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Triple I
Triple I
Title Pa
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the Applied Subject
Practical Research 2
January 2023
APPROVAL SHEET
1
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
This thesis entitled: “Innovative Process of Converting Carbon Soot Into Ink
HENNESSY I., MANIGO, IVAN MICO D., SUMULONG, JAZZ ANDREI T.,
and VIRAY, FRANCIS CYRIEL E. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
applied subject, Practical Research 2, has been examined and is recommended for
Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the for the
January 2023
2
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The writing of this thesis has been one of the most significant academic
challenges Ithe researcher has ever faced. Without the full support, patience and
guidance of the myriad of special people who served as inspiration and strength, this
study would not have been completed. It is to them that he owed his deepest gratitude
The researcher would first like to thank his thesis adviser, Mr. Haren B.
Finally, He lift this triumph to our Almighty God – for the knowledge, strength,
healthy body and mind that enables the researcher to accomplish this research study with
full guidance and blessings; for providing all the gifts which we now use to serve His
divine cause and evidently glorify and worship His name… our Lord and Savior.
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CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ABSTRACT
4
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
APPENDICES viii
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1
Introduction 1
Statement of The Problem 3
Significance of The Study 3
Scope and Delimitations 4
Notes to Chapter I 6
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 7
Relevant Theories 7
Related Literature 9
Related Studies 10
Conceptual Framework 13
Hypothesis 15
Definition of Terms 15
Notes to Chapter II 16
METHODS OF RESEARCH 18
Methods and Techniques 18
Population and Sample Error! Bookmark not defined.
Ethical Considerations Error! Bookmark not defined.
Research Instrument 18
Construction and Validation of Instrument 18
Data Gathering Procedures 19
Statistical Treatment of Data 19
Notes to Chapter III 20
Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation 21
Notes to Chapter IV 21
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 22
Summary of Findings 22
Conclusions 22
5
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Recommendation 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY 23
APPENDICES Error! Bookmark not defined.
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CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE
PAGE
1 Paradigm of the Study 14
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CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE
PAGE
APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE
8
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
PAGE
A Study Protocol 24
B First Endorsement 26
J Curriculum Vitae 29
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CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Chapter I
Introduction
Air Pollution is a particulate matter resulting from burning fossil fuels forming
car soot. It comes from many vehicles and machinery. The transportation sector is one
of the major sources of air pollution, with passenger cars being the biggest
contributor. This in turn can cause global warming, harm to millions of people by
inhaling carbon emission and even damage our environment by contaminating water
and soil, since we are talking about carbon soot builds up from vehicles and
machinery this can be used as a source of material for different industries since it is
In fact, almost every ink that we use for writing, printing, calligraphy, and
drawing are made in carbon soot. The purpose of this is to create an alternative to
make black ink. Some of this soot is from burning coconut husks, woods, and fuels.
But these carbon soot processes produce pollution again due to burning that causes
carbon emission.
Carbon emission poses harm to human health affecting the respiratory system
carbon dioxide can produce a variety of health effects and as carbon soot builds up in
the exhaust pipe of the vehicle it expels smoke made from the incomplete combustion
petroleum products, wood, fuel oil, plastics, and household refuse while diesel
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
emissions from vehicles, domestic heating, and wildfires are the primary sources of
emissions and establish a corresponding evaluation model for the emission estimation
of operating vehicles. These include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone,
and water vapor and trap the sun’s heat and they warm the average global
adverse exposures more frequent and prolonged through increases in indoor air
concentrations and increased time spent indoors which produced adverse effects of air
pollutions to the health, society, environment, and even mental conditions according
On the other hand, when it comes to pollution, it is a real issue that make it
something that no one wants, but when you focus and look at it from a material
standpoint, it is really quite rich in carbon. By developing this carbon soot from car
In addition to this, the black ink that we use in our pen or printers for our daily
lives is essentially made from soot. This soot is the powder that remains after burning
coal or oil. Then the soot collected is mixed with a polymer and solvent to turn it into
Moreover, some engineers and researchers in India create a device that can
capture soot from emissions from vehicles then make a maker out of it. Buy heating
the collected soot and use chemical to remove impurities, then mix it with solvent
petroleum and chemical solvent are hazardous especially to human health or mainly to
In fact, studies have shown long-term exposure to the solvent (chemicals used
in ink) linked to various health problems. There is much evidence that these chemicals
have negative effects on fertility and unborn fetus, as well as on several organs,
including nervous system, skin, liver, blood, and kidney. Rose-Innes (2005).
Based on the citations above, the researchers aim to address the air pollution
by collecting soot from diesel powered vehicles and find a practical use of it. Also, to
develop a new process of converting carbon soot into ink that is more effective,
The problem being addressed is the need for a practical and efficient method
for converting carbon soot into ink. The purpose of this research is to develop a new
method for converting carbon soot into ink that is effective and efficient.
1.2 Age;
2.1 consistency;
2.2 viscosity;
Community. The study help reduce air pollution caused by car emissions and
improved public health and air quality. The conversion of carbon soot into ink could
create new job opportunities and economic benefits for the community.
Environment. The study help reduce the amount of greenhouse gases released
into the air, which can help mitigate the impacts of climate change. The recycling of
carbon soot into ink will reduce waste and promote sustainability.
Future Researcher. The findings of this study can be used as a basis for
further data for future researcher on this topic. These findings may also be able to
inspire future research on the potential uses of other forms of pollution, such as
The researchers aim to develop a new process of converting carbon soot into
usable ink out of diesel powered vehicles. The first limitation is the lack of the
availability of scientific instruments used to measure and balance each quantity and
properties of the materials. This can make it harder to accurately measure and balance
the quantities and properties of the materials, and may lead to unwanted results. And
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
lastly researchers only focus on the transportation vehicles in collecting carbon soot
due to several reasons. First, transportation vehicles are a major source of carbon soot.
environmental problem.
Notes to Chapter I
Dhone, Mayur. Reduce Air Pollution of Vehicle Exhaust. s.l. : Pijush Mondal, 2021.
https://www.irjmets.com/404.php
Olivia,Rose-Inne
https://www.news24.com/health24/lifestyle/environmental-health/21st-century-
life/is-ink-bad-for-your-health-20120721
Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering. Pu Lyu, Peirong (Slade) Wang.
s.l. : Yuanyuan Liu, August 2021.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-traffic-and-transportation-en
gineering-english-editionoffic
Direct human health risks of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. Jacobson, Tyler
A.
s.l. : Michael T. Hernke, July 2019.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0323-
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Ranchael Lallensack. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/ink-made-air-
pollution-180972212/
Rishi Rajan. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-020-09329-4
Zohara Khan.
https://www.stirworld.com/see-features-recycling-air-pollution-into-inks-air-ink-by-gr
aviky-labs
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter presents the relevant theories, related literature and studies,
Relevant Theories
oil, natural gas, and wood. Although it has detrimental health and environmental
reinforcement and pigments. Soot is very similar to graphite that can turn into liquid
Ink can be transferred into paper but has three controlling parameters:
immobilisation, cavitation, and surface tension. The equation for ink transfer is based
on these three parameters. Also, viscosity has the biggest influence in ink transfer
mechanism.
When hydrocarbon fuels are burned, soot (also known as black carbon) is
created. According to our theory, the majority of soot is made up of poly nuclear
aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules, which aggregate into primary particles in the
Based on the theories above the researchers conclude that the Walker and
Fetsko theory are the most related to this study. It says the equation on how this ink
made from soot can be affected by viscosity in applying it onto a paper surface
Related Literature
almost every countries of the world. According to Statista statistics, the global
metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and passenger car were the biggest
dioxide and methane, are released through different human activities. Which means
human activities especially the use of car for daily life are the main contributor of
greenhouse gases. Ignoring this problem will may result to unimaginable disaster and
The soot cannot be left as is as it contains carcinogenic particles and these soot
that collected from different automobile must be purified and processed to make many
kinds of ink. These inks can be used in many ways like making ball pens, printing ink,
Chakr Shield can trap carbon dioxide on its own without experiencing much back
pressure. Additionally, these carbon dioxides can processed and used to create ink
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
pigment. This is pigment is can be used in paint, pens, textile printing, paper printing,
etc.
As stated above Chakr Shield may be one of the best ways to address
pollution. But according to Moller, K. (2018), the inventor of Air-Ink Anirudh Sharma
has the perfect way of turning exhaust from diesel engines into black ink. This can be
Labs and their device Air-Ink, which captures carbon soot developed under the
Kaalink team is having progress. The author also tackles especially about its
According to Lallensack R. (2019) in her article that the carbon soot (the
powder that remain in exhaust pipe can be used in pens or inkjet printer. The powder
is mixed with polymer and a solvent that will make a smooth black ink.
(2020) in his article, using flex nibs pen you may encounter some troubles, which is
its ink leaks and spill over the paper surface. He also claims that air ink meniscus that
forms at the capillary valve and eventually breaks into air bubbles. These troubles
The toxicity of heavy metals have led to the replacement of many inorganic
pigments, that's why carbon black now replaces spinel black, rutile black and iron
black in nearly all black inks. The process of converting air pollution (carbon soot)
into ink is recycles for consumer safe ink. This process includes carefully detoxifying
heavy metals and particles carcinogens from the soot or carbon. Where it could have
been in the lungs of millions of people but are now beautifully resting as art. (Singh,
2017).
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Related Studies
New energy vehicle is also one the solution to growing level of air pollution.
But according to Yin, (2021), consumer demand for alternative fuel vehicles will rise
and this trend will become more pronounced. However, if carbon emission reduction
Strategy: A Review” as a first step, review the soot particles generation and their
influence on air pollution and illustrates the diesel particulate matter emission
regulation, composition, and characteristics including the size, shape, process, and
oxidation. Different strategies are presented from his article including the advantages
and disadvantages of each strategy. The method of using filter generation strategies
carbon soot emitted by vehicles” from Gopal, V. (2020) that the ink produced from
the scraped soot was comparable to commercially available inks in terms of color and
drying time. In the study, the researcher used a scraping tool to collect soot from the
exhaust pipe of a diesel vehicle. The collected soot was then processed to remove
impurities and used as the main component in the production of black ink.
legitimate means of carbon emissions reduction and if the biofuel could replace fossil
fuel sources for any major transport sector and their potential CO^2 reduction.
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Before proceeding to any strategies it is important to know the different
emissions are not made up of pure carbon particle only. Instead there are is 8 separate
Moreover, Voon, C. (2016) revealed in his study that capturing carbon soot and
the conversion of it to usable ink not only reduces air pollution but also gives people
other benefits. He added, a pen can be filled with about 30 milliliters of ink, which
determined that the amount of car emission that the gadget fitted to silencer can catch
in 45 minutes.
Conceptual Framework
the form of paradigm of input-process-output format (IPO style). In the first part, the
input identifies the profile of the respondents to evaluate the ink profile. In the second
part, the process which states the research instrument to be used, namely survey the
data gathered undergoes Student’s T-test to assess statistics derived from the survey.
Lastly, the output that contains the objective of the research output which is producing
Hypothesis
Definition of Terms
Bonding Agent - a chemical used to adhere two same or different types of materials
Carbon soot- a black powdery substance that the main ingredient for the study
Chemical Conversion - a method used to convert pollutants in car emissions into ink
Heavy Metals - elements with a high atomic weight and a density greater than that of
mixture.
Viscosity - the state of being thick, sticky, and semi fluid in consistency, due to
internal friction.
Vegetable Glycerine - ingredient mixed to the soot that preserve and prevent skin
irritations.
Notes to Chapter II
Relevant Theories
Dr. Jacobson et al.,(2020). The Molecular Composition of Soot - Wiley Online
Library from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/anie.201914115
Relevant Literature
Sun, W. (2020). How does urbanization affect carbon emission efficiency? Evidence
from China. Cleaner Production. From
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652620328730
Yin, Y. (2021). Carbon Emission Reduction and Coordination Strategies for New
Energy Vehicle Closed-Loop Supply Chain under the Carbon Trading Policy.
ResearchGate, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355370261_Carbon_Emission_Redu
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ction_and_Coordination_Strategies_for_New_Energy_Vehicle_Closed-Loop_
Supply_Chain_under_the_Carbon_Trading_Policy
Zugman, I. (2022). Biofuels x Carbon emissions. academia.edu. from
https://www.academia.edu/10287311/Biofuels_x_Carbon_emissions?fbclid=Iw
AR14AtsrWvbYbxYILCBrprA6__-LhfsvDAO0FkaqPAT3OcyI77fykxK1LBA
Viskup, R. (2019). Major Chemical Elements in Soot and Particulate Matter Exhaust
Emissions Generated from In-Use Diesel Engine Passenger Vehicles. Chapter
Metrics. from
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70456?fbclid=IwAR3oVFJJy22wcnp3R
HVscJfqI7peqEiMTBE2nvsCoYhtW4DIOKqvvOQQoe0
Voon, C. (2016). Converting Air Pollution into Inks and Pigments for Artists.
HYPERALLERGIC. From
https://hyperallergic.com/319765/converting-air-pollution-into-inks-and-pigme
nts-for-artists/?fbclid=IwAR3ELfypsokTnrNbQa4qNK3WiBOOgaQIEghcvqo
5LMCfVT6D02m2wIX0Qwk
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Chapter III
METHODS OF RESEARCH
causal relationship between the research’s’ two variables namely independent variable
(carbon soot) and dependent variable (ink). As defined by by Bhat, A., (2015),
gathering.
Research Instrument
This study employed a survey that is a set of managed questions that is based
on the research output (ink) which is focused on gathering the opinions or responses
selecting respondents from Hermosa National High School - Science Teachers from
Junior High School to Senior High School. The research instrument is then divided
into 2 parts.
Part 1 consists of the respondents profile such as their name, sex, and gender.
Part 2 consist of the answer sheet that has numbers 1-5 from each four (4)
corresponding table where the respondents will rate the profile of the carbon soot ink.
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Construction and Validation of Instrument
The research instrument of the study had gone different process to assess its
reliability and validity before it was distributed to the respondents. The survey is
based on existing literatures and is validated from the examination of three (3)
professional research teachers. This was done to ensure the survey instruments quality
and value.
The data for this research were collected manually by using surveys that is
carbon soot from exhaust pipes of vehicles using scraping method. After the
collection process the researchers used grinding process by using mortar and pestle to
remove lumps of carbon soot and obtain fine carbon soot powder. Then the soot is
heated from solar energy. The researchers then applied vegetable glycerine to the soot
to attain the ink’s profile. The finished output is used as a subject from the research
survey to gather feedback from the said respondents, this can be used to address the
The data were collected from the respondents and is verified by undergoing
Student’s T-test to identify the mean of the population of interest drawn from the
(scribbr.com)
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Chapter IV
This chapter presents the data gathered by the researcher, analysis of the
findings according to the problems stated in the study and the interpretation of results.
Notes to Chapter IV
Areelu, Fisayo & Akinsola, Mojeed Kolawole (2014), Influence of tiered Lesson and
Group Personalization Instructional Strategies on Senior Secondary School
Students’ achievement In Mathematics, European Scientific Journal vol.10,
No.16 ISSN:1857 – 7881
Chapter 5
corresponding recommendations.
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
This research aims to use tiered learning to help improve students’
research, the researcher will be examining the students’ achievement to seek answers
Summary of Findings
1. ….
Conclusions
drawn:
Recommendation
Based on the foregoing conclusions, the researcher has arrived with the
following recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abante, M. E. R., Almendral, B. C., Manansala, J., & Mañibo, J. (2014). Learning
styles and factors affecting the learning of general engineering students.
International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and
Development, 3(1), 16-27.
Aranda, Ma. Rita R. & Zamora, Joel L. (2016), Using Differentiated Instruction in
Improving the Academic Performance of Students in Filipino Language,
National University, Manila.
Appendix A
A Study Protocol
Study Protocol
A. Research Design
Static and Experimental design was selected for this study. In this design the
selected sample is divide in to two, the high sugar containing feedstock (banana peel
and pineapple) and the less sugar containing feedstock (white radish). The less sugar
containing feedstock (white radish) is compared to the high containing feedstock
(banana peel and pineapple). After this treatment, the result of the comparison of the
both feedstocks will determine the efficiency of white radish as an alternative
feedstock in producing bioethanol.
B. Measurement / Instrumentation
This study employed a locally made observation sheet which focused on
discovering the efficiency of white radish as an alternative feedstock in producing
bioethanol. The research instrument is divided into one part.
Part 1 is about the qualities and characteristics of bioethanol where the
researchers are going to rate from 1 to 5 (5 being the highest) in terms of color, smell,
heating value.
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
C. Detailed study procedures
The study aims to answer if there is a significant difference between white
radish and other sugar-containing feedstock in producing bioethanol.
Mostly, sugar-containing feedstock is the most usable food crops for creating
bioethanol. The researchers use white radish as a main subject of this experimental
study. This feedstock is chosen because it is also having sugar thus, it is less. it will be
compared by two other sugar-containing feedstock (banana peel and pineapple) to
determine if white radish can produce bioethanol.
In this bioethanol production, the researchers use white radish, yeast, and hot
water. To produce bioethanol, the white radish should be fined by using blender, the
hot water should be 100℉ to ensure that the two and a half tablespoon of yeast will be
dissolve then mix the dissolved yeast to the fined white radish. After doing this
procedure, it will undergo fermentation process, that will take 1 week and a half to be
fully fermented. After this, get the fermented oil and distilled it to become transparent.
After producing bioethanol using white radish, the researcher tests this ethanol by
observation sheet, and compare it to the sugar-containing bioethanol (banana peel and
pineapple).
The result of ANOVA will be used to compare the less sugar-containing
(white radish) to sugar-containing feedstock (banana peel and pineapple). More
specifically, the test indicates how less sugar-containing feedstock produced
bioethanol. The data will be treated statistically to compare the results to see if there is
a significant difference on the less sugar-containing and sugar-containing feedstock.
D. Data Analysis
Appendix B
B First Endorsement
Research Instrument
Part 1
2. The product
smells like a
rotten
feedstock.
TRANSPARENCY
1. The product
is clear or
transparent
in color.
Part 2
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
APPENDIX
C Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE
CONVERTING CARBON SOOT INTO INK
HERMOSA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
ERNANI D. MAÑALAC
#19 Sta. Isabel Dinalupihan, Bataan
09293133879
Objectives
To apply my knowledge and skills, and to contribute to the success and
betterment of the company / institution where I would be working by continuously
improving my skills and knowledge by unselfishly sharing them to my co-workers.
Education
June 2014-Present
BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus, Balanga City
Masters in Education
Major in Mathematics
36 units completed
April 2001
BATAAN STATE COLLEGE
Dinalupihan, Bataan
Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in Mathematics
April 1996
BATAAN STATE COLLEGE
Dinalupihan, Bataan
Associate in Micro Computer Systems
Eligibility
Skills
Computer Repairs
Basic Web Designing
Microsoft Office Manipulation
Work Experiences
Personal Information