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CT2 2021-22 MS Cap2
CT2 2021-22 MS Cap2
Sustainable Mobility
Chapter 2 – Quantifying Transportation impacts
2021/2022
STRUCTURE
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
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HC CO NOx Particulate
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
Matter
Diesel
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
Gasoline
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Ref: EEA, Explaining road transport emissions, 2016.
Production
Engines: Pollutants
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TYPES OF EMISSIONS
Vehicles emissions can be categorised into 3 groups:
• Exhaust emissions: produced primarily from the
combustion of different petroleum products such as petrol,
TYPES OF EMISSIONS
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
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MODELS
Ref: EEA, Explaining road transport emissions, 2016.
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VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND EFFICIENCY
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MODELS’ INTEGRATION
Emissions Model
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TRAFFIC MODELING
• Macroscopic / Mesoscopic / Microscopic
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
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TRAFFIC MODELING
1. Simulation Traffic Models: Macroscopic
• Traffic is considered as a continuous flow
Advantages:
• Processing Time;
• Modeling of large scale networks.
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TRAFFIC MODELING
2. Simulation Traffic Models: Mesoscopic
Traffic is considered as a platoon of vehicles
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Disadvantages:
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
Advantages:
• Flexibility in preparing input data for the simulation;
• No much time consuming;
• Analysis can be made for some network sections;
• Modeling of Large scale Networks.
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TRAFFIC MODELING
3. Simulation Traffic Models: Microscopic
Each entity (vehicles or persons) is simulated individually
Advantages:
• Different vehicles types and characteristics;
• Capability of modeling driving behavior patterns;
• Impact of traffic uninterrupted facilities;
• Modeling of specific geometrical elements.
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TRAFFIC MODELING
• Examples of simulations:
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
VISSIM 16
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T. Fontes, P. Fernandes, H. Rodrigues, J. Bandeira, S.R. Pereira, A. Khattak & M.C. Coelho (2014)
Are HOV/eco-lanes a sustainable option to reducing emissions in a medium-sized European city?,
Transportation Research A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 63, May 2014, pp. 93–106.
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EMISSIONS MODELING
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
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COPERT: METHODOLOGY
Emission
Average COPERT factors
Vehicle
selection Temperature
Total
Slope
emissions [g]
Load
Emissions
control
programs
Vehicles
kilometers 19
traveled
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VehicleSpecificPower
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
Ref: Jimenez-Palacios (1999) Understanding and quantifying motor vehicle emissions with vehicle Ref: ICCT (2016) Driving Resistances Of Light-Duty Vehicles In Europe: Present
specific power and TILDAS Remote Sensing, PhD Thesis, MIT. Situation, Trends, And Scenarios For 2025, White Paper.
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VehicleSpecificPower
VehicleSpecificPower
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EMISSION MAPS
Project @ DEM/TEMA: SMARTDECISION: Intelligent Vehicle Routing System for Enhanced Air
Quality in Urban Areas (2011-2014)
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
Ex. Aveiro
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
Ref: C. Borrego, J.H. Amorim, O. Tchepel, D. Dias, S. Rafaela, E. Sá, C. Pimentel, T. Fontes, P. Fernandes, S.R. Pereira, J.M. Bandeira, M.C.
Coelho, Urban scale air quality modelling using detailed traffic emissions estimates, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 131, April 2016, Pages 26
341–351.
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EMISSION MAPS
Project @ DEM/TEMA: SMARTDECISION: Intelligent Vehicle Routing System for Enhanced Air
Quality in Urban Areas (2011-2014)
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POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS IN
THE ATMOSPHERE
Combustion -> Emissions -> Dispersion
• Gaussian models
Some dispersion models: Caline 4, Highway II, Urban Airshed Model (UAM) 29
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Project @ DEM/TEMA: SMARTDECISION: Intelligent Vehicle Routing System for Enhanced Air
Quality in Urban Areas (2011-2014)
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
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NOISE MODELS
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VISSIM
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
SSAM
Hotspot conflicts
location
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CRASHES RECONSTRUCTION
PC-CRASH model
DATA SCENARIOS SIMULATION AND MODEL INJURY
COLLECTION OUTPUTS METRICS
a)
a) b) c)
α = 90º α = 95º α = 100º α = 105º
α = 110º
b)
c)
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Ref: Fernandes, Neves and Coelho (2022) Influence of bicycle crossing location at urban multi-lane roundabouts on potential injuries sustained to conventional
bicycles, electric bicycles and e-scooter riders using PC-Crash reconstruction, To be presented at the 101th Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting.
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- Traffic
- Pollutant dispersion
- Noise
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EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF
TRAFFIC PARAMETERS
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Velocidade (km/h)
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0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Tempo (s) 35
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EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF
TRAFFIC PARAMETERS
effect:
Margarida Coelho – margarida.coelho@ua.pt
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2007/2008
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EMISSION MEASUREMENTS
verify they are compliant with the required environmental, climate, safety and
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EMISSION MEASUREMENTS
- The vehicle is driven on rollers, following a predefined driving pattern, with the
- The level of resistance on the dynamometer is adjusted for each specific vehicle tested to
simulate the level of resistance that the vehicle would encounter if operated on the road,
including: Vehicle aerodynamic resistance; Tyre rolling resistance.
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EMISSION MEASUREMENTS
Previously… the so-called New
- The NEDC was originally developed when vehicles were lighter and less powerful
than those available today. For these reasons, the test involves only a simple speed
pattern with low accelerations, constant speed and many idling events that typically under-
load modern day engines.
- It is widely accepted that the NEDC is outdated, with much evidence available from the
scientific community and vehicle users clearly showing that the emission values and fuel
consumption measured in the laboratory largely understate the actual levels
obtained under real-world driving conditions. This difference occurs for a variety of
reasons, including deficiencies of the NEDC testing procedure itself, but also due to certain
deficits in the associated measurement protocols. 40
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THE CASE OF VW
Fonte: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/09/22/business/international/vw-volkswagen-emissions-explainer.html
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EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS IN
VEHICLES
Portable Emissions Monitoring System (PEMS)
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EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS IN
VEHICLES
Portable Emission Monitoring Systems (PEMS) – Main limitations:
- Reduced range of pollutants that can be measured during a test compared with laboratory
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
- Mass (30–150 kg) it adds to the vehicle, which can affect the fuel consumption and hence measurements
of the different pollutants.
variability, can be challenging to ensure consistency of measurements between different vehicles tested.
Advantages:
- Current laboratory emissions testing fails to capture the wide range of potential on-road emissions and
that PEMS can assist in filling this gap.
- Past PEMS results show that average NOX emissions of diesel cars, for the then-latest technology Euro 5
cars, substantially exceeded the Euro 5 emission limit by a factor of 4-7.
- On-road NOX emissions of petrol vehicles, as well as CO and HC emissions of both diesel and petrol cars
generally, stay within their emission limits.
- NOX emissions were found to be the highest during uphill–downhill driving (rural) and during motorway
driving at high speeds, i.e. at higher engine loads. This also provides an indication that the exhaust
aftertreatment devices (the devices responsible for controlling exhaust air pollutant emissions) are under-
performing under these operating conditions.
- CO2 emissions tested with PEMS were also found to be higher (by 21 % on average) than laboratory tests
for petrol and diesel cars. The magnitude of this discrepancy varies depending on vehicle type, operation
mode, route characteristics and ambient conditions.
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Measurements of:
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2008/2009
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NOISE
- Some data...
Competências Transferíveis II - Mobilidade Sustentável
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Sound level meter
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