Approaches to the treatment of cancer depend on the type, location, and progression of the tumor

at the time of diagnosis. Included in these options are traditional strategies such as surgery,
radiation, and chemotherapy. Surgery is commonly used to excise solid tumors and has the greatest
success when tumors have not spread and remain accessible. A subset of cancers responds to
radiation treatment, and the technology and accuracy of this approach has dramatically improved
over the past several decades

Non‐ionised local anaesthetics cross the lipid bilayer of the cell where they become ionised. The
ionised form reversibly binds to voltage‐gated sodium channels. This inhibits the function of nerve
endings by preventing the inward current of sodium, thereby preventing the rapid depolarisation of
nerve cells and hence preventing an action potential. As they show a greater affinity for channels in
their open and inactivated states, their effect is greatest on frequently depolarising nerve cells

Diagnosis of appendicitis is usually not especially diffi cult. A considerable number of acute
abdominal emergency patients admitted to a hospital have appendicular infl ammation. So frequent
is this condition that it would almost appear that some do not trouble to attempt a differential
diagnosis. This is a serious mistake.