed)

ground squirrel (not

true

or

D
/',

quite; probably not quite

/)

AB

35.

AB

34.

See also

tail.

swallow: hisekmvf to swallow (not

-k'-)

stand: ho(-)hdfa
star:

AB

34.

AB

35.

mvn-e AB 13, mvn-Dyet^a morning star AB 22, munotDmni falling star AB

hiwotomta he stays home
See also go

swamp: See lake and spring of

water.
34.

sweat-house:

mdta

(long true

t,

stay:

AB
AB

almost tf but not so breathy; perhaps matt^'a)

sweet: hik'vita^
that's

34.
steal:

down and

sit.

AB

35.

hixaDji, hexaDji to steal

34, hixaDjit stealing

stink: himitcxet
it

AB

34.
it

sweet

AB 35, hik'vim AB 35. See also

smells bad,

sugar.

stinks
strap:

AB

32.

See also

fisher.

See

belt.

swim: nCekyak^ you (fish) hurry up and swim hither! (from Chimariko formula) AB 42.
table: hdma^na^ts^a^ place to eat

string: ^dtcxvnre

rope

(later:

not

rope, but "string")

AB

29. Cf.
fish-

on

atcxunde rope D. See also

net.

=
tail:

AB 35. See also eat. dq^uye AB 34. See also gray

table

striped: qHsjyi

AB

34.

squirrel,
talk:

under

squirrel.

sucker: h^-?t^cesBvla, he'fcesBvla

hiVot, hekbt to talk;

word

AB

AB

34, set^sisBdra, set^sisBdra

30,

hekb

to talk

AB

36,

SB (learned from Old Rogers, who used to go up to his parents at

xowenila hikbt
ioud

to talk low, not

AB

32.

New

River,

was

part

tattooing:

hekbtew, hekbt'?ew

AB

Chimariko).
sugar: d-nvq'a sugar (of sugar-

36.
tears:

hvso^xa

AB

36,

< eye-water

pine) S2, dnvq^a egg; sugar,

F.

See also eye and water.

anything sweet

AB

15. Cf.

1070
ten: ca-np^vn S3,

XIV Northwest
sd^dnp^vn
F.

California Linguistics

AB

7,

tree,

uprooted: Djitq^'omila

AB

< arrow-one (?) row and one.

that: p'd'vt

See also

ar-

35.
trout:

h^'et'sama-

AB

30,

AB

36, p'd'niJt that

h't'si

one

mdsvmas
in

big trout (found only

AB
36.
thick:

36, p'd'vt

that

man AB

New

River; next to steelhead

in size; extra fine fish;

word

BeBehn

that's thick
thin:

xelmv

AB 36, BeBeht AB 36. AB 36, < wide-not

kiwcot this one

sometimes used for

"steelhead")

AB

29-30, trdwal
(heard from

MZ 49,
(?)

trawal

SB

Mrs. Martha Ziegler), tc'^dwal,

F.

See also wide.

tcdwal bunch of

little

fish (not

this: kU'wat,

AB

36.

necessarily trout)

AB

37. Cf.

three: xvt^ai

AB

7.

See also
throw

eight. 16,

throw:

hisvmat

to

AB

heetsama salmon-trout and masomas red salmon D.

twist: hipxali to twist

his-vmat haweit^a to throw

swift
to

AB

37.

AB

16,

hisvma hdweita

two: xjqxv
uncle:

AB

7.

See also seven.

throw swift

AB

36.

thunder: tc^emvmv^ta^ (almost

mdkbFah my uncle AB 37, mdkbVami your uncle AB 37.

-tV)

AB

32.

See also sky.

t'cin-a-

under: ts^vmv

AB

37.

tick: t^sina

MZ 48,

wood-

understand:

tick

AB

/vGcnat

he can't

40. See also beans.

log,

understand
stand

AB

13,

timber: See

redwood redwood.
See hay.

under

mv/vGenat you

don't under-

AB

13,

mvxfvGe'ya^ do

tinder:

you understand?28
also hear.
20. See also big.

AB

13.

See

tobacco:

vwv AB

unripe: xomenat'^ green, unripe

AB

today: khmd^ts^i
sure)

AB

37.

(Abe Bush not Cf. kimdse today

up:

37.

D.
tongue: hip^en

wi'emv up the
37. Cf.

hill,

above

AB

AB
37.

wiemu up D.
tree:

21.

tooth: hvt'sv teeth

trail: his' a

AB

uprooted
36.

See

tree,

uprooted.

AB

upstream: soifa

AB

23.

See also

south and sdmna^dma'^ under

tree:

dD^a, dDs(?)a
37.

AB

25,

afsa

place names.
urine: iq^vs

AB
tree,

See also creek and

AB

37.

redwood.
dead: xvt^cxv

AB

20,

xvsv

vagina: iq^a vagina, female

private parts
valley:

AB

26. Cf. xutcxu

hemlock and

AB

38.

xosu, hosu yellow pine D.

See meadow.

Chimariko Linguistic Material

village: dwitsats,

1071
to get well

dwifaf

village

<

well:

hinobk^Da

from

many-houses AB 38, < housemany F. See also house.

wading: hut^'emDa wading
(cf.

sickness

AB

20. Cf. inookta

heel D, which should be

emended
6.

to heal.

Dixon's "across stream")

AB

wet: siDjihn

AB

38.

Cf. tcem-da across stream D.

what: p'dts'i what?

See also white man.

what? what

is it?

AB 16, BatsT AB 24, pdts^i "

see?

wake

up:

ndsusmi wake up!

AB

what

is it?

AB

38, Bats'i

38.

mimama^ what do you

36, q'otsh

AB

walk: See come.

want: xvts^v^nanan
I

what?

AB

38, q'osi

what?
don't want
I it

AB

38, qb-soirndDi'

AB

what's the matter? SB. Cf. qosi

16,

xvtcVnat

don't want
I

(to eat)

AB

where D. See also nothing and

something.

16,

t'svGvhen
16,
I

don't want to
t^svk^'vhen,

AB

fsvGvhen

don't

when: qh'svkmaDji when was

it?

want it! AB 26, t'svk'-ytc'e-i, fsvGvtc'ei I won't! AB 26, yema^ imPinan I want to eat AB 15, ama hmCnan I want to eat AB 36, luh hmVnan I want to drink AB 14, luh mi mPna^ do you want to drink? AB 14,

AB
38,

38.

where: qh'mal-a whereabouts?

AB
are

qhma mvwama^ where

you going?

AB

42.

Whilkut: xdwi- Wailaki, Red-

xvwdmxan
want
like.

k^vts^i^ainan

don't

to

go

AB

42. See also

wood29 (not on South Fork; Chimariko of Hyampom and Wailaki and Redwood were hostile to each other. Hupas
often

came

to

Hyampom

to

water: dq'a S2, dq'd

AB

6, a-k'd

visit

and these went down

down, edge, frog, manzanita cider under manzanita, tears, and

also creek,

WF. See

there);

= Indians

off west?

AB

30. Cf.

xawaamai Mad River

jcawa-country.

D,

literally

whiskey.
water-ousel: p'^dsint^caxjia
p^dsi-n-t^caxD-la ? F.

Some

of the Whilkut lived

AB

38,

along a portion of the

Mad

River (Wallace 1978:179).

of us

we: nd-tchtas

us,

we,

all

whip:

ndnvwas whip

(verb)

AB

(doubtful about -ta-s)

AB

38.

39, imperative F.
whirl: hfrnvmoit^a he whirls

wedge: tsjnp'er (somewhat doubtful phonetics)

AB

38.

around (intransitive)
Cf.

AB

29.

-mum-

to run D.
fire

weed: fsvndnd^d weed (similar to

wild forget-me-not)

AB

14.

whiskey: dBvndq^d

water >

Cf. tsunana digging-stick D.

whiskey

AB

39. See also fire

and water.

1072
whistler:

XIV Northwest
hoxvla ( not x)
(cf.

California Linguistics

hjx'v

Wintu: p^dtckvwai Hayfork Indian

nose)30
white:

AB

39.

See also nose.

white

mdl^ah

clear,

AB
39,

12,

mdDja'i
mdtsa'i

clear, white

AB

MZ 49, mene'i
AB

white

Bdtsxvwai Hay Fork Indians AB 30, Bdtcxuwai Wintun, Hayfork Indian AB 40, p'dtcwai, p'dtcvwai Salmon
5,

AB

(animal)
clean D.

39. Cf. mata'i

River and Weaverville Indians

MZ
F.

44,

< "willow-people"

(?)

See also willow.

white man: dje-mdvwdk'^Da S2,

DjemDahvwakDa
white
39,
39.

"on the

wolf: sit'ciwi

AB

38. See also dog.

other side he walks, resides"

man (compare Hupa) AB mdDjvBin white man^i AB

See also bad, come, and

woman: Bvnsar

AB

9,

Bvnsar"
girl,

AB

14.

See also bachelor,

and wife.

wading.

wood: Bvcvwa S2, Bvsvwa

AB

who: q'omas who?

39,

AB
is

39,
that?

40.

q'omasvDa' who

AB

woodpecker:

k^ononD^tc's-i big

q'jmasmi' who are you?

39.

woodpecker

AB

40, tsvrd-t'a,

AB
36.

t's?vrd-t'a small

red-headed

wide: xeleh, x^reh (both used)

AB

See also
Ids-a'

thin.

woodpecker (Hayfork: t'svra-ty2 AB 40. Cf. Wintu

c^ura-t California

widow:

AB AB

40.

woodpecker,

acorn woodpecker, small red-

widower: mdmvtxu(-) (phonetics

not exact)
wife:
40.

headed woodpecker.
word: See
talk,

Bvntsarh my wife AB 40, Bvntsarmi your wife AB 40. See also bachelor and woman.

worm: xdwin big worm AB 1 1. Cf. xawin, qawin caterpillar D.

yellowhammer: t^ciyamin
yellow-jacket:
jacket

wildcat:

hisvma xvts^vla'^ "faceshort" = wildcat AB 36. See

also face and short.

AB

40.

xvwv
40.

bee, yellowyel-

AB

20,

xvwv

willow: Bdtcxu willow (gray

kind)

lowjacket
yes:

AB

AB

40. See also Wintu.

hemo-

yes! S2, himo-

AB

40,

wind: hiVose'
wing:

AB 40. hvDv AB 17. See

dsDD?i

also

hiye AB 40, hi-mo" meaning unknown, see Dixon's himo "yes" SB (heard from Mrs. Martha
Ziegler).

feather.

winter: dsDti,

AB

40. See

yesterday:
yet:

moW AB
AB

40.
are

also steelhead salmon, under

salmon.

mdmimdt mdmt^d^

you

alive yet?

7, himola'i

Chimariko Linguistic Material

1073

mdmimat mamt^a my grandson,

are

young: See now.

you

alive yet?

AB

19.

y^^^g man: vwela young man

(10 up)

you:

md-mvf S3, mdmot AB 20, mdOmvsmi' is that you? AB 40, mdi-)-mv-s-mi' F, yw nd-ma
you eat it! S3. This is probably borrowed from English you.

AB

9.

See also son.

y^u^g ^^^^^.

young ^^^^^ S2, dmanlala young .^j^ n^^j^,,). < .^^ j^^y
^^^.^t^Hla

(^

^B

25. Cf. mfl/M//a old

maid

D. See also new.

Personal names

There are two personal names

in Sapir's notes. In this

and the following

section the entries are arranged in alphabetical order of the Chimariko.

hewEt
37.

ruha'^^

step up, straight

up

{h.

r.

was name of Chimariko Indian)

AB

See also high.

:

q^d'anole

"round rock" (name of Friday )33

AB

23.

See also rock and

round.
Place names
Sapir identified several of the following place

equivalents. For the location and analysis of these

names by giving their Hupa Hupa names see Wallace

(1978:170).
hiDjaposta
:

Dyer's Ranch "dusty place"

:

MZ 48.
its

hisofun'maDji

Uyinc'^iWi-q'id S4,
F. Cf.

Hupa: "on

nose";

cf.

hoxudji "nose-place"?

hoxudji unidentified place

Doctor Tom's name mentioned

by Doctor

Tom

to Dr.

A. L. Kroeber D. See also nose.

:

hitcSvo^d-ma, hitcxvi^ama
:

See Hupa.
ta'^kyimH-dirj

h&p'?vDaDji^^ Hostler Ranch S4, < acorn-mush place; Hupa "where one stirs acorn mush" F. See also acorn.
mvtvmadji, mvDvmadji
boat.
:

me'^dil-dirj S4,

both = "canoe-place"

F.

See also

neHaDji

diysta-rj'^a--dirj

S4, Chimariko

= "fawn-place" <

ne'la

"fawn"

F.

See

also fawn.

nvmnd^dmd-

Elder

Pom

country (great hunting ground for Chimariko)

AB

28. See also earth.

q^dmDadJi

cewina-l-diij
:

< "by

the rock" S4. See also rock.

samna^dma'^

South Fork = up country, country upstream

AB

5,

South Fork

of Trinity F. See also earth.

1074
sasaDjin'dwv
:

XIV Northwest
Underwood

California Linguistics

mt. (< storage-basket mt.)

AB

9.

See also storage

basket under basket and mountain.

tcPa'na
:

Taylor's Flat "manzanita flat"

:

MZ 48,

See also manzanita.

Flat

tchtchnmdidja

manzanita

field, flat

= Taylor's

AB

5.

See also manzanita

and meadow.
t^^iidamdadji
:

Burnt Ranch
:

AB

5.

yaq^an^a

tc^eli^

"white oaks-brown" (refers to changing

color of acorns

when

souring) =upper Elder

Pom AB

28. See also acorn

and brown.

Notes

wish to thank the American Philosophical Society for their permission

to publish Sapir's field notes,

and Beth Carroll-Horrocks, Manuscripts

collations at

Librarian, for
grateful to
article.

making

number of
his

my

request.

am

also

comments on an earlier draft of this Many years ago Morris Swadesh started to prepare a paper entiWilliam Seaburg for
in the

tled
I

"Chimariko
it

Light of Sapir's Data". Despite

I

its

unfinished state

found

very helpful, and

have incorporated some of his ideas into

this article.

Sapir to Harrington 9/19/27,

now

in the

Harrington papers
this

in the

Na-

tional Anthropological Archives.

See appendix to

volume.

There

is

some

uncertainty about the spelling of this name. In his field

notes Sapir wrote Ziglar, but in his letter to Harrington

spelling Ziegler,

he used the

which

will also be

used here.

Merriam

called the language

it

of the vocabulary

Tlo-hom-tah-hoi and
in fact

claimed that
Shasta.

was not related to any other language. Dixon (1931) re-

plied to this article and

showed

that the

language was

New

River

The names of

the informants are abbreviated as follows:

AB Abe

Bush,

MZ
6
7
8

Martha Ziegler, and S Saxey.

This should probably be glossed don't you understand?.

This
is

written as

two words

in Sapir's

notebook.

This should probably be glossed did you come?

Dixon listed two other variants, -ida and -tinda, but there are no clear examples of these in Sapir's notes. Dixon said of -da that "This suffix is, in its uses, far from clear, although its normal force, as used with verbs,
is

participial" (1910:324).

9 6 5 1

Chimariko Linguistic Material

10 Dixon said "The ending
participial
-t

1075

occurring quite frequently in the texts, after

is

and other endings,

-t,

found but rarely

in the
n.

paradigms
15).

se-

cured.

Its

function has not been

-at

made out" (1910:340

same

Elsewhere

he suggested that
n. 100,
1

was

the

as the intensive -ut, -ot

(1910:358

104, and 361

n. 50).

For a history of subsequent comparative work on Hokan see Langdon

(1974) and Jacobsen (1979).

12 See also the references under Chimariko

1

in

Golla (1984a).

Hay Fork
found
the

is

the dialect of

Wintu adjacent

to

Chimariko. This word

is

not

in recent recordings

of Wintu, but

cf.

mut-o-ma canoe

in a

vo-

cabulary of the "Trinity Indians" collected by Dr. William A.

Gabb on

Upper

Trinity River, California, in

1866, and published in Powers

(1877:522).

14 These two glosses should probably be inverted.

1

similar descriptive term

is

used for coyote

in several other

languages
is

of northwest California (Golla 1977b:20-21).

An

additional

example

Yurok segep coyote from sepolah, sepolek,

intensive infix -eg-.
1

valley, field, prairie, with the

This should be glossed his daughter.

17 This should be glossed 18 This

is

my

daughter-in-law.

widespread
n.

loanword.

See Haas (1969:82)

and

Jacobsen

(1976:233
1

84) for further examples.

This should be glossed your home.

country.

20 This should be glossed Hupa

21 Dixon (1910:333) lists a verb stem kluc knock over in a discussion of verbal stems. There are several examples of it on pages 329-30, but it
appears to be missing

from

the

English-Chimariko

and

Chimariko-

English vocabularies.

22 This should probably be glossed he

likes

me.
it

23 From the order of the entries in Sapir's notebook, word was elicited in response to -haima- to vomit D,

appears that

this

24 The

gloss

is

probably incorrect, since n-

is

the prefix of the second per-

son singular imperative.

25 Friday was one of Dixon's Chimariko informants.

26 This should be glossed you

gular indicative prefix.

sit

down, since mi-

is

the second person sin-

1076
27 See
Sapir's

XIV Northwest
comments about

California Linguistics

this

widespread word for tobacco (1916h

[1949]:447).

28 This should probably be glossed don't you understand?

29 The name Wailaki was

to the west,
is

originally used

by the Wintu

to refer to all

groups

both foreign and other Wintu (Elsasser 1978:203).

Redwood
hoxv.

the popular local

name

for the

Whilkut (Wallace 1978:179).

30 When Sapir
31

elicited the

word

for nose

on page 24 he spelled

it

Sapir added a footnote "< evil, destructive," and said that this was the

more common term.

32 Hayfork
is

the dialect of

Wintu adjacent

to

Chimariko.

33 Friday was one of Dixon's Chimariko informants.

34 Sapir added a footnote

"-fiu-

(when pronounced slowly)."

Appendix

Reports on Sapir's Northwest California

Work

Letters

from the

field to

A. L. Kroeber

Hoopa,

Cal.,

June 28, 1927

Dear Kroeber,
had to stop a couple of rather dreary days at Eureka, for the stage runs only Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. We got to work yesterday evening and have been at it all day today. We used Mrs. Masten and an old half-breed

We

named Berman Lack.

squint at
tone! Evidently not
in
all

Mrs. Beaver remembers you.

later on.
It's

Perhaps

shall take a

Karok with her

disappointing to find that

it.

Hupa
its

has no

Athabaskan dialects possess

that will

had noticed
to

absence

Anvik (lower Yukon) but thought

It

might be due

my

informant's

if no tone is So far we positively know the following dialects have tone systems: Kutchin, Chipewyan, Sarcee, Navaho, Carrier, Tahltan, Sekanais. But there are other things to interest one in Hupa. Quantity is obviously important. Goddard's verbal scheme seems out of kilter. The continuative paradigms are not given, and the permissive (or optative) is formed as in Kutchin and Navaho but is[n't] found in Goddard except as 3d person "imperatives," which are quite wrongly amalgamated with 2nd person imperatives, which are nothing but "imperfectives" (his "present definite");

incomplete knowledge.

now

be interesting to ascertain
dialects.

characteristic of all Pacific

Athabaskan

apparently, too, Goddard's "past definite"

his failure to see the

"present definite"

is

a fiction, due to
latter,

former as a "lengthened" or "relative" form of the

glottal stops, all his allotments
is

but such subordinate forms are found also in other tenses or aspects.
his failure to

Owing

to

mark quantity and

of verb stems are

wrong.

Thus, "to go" (sing.)

given as -yai, -ya, -yauvv, which needs to be

reread as -ya- (continuative imperfective), -ya (perfective), -ya' (customary;

permissive), -ya"W (momentaneous imperfective
(continuative), with relative forms as follows:
-ya-,
rel. rel.

= "present

definite"), -yal

-yai

-ya,

-yai

-ya-I, -rel.

-yai

You see from this how badly mixed the paradigms are in Goddard. An incomplete and wrongly apprehended scheme has prevented Goddard from listing all his text forms, e.g. -muw (my -muW) occurs in his material but not in

1082

XIV

Northwest California Linguistics

the

his

grammar, as a form of -me (read -me) "to swim;"

and
-ya'.

it is

momentaneous

imperfective analogous to -ya"W, while -me* and -me' (both confused as -me)
are respectively analogous to -ya*

There's no trouble with Li

at all

not a question in Eureka or here.

sight."

Goddard

had

said:

"No Chinamen allowed

Michael's quite
all

in

Humboldt Co. Ejected on

Many

thanks for your splendid hospitality. Regards to your wife and love to
at

the boys.

frequency here by

Indians.

home. 2 English is spoken with depressing Hope you and Mrs. Kroeber can come.

Sincerely,
E. Sapir.

Hoopa,

Cal.,

July 4, 1927.

Dear Kroeber,

Sam Brown

has given

me

the

names of several people who may have

Chimariko blood and who may have some knowledge of the language. I haven't had the opportunity to test out any of them as yet, most of them being out of reach (New River, S. Fork of Trinity, possibly in Eureka). But before I leave Hoopa I may have an opportunity, so would like to have Dixon's report on
hand. 3 Could you forward
it

to

me?

should be exceedingly grateful.

I

Sam

himself remembered a very few words, which

pd-wa (a kind of basket), o-mal "salmon" (if I remember rightly). Look them up in Dixon if you have the time. He got me quite excited, but it may all simmer down to nothing.
recognized:

had 4 hrs. of Yurok with Mrs. Marshall, to whom I transmitted your regards (I forget whether you sent them. If not, pardon me! I thought it a good way of introducing myself). Naturally I can't say much as yet. But here are a few
I

points:
1

has a rather peculiar cadence, but

I

It

doubt whether
it

it

has intrinsic pitch.

to

should be

much
is

surprised

if

it

turned out

had.

It

seemed possible
of

change

pitch relations of syllables without change of meaning.

2.
3.

There

no q as
is

distinct

from

k.

feel rather certain

this.
I

Spirantal v
it

not velar, but in mid-palatal, almost front-palatal, position.

is

find

seems to affect vowels diphthong-like syllables, e.g. ha'dv "stone" (in somewhat (as does r) and forms which fly is a sort of diphthong related to y as du would be to w or di to >'.
hard to pronounce, while y
very easy for me.
It

Appendix
4. Glottalized stops are clear: p', k',
is
k'"^, ts' (I

1083

happen

to

have no

/'

as yet),
I

ts'

clear

enough
to

as distinct

from

ts, I

think.

E.g. ts'^^and' "coat."

But

haven't

enough cases
5.
It

be sure.
to distinguish

dissyllabic rr, e.g. kf(r)mik' "nine" but kftsr

from simple r both long r(r) and "mountain ridge" (i.e. o-kryrtsr), 'rkri "knee," nr'fkri "my knee" f-rV- distinct from -rr-), crmrtr-k' "I kill."
It's

seems necessary

a queer-sounding language, surely.

should like to play with

it

morphologically, but

am

not sure

can spare the time.

It's

We're doing well with Hupa. phonology and morphology, even

I

an important language for Athabaskan

if it

has no tone.
left

presume

that

Jean and Helen will have

for

Hoopa when you read

this.

If

not, please give

them

my

love.

And

best regards to your wife.

Sincerely,
E. Sapir.

3.

[Typewritten]

Aug.

Hoopa, California 7, 1927

Dear Kroeber,
to learn that you could not come with Mrs. Kroeber to Hupa after all, and Mrs. Sapir joins with me in my disappointment. Herzog,4 who is here now, was also disappointed to learn that you were not
I

was very sorry indeed

see us in

coming.

did not answer your previous letters of July

7th and 19th because

expected you to show up almost any day.

I

am

planning to leave here September 7th and will be able to stay

I

in

Berkeley
1

only a couple of days, for

must be

in

Chicago not

later than

September

5th

if I

can possibly help

it.

should be very grateful for advance notice of the date of

if it

the University lecture and of the other lecture

materializes. 5
is

should be very
I

much

interested to hear your

Yuki informant

if

he

on hand when

am

passing

through.

The Hupa field would take to look

in order to scout

is

fascinating

me

so
I

much

that

am

begrudging the time

it

into

Chimariko, but
in the

intend to take off a couple of days or so

if

around

upper Trinity country and see

to

any of the more

he

than dozen possible Indians

real

who have been mentioned

If this

me

turns out to have a

I

knowledge of

the language.

proves to be the case,

shall pray that

or she remains alive for the next year or two, so that something can be done

about Chimariko. [Handwritten:] Thanks for your copy of Dixon's book.

1084

XIV Northwest
to put in a

California Linguistics

few Sundays on Yurok with Mrs. Marshall my notes over to you when I see you in Berkeley. I asked Mrs. Marshall about the fish dam medicine but she seemed to be anything but inclined to let me have it. Sam Brown also, with whom I am working all the time, thinks it very improbable that she will deliver the goods. She is still enough of a pagan, it seems, to believe that the formula must not be told except when the proper ritual is being performed. However, I shall try again next Sunday to induce her to come around.
I

have only been able

and shall be very glad to turn

am

finding the field here ever so

I

to

be and

really think

it

much richer than I would have expected it would be eminently worth while to make a more
than has yet been made.
see you in Berkeley.
I

intensive study of the

Hupa
I

should like to talk over

some

points with
is

you when

Sam Brown
Hupa
culture

proving an admirable informant and interpreter. His interest in

is

being considerably stimulated by his work with

me

and he has
it

expressed the desire to get copies of Goddard's

possible for the University to send

Hupa monographs. Would

If

be

him these?

necessary,
I

glad to pay for them out of

my

appropriation.

think

it

would be very would be quite

legitimate to do this because of the fruits such encouragement

future.

may

bear in the

Do you

think

it

the Indians of California for

would be possible to secure a copy of your Handbook of Sam Brown by applying to the Bureau?

Mrs. Sapir joins

me

in kindest regards to

you and Mrs. Kroeber.

Yours very
E. Sapir.

sincerely,

[Handwritten:]

P.S.

It is

true that considering

Yurok has
is

glottalized stops

and
in

affricative,

it

has comparatively few instances. This

facts:

probably significant

view of two other

that

Wiyot has none, and

I

that

Yurok has so many

A:'^

glottal stops (').

In other words,
in

strongly suspect that

to ordinary p,
t,

/?', t', k',

secondary consonants
with
is
'.

Yurok, due

k, /:%

and

ts

and ts' are amalgamating

k'- "thy"

-k' "I" is

always glottalized, perhaps < *-'-k

*/:-'-;

(cf.

-'-M "thou"),

always glottalized (perhaps <

is

that unglottalized *A:- is involved here to

begin with

indicated by absolute ke-V "thou").

Forms with 2nd

per. sing, -s (-

c) (imperative)
flies").

seem

to introduce

-'-,

e.g. nj-'cjlek' "I fly"

but no-'co'' "he

Apparently

this -'-

may combine
buy
it"

with stopped consonant to produce

but koits-k'^^Dc "you buy
it!"

glottalized stop, e.g. ko-its-kwj-k' "I

Appendix
4.

1085

[Typewritten]

Hoopa, California August 18, 1927

Dear Kroeber,

Thank you for your letter of August 10th. I answered by night letter on the day of the receipt of it, but lest you may not have received the wire in time I

may
for

repeat

it

here for you;

it

reads: "Prefer

September

8th, afternoon or evening.

Expect

to take night train out of

Eureka on September

7th.

Would be

thankful

puUman

reservation lower berth San Francisco to Chicago leaving evening

of September 9th via Southern Pacific, Union Pacific, and Chicago and
Northwestern."
I

am

afraid

am

putting

you

to a lot of trouble with the lecture or lectures.

have decided

to leave

much

to

do

in

San Francisco as early as possible because there Chicago and I must give myself every bit of time I can.
gather that he has
to get texts.

will be

Mr. F.K. Li has done the best he could with such survivors
Mattole as he could find.
material but
it
I

who speak
linguistic
to

seemed impossible
is

some really valuable So he moved south

Round
is

Valley reservation and

now working on
It

Wailaki.

His post office address

that

Covelo, Mendocino County, Cal.

Cantonese, has had training
Perhaps a Yuki word
for checking up.
I
list

occurs to

correspond with him about Yuki intonations.

in phonetics,

you might want to He knows both Mandarin and

ear.

me

and has an excellent natural

embracing the most important stems could be sent him

Dartmouth.
Mrs. Sapir and

hope you have had a good time

at

send our

best regards to Mrs. Kroeber.

Yours very sincerely,

E. Sapir.

Hoopa, Cal.
Aug. 26, 1927

Dear Kroeber,
I

learn that the

at
I

Gold Coast Limited

I

(S. Pac.) leaves S.F. at 11

I

A.M., the
these

Overland
facts

6:15 P.M. with an extra charge of $10.00.

did not

know

when

wired you. As
I

myself, this means that

do not want to pay $20.00 extra for Michael and shan't want to leave for Chicago in the evening, but

1086

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

must take the forenoon train. To leave on the 9th would hurry me too much, I shall therefore leave on the morning of the 10th from Berkeley. I hope you have not yet made reservations for us on the 9th. If, after all my uncertainties, you. still care to bother, I should be grateful to you if you could reserve me a
lower berth on the Gold Coast Limited, leaving Sept. 10th,
rather
1 1

A.M.

(S.F.), or

what corresponds
left

to

it

out of Berkeley.

Jean and Helen

connections

for

Eureka on the 24th and are making immediate

at

at S.F. for

Chicago. Jean would have liked to stop off

Berkeley

and

people

is nervous about a flat and wants to see her Ottawa before I return, so decided to make as quick time as she could. But she wants to be remembered most cordially to your wife.

visit

with your wife, but she

in

Chimariko inquiry on Sunday, Aug. but most these are probably will-o'-the-wisps. For the present I should like to give you of a few notes of geographical interest.
I

am
I

planning to leave
tips

at last for the

28th.

have

of about a dozen people

who may know some Chim.,

296 of his Chimariko paper Dixon hesitantly ascribes S.F. of Trinity and Hay Fork country to Chimariko. I gather from at least 2 informants that he It seems to be generally understood that "Burnt is right, Goddard wrong. Ranch" Indians occupied present Hyampom and Hay Fork. I do not believe the Hupa ever directly touched on Wintun territory, as your Handbook map shows. If they, or e;/en the Redwoods, did, it would be inexplicable that Hupa legend never once refers to the Wintun. They are less known than even the Shasta. The Chim. are consistently referred to as yinahc'in "upriver people," which includes
1

On

p.

Tr.

and S.F. Friday was not Hupa and Wintun, but Hupa and Chim., as there are several Indians (who are part Chim.) related to him by blood through Chim. In his "Hupa Texts" Goddard translates yi na tcin somewheres as "Wintun." There

seems
2. It

to

be no warrant for
to

this.

seems
as

be generally understood that

of
it

New

River was partly Chim., but

doubt

if

much

was

as

you

indicate.

Only

its

lower course seems

to

have

been Chim. and these were being Hupa-ized, just as Powers states. All say that the lower New River people spoke both Hupa and a dialect of Chim. I have

some

River people and

famous medicine-woman who belonged to the New closely identified with the Hupa. It looks as though there may have been 3 Chim. groups (dialects?) S.F. of Trin., Trin., and lower New R. and that Hupa influence, cultural and linguistic, was gradually
texts about Silis, a

who was

creeping in up Tr. and

3.

New

R.

Your statement (Handbook, p. 110) that the Hupa called the Chim. Tl'omitta-hoi is wrong. This name is Kohmitahx'^e- "people among the grass"
and obviously cannot refer
refer properly to the
to the

Chim. but

to a high prairie people.

It

seems

to

Konomihu

but to be also loosely used for N.R. Shasta,

Upper Karok, and Shasta.

Appendix
4.

1087

There
as

is
I

a persistent

name q'dlcahsn (obviously Hupa, but

not translatable).

As near
to

can make out, these are Dixon's

New

River Shasta. They are said

have lived on
This
is

New

R. above the

New

R. Chim. and to have spoken a

'dt'o'

language differentfrom Chim.

"knife."

Jake Hostler remembered one word.-

not given by Dixon in his Chim.

this

Have you
p.

New

R. Shasta

vocabulary which includes

5. 1

word?
283), but shall inquire.
refer to upper
It

have not run across "Amitahwe" (Handbook,

may
6.

be '^ahmitahx^'e- "people

among

theclouds," and

may

New

R.

Shasta.

Sam Brown

refers to the following 3 Indians

who

are likely to

know

something of "Konomihu" or

"New

River Shasta":
at

Mrs. Kearney, Aleck Kearney's mother; lives

Cecilville

Salmon R. near

Mrs. Orcutt, married to whate man; near Cecilville?

Logan
7.

Brizel; lives

on Salmon

R., address at

Forksof Salmon

"Chilula" and "Whilkut"

may be
one

convenient terms, but they are seriously

tribe, at least

misleading.

These two

tribes are

both are referred to by the

Hupa

as x'nytq'id.

They do not look upon

is that,

the upper xHytq'id (Goddard's

Whilkut) as different from the lower ones; they speak the same language, a
dialect of

Hupa. The only point

owing

to kinship relations, the

lower

people, up to a certain village, were allowed to see the sacred dances, while the

upper villages were excluded. This

linguistic classification.

is

a matter of local privilege, not of tribal or

is

As

far as

can fmd out, there

no greater warrant for

me'^dildirj

distinguishing Chilula and Whilkut than ta?Uyimiidirj

Hupa and

Perhaps the truth

is

that x''iyiq'id (Chilula)

to another

was spoken

[...]

a bit

Hupa. above

Goddard's Chilula and made way

Athabaskan dialect ("Nongatl" of

Maple
8.

Cr.),

which

is

different

from Goddard's "Nongatl" of Van Duzen R.

Li found that Mattole of Bear R.

was

little

different

to the south.

An

Indian told him that Jenny Young, of Westport,

from Mattole proper who was

dialect he tested

spoken of by Gifford as "Mattole" spoke like a certain other Indian whose and found to be quite distinct from Mattole. He suspects her to belong to the "Sinkyone." Mattole and Wailaki are both stress, not pitch, languages. There is a serious variation, then, in Pacific Ath. from the old norm,

for Sarcee, Kutchin, and

next point
system.
I

is

to find out if the

Navaho obviously reflect the same pitch Tolowa-Umpqua group has also

patterns.

The

lost the pitch

am

rather well pleased with

my Hupa
is

value,

some of them, and

there

The texts are of ethnological a considerable amount of new linguistic

results.

material

all sorts

of unexpected accords with typical northern dialects.

There

is

an interesting diminutive symbolism:

1088

XIV Northwest
Normal

California Linguistics

W becomes dim.
^w

Appendix

1089

These names may not be phonetically adequate, as they were given by Sam Brown, who makes it a point of pride not to know much Yurok.
the water-place."

Your neradji (Dixon, p. 380) is Hupa diysta-rj'^a-dirj ''diys (?) + it extends into Nobody can explain diys- (Goddard has djic-, which Mrs.
it is

Marshall uses, but

considered incorrect).

Saxey, a Chimariko

who

speaks

Hupa and gave me

ne'ra "fawn."

a brief Chimariko vacabulary, pronounced ne'laDji < ne'la

1,

"fawn"; as he regularly substitutes Hupa

like Friday, for

Chim.

r, this

means

Your hoxudji (Dixon, p. 380) is obviously "nose-place" and may be Chim. for Hupa kyinc'^iWiq'id "its nose-on," a Hupa village, though Saxey gave me another Chim. name for this village.

Sincerely,
E. Sapir.

[Original correspondence in the Alfred L. Kroeber Collection, Bancroft Library,

University of California, Berkeley.

Published with the permission of the

Bancroft Library.]

1090

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Letters to

J.

P.

Harrington regarding work on Chimariko

1.

[Typewritten]

Chicago,

111.

Sept. 19th, 1927

Mr.

J.

P.

Harrington

Bureau of American Ethnology Washington, D.C.

Dear Harrington,

Your telegram of September 8th to Hyampom and your letter of the same date Hupa have just been received in Chicago. 7 While doing my Hupa work I heard of an Indian at Salyers named Saxey who was supposed to know quite a bit of Chimariko, and as I was not satisfied with Dixon's record and had not the least idea that you had done anything with Chimariko yourself I went to see Saxey with my Hupa interpreter^ toward the end of my field trip, only to find that he knew very little indeed and that little distorted by his Hupa phonetics. However, I learned from him of the existence of an Indian named Abe Bush at
to

Hyampom

who, he suspected, might know Chimariko rather well, as he used to it to Friday. So, at great expense and trouble, I proceeded to Hyampom to get in touch with Abe Bush. Had you not done the language thoroughly with Mrs. Noble, the small amount of material I got from Bush would probably be of some value, for I imagine the phonetic shape of my record
hear him talk
is

superior to Dixon's.

As

a matter of fact, while

Bush used

to

understand

Chimariko very well many years ago, he never spoke it freely himself and has obviously forgotten a great part of what he once knew. I wish I had known about your Chimariko work in good time, as it would have saved me a good deal of useless trouble and would have set me free for that much more time on Hupa. You can readily understand that in my ignorance of the work you had so
fortunately

done with Mrs. Noble

it

was
I

my

duty to get what

I

could from a

man

who was
and

reputed to be a good informant.

congratulate you most heartily on

hope that my exceedingly fragmentary far less valuable material on Chimariko may spur you on to present your Chimariko data at an early opportunity. In view of the fact that my own material was obtained independently from another informant and may possibly have a few dialectic peculiarities that differentiate it from your New River
rescuing this important language.

And

Appendix
material,
I

1091

am

planning to publish

my

vocabulary for what

it

is

worth, as a

preliminary correction of Dixon's data.

On my

return

from

Hyampom

stopped off

at

Burnt Ranch and learned from

you had worked for two or three months with Mrs. Noble shortly before she died. This information was later confirmed by what I learned from Mrs. Ziegler, bom Dyer, Mrs. Noble's half sister. At first, I confess, I was somewhat chagrined to learn that my efforts had been useless, but I very soon rejoiced to know that Chimariko had been saved by so competent a man as yourself at the eleventh hour. Long before I heard from you, I planned to refer

Bud Carpenter

that

to

your work on Chimariko in the course of a brief paper which on the geography of the Chimariko country.

hoped

to write

May

be pardoned for drawing an obvious moral from your experience

this

Both Angulo^ and I did our work in perfect good faith, without the slightest inkling that we were going over ground already completely traversed by yourself. Would it not have been wise for you to have made your field trips known? I hope you will let the chairman of our committeeio know precisely what field work you have done and what linguistic material you have on hand. It is my opinion that there should be no secrecy whatever about such matters. I am very far from making a fetish out of the avoidance of duplication of field work, only I think that if one chooses to duplicate somebody else's work he should do so with his eyes open.

summer with Karok and Chimariko?

on Chimariko which I did not have time to follow up. While passing through Hay Fork on my return to Hoopa I learned from a Wintun Indian that there was another Indian who might know something of Chimariko named Hay Fork Bill, sometimes called "Whiskey Bill". He was said to
There
is

one further

tip

remember Chimariko
Chimariko.

at least as

well as

Abe Bush, probably

little better.

His

mother belonged to the Hyampom If you ever have the time and inclination to follow up this tip, I hope you will do so, as it would be rather important to determine definitely whether or not there were two distinct dialects of Chimariko. As it is, it is very hard to make up one's mind whether the respects in which Abe Bush's material differs from that recorded by Dixon, aside from phonetic shortcomings on Dixon's part, are due to a genuine dialectic difference or are merely personal variations due to the fact that Abe Bush has forgotten a good deal and has been
or South Fork of Trinity branch of the
influenced by Wintun phonetics.
I

hope

will

up everything, and that you will feel assured of the good of the committee towards all your field work, so far as I'm concerned.
this clears

Yours very
E. Sapir.

sincerely,

1092

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

2.

[Typewritten]
[Linguistic Society of

America

letterhead]

September 26, 1927

Mr.
J.

P.

Harrington

Bureau of American Ethnology

Washington, D.C.

Dear Harrington,
I

am

very glad indeed to have your letter of September 22nd and

most

earnestly hope that you will feel encouraged to go ahead and

work

for the

Committee, which

will

do

all in its

power
feel

to help

you with funds for your work

far as
it

and with locating your manuscripts for publication so

I

lies in its

power.

understand perfectly well

how you
at

about others stepping in and working

at the

on languages which you have been

expenditure of so

such pains to work out long before

it

much

trouble.

At the same time

seems

to

me

that

one must

develop a certain attitude of impersonality in these matters. As regards Chimariko, you have nothing to fear from any notes based on my scanty
material that
I

might care

to publish.

am

particularly interested in the question

I seem to some evidence that would lead one to suspect that Friday's dialect was not quite the same as that of Mrs. Dyer, Dr. Tom, and presumably Mrs. Noble. This

of Chimariko dialects. Looking more carefully into Dixon's material,

find

material of Friday's seems to agree better with what In other words,

obtained from

Abe Bush.
Bill

we have

a hint of a Trinity River

I

and

New

River dialect as
proves

contrasted with a South Fork of Trinity dialect.

a

hope

that

Hay Fork

more valuable informant than Abe Bush

Since
I

did.

wrote you, my student, F. K. Li, has returned from Round Valley where he had been studying Wailaki after getting what he could on Mattole. I had asked him to make inquiry of Indians who knew something about the old "Hyampom" language, which means Chimariko. He tells me that Jack French, nicknamed Yellow Jacket, who is a Hay Fork Indian, that is Wintun, may know something about Hyampom, or that his wife may know
last

reservation,

something.

He

is

said to live

some

thirty miles

from Round Valley

I

in Trinity
is

county and can only be reached by horseback.

am

afraid this tip

rather

vague and not worth very much.

Yours very sincerely,

E. Sapir.

[Handwritten:]

P.S.

Yes, Goddard's

Hupa

material

is

miserable.

Even

though tone

is

unimportant in Hupa, there are

many

phonetic points he has

Appendix
entirely missed.
In

1093
quite unsound.

consequence

his

morphology

is

He

has

completely misunderstood the whole tense-modal system.

Here's a sample of

what he's done with Hupa:

^oic'id

= you know '^ohic'id = you (pi.) know = you have oL

learned

'^oic'id

all

= Goddard's

tsit.

His "auw" means aW, ahW, or a-W,

gy, ky, Uy, g, k, k, g,

all utterly

different things. His "k"

may mean

or

q'!

[Original correspondence in the Papers of John

Peabody Harrington, National

Published with the

Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

permission of the Smithsonian Institution.]

1094

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

An
anthropologists

Expedition to Ancient America

The anthropologists of the University of Chicago are like all other known in considering their academic work but half, and that the smaller half, of their work. Field work among primitive peoples is the very life
I

of their discipline. In accordance with this tradition. Professor Cole and

have

been devoting a great deal of attention during the

plans for an anthropological field program,

last

two years

to formulating

One

of the items in this plan which has especially interested

me

is

the
as

intensive linguistic study of a certain group of

American Indian

tribes

known

"Athabaskan" or "Dene." These tribes have a very interesting and irregular distribution. The main portion of them is settled in the northwestern part of the
the
the way from Hudson Bay to near the mouth of The southern division of these peoples embraces the Navajo and Apache tribes of New Mexico and Arizona. Aside from a few isolated Athabaskan tribes, the remainder of the group is situated in two geographically sundered areas in southwestern Oregon and northwestern

American continent, ranging

all

Yukon River

in Alaska.

California.

It is the southern of these two Pacific groups of Athabaskan tribes which especially engaged the attention of the University of Chicago during the

summer

of 1927.

Wedged
the

these Califomian Athabaskans,

mode

of

life to

among a large number of linguistically alien tribes, who have been thoroughly assimilated in their customs of their neighbors, present a somewhat puzzling
in

problem.

Important linguistic and ethnological materials on certain of these

tribes, particularly the

Hupa of the

Trinity River Valley and the Kato, had been

published by Dr. P. E. Goddard, of the American

Museum

of Natural History,

New

York, but

my

in its relation to

Athabaskan group as a whole and certain other languages demanded a much more refined and
comparative interest
in the

accurate study than had yet been made.

Attention was particularly concentrated on the

their

Hupa

Indians, chiefly because

language seems to present especially archaic features. They are also the most interesting of the Califomian Athabaskans in cultural respects, for they share in the very peculiar Northwest Califomian culture which is so characteristic of the lower course of the Klamath River and of the Pacific coast
at its

mouth.

took along with

me

Mr.

F.

K. Li, an able Chinese student

who

is

specializing at the university in general linguistics and

who was

eager to

develop a first-hand acquaintance with

languages. This
is

field

methods

in the

study of aboriginal

probably the

first

time

in the history

of linguistic science that

Appendix

1095

a properly trained Chinese student has studied an American Indian language in

the field.

We

arrived in Hoopa, the site of a small Indian reservation, in the latter part of

away in the Coast Range mountains, far away highway but, sad to relate, within earshot of the ubiquitous Ford, which seems to be owned by every Hupa Indian who can
June, and found ourselves tucked

from the

tourist of the

afford the initial outlay.

class informants

In spite of this, however,

we soon

discovered that

first

were by no means
it is

difficult to secure.

The old Indian

culture

has largely disappeared,

true, but there are

is still

remember

the old life and the language

spoken

many men and women who still in its purity by many even

of the younger people. Mr. Li stayed with

me

long enough to acquaint himself

left to follow up a few clues that we had obtained that might lead to the discovery of the Mattole language, an

thoroughly with field methods and then

Athabaskan dialect that was supposed to be extinct. Very fortunately Mr. Li succeeded in finding an Indian at the mouth of the Mattole River, in the southern part of Humboldt County, who remembered a great deal of this distinctive Athabaskan dialect, though he had not spoken it for over thirty years. This means that Mr. Li was able to rescue for science a language that will probably prove to be of very considerable importance in reconstructing the whole Athabaskan group no mean feat for a first field summer Mr. Li preceded to Round Valley reservation, where he made a record of the Wailaki language, another Athabaskan dialect. The combined party, therefore, succeeded in making a rather complete and adequate record of no less than three Athabaskan languages in the course of the summer's work.
original features of the
trip.

In the latter part of the

Aside from some incidental work on non-Athabaskan languages, which took up only a small share of my attention, I devoted a little more than two months of continuous research to the study of the language and culture of the Hupa
Indians.
I

was very fortunate

in securing the services

of an Indian

Brown

as

my

chief interpreter and one of

my

best informants.

curious combination of the conservative Indian and the

named Sam Sam Brown is a up-to-date Indian who

has become too sophisticated to accept the teachings of his forefather without
criticism.
It

almost seemed

at

times as though he were divided into two

lost in the

personalities.

One

half of

him was

dim

past of conceptions that are

at

almost unintelligible to the white man. The other half of him seemed utterly

home in the modem world of scientific one moment Sam would speak of some
to touch, with

application and religious skepticism. At

mysterious rock, which one is forbidden and awe. At another he would turn around with a smile and declare that the old beliefs were "all imagination." This dualism of

obvious

faith

Sam's was extremely fortunate for me, for

interpreter of the old life

it meant that he was the ideal and the old conceptions to the inquiring white man.

1096

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

There were other interesting Hupa informants who rendered important assistance, but Sam Brown was easily the most valuable of them all.

The Hupa
will

phonetics and

was eminently successful. Many intricate points of Hupa grammar which had remained obscure were cleared up, so that it now be possible to use the Hupa evidence, along with that previously
field trip

obtained from such other languages as Sarcee and Navajo, in the difficult task of

working back
texts dictated

to earlier

Athabaskan conditions.
other Indians

by

Sam Brown and

More than seventy-five Hupa made a valuable record for the

The
titles

ethnological study of the Hupa, while a good deal of supplementary material on

the customs of the Indians

was obtained by

direct questioning.

of

some of

these texts will give an idea of the nature of the material secured:
are Treated,"

"How Acorns

"The Jumping Dance," "Rules of Daily

Life:

Insults," "Tall-Boy's

Wife Scolds the Young People," "Power over the Grizzly Woman's Love Medicine for Getting a Man," "Prayer in Going over Bear," "A the Trails in the Mountains," "Medicine Formula Pronounced over a Child to

make him Wealthy and Brave," "Good Looking Men and Women," "The AfterWorld," "The Feast of the First Salmon," "Medicine Formula to Purify one who has Handled a Corpse," "Tattooing," "Two Young Men Do Black Magic," "A
Blaspheming Village," "A Medicine Formula for War."

The
one.

life that is

revealed by such texts as these and by the information

is

obtained in answer to direct inquiry

a strange and in

many ways
in

a beautiful

Northwest Califomian culture has been described

little

terms that led one to

think of these Indians as interested in

else than the pursuit of individual

wealth.

This impression, while not wholly unfounded, seems to me to be unsound. There was in the old culture an unsuspected depth of feeling for things sacred and beautiful. In everything that he did the Indian of the old time
felt

himself in touch with supernatural powers. Everything that he did that was

contrary to the proper

way of

life

helped to "spoil the world," to unsettle that

very center of the world which

the medicine formulae

is

known today

as the

Hoopa

Valley.
In

The

Indians were by no means insensible of the beauty of their country.

it

one of

how one of the beings of the pre-human went about in search of adventure. He came to a high point from which epoch he looked down upon the Trinity winding in and out among the river flats which
is

related

later to become the sites of the Hupa villages. Overcome by the beauty of what he saw, he cried out, "Why should I be going about looking for other lands when I come from the most beautiful place in the world?"

were

[Originally published in The University of Chicago

Reprinted by permission of the

Magazine 20, 10-12 (1927). University of Chicago Magazine.]

Appendix

1097

A Summary Report of Field Work among the Hupa,

Summer of 1927
Dr. E. Sapir spent the end of June, July, August, and the beginning of

September, 1927,

in a linguistic investigation

of the

Hupa

Indians,

who occupy
This

a reservation in the valley of the Trinity river in northwestern California.

work was done under

the auspices of the Department of Sociology and

number of good informants was secured, chief among them being Sam Brown, who served as the most important source of material and as interpreter of everything obtained from him and others. The information gathered was chiefly linguistic in character but a large body of ethnological material was also obtained, partly in the form of texts and partly as notes directly communicated in English.
Anthropology of the University of Chicago.

The

linguistic material

was

chiefly obtained as part of a

programme

for the
careful

comparative study and reconstruction of the Athabaskan languages.

study was

Hupa, which offers many difficulties, and a reasonably complete vocabulary was obtained. The texts, which number about seventy-five were so chosen as to duplicate as little as
the grammatical structure of

made of

possible the valuable material already published by Dr. P. E. Goddard.

prevailingly ethnological in content.

They

are

Some of the main results secured from the study of the Hupa language may be mentioned here. The sound system, as might have been expected, proved to be
much more complex
typical

than hitherto represented and more in accordance with the

Athabaskan patterns worked out for Sarcee, Kutchin, and Navaho. The
is

old Athabaskan k-series (intermediate g, aspirated k', and glottalized k')

represented in
(^ k'^ k') is

Hupa by

a velar series (, x, and

q"),

but the old prepalatal series

preserved as such.

Curiously enough,

Hupa

has also developed a

(g,

new

series of

k-sounds which are neither velar nor prepalatal but mid-palatal

k', k').

These do not represent the old Athabaskan series of k-sounds but are the diminutive form of the prepalatal set. The sounds s, ts', ts' represent not only the old Athabaskan s-sibilants but also the diminutive form of the Athabaskan cseries (in

Hupa

terms: voiceless w, tew',

tc').

Vocalic quantity proved to be of

fundamental importance for the understanding of Hupa morphology.

true also of the use of the glottal stop

This

is

and of

final aspirations.

Many

final

consonants are glottalized and there

half-syllabic value.

is

a characteristic

and probably archaic

difference between non-syllabic final consonants and consonants which have

This difference

is

responsible for the parallelism of "light"

1098

XIV Northwest
syllables, a distinction

California Linguistics

and "heavy"
dialects.

which had already been worked out for other

The old Athabaskan tone system, which can be reconstructed

from

in large part

striking resemblances in the tone patterning of Sarcee, Kutchin,

Navaho,

and no doubt by many other northern and southern dialects as well, no longer appears in Hupa. Mr. Li's researches prove the same loss of tone for Mattole and Wailaki. Later investigation

may

disclose the fact that the absence of tone

is

one of the distinguishing characteristics of the Pacific (or perhaps only the southern Pacific) group of Athabaskan dialects. There are, however, interesting
tone cadences in the relative forms of

Hupa

verbs which are most easily

explained as survivals of older forms with a high tone on the final syllable, such
as

we

actually find in Sarcee and

Navaho.

The morphology was completely overhauled. Owing to a faulty phonology the details and some of the fundamentals of Hupa structure had not been fully grasped in former works on Hupa. The relative forms of the verb, which are as important here as elsewhere in Athabaskan, had not been properly kept apart from the non-relative forms. Owing to this fact the whole verbal system needs to be presented in a new light. The so-called "past definite" is merely a special use of the relative form of the perfective (Goddard's "present definite") and is paralleled by analogous relative forms based on the imperfective ("present indefinite") and on the continuative. The aspect system of Hupa needs to be revised also in other respects. The formation of the continuative (as part prefix and stem form) is entirely analogous to its formation in other dialects. A distinct permissive paradigm must be recognized not only for the third person but also for the first. A distinct potential mode was discovered. There are also special modal forms for the verbal abstract and for the prohibitive. In none of
these cases
is

reference merely to be had to the use of certain prefixed or

Navaho, a number of verbs distinguish durative and momentaneous stem forms of the imperfective.
suffixed particles.

As

in

Goddard has published a paper entitled. Pitch Accent in Hupa, (Univ. of Calif. Publ. Amer. Arch. Ethn., 23: 333-338, 1928), in which it is shown that a study of Hupa tracings fails to show that Hupa syllables have inherently high or low tones. This is entirely in accord
Since
this report

was

first written, P.

E.

with Sapir's auditory record for

Hupa and

quite

opposed

to his auditory record

for certain other languages of the Athabaskan groups, particularly Sarcee,

Kutchin, and Navaho. A small amount of independent material obtained on Anvik (Chapman's "Ten'a," also known as Ingalik) indicates that here too tone
is

lacking.

[Originally published in

American Anthropologist 30, 359-361 (1928).

Reprinted by permission of the American Anthropological Association.]

Appendix

1099

[Excerpt from] Fang-Kuei Li, Reminiscences about Edward Sapir

[I]n

1927

went with him

to the

Hoopa Valley
living, so

to study

some of

the

Athabaskan languages.

My

assignment was to study Mattole. But nobody knew

I

who

the Mattoles

were or where they were

all

had

to try

my

luck,
I

looking, hunting for the Mattole Indians

over northern California. But

first
I

spent several weeks with Sapir learning the field method to study Hupa.

first

first text on how to make acorn mush from an Indian, After the few weeks he said, on a Sunday, "We will do something else instead of studying Hupa. We'll take a walk along that direction and bring some sandwiches with us." I thought we would have a picnic. But instead we went along to another village and started to work on Yurok, a language I didn't know anything about. So that was the way he broke the tediousness of working on

recorded his

Athabaskan.

[Originally published in

Cowan, William, Michael K.

Foster, and

Konrad

Koerner

(eds.).

New

Perspectives in Language, Culture, and Personality:

Proceedings of the Edward Sapir Centenary Conference (Ottawa, 1-3 October 1984) 382. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1986.]
,

100

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

Notes
1

Prejudice against Chinese immigrants, which had been strong throughout

California in the late

19th century,
state.

was especially
of the Chinese

virulent

in

the

northwestern part of the

area during the Gold
frosty
2.

Nearly

all

who came

to the

welcome

in

Rush were forcibly expelled. Asian Humboldt County as late as the 1950s.

visitors got a

Sapir's eldest son,

to

who was

then 15.

He accompanied
his

his father

on the

trip

Hoopa, while Sapir's wife Jean and weeks later.

daughter Helen followed a few

3.

4.

Roland B. Dixon's The Chimariko Indians and Language (1910). George Herzog (1901-1984), anthropologist and musicologist.
recordings of

For the

Hupa songs he made

in

1927 see Seeger and Spear (1987: 54).

5.

Sapir had asked Kroeber to arrange for him to give one or more public
lectures in Berkeley or

expenses of his

trip

San Francisco, for a fee, to help defray the personal (ES to ALK April 16, 1927 and May 13, 1927, UCB).

Sapir spoke on September 8 on "Language as a

(published as Sapir 1927c).
6.
7.

Form

of

Human

Behavior"

See Sapir's

letters to

Harrington below.
let

Harrington had written Sapir, with considerable urgency, to

that

him know

he had already made an extensive

in

field study

of Chimariko. Harrington

had worked for several months

typical of Harrington, he
his

1921-22 with Sally Noble, the daughter of

Mrs. Dyer, Dixon's primary source of information on the language. As was

had not informed the scholarly community about work with Mrs. Noble, or about his other fieldwork on Chimariko. (For a description of Harrington's Chimariko materials see Mills 1985: 49-56,
63-81.)

8.

Sam Brown.
Jaime de Angulo (1887-1950). He had begun fieldwork on Karuk earlier that year, also unaware that Harrington had already collected a considerable

9.

amount of material on
1

the language.

0.

The Committtee on Native American Languages of the American Council of

Learned Societies, which had recently received a substantial grant to support
field

work.

Boas was the

chair,

and the other members were Sapir and

Bloomfield. Between 1926 and 1935 the Committee subsidized

much

of the

primary research on American Indian languages.

(1985).

See Leeds-Hurwitz

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Cody, Bertha Parker

1940
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California Indian

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Crawford, James M.

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Mouton.

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02

XIV Northwest
Edward
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The North American Indian: Being a Series of Volumes Picturing and Describing the Indians of the United States, The Dominion of Canada, and Alaska. Frederick W. Hodge, ed. Volume 13. Norwood, Mass.: Plimpton Press, (Reprinted: Johnson Reprint, New
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This Earth: Hupa Land Domains, Images and Ecology on 'Diddeh Ninnisan Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley,
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The Shasta-Achomawi: a New Linguistic Stock, with Four Dialects. American Anthropologist 7, 213-217. 1910 The Chimariko Indians and Language. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 5, 293-380. Dr. Merriam's "Tlo-hom-tah'-hoi." American Anthropologist 33, 1931 264-267. Dixon, Roland B. and Alfred L. Kroeber 1913 New Linguistic Families of California. American Anthropologist 15,
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1939
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Culture Element Distributions, X: Northwest California. of California Anthropological Records 1 (6), 297-433.

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1969

Driver, Harold E., and S. H. Riesenberg

1950

Hoof Rattles and

Bloomington.

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Elsasser, Albert B.

1978

Mattole, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Lassik, and Wailaki. In Heizer, Robert F, Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8, California, 190-204. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.

Erickson, Eric

Homberger

1943

Observations on the Yurok: Childhood and World Image. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 35 (10), 257-302.
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Freeman, John

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to

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A Guide

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1913

and Culture of the Hupa. University of California Publications American Archaeology and Ethnology 1(1), 1-88. Hupa Texts. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 1 (2), 89-368. Morphology of the Hupa Language. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 3. The Phonology of the Hupa Language. Pt. 1: The Individual Sounds. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 5 (1), 1-19. Kato Texts. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 5 (3), 65-238. Athapascan (Hupa). In Boas, Franz (ed.), Handook of American Indian Languages, Part 1 (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 40 (1)), 85-158. Wayside Shrines in Northwestern California. American
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University of California Publications in American

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University of California Publications in

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A Hupa

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The Hupa White Deerskin Dance. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 35 (8), 103142.

Golla, Victor

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1976
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An Etymological Study of Hupa Noun Stems. International Journal of American Linguistics 30, 108-117. Tututni (Oregon Athapaskan). International Journal of American Linguistics 42, 217-227.

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California and Other Indian Languages. Linguistics, Univ. of California.

Berkeley: Dept. of

1984b Hupa

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Haas,

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Halpern,

Swadesh, and Charles F. Voegelin Some Orthographic Recommendations. American Anthropologist 36, 629-631.

Abraham M.

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1982a Songs of the Brush Dance and their Basis in Oral-Expressive Magic: Music and Culture of the Yurok, Hupa, and Karok Indians
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1982b The "Sobbing" Quality in a Hupa Brush Dance Song. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 6, 25-41. 1985 Contrast of Song Performance Style as a Function of Sex Role Polarity in the Hupa Brush Dance. Ethnomusicology 29, 185-212. 1992 Cry for Luck: Sacred Song and Speech among the Yurok, Hupa, and Karok Indians of Northwestern California. Berkeley:
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Merriam, C. Hart

1930 1979

The New River Indians Tlo-hom-tah '-hoi. American Anthropologist 32, 280-293.
Indian Names for Plants and Animals among Californian and other Western North American Tribes, assembled and annotated by Robert F. Heizer. Ballena Press Publications in Archaeology, Ethnology, and History no. 14. Socorro, New Mexico: Ballena
Press.

Michelson, Truman

1914
1915

Two Alleged Algonquian languages of California. American Anthropologist 16, 361-367. Rejoinder (to Sapir). American Anthropologist 17, 194-198.

References
Mills, Elaine L.

1107

1985

Institution:

The Papers of John Peabody Harrington in the Smithsonian Guide to the Field Notes, pt. 2, Northern and Central California. White Plains, N.Y.: Kraus International Publications.

Mixco. Mauricio J. 1979 Cochimi and Proto-Yuman: Lexical and Syntactic Evidence for a New Language Family in Lower California. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 101. University of Utah Press.
Nelson, Byron,
Jr.

1978

Bayer.

Our Home Forever: A Hupa Tribal History. Edited by Laura Hoopa, California: Hupa Tribe.

Norton, Jack

An Analysis of the Structure and Symbols of the Hupa Jump Dance through an Experiential Method. M.A. Creative Project, Sonoma State University. O'Neale, Lila M. 1932 Yurok-Karok Basket Weavers. University of California Publications
1980
Pitkin,
in American Archaeology and Ethnology 32 (1), 1-184. Harvey 1985 Wintu Dictionary. University of California Publications in

Linguistics 95.

Powell, John Wesley

1891

Indian Linguistic Families of America North of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 7, 1-142. [Reprinted in Holder, Preston (ed.), American Indian Languages, 82-218. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966.]

Powers, Stephen

1872

The Northern California

(2),

Indians: No. IV.

The Overland Monthly 9

155-164.

1877

Tribes of California. Contributions to North American Ethnology Washington: U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region. [Reprinted by University of California Press, 1976.]
3.

Robins, Robert H.

1958

The Yurok Language: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon. University of California Publications inLinguistics 15. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
California.

Sapir,

Edward 1913h Wiyot and Yurok, Algonkin Languages of

Anthropologist
15,

American
University of

617-46.

V.
2, no. 2,

1914c Notes on Chasta Costa Phonology and Morphology.

Pennsylvania, Anthropological Publications

271-340.

VI.

1915b Algonkin Languages of

Anthropologist
Anthropologist

California, a Reply.

American American

17, 188-94.

V.

1915d The Na-dene Languages,

17,

a Preliminary Report.

534-558.

VL

108

XIV Northwest

California Linguistics

1915k Epilogue

[to Sapir-Michelson Controversy]. American Anthropologist 17, 198. V.

1916h Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture: A Study in Method. Canada, Department of Mines, Geological Survey,

Memoir

90, Anthropological Series 13.

IV.

1917e The Position of Yana

in the Hokan Stock. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 13, 1-34.

V.

1920d

A Note on the First Person Plural in Chimariko. International Journal of American Linguistics 1, 291-294. V. 1922a Athabaskan Tone. American Anthropologist 24, 390-391. VI.
Affinity of Yurok and Wiyot Kinship Terms. Journal, Societe des Americanistes de Paris 15, 36-74. V.
in Sarcee, an Athabaskan Language. Journal, Societe des Americanistes de Paris 17, 185-205. VI.

1923a The Algonkin

1925f Pitch Accent

1927b An Expedition

to Ancient America: A Professor and a Chinese Student Rescue the Vanishing Language and Culture of the Hupas in Northern California. The University of Chicago Magazine 20, 10-12. IV and XIV.

1927c Language 421-433.

1928i

as a
I.

Form of Human Behavior. The English Journal

16,

A Summary

Report of Field Work among the Hupa, Summer of 1927. American Anthropologist 30,359-361. VI and XIV.

1931b The Concept of Phonetic Law

as Tested in Primitive Languages by Leonard Bloomfield. In Rice, Stuart A. (ed.), Methods in Social Science: A Case Book, 297-306. Chicago: University of Chicago I, V and VI. Press. [Reprinted in Mandelbaum 1949, 73-82.]

1936e Hupa Tattooing.

In Lowie, Robert H. (ed.). Essays in Anthropology Presented to A. L. Kroeber in Celebration of his Sixtieth Birthday, June 11, 1936, 273-277. Berkeley, California.

IV.

1936f
Sapir,

Internal Linguistic

the

Evidence Suggestive of the Northern Origin of Navaho. American Anthropologist 38, 224-235. VI.
the

Edward and Harry Hoijer 1967 The Phonology and Morphology of Edward and Leslie Spier 1943 Notes on the Culture of the Yana.

Navaho Language.

University of California Publications in Linguistics 50.

Sapir,

XV.

University of California Publications: Anthropological Records 3, 239-298. IX.

Sapir,

Edward and Morris Swadesh 1939 Nootka Texts: Tales and Ethnological Narratives with Grammatical Notes and Lexical Materials. William Dwight Whitney Linguistic Series, Linguistic Society of America.
Philadelphia. XI.

Sapir, Jean

1928

\urok

Tales. Journal of American Folk-Lore 41, 253-261.

References
Schlichter, Alice

1 1

09

1981

Wintu Dictionary. Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report no. 2.

Seaburg, William R.

Who Married a Grizzly Girl (Wailaki). In Golla, Victor and Shirley Silver (eds.), Northern California Texts (IJAL-Native American Text Series 2 (2)), 114-120. 1977b A Wailaki (Athapaskan) Text with Comparative Notes. International Journal of American Linguistics 43, 327-332. Seeger, Anthony, and Louise S. Spear
1977a The Man
1987
Early Field Recordings: A Catalogue of Cylinder Collections at the Indiana University Archives of Traditional Music. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Shepherd, Alice [Schlichter]

1989

Wintu Texts.
117.

University of California Publications in Linguistics

Shipley, William F.

1963

Maidu

Texts

and Dictionary. University of California Publications

in Linguistics 33.

Silver, Shirley K.

1978

Chimariko. In Heizer, Robert

F. (ed.).

Handbook of North
Washington:

American Indians, Volume

Smithsonian
Spier, Leslie
Institution.

8,

California, 205-210.

and Edward Sapir

in

Wishram Ethnography. University of Washington Publications Anthropology 3, 151-300. VII Spott, Robert, and Alfred L. Kroeber 1930 1942
Yurok Narratives. University of California Publications
in

American Archaeology and Ethnology 35

Teeter, Karl V.

(9),

143-256.

1964
Todt,

The Wiyot Language. University of California Publications

Linguistics 37.
L.

in

Donn

1997

Cross-Cultural Folk Classifications of Ethnobotanically Important

Geophytes
Valory, Dale Keith

in

of California

Southern Oregon and Northern and Great Basin Anthropology

California.
19,

Journal

250-259.

1971

Yurok Doctors and Devils: A Study in Identity, Anxiety, and Deviance. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
J.

Wallace, William

1947

Child-Training: A Study in Primitive Education. Educational Administration & Supervision 33, 13-25.

Hupa

1948 1949

Hupa Narrative Tales. Journal of American Folklore 61, 345-355. Hupa Warfare. The Masterkey 23, 71-77, 101-106. [Reprinted as
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Museum

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Los Angeles.]

1110
1951 1978

XIV Northwest
Hupa

California Linguistics

Indian Dogs. The Masterkey 25, 83-87.

Hupa, Chilula, and Whilkut. In Heizer, Robert F. (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8, California, 164-179. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
J.,

Wallace, William

and Edith

S.

Taylor.

1950 Hupa Sorcery. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 6, 188-196. Waterman, Thomas T. 1920 Yurok Geography. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 16 (5), 177-314. Waterman, Thomas T., and Alfred L. Kroeber. 1938 The Kepel Fish Dam. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 35 (6), 49-80. Woodruff, Charles E. 1892 Dances of the Hupa Indians. American Anthropologist, old style, 5,
53-61.

Woodward, A. 1927 Some Tolowa Specimens. Indian Notes 4, 137-150. Yocom, Charles, and Raymond Dasmann 1965 The Pacific Coastal Wildlife Region. Edited by Vinson Brown.
Revised edition. Healdsburg, California:
Naturegraph.

Unpublished and Archival Materials

Curtin, Jeremiah

1888- 1889a Hupa Vocabulary. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. NAA ms. 2063. 1888- 1889b Miscellaneous materials relating to the Hupa. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. NAA ms. 667. 1889 Pulikla [Yurok] Vocabulary, Klamath River, California. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. NAA ms. 1459. Goddard, Pliny Earle

1902

[Vocabulary collected in July 1902 from Mrs. Mary Jordan, living near the head of the south fork of the Salmon River.] Manuscript in the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
notes from Sapir's comparative Athabaskan course, Yale University, January 28-May 29, 1936.] Ms. 94 pp. (Cited in

Haas,

Mary R. 1936 [Class

Krauss 1986: 188.)

Herzog, George

1927

[Phonocylinder recordings of Hupa, Karuk, and Yurok songs, recorded at Hoopa, California, July and August, 1927.] No. 54120-F in Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University, Bloomington. (Seeger and Spear 1987: 54.)

References
Kroeber, Alfred L.
n.d.

1111

Hupa Myths
Stanley

Analysis. Ms. and typescript 60 pp. Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Ms. 71/83, carton 1.

Newman,
1936

[Class notes from Sapir's comparative Athabaskan course, Yale University, January 28-May 29, 1936.] Ms. 66 file slips. (Cited in Krauss 1986: 188.)

Sapir,

Edward 1927a Hupa texts and slip file. 11 notebooks of ca. 125 pp. each; ca. 5000 slips. American Philosophical Society, 30(Na 20a.4). Presented by Harry Hoijer, March 1972. (Kendall 1982: 56, item
4369.)

1927b [Miscellaneous Hupa material.] Ca. 600 leaves, typed and ms. American Philosophical Society, 30(Na 201.5). Acquired May,
1972.

1927c Chimariko

notes. 1 notebook. American Philosophical Society, 30(H2.1). Donated by Morris Swadesh, 1950. (Freeman and Smith 1966: 108, item 713.)
field notes. Society, 30(A7.2).
1

1927d Yurok

notebook, 91 pp. American Philosophical (Freeman and Smith 1966: 387, item 3928.)

Index
NOTE:
Acorn
This index does not include references to lexical entries.

Feast, 67, 84-98, 101, 107,

Bald

Hill, 49, 53, 80,

360, 364

111, 130, 258, 382-383,

489

Basketry, 208-216

Acorn Provider, 92-93, 95-96, 101, 486-489 Acorn Worm (myth character),

Bear River (language), 1087

Bears, 292-302

Beauty, 144, 167-169, 364, 1096

397-404
Acorns, 84-98, 194-207, 265,
267, 283-291, 296-299, 402-

Big House, 51-52, 65-71, 82-83,

93-96, 101, 528, 530

Big Lagoon (Coast Yurok place),

404, 432, 486-489

495-496
Blue-Flag
(Iris,

Action themes, 849

Active themes, 848-850

myth

character),

405-407
Bluejay, 430-432

Adverbial modification, 838-840

Adverbial phrase formants, 864

Adverbs, directional, 868

Afterworld, 303-304

Boat Dance, 49, 53, 524, 527 Brown, Oscar, 25, 27, 82, 173 Brown, Sam, 16-17, 25-27,

Agentive passive, 831

Algonquian languages, 1015

Alienable nouns, 856

268-273, 283-291, 299, 526, 1040-1041, 1082, 1084, 1087,

1089,

1095-1097

Amaikiaram (Karuk
339, 341

village), 107,

Brush Dance, 147-158, 180, 303-304, 305, 410-411

Bullhead (myth character), 430-

Anaphoric modifier, 840

Angelica, see Incense root

432
Burnt Ranch, 249, 1086 Bush, Abe, 1039-1076, 1090-

Angulo, Jaime de, 1091, 1100

Animate 3rd person object, 830 Animate 3rd person subject, 826 Anvik (Ingalik), 14, 1081 Areal-situational prefix, 828, 833 Armor, 348, 513-514 Arrows, 424, 512-513, 527-528,

1092
Campbell
Cannibals
Field, 351
(in

myth), 341, 450-

467
Captain John, 173
Causative themes, 845-846, 853

530
833-836 Aspectual stem variants, 819-822 Augmentative enclitic, 859
Aspect,
inflection for,

Chasta Costa, 13

Chat
ple

(bird),

396

Chilula, see

Redwood Creek

peo-

Babies, 159-166, 320-326

Baby
tive

talk,

393.

See also Diminu-

Chimariko (language), 16, 248, 1039-1075, 1082-1083, 1086,

consonant symbolism.

1089-1092

1114
Chimariko (people,
culture), 116,

Index
Dentalia (myth character), 374-

180, 249, 348, 361, 504,

509-

376
Descriptive neuter themes, 843

514, 524-529, 1082, 1086

theme 857-861 Clitics, Closed stems, 823

Classificatory

sets,

851

Diminutive consonant symbolism,

393, 869-870, 1087-1088

Diminutive

enclitic,

859

Collective plural enclitic, 860

Directional adverbs, 868

Directional themes, 848

Comparative themes, 846

Condor

feathers, 228, 246, 248,

Directive themes, 853

Distributive,

250, 254-255, 266-267 Consonant symbolism, 869-870

Continuative, see Non-directional

839
13, 1015,

Dixon, Roland B.,

1087,

1039-1075, 1082-1083, 1086-

themes Corpse handling medicine, 327341 Corpses, handling of, 188-193

1089-1092
village), 52, 115, 117,

Diysta-r)%dir) (Tish-Tang-a-Tang,

Hupa

364, 498, 509-514

Coyote (myth character), 143-145, 393, 408-411, 10161025

Co-wives, 145, 397-404

255 Doctors, Indian, 223-273, 430Doctors, clothing

of,

432
Doctors, training of, 223-229,

Crane (myth character), 1017-

238-250
Dogs, 75, 93, 97, 184, 192, 349351, 496

1022
Crawfish, 430-432
Culture Hero (Yima'ntiw'^winyay),
82, 107, 144, 165, 377,

Dyer, Polly, 1039-1040

Etiquette, 175-178 Euphemisms, 187, 192, 256, 318, 341

384-

385, 387-396

Customary

aspect,

836

Dance

regalia, 46, 65, 128, 132

Evidential enclitics, 861

Dancegrounds, 52
Dances, ceremonial, 35-83, 118-

Extension neuter themes, 841

External sandhi, 871

260-273 Dawn Maiden (myth 371-373

158,

character),

Face

paint, 47, 49, 53, 65, 70, 92,

94, 96, 101, 132, 154, 156,

Death, 115-117, 187, 188-193,

250, 303-304, 341, 381, 485, 495-496, 526, 529 Deer (myth character), 280-282

163-165, 168-169, 425

Ferry, Milo, 51

172, 351,

Firewood, 217-222
First

Demonstrative pronouns, 866

Dentalia (Indian money),

Salmon Ceremony,

83,

94-

96, 99-108, 111, 305

First

168-169, 173-174, 364-365,

368-370, 374-376

Salmon, 99-108, 391-393 Flounder, Fanny, 227

Index

1115
Herzog, George, 1083, 1100
Hoijer, Harry,

Flower Dance, 118-146, 155,

169, 273, 303,

444-445
for,

25-26

Forgiveness, medicine

342-

343
Forke, Webb, 1040-1041

Hokan languages, 1052-1053 Hoopa Valley, 50-51, 67, 105,

111, 360, 364-365, 369, 392,

Fox, Silver-Gray (myth character),

1095-1096
Hostler Ranch, see Ta'^kyimildir)
Hostler, Jake, 25, 27, 1087

143-145

Frank,

Emma, 25-26, 223-237,

249, 273 Friday (Chimariko man), 1039,

Hostler, Lily, 144,

283-291

1041
Frivolity, 50, 169

Frog (myth character), 132-133,

143-145, 166, 408-411
Future tense enclitics, 857-858

Hummingbird (myth character), 143-145, 430-432 Hupa language, power of, 526, 530

Hyampom,

1086, 1090-1091

Ideophonic neuter themes, 842

Gerunds, 850

Imperfective aspect, 834

Goddard, Pliny E., 13-16, 1039, 1081-1089, 1092-1094, 1097-

Impersonal themes, 824, 828

Inalienable nouns, 855

1098
Graves, 180, 188-193, 485, 495-

Inanimate 3rd person object, 830

Inanimate 3rd person subject, 827

Incense root (Angelica), 51, 69,

496
Grizzly Bear, power over, 292-

102
Indefinite 3rd person object,

302
Harrington, John
P.,

830

Indefinite 3rd person subject, 827

16, 1039,

Indefinite pro-forms,

866

1046, 1088, 1090-1093

Indian Devils (sorcerers), 249,

Hayfork, 504, 508, 513, 524,

1086,

324-326, 343, 432, 485, 490-

1091-1092
of,

496
Indirect object, inflection for, 831
Inflection, aspectual,

Heads, taking

348, 523-526,

529
Heaven, eastern, 129, 133, 142146, 163-165, 237, 303-304, 354, 444-445, 465

833-836

Inflection, indirect object, 831

Inflection,

modal, 833, 837

Heaven, northern (downstream), 74, 129, 134, 245, 248, 317 Heaven, southern (upstream),
134, 304, 314, 318

Inflection, subject,

Heavy stem forms, 823-824 Heavy songs, 127, 157, 264, 266, 272
Hell,

829-831 824-828 Inflection, verb, 824-837 Innam (Karuk village), 143, 145 Insults, 173, 177, 181-184 Interrogative pro-forms, 866 Iris (myth character), 405-407 Ironside Mountain, 249, 496
Inflection, object,
Ishi Pishi Falls,

251-256, 303-304, 341

107

1116
Iterative,

Index

839

Light stem forms, 823-824

Lizard (myth character), 166

Jackson, James (Jimmy), 28
Lizard's Tail (knotted grass), 128

Jackson, Louisa, 28 Jackson, Ned, 28, 291

Locative phrase formants, 862-

863
Longevity, 179-180

Jump Dance

basket, 65-66,

69-70, 496

Love, medicines
Luck, prayer
for,

for,

352-365

Jump Dance headdress, 496, 498 Jump Dance, 50, 55-83, 94-98,
101, 157, 169, 172, 180, 185187, 245, 248, 267, 304, 318,

378

Mad

River, 341, 375

Marshall, Mary, 16, 25, 27, 305,

496, 530

342, 1015-1038, 1082, 1084,

1089

Karuk (language), 16 Karuk (people), 50, 82-83,

Mary Blaine Mountain, 272

95,

Masten, Ada, 25, 1081

Matilton, see Me'^dildii]

106-107, 131, 145, 180, 410 Katimin (Karuk village), 105,

107, 341

Mattole, 15, 1085, 1087, 1092,

1095,

1098-1099

Keeling, Richard, 69, 155-157,

Me'^dildir) (Matilton,

Hupa

vil-

227, 304

Kick Dance, 180, 227-229, 247248, 260-273

kyilwe- (malevolent spirits),

274-

279, 289-291, 340, 485

kyixinay, 51-53, 69, 73, 80-82,

98, 107, 110, 115, 129, 133,

247303-304 Konomihu, 1086-1087

165, 226-229, 234-237,

250, 255, 264-267,

479-485 Medicine formulas, 305-376 Mediopassive themes, 852 Menstruation, 118-146, 177178, 318, 445 Menstruation, medicine for, 315319 Merip (Yurok village), 307-311, 338, 496, 524
lage), 97, 173,

Merriam, C. Hart, 1039

Michelson, Truman, 1015

Kroeber, Alfred

L.,

13,

15-16,

1015-1016, 1039, 1081-1089 Kutchin (Gwich'in), 14, 1081, 1087, 1097-1098 Lack, Herman, 25, 1081 Language, attitudes toward, 504,
530, 1089

Mink (myth

character), 254-256,

258-259, 391
Mink-fur headband,
129, 133
hair-tie, 97,

Misq'id (Miskut,

Hupa

village),

490-496
Misq'id Jump Dance, 76-83, 145

Language, unknown, 429 Lewis, Sally (Silis), 238-259, 273, 1086 Li Fang-Kuei, 15, 1082, 1085,
1087, 1095, 1098-1099 Light songs, 157

Miy, see Tabooed place

Modal stem variants, 819-822 Mode, inflection for, 833, 837 Money Mothers, 364, 465 Money Water, 144-145

Index

1117
154, 156, 163-165, 168-169,

Money, see Dentalia Mongolian spots, 165

Monsters, mythical, 341, 428,

172, 351, 425

Panther (Mountain Lion, myth

character),

450-467, 475-476, 503-504 Montgomery, Albert, 51 Montgomery, Lucy, 1039, 1046 Mountain Lion (Panther, myth character), 315-319, 405-407,

315-319, 405-407,

449
Passive themes, 849-850
Past tense enclitic, 858 Perfective aspect,

834-836

449
Mourning, 67, 115, 165, 173, 183-184, 337-341
Music, analysis
of,

Perfective stem variant, 819

Personal pronouns, 865

Personal themes, 824

69
13

Phrase formants, 862-864

Pitch, high (in Hupa), 33, 1098

Na-Dene languages,
Negation, 861

Placenames, 1002-1011
Plural prefix,

832

Neuter themes, 841-847

Poison, 325-326, 485, 496

New

River people, 246-250,

Polygyny, 145, 397- 404

272-273,

499-504, 1086-

Pomoan
Pony

languages, 1052-1053

1087

Butte, 246, 249,

272-273

New

River Shasta, 1040, 1087

at,

Possessive prefixes, 854

Possessive themes, 846
Postpositions, 856
Potential

Night, prayer

386

Noble, Sally, 1039, 1046,

1091-1092, 1100 Nominal phrase formants, 862 Non-directional themes, 848 Nouns, 854-856 Numerals, 867
Object, inflection for, 829-831
Obligation, enclitic of, 858

mode, 837

822 Powers, Stephen, 67-68, 74, 504,

Potential stem variant,

1039
Prayers,

377-386

Progressive aspect, 836

Progressive neuter themes, 842

Progressive stem variant, 821-

Obviative 3rd person object, 830 Obviative 3rd person subject, 826

822
Pronouns and pro-forms, 865-

Open

stems, 824

866
Pronouns, demonstrative, 866
Pronouns, personal, 865
Pronouns, possessive, 854
Prosodic features, 32-33, 1098
Purification, medicine for,

Optative mode, 837, 1081

Orick (Coast Yurok village), 354355, 494-496

Orleans, 106-107, 143-145

327-

341
Paint, face or body, 47, 49, 53,

65, 70, 92, 94, 96, 101, 132,

Quiver, 512-513

1118
Quiver, ceremonial, 157, 341,

Index

361
Rain Rock (Miy), 109-117, 305 Reciprocal object, 830

Shoemaker, Robinson, 101, 106108, 116, 144 Sickness, 80-83, 115-117, 274279, 307-314, 497

Redwood Creek

people, 54,

484-485 Sickness, medicines for, 307-314

Sickness, inherited,
Silis (Sally

374-376, 1087 Reeves, Minnie, 28

Reflexive object, 831
Relational objects, 830-831

Lewis), 238-259, 273,

Relative enclitics, 860

Requa (Yurok

village), 173, 338,

1086 Sino-Dene hypothesis, 13-14 Slaves, 512-513 Socktish, Mary (Mrs. George), 95-98, 250, 290
Songs, 53, 69, 83, 129, 145,

51,

341, 369-370, 461, 466, 524-

530
Reversative, 839

227-228, 236, 247-248, 266267, 273, 299, 305, 342-343,

351, 361, 365, 372, 375-376,

Robins, R. H., 1015-1038

Roots used

in basketry,

208-216

428, 528

Songs, light
First, 99-108, 391-393 Salmon's Grandmother (myth

vs.

heavy, 157

Salmon,

South Fork Hupas, 116, 299, 361,

370, 504
Spier, Leslie, 17,

character),

387-396

26

Salmon-Trout (myth character),

Spirits of the dead, 303-304

Spirits, forest (Ta-n), Spirits,

430-432
Salyers, 116, 361, 370, 465-466,

282

malevolent

(Kyitwe*),

1090 Sandy Bar (Karuk

338-339, 341
Sapir, Florence, 14

274-279
village),

Spott, Robert, 437,

526-527, 530

Stative neuter themes, 841

Stems, closed, 823

Sapir, Helen, 15, 1083, 1086,

Stems, heavy, 823-824

Stems,
light,

1100
Sapir, Jean, 15, 1083, 1086,

823-824

1100

Stems, open, 824 Stems, verb, 818-824

Subject,
inflection for,

Sapir, Michael, 15, 1082, 1085

Sarcee (Tsut'ina), 14

824-837

Saxey, 1039-1076,

1089-1090

Suffixes, noun,

854
379

Senaxon, 82, 155

Sugar Bowl, 101, 111

Sun, prayer
to,

Sermons, 185-187 Shamans, see Doctors

Shasta (people, language), 10521053,

Swearing, profanity, 50, 133,

177, 180, 181-184, 380-381 Symbolism, consonant, 869-870

1086-1087

Shaughnessy, Florence, 1015

Shoemaker, John, 25, 27, 101,

106, 116

Ta-n (forest spirits), 282

Index
Ta'^Kyimildir) (Hostler

1119

Ranch, prin51-52, 84-

Welk^ew (Yurok

village), 96, 107,

cipal

Hupa

village),

337, 524-525, 530

98, 382-383,

515-530

Wealth, medicines

Tabooed place (Miy), 109-117, 305

Taboos, 50, 75, 83, 97, 108,

320-326, 362-370, 1016-1017, 1025for,

1028 Weaving of

baskets,

208-216

177-178
Tattooing, 70, 168, 170-174,

Weitchpec (Yurok

village), 105,

299, 338, 341, 437, 461, 474-

505-508
Tense enclitics, 857-858 Themes, nominal, 854-856 Themes, verbal, 841-853

476, 486-489, 526, 528, 530

Whales, 437, 504

Whilkut, 54, 341.

See also Red-

wood Creek people

White Deerskin Dance, 35-54, 67,
69, 81, 157, 169, 180, 187,

Thrush (bird), 396 Timber Robin (myth character),

394-396
Tish-Tang-a-Tang, see
Diysta*q'^a"dir)

248, 259, 351, 496-498, 527-

Tolowa (people), 527, 529 Tone (in Hupa and Athabaskan),

14-15, 33, 1081-1083, 10871088, 1098
Tracy, Charles, 51
Trails, 66, 97, 164, 166, 180,

530 Widows, 67, 173, 183-184 Willow Creek, 116-117, 370, 449, 513

Wind (myth 433-436

character). 111,

Wintu (language), 1041

Wintu (people), 410, 504, 508, 513, 1086, 1091-1092

377, 380-381, 384-385

Trails, prayer to,

380-381 Transitional themes, 844-845 Trinidad (Coast Yurok place),

237, 336, 340, 385
Variants, verb stem,

Wiyot (language), 16 Wiyot (people), 375, 1015 Wolf (myth character), 75-83,

143-145 Wolf cry, 524-525

819-823
Wolf-tail "blind" (headdress),

46-

47, 128, 132, 265,

524

Wahtek (Yurok
1098

village), 173

Woodpecker

scalps, 65, 67, 106,

Wailaki, 15, 1085, 1092, 1095,

132, 168, 246, 248-249, 267,

317, 324, 337-339

157, 304, 347-348,

War Dance,

524, 526, 528-530

War, 344-348,

464, 466, 484,

Woodpecker, Acorn 143, 255 Woodpecker, Hairy

(smallest),

(little),

412-

512-513, 515-530 War, medicine for, 344-348 Water Dog (myth character),

429
Woodpecker, Pileated
(red-

headed, largest), 143, 248, 255,

397-404

354

1120
World Renewal, see White Deerskin Dance, Jump Dance

Index

Yurok (people,

culture), 50,

82-83, 95-96, 106-107, 130, 155, 164, 172-173, 180, 227,

266, 299, 310, 340-341, 355,
370, 410, 437, 476, 496, 515-

Yellowhammer feathers, 255, 266-267

164,

Yimantiw'^winyay (Culture Hero),

82, 107, 144, 165, 377, 384-

530
Ziegler, Martha, 1039-1076,

385, 387-396 Yuki (language), 1083, 1085 Yuki (people), 508 Yuman languages, 1052-1053 Yurok (language), 16, 10151038, 1082, 1084, 1088-1089, 1099

1091

The Collected Works of Edward Sapir

Editorial Board:

Philip Sapir (Editor-in-Chief),

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Edward work on

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Vol. V:

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William Bright (Editor). 1990.

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