TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS AND 2 IDEN TITS —___$___———__ BASIC FORMULAE $ 60S'A + sin'A = 1 = cost = 1 sin’A or sin?A = 1 -c0s°A © 14 tania = sec? = sec’A - tan?A = 1 & C0U'A + 1 = cosee*A = cosec’A - cot?A = | tan = SOA ang cop = SA cos sina : sinA | ‘* Fundamental inequalities: For 0 < Ac}, O + tan > 27"2 A 2c. | a! + tan? 8 stan = 1 [S20 n——tan—| +{ tan 2 2) 4 £ If a right angle ‘is divided in three parts a, B and y, prove that for all possible division, tan o + tan B + tany> 1+ tana tan tany. Sol. (tan a ~ tan fy) + (tan B ~ tan y => tan’ oc + tan? B + tan? y + (tan y~ tan a)’ 20 tan tan B tan B tan y ~tanytan a 20 = tan? a+ tan’ B+ tan’ y 21, since YtanatanB = 1 =(Yuna) 235 Yuna 23 If we prove that I + tan a tan B tan y< V3 the result is obvious, 3 Now, (tan tan B tan 7)!" > (G.M.2H.M.] 1 . 1 oni tana tanB tan Han ct tan B tan y > (tan ot tan f tan y)!! > ——— ak tana.tanp +tantany+tany tana. => (tan ot tan i tan y => 1 + tan oc tan Bt Hence proved. Te eS ON A SENT TSX Ima triangle ABC, prove that” { < cosee ®. Hence dectare that a 2 aA cose a a B «Cs oy sosec! J -covee" 5 2 2'" for all integers m2. abe. eG. Sol Inthemimgle apc, DE, SinBaninc TN yA gt on A \ Wome | ine a A bee : : (bc) ee OS ole a | he Ao abel Ato coscet Bs 2°{£.2) and coset > "(#.2 2 be 2 \G ¢) Muhiptying, these inequalities, we get cosec" ©. cose” ®-casee" > 2" 4. Find the possible integral values of ‘a" for which cos2x * a sinx = 24 ~7 has solutions Sol, Here we have 1-2 sin"y # a siny = 2a Damn’y-asiny +2a-8 = 0 at ya’ i a-4 1 5. Prove that 9) ta m Sol. Let t, = tan tan (20° +2r41)-(2r° tan " fe(2r? 4 2ret](2e t= tan!'5- tan" tye tan 13 tan 'S tes tan'25 tan "13 tan Qn» ne) tan "Wan! +n +1) Qn? +2n n(n) TR ene eSSOLVED PROBLEMS ee fare c The number of solutions of the equation sin! —~ = 5see(x 1) 1siare ay (B)2 (C)3 (D) infinite Sol. (A), sin is defined for [LAS] < 1 => x = + 1. Out of these two values Of x, only X 1 satis, 2x : given equation. f tahoe? ead re 2. The maximum value of the expression |/sin? x + 2a? - V2a" -1-eos’ x], where a and x are real numb, is (Any? (By (C3 {D) none of these Sol. (A), Since|VA - VBI = Given expression < Vsin? x +2a? 2a? +1+cos? x < v2 If dna. = x then the value of tanot tan2o. tan3a... tan(2n~ 1)a is equal to fA) 1 1B) 0 tC) -1 (D) none of these Sol (A), tancttan2a tan3c... tan(2n ~ 1) = ftana tan(2n = No) ftan2o. tan(2n~ 2)o) ... tania ~ Ha tan(n + Hc.) tan nes, {tana tan(a/2 ~ ay} {tan2a tan(n/2- 2a)} tnt LLL det 4. If0 ~ 20s: 52-4 TEE ee ee OSSSol. Sol. Heosin”'(sinVe), where 2 © (80, 140) and is sum of cubes of fist n natural numbers, then (Avortne Yn 10 (B)g=(n~ 1) n- 10 (hee (ns Dre to (D)gein- Ip +10 (B). > sin sin Vz) cubes of first n natural numbers isa perfect square. ‘.e. 81, 100, 121 in Z « (80, 140) [o(n+t)] te [ee O | either 9, 10.0r he n(n +1) either 18, 20 or 22 butn (1 +1) # 18 or 22 => n(n +1) = 20=9n=4 >Z= 100 > $= sin! (sin 10) 3m = 10. ‘The value of sin’ 10° + sin’ $0° ~ sin’ 70° is equal to 3 3 (A) 5 (B) 7 3 3 C)-= -= : 4 e 8 (D). We have sin’ 10° + sin’ 50° ~ sin’ 70° 416 sin 10° ~ sin 30°) + (3 sin 50° ~ sin 150°) (3 sin 70° ~ sin 210°)] al nt nso"sn70)-3] al 2 : = 4) 5(sin 10° 2c0s60° snt)-3] then (B) x can not be an even integer multiple of x (D) y can be an integer multiple of 2/2 1 2 L+tan? 2y)(3+sin3z) = ialmet aoe (A) x may be an integer multiple of x (C)zcan be an integer multiple of x Iff cos? x+ (A, D). { cos? x-+ L+tan? 2y)(3+sin3z)=4 \ cos Since, cox + —— 22, I+ tan*2y21, 2$3+ sin3z< 4 cos? x So, the only possiblility is i 1 +tan?2y =1, 3+ sin3 cos’x + « => cosx=t 1 > x=00 a tandy=0=9 y= = singz=-1=> z=(4k-1)> i make as Nae SIL eeeSol. 10. Sol. : 3y = o, then Ifcosx + cosy = a, cos2x + cosdy = b, cos3x + c083Y coe Te (B) cosx cosy = (A) cos*x + cos'y = 1 +> (Cat b+ e=3abe (C) 2a’ +e =3a(1 +b) (A,B, ©). (cosx + cosy)? ©). (cos y (1) =>" cost + costy + 2 cosx cosy cos2x + cos2y=b a ihe one 2cos*x ~ 1 +2cos'y~ I -Q) 2{ cos*x + cos*y) = b +2 > 2, 2, b 1 E + cos'y= 2+ cos"x 7 2 From (1) and (2), : ) 2 ome cosy a= [ 2 ) => cOsx cosy cos3x + cosdy = 4 cos'x ~ 3 cosx + 4 cos'y ~ 3 cosy = ¢ Afeos'x + cos" y] ~ 3[cosx + cosy] =2 4[(cosx + cosy) (cos"x + cos"y ~ cosx cosy) ] ~ 3(cosx + cosy) = ¢ “CP ae 2) => 2ab + da -2a°+ ab+2a=3a+e = 2a’ + c= 3a(l +b). Ifx = sin(a.— B):sin(y — 8), y ~ sin(B ~y)-sin(a ~ 8), z = sin(y ~ a)-sin(B — 8), then (A)xty+2=0 @)x\t +z = Baye ()x+y-2=0 (D)x + y ~2! = nye (A,B) If x = sin(a — ) sin(y ~ 8) 2x = cos(a—B ~ 7 + 8) ~ cos(a ~B + y- 6) y=sin(B ~7) sin(a - 8) = 2y = cos(B - 7-4 + 8) - cos(B- y+ a -8) z= sin(y ~ a) sin(B ~ 8) = 22= cosy a~B +8) ~ cos(y—a + B -8) 2x+2y+2=O>x+y+z=0 Ifx+y+z=Othen x’ + y' +2) =3xyz 10 1, then ‘n’ may belong to interval (A) [1, 2) (B) (3, 4] (2) (D) (A, CD) O 1 <2 2 sin" x + cos" x< 1 p> AAAI Tee MeCm £ os Comprehension Sometimes we have quadratic e ete quadratic equation having unknown variables/parameter, in terms of some trigonometric Apparently it is see ly it is seen while solving such type of equations we have to keep in consideration the domain and range of the corresponding t me Sik g thigonometric functions while finding out the final roots. fix) = 4sin?x + 3costx + sine V x € [2 3] find the minimum value of x) ‘As we know that sinx is increasing function in [a] 2 Let Xx) = dsin?x + 3 - 3sin’x + 3sinx 2 fix) = sin'x + 3sinx +3 Now, let us take sin x = t te {0,1}, since O 0 ( 4a Hence this will be upward parabola such that minimum value of the function exists at { 4x3x 3 at Z = 4 4 tn such a manner we can interrelate these two concepts Keeping in mind the domatn and ‘codomain of the respective trigonometric function. ‘Answer the following questions: 12, Isecd + cosec8 = p has four solutions between (0,27), then (A)p-8>0 (B)p +8>0 (cyp’-8<0 (B)p+8<0 Sol (A), sec.0 + cosec® = P f+ tan? 0 +-v1-+ cot" 6 = 1 ep (tan =1) Vets fl wy pa (t+l viet ; \- (ees ae a (ett eget) (¢ yearn 0 stel-typ + A faa or Pete d+ ty(p? +h) =0 EneD. (i+ypei) -4 we have, D, » 0 and D; > 0 vp’ +1) D>0 = => 14 p?+t-2ypP al > 4=2 pP-2>2 > p'+4-4p'>4(p’ +1) => p'-8p’>O>p'>8 D:>0 > (ied) >4 = +p? +l42yprelod = pt This true abways(s yp? 1 > 1 2vp* +1 > 2) 1+ cosec® = p has only two real solutions in (0, 2n), then -2>0 13. If in above problem the equation sect y (A) p= 8>0 (B)p’-8<0 (Cp =8 (D) none of these Sol. (B). Since D; > 0 always We should many D; < 0 = (I-yp?ri}<4 <8 (by previous). 14. The number of isosceles AABC(S) possible such that tanA + tanB + tanC = 100, 1s (ay (B)2 (C3 (D)4 Sol. (B). tanA + tanB + tanC = 100 Triangle ABC is isosceles triangle. Let ZA = ZC, then B= =~ 2C ~. 2tanA ~ tan2A = 100 2tanA_ 199 I-tan? A tan’A = SOtan’A + 50=0 let x = tan then fix) = x° - 50x? + 50 () fix) = 3x? = 100x = 0 2tanA ~ 0 critical points x = 0 and x = a Asx —>—2, fix) > 0 At x =0, fix) = 50 Atx= “ x) = negative = tanA takes one negative value which is not possible (2 A= Cand Ais acute) => tanA has two distinct positive values => number of isosceles triangles = 2. TENE Te Mee LON ONOCm £j—o £ #; Assertion Reason 15. Sol. 16. Sol. The angl angles of a triangle are given by the thre values of x obtained from the equation tan'x - 3.3 tan’x +3 V3 tanx - 3 = 0 Statement 1: The triangle so obtained ts = nm ined ts an equilateral triangle Statement 2: If roots of the equation be tan, tanB and tanC, then tan + tanB + tan = 3.3 (A) Statement -1 is True, ‘Statement ~2 15 True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement: 1 (B) Statement -1 1s True, Statement-2 1s True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1 (C) Statement -1 1s True, Statement 215 False (D) Statement -1 1s False, Statement -2is True (D). tan + tanB + tanC = 3/3. and tanA tanB tan = 3 an * tanB + tanC + tanA tanB tanC * triangle does not exist IEA + B+ C= x, then match the following (equality must hold) — CoheramL | Column ~ (A) cos A + cos B + cos € li <32 (sin din Bain @ 23 1 | 3 (C) (cos AcosB+ cos Beos€ +osCcos A) ji <5 {D) cos A cos Bos C Ji) et ® 9 ()>PQ (B65) Or) ()> (5) (A) cos A+ cos B + cos C becomes ~ 3 for A= B= - and C ~ 37 s0 cos A + cos B+ cos C 2-3 and using y = cos A * cos B + cos C +1-2sin* 2sin~ cos: y 2 we get, y S 2 get, y 3 (B) Also, cos A + cos B + cos C : 1+ acne’ A.B 1 2-1 $sinSsinzsin= <— ae 1 3 (C) (cos AcosB+cos BeosC-+e0sC cos A) $5 equality holds when all of cosA, cosB, cosC are ~ | (D) cosA cosB cosC > ~ | (when all of cosA, cosB, cosC are ~ 1) PIE aeAnswer Q.17, Q.18 and Q.19 by appropriately matching the information given In the three coluqy, following tab! ty Match the following columns) tan{ 240 | - tan 4 17. Which of the following combination is CORRECT? (A) (Di) (R) (B) (II) (44) (R) (C)(DG (PD (D) (1) () (Q) Sol. (C) 18, Which of the following combination is CORRECT? (A) AD) (itt) (S) (B) (I) Gi) (Q «C) (U1) Gan) (RY (D) (1) (0) (R) Sol (B) 19. Which of the following combination is INCORRECT? (B) (11) (iit) (R) (A) (HI) G) (8) (C) IV) Gv) (S) (D) (1) (i) (P) Sol. (A) sec20; tn{ F0} tan| —9 | = 2tan 20 4 \4 cot @ + tan @ = 2 sec 20; cot 0 - tan 8 = 2 cot 20 = On ok ek or i ae fe Se sin -sin = sin -sin—sin—-sin—-sin— = | sin\-sin=*-sin = | = — eet AVA AA dd 1a) cos 2°A - cos 2°A {1+c0s=}/ 3) TEEN ee a OE TS TS20. 21. ah Sol. 23. Sol. Let a = sin 10°, b = sin 50°, ¢ = sin 70°, then Sabe/ (6.00) Sabe = 8 sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° = 1 a+b _sin10°+sin 50° _ 2sin30°cos 20° © sin70° sin70° wet 1,1 __1___ sin 50°sin 70°+ sin 10°sin 70° 6 sin 10°” sin50° sin 70° sin 10° sin 50°sin 7 The number + of real roots of the equation cos’ x +sin‘ x =1 in (-m, m) is___ (3.00) cos’ x +sin* x 7) cos’ x =(I+sin? x)cos sin? x = 0s x = 0 or cos* x sx = 1 + sin? x => x= 0('7 LHS n=23 Let 0 <<, By ¥. 8 < m where P and 7 are not complementary such that 2 ¢08 6 + 6 cos B + 70s y +9 cos 5 = 0 and 2 sin a ~6 sin B + 7 sin y—9 sin 5 = 0 3 c0s(4+5) _™ here m and n are relatively prime positive numbers, then the value of (m +n) is k, cos(Be7) 8 then ‘ is equal to (3.33) : Gives equations can be written as 2.cos a +9 cos 5 = ~6 cos B~ 7 cosy () son (2) 2 sin a —9 sin 8 = 6 sin B- 7 sin ‘Square and add equation (1) and (2), we get = 4 +36 + 36 [cos a cos 8 - sin 3 sin a] = 36 +49 + 84 [cos B cos y~ sin B sin 7] => 36foos(a. + 8)] = 84[cos(B + 1)] cos(a+3)_ 84 7M p= 10 cos(B+7) 36 3 0 TREC Me ae ee24 a TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS BASIC FORMULAE * sin@ = 0 => 0= on, + cad 0 5 8=Qnr1)5, tand=0 => @= nn, sin® = sina => @= nn + (-1)'a, casa => 8 2nn + a, where a € [-n/2, 1/2] where a € (0, n] where a € (~1/2, /2) ian’a => 0 = nn +a, tan@ = tana => @=an+a, sin’ = sina, cos'@ = costa, tan © cose = sin@=1 = O=(4n+ 2, © sin@=-1 50 (40-12, © cos8=1 => @=2nn, © cosd=~1 => O= (n+), sin® = sina and cos @= cosa => 0 = 2nn +a. Everywhere in this chapter ‘n’ is taken as an integer, Ifnot stated otherwise. The general solution should be given unless the solution is required in a specified interval or range. @ ts taken as the principal value of the angle. Numerically least angle is called the principal value Equations of the Form a cosé + b sind = c Tosolve the equation acos® +b sin8=c, put a=r cos, b r=Va?+b?, @= tan ']) « Substituting these values in the ‘equation we have, =rsing such that c ean fe) > Va? +b? , then the equation acos@ + b sind = chas no solution, If\c| < va? +b? then put — a+b? > @-9)=2nnta > O= 2nnta+4, where nel Remarks: * While solving a trigonometric equation, Squaring the equation at any step should be avoided as fat Possible. If squaring is necessary, check the solution for extraneous values Feosd cos0 + r sing sin® = c. = cos (0-9) = © => cos (6-4) r €08 at, 80 that cos(— 9) = cosa. >Cal om of angles which make any of the terms undefined or infinite © The answer should not contain such valu © Domain should not change. If ee Id not change. If it changes, necessary corrections must be made . lenon h mminator is not zero at any stage while solving equations. Solving Simultaneous Equations Here, we will discuss the iscuss the problems related to the solution 4 - | oe ion of two equations satisfied simultaneously. We may dt (i) Two equations in one ‘unknown’ satisfied simultaneously (ii) Two equations in two ‘unknowns’ satisfied simultaneously. TRIGONOMETRIC INEQUALITY Inverse Circular Functions (Inverse Trigonometric Functions) sin = x => 0 = sin"x where @ € [-f a andx €[-1, 1} I cosecO = x = 0 = cosec’'x where 8 € [-2}u(03] and x € (-», -IJU[1, 0) tanO = x => 0 = tan'x were 0 « ( 2.2) ands € (252) . where @ € [0, n] and x € [-1, 1] aoe n) n where 6 € aayy 7 and x € (-0, -I] U[1, ©) cos0 = x => 0 = c0 sec) = x => 0 = sec"x cot = x => 0 = cot'x where 0 € (0, ) and x € (-2, 0) Notes: 4 q epek sin''(sin0) = 0 if and only if-— $05 — 2 2 and sin(sin"'x) = x where -I Sx $1 cosec’"(cosec®) = 6 if and only if-% <0<00r0<05 - ar (tan) = 0 if and only if -> 5 and tan(tan’'x) = x where - 0 0 cos = cosec x>0 : 1x vie? tan“! x = sin == cosec lex? x ' Nex? cot! x= cos"! = sec vi+ x cost te0s'!y = cos [xy vi i-y’ |, x20, y20 cos" aye Vin? iF], x 20, y20, xsy cos 'x ~ cos"ty = -oostfay vine i ¥|. x20, y20, x>y sin'[xyi=¥ +y =x], x20, y20,x7+y? <1 sin™x + sin ty= — asin" [x 1-y? syle], x20, y20,x7+y? >I sin''x sin'y= sin" xh Py. =x ],x20, y20 | tan! 54 x20, y20, xy<1 ny tan''x+tan"y= {rttan'**¥ x50, yso.xyod I-xy x>0,y> Oxy = x20, y20 tan 2cos'x = cos (2x7- 1), x20 -n-sin ‘[awi=a"], x<-d 2sin''x= 5 sin ‘[awi=e], | e-sins [>eVP=e, 4 “1 2tan''x = cos Pane EQUATION: Teenie axol ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS +B)= ame smallest positive values of A and B and their most For the smallest positive values, find A + B and A ~ B between 0 and 2x from the two given equations ae ‘Aand Bare positive angles, A+B > AB. Solve the two equations to get Aand B ‘or the most general values, find the general values of A~B and A + Bbysolvingthe given equations separately . Solve the two to get A and B. tan (AB) =1=3A-B == or 3% ae O 4 4 Also sec(A+B)= 22 = A+B=% or 6 3 Since AtB> A-B, A+B Q Solving (1) and (2), 37m, _ Tn we get A=—, =Jt pak air’) - = @ For the most general values tan(A~B)= 1 A-B enn @) 2 3 sec(A + B) = = => cos(A+B) = sect B (ATB) 2 a) > A+B=2mx 42 1 k Solving (3) and (4), we get A= =|(2m-+n)n+—+— solving (3) and (4), we get s[emnee§ Al o-4f(am-nye-Zs5), where m,n € 1 When sinx = 1/2, the two values of x between 0 and 2n are 16 and Sr. From, the graph of y= sinx, it is obvious that, between 0 and 2x x Sn sin x > 1/2 for= 1/2 = Inn + 1/6 cos x= 0. 1 : © 1m, n,t are integers nix and z= (2t+1)> where K =Qm+)=, x= amet g the equation Sol, (1 ~1an 6)(1 + tan 0) sec? @ + 2 or (I~ tan? @)(1 + tan? @) + 2" Put tan? @=t (1-00 +n =2" t= 3, we get tan’ @= 3 0 =+2 is the given interval 3 “SIR + sin 2x +sin 340, which wig Now, 1 + cos x + cos 2x + sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = 0 cos x(1 + 2 sin x)(2 cos x +1) =0 cos x=0 sinx =-— x or x= 7 there are ‘2° solution by = cot \(2n = 1)~ cot '(2n +1) ( Kane Diane Wied {+ cot"! (2n-1)=cot"'(2n +1) = cot =cot"!2n Qn+l-2n41 t= cot" — cot !3 t= cot '3 - cot '5 th= cot 'S ~ cot '7 yecot I~ cot2n +1) asn >», cot (2n +1) +0 n ae a Let k = 1°, then 2 sin2k + 4 sindk + 6 sin6k + .,, + 180 sin 80k is equal to (A) 90cosk (B) 90tang9° (C) 90 tank, (D) 90c0189° = 2 sin2° +4 sind? +... + 178 sin178° 78 sin178° + 176 sinI76° + ... +2 sin2° = 180(sin2° + sind? + ... + sin178°) sin 89° sin(90°) = 90tan89°. sy=90 aro If, y> 0, then the range of sin (A) (0. 1] similarly sin”! 4 ley? 2n] = range of given expression ia 0, $°] . 1) Number of solution of the equation tan’ tan (et — , belonging to the interval (0, 1) is (A)0 (B) 1 (Cy2 (D) infinite e————— TeaThe number of values ofc inthe interval [- x, 0] satisfying sin @ * Jeos2x dx -0 (ay2 (B)3 (C)4 (D)5 (B). sin a+ J" <0 = sina (1 + c0s 3a) = 0 Ja js The least positive solution of cot (a V3 lies in 33 (x xn] alo, 2] ee oe 6] ls 6] (x x] (xn 7] @/%, =} (2, 2} lor 3] 5» 2] Vin+ B= Fgsindx = ons = sin 2x = 33 (A). cot| isin 2x The number of solutions of @ € [0, 2n] satisfying the equation (Ic . isare (ayo (B) | (C2 (D)>2 [ log 3 eal) | (©. log ,; tnd! | —A— » Wee Vk und “Tog v3 = log; tan6 [ “Fs, 5| : log j; tan Let log yj tan ste Bs y y or (2 +3y)=y = y [By’+ 2y- 1]=0Ce ls yBy Hy #D=o y=-l (-2y can not be positive ) f 2 logy tand = 4 tan = L ang 1% v3 6 There are two values of O in (0, 2} 8 TE times the sum of first n natural numbers is equal to sum ofthe squares of fist n natural numbers, then 1f 9k? -4n sin] A co (okedn | Seaualto (Ayn wt 2 or 2 6 Sol, (py, ptt) _nlneN(2net) 2 6 9. (B) x= 2nn, y= 2m (D) none ofthese Sol. sinx=1=9x=(4n +1) = and cosec? y= 1, sin? y= 1 or cos y=0 y=(Qm+ I= 10, The smallest positive root of the equation ,/sin(I-x) = Veosx is n 7 Gry (B) > «) Mea aax) 2 O and cosx 2 0 (D). The given equation holds if sin (1 ‘Squaring, we get sin( 1 ~ x) = cos X fr \ ce ) 2 x=2nnt{Eatex| orxona- 7 tyne! ( In <0, then x <0 Ifn= x= Clearly x ¢{ 2, x}, so-cos x < 0, hence rejected Ifn=2,x Also, sin (I= x) Hence x on-sin"'(xyi= plane in which the point P(x, y) can lie is MW. f sin x +sin syvien® ). then the area ofthe region or rectangular Can 4-n (Ayn wo ot (D)n-2 Sol, (B). sin"! x-+sin'y = -n-sin'"(xyl-y? +y =x? ).if-1 sx <0,-1sy< ands’ Fy'>1 12, If ky = sin x cos? x and k; = ¢0s x sin’ x then (A)ky ka 0,x.€( 0, kb Ox € wy +he<0.xe (0, ¥] Sol. (A, C). ky ~ky = sim x cas x (cos? x ~sin” x) 4 sin 2x 0828 = sind 4 ky ky > 0,0<4x |cosx|<1 and cos’ x <1 ii) iii) — Va +b® psinx = 2nx+{*—peosx |.ne1 Dm Sol. (Dp. cos(p sin x) = sin (p c0s x) = cos consider the positive sign, we have (4ns1)n x Pisin x + cos x) = (dn + 1) = sin x + cos x \(4n+1)q (for positive values of p) 2p +: feosx +sinx|< V2 = & smallest positive number if n = 0, giving p= —= pis positive nu aivingp= 55 Now consider the negative sign, we have 4n-1 (4n-1)r|_ 4n—1)|n isin x ~ cos x) = (4n—) so |e svi orp2 Minti pis smallest postive number ifn = 0, giving again p = w2 Assertion Reason 17. Statement 1: 2 cos'x = sin-"(2xV1=x2) isan identity Because Statement -2: x ~ cos satisfies above V0 € R (A) Statement -1is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-| (B) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Sttemat (C) Statement -| is True, Statement -2 is False (D) Statement -1 is False, Statement -2 is True So. (Cy TASS ars18, Match the following. x n () (A) The number of solution of *+ 52% Tinf-n, n] 2 cosx | (B) The number of solution of equation j@ 2 sin" ([x? -1]) +e08"'(|2x?-5)) = 2 m1 2” i) : (C) The number of solution of x‘~ 2x? sin? =x +1=0 2 (D) The number of solution of Weteenasimetamt m0 |i 2 () Wn Sol. (A) (8); B) > (9); (C)> (8); (D) >) x x (A) = +1anx =— 2 4 from graph, the equation has 3 solutions in (~ m,n}. (B) sin”! 1) eos"! [2x7 —S]e B92 — I= [2x5] 3x7 =2=9x=+V2 (Two solutions) (©) x*- 2x?sin™ +1=0 3 [sin } +-sint =o 2 x= Qne Dane Lands’ = sin’ S21 = x= +1 is the solution, (D) Let y= x? + 2x +2 sec? mx + tan? mx (x + 1)? +(2 sec’ mx ~ 1) + tan’ mx > 0 = no solution. Answer Q.19, Q.20 and Q.21 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of the following table. Column-I: represents trigonometric equation, Column-lI: represents general solution of the equation and Column- IIL: represents number of solutions of the equation in (0, x} Column Column-I1 [_Column-1i W) _sin’x + cos” 3x=1 (i) nm [(P) 1 | 7 on | {a e" 9 + sin? @-2cos? 20+4 = 4sind Gi) F (Q2 (ID) a?sin x ~a sin 2x+sinx=0,a ER (iii) ont (R)3 | as - | |) Y2tand-1+ VianO=1 =1 ww) (ani) (s) $ | 19. Which of the following combination is CORRECT? (A) (D (i) (S) (B) (II) (iv) (P) (C) (Nl (i) (P) (D) (1) (in) (R) So. (B) SS SNE a20. Sol. 2 Sol. 19.21 22. Sol. 23. Which ofthe following combination is CORRECT enw aus) (D) IY) Gi) (S) i (a) Which of the following combination (A) (Gi (S) (C) (IID (1) (Q) s INCORRECT? Le (B) (tt) (i) (R) (D) (IV) (iit) (P) a . (1) sin’ x + cos’ 3x=1 => sin’ x = sin’ 3x => 3x =a £X = 4x nm or 2x =n an nn 4 Number of solutions in (0, x] = 5 (De + sin? @-2cos’ 2044 = LHS > 2, RHS < 2 > LHS = RH Sx t= no =e" +(sin@-2)' = 2cos? 20 3 © = cot” @ = 0, cos? 20 = | and sin 8 = 1 => 6=(4n+l)> Number of solutions in (0, =) = 1 (U1) a? sin x ~a sin 2x + sin => sin x ((a~ cos x)" + sin’ x) => x = nx number of solutions in [0, 7] (IV) Ytand-1+ Viand— = (2 tan 0~ 1) + (tan @~ 1) +3 4(2tan 8-1) (tan O=1) (YZtan 0 + Yan0=1) = 1 => 392tan” 6~3tan +1 = 3(1-tand) => (2 tan 8 - 1)(tan 8 ~ 1) = (1 - tan 6)* = (1 ~tan 6)(1 + tan? 6 - 2 tan 6 +2 tan 6-1) =0 = (I~ tan 6) tan? = 0 => tan O= 1 as tan@ #0 2acosx+1)=0 Oand a= cos x => sin = O=nn42 3 Number of solutions = 1 The number of solution)” cosrx = 5 in the interval [0, 2n} is = 008 x + cos 2x + cos 3x +c08 4x + cog Sx = se te =5. Which is possible only when cos x cos 24, eos X= €0S 2x = cos 3x = cos 4x = cos 5x - Number of value(s) of « for whi three ele = in 3ar} is ea) ich the : fetch eee ee ve I a ms {sin a, sin 2, sin 3a} is equal tee!er << Sol. M. Sol. 25, Sol. (4.00) S and T can be the same set if the elements of S (0) sina + sin a+ sin 3a 2sin 2 cos a sin 2a c roots of the same cubic be and tan COs at eos Jeet cos Jur 2 2eos Dar cos a | cos 21 8in 2(2c0s a + 1) = cos 2a(2cos a+ 1) (sin 2a ~ cos 20)(2c0s a +1) = 0 => tan 2a Lar cosa x nn ow dn 2 Qn an nn+— or a= Innt—; a += ora Qn or 2am (rejected) 7 ; Pe ore 2a or ; (HY sin at sin 2644 sin 2or sin 34+ sin Sar sin cos ve 60s 2ee 1 cos 2u. COs YaL CON Bu CON 0S. ~ €0S 3a. 4 COS cL ~ C08 S408 204 cos dx cos But cos tt cos Sur F eos aH cos daz F cos 2a 2(cos 3a + cos 4a + cos Sa) = 0 ©08 4at + cos da cos a= 0=> cos dari? cosa + 1) 0 ann 2 2n 2a eT or a= 2nm4 = or 2nn =" (rejected) 2 a 3 1 nnn {ii sin asin 2 in 3» 608 cos 20 cos Bis satisfied by only by a= BT +E Ifthe sum of all values of x satisfying the system of equations tan x + tan y # tan x tan y = 5 25kn and sin(x + y) = 4.608 x 608 y i where x ¢ [0 Jetnenk is equal to (0.04) sin(x + y) = 4 €08 x 60s y => si x €0s y + cos x sin y = 4 cos x eos y = tan x tany=4 => tan x tan y= 1 1 = tanx+—=4 => tan? xd tanx +10 tanx Find the number of solution of the equation 2°"* +5.2°°* =7 im the interval {0, 315} is k, then & is 7 equal to_ (14.28) pomn gg pe y pens 4g. gin? 10 Pet t+ =P = 714 10=0 => (t-Syt-2)=0=91=2or5=> t= 2" =2 oS But 2°°"* +5 (think!) 2m't 5 2=2! => sin’ x=1 Hence, value of x in [0, 315] is Total number of solution in (0, 315] is 100 SIRE e le na eneSOLUTION OF TRIANGLES BASIC RULES 12 @ triangle ABC, the angles are denoted by capital Ieters A, B, and C and the lengths of the sides opposite to these angles are denoted by smail letters a, by and atbte » and its area respectively, Semi — perimeter of the triangle is written as s = denoted by $ or A. Sine Rule sinA _ sinB a 5. Cosine Rule bee? —a? 2 +b?- Ae eras ee es 2be* ©OsB 2ab Projection Rule a= bcosC + ¢ cosB, b=c cosa +a cosC, c= a cosB +b cos, Napier's Analogy B ,A-B_a-b C cot, tan = cot E, 2 2 sp > m-n Theorem A If ima triangle ABC, D isa point on the line BC such that BD:DC= m:n and ZADC = 8, ZBAD = a, ZDAC = f, then (a) (m + n)cot6 = m cota - n cotB 2 — (b) (m + n)cot® = n cot B-m cot C Bom D n c AUXILIARY FORMULAE Trigonometric Ratios of Half-Angles IGMP-MATHEMATICS-SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE.un = =) an 8. 2 -Y se-ay 9 Area of a Triangle 1 1 \= be sin A= ca sinB Lab sinc fs(s-a)(s Where R andr are the radi ofthe circumeitcle and the invitee of the \ ABC respectively CIRCLES CONNECTED WITH TRIANGLE Circumcircle The circle passing through the vertices of the triangle ABC is called the circum Its radius R is called the circum-radius. Inthe triangle ABC, In-Circle the in-circle of the triangle. Its radius r is called the in-radius of the circle. In the tangle ABC, (s~c)tan = a)tan Remark: # From r= 4R sin sin sin, we find shat 42 = 2r SR. Here equality holds for the equilateral triangle. Escribed Circles The circle touching BC and the two sides AB and AC 5 produced of A ABC evternaly is called the escribed circle opposite A. Its radius is denoted by 11. Similarly rand r5 denote the radii of the escribed circles opposite angles B and C respectively. ri, f2. 7 are called the ex-radit of A ABC. Here NI KIASOLUTION OF TRIANGLES are called the elements ofthe rangle ABC. When any tg, are given, the triangle is known completely thats Jements and canbe evaluated. This process sale The three sides a, b, c and the three angles A, B, these six elements (except all the three angles) of a triangle other three elements can be expressed in terms of the given e solution of triangles If the three sides a,b,c are given, angle A is obtained from tan > +o7-a? 2be If two sides b and c and the included angle A are given, then tan B and C can be obtained in a similar way. orcos A = B+c A BEC 99° A. so that B and C can be evaluated. The third side is given by a = b a or sit 2 2be cos A. If two sides b and c and the angle B (opposite to side b) are given, thensinC bsin A sive the remaining elements, If b a= ccosB + fe cosB)° ~(c?-b*) => a= ccosB+ yb?-(c sinB)? This equation leads to following cases: Casel: If b cos is negative. There extsts no such triangle $ an acute angle=>cosB 1s positive, There exists onl hi I © Wve. There exists only one such traangle Case: Letb>csin B Thete are further following cases: (a) Bis an acute angi cot > trangle is. possible. {b) B is an obtuse angle => cos 15 1s negative. In this case tmange will exist yb exists no such triangle ni only fe > cosB 15 positive. In this case two values of a wall existy 1 an (c sinB)> or © > b => Two such triangle 1s possible Hc ~ b , amly ane sucte nd unly if ible Wb“ ¢ there (c sinB)' > |e cosB) = b>e So inthis case only one such trang 1 pr asm | asint ana” sin «Ifthe three angles A, B,C are given, we ean only find the ratios ofthe sides a, b, © by using sine rule (since there are infinite similar triangles possible) © If one side a and angles B and C are given, then A = 1K0"- (B+ C),andb ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS {777A train travelling on one of two fotersecting railway lines, subtends at a certain station on the other “Aine, an angle a when the front of the carriage reaches the junction, and an angle B when the end of ‘the carriage reaches it, Prove that the two lines are inclined to each other at an angle @ determined ‘by 2cot @ = cota - cof Sol, L; and L; are two intersecting lines In SABC, by men theorem, we have (x+x) cot8 = x cota - xeotf => 2cot6 = cota cotps “tet O Be polit side a triangle ABC, such that ZOAB =ZOBC = ZOCA = w. Then show that cot w= cot A Heot B+ ent C, z Sol. In AOAC, we have from sine rule sin(A-w) sin(180-A)_ sinA ee) 0c b b Also in OBC sinw _ sin(180-C) _ sin (2) “OC a a Dividing (1) by (2), we get sin(A-w) _asinA _ 2Rsin Asin sinwbsin@2Rsin Bsin' _ sin Asin(180-B-C) sinBsinC sinAcosw-sinwcosA {sin BoosC + cos BsinC) (sin BoosC + cos BsinC) _ Moswnvosd _ i.e = sin A sinw sin BsinC sin Bsin€ = ainA(cotw) ~ cos = sinA(catC + cotB) = cot w= cot A + cot B + cot C CRESS a eres‘a the Fito of the other sides is r (< 1). Show that the altitude of the ‘range, Sol. Let D be the foot of the altitude from A. and BC = a, AB =, AC =cr, AD= L = sinB c sin’ C-sin’ B __asin Bsin€ sin(C—B)sin(C+B) _ __asin Bsin€ Sol. Let, m2, and rs be the radii of the three circles with centres at C,, C: and Cs, Let the circles touch at P, Q, and R. Also GG =n +n, GCs =n +1, Ci = m+n Let O be the point whose distance from the points of contact is 4 Then O is the in - centre of the AC\C:C) with OP = OQ = OR = 4 being the radius of the in - circle. ACCC, s (1) Henee 4 =— a [G:C +036, +€,0] where s =r) +1 +13, S° = s(s - CiC2) (S - C2Cs) (8 - Cx) = sri (tars) (1) gives 16 = Tbh itn ty Hence the ratio of the product of the radii to the sum of the radii = 16 : 1, GUESS aa eesCm! #4 ~«z ‘ icone with AP= Bp = 5 ana CP, the area of AABC is IR the find. Sol. Given PA = PB a A B 7 72 A= B= Aisisosceles CM is also altitude 1 2 Area of A= + ABy 2 AB»CM a) Now, PA = PB= 3 2 ae 3 reosee =r eosee . Also PC = 3 8) A Boos =sin > 4) { 2A = V3) 1-2sin’ = > Nisin’ sin -0 = aySsin Asin’ -2sin 6 =0 2 {Bsn -1)(2sin+J5}20 aA 2 z PRCT Nae eo Ma aeSOLVED PROBLEMS inC then {(B) the triangle ABC must be obtuse angleg [fin a tangle ABC, A > B > C and sin 2 sinB 2 si (D) ABC can be any triangle (A) the triangle ABC must be acute angled (C) the mangle ABC must be equilateral (D). ‘The result is true for any triangle In a tmangle ABC the altitude from A is not less than BC and altitude from B 18 not less than ac, tnangle is (A) night angled (B) isosceles (©) obtuse angled (D) equilateral (A). ¢ sinB >a = sinC sinB 2 sinA anda sinC 2b => sinC sin > sinB = sinC 21 => ZC is ia Ifa, b, care sides of the triangle ABC, such that | 1+ cl . ABC must be (A) right angled (B) isosceles (C) obtuse angied (D) equilateral Sol. (D). We have, In atriangle ABC, a = 5, 2B = 45°, 2 = 60°, AD is altitude. Assuming AD as diameter a circle is drawn which cuts side AB and AC at P and Q respectively. PQ is equal to i (B) —— (D) none of these Sol. (C). AD=csinB. Also, applying sine rule in 3 APQ = AD= PQ= AD sin A> PQ=sin Ac sin B sinA = 2Rsin Asin B sinC=a sinBsinC Eira) Oa aea Sol. Sol. Sol. Sol. MEGACOSM 329 Ifxe(-3, (2 mx (Aine a2 (B) 2-% ~X_% 42 O22 24 (D) none of these In any triangle ABC, ifcot A= Vac, cotB= £ cot = E «then which of the following is true a ¢ (Byata=lte (Ayata=t-c (D) none of these (C)ata’=2-¢ (A). In any triangle ABC cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A =lactata=Iaata=l-c Ifin a triangle sin* A + sin’ B+ sin‘ C= sin? B sin? C +2 sin? C sin? A+ 2 sin? A sin? B, then its angle A is equal to (A) 45°, 135° (B) 30, 150° (C) 60, 120° (D) none of these > C to both sides to make perfect square and using sine rule, we get = 2otb? = 3b%c? cos? A=3 => cos A= 4 (B). Adding 2 sin? B si at+b! +c! + 2b? -2 (3 be)? = (2be cos A)? = 367? => 4 = (+c-a)P Hence A = 30", 150°. Points D, E are taken on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that BD = DE = EC. If ZBAD = x, ZDAE = y, ZEAC =; then the value of sin(x + y)sin\Y*2) js equal to sinx-sinz (a4 (B)1 (C)2 (D) none of these (©). Intriangle ADC, A sin(y+Z) sinC WM pc AD Intriangle ABD, me i RS See Q) BD AD and from triangle AEC,—————— sinz_ sin€ 3) EC 7 and from tangle ABE singx+y) _sinB a) BE AE From (1), (2), (3) and (4), sin(x+y)sin(y+z)_ BE DC AD AE _ BE, DC_ 9,2 =4. ae az *AD “BD EC sin xsinz 1 two angles are equal t0 1W0 values of 9 in fi If in an obtuse angled triangle the obtuse angle is =~ and the othe - satisfying a tan 0 + b sec @ = c, where| |< Va? +c? ; then a? ~ c° sequal fo (A)ac (B) 2ac (Chale (D) none of these Sol. (B. As Ae Be Ca n=ACH Ts let Bo => tan(A +C) = 1 => tan A + tan C= —tan A tanC wl) atan 6 + b sec @= c= (a tan 0 ~ =b? +b? tan’ 0 => (a? — b’) tan? @ - 2ac tan 6 +c? ~b* tan A+ tan C= 28° tan A tan C (from (1) —* => 2ae 10. Three equal circles, each of radius r touch one another. The radius of the circle touching all the three given circle, intemally is (2458) (B) r iB () (2-v3)r Sol. (B). Since DEF is equilateral with side 2r if radius of circumeircle DEF is Ri, then area of triangle DEF = Boon =r 2r-2r-2r = vir- a Radius of the circle touching all the three given circles Pane ap (2403) ertRiertRy= rte = : : 3 3B 11. If cos B cos C + sin B sin C s 1; then triangle ABC is (A) isosceles (B) right angled (D) none of these (C) equilateral IGMP-MATHEMATICS-SOLUTION OF TRIANGLESSol. (A,B). Weare given cos B cos C + sin B sin C sin’ A= 1 ) and sin’ As ® Now, sin B, sin Care postive ina triangle sin B sin C sin?’ A < sin B sin ( 6) OF, |= €08 B cos C < sin B sin C: by (1) ot, 1S e08 (B ~C); or cos (B-C)> | But cos 6 cannot be > 1 hence we must have sign of equality throughout cos(B-C)= 1. B-C-0o0rB C Also, sin? A= Iie A=, 2 hence the triangle both right angled and isosceles, Comprehension Let ABC be 4 tnangle, from vertices A, B and C altitudes AD, BE and CF ate drawn to opposite sides BC, CA and AB respectively which meet at a point 0. Now triangle DEF is completed. also length OA. OB and OC respectively are p, q and r. Answer the following questions 12, Ratio of area of ADEF to ABC is (A) 2cos cosB cosC (B) 2sinA sinB sin (C) 2cosA cosB sinC (D) none of these 1 Sol (A). Apr = 5605 beosBsin(x 20) cos A 2c = ens Bam e 2cos Acos BeosC ame => ADE ~ 260s AcosBeosC (since age =ab Sit ». ane 2 13. Radius of the circumcircle of ADEF is R Lf (B)R (A) 2 R (Cy— (D) none of these 4 Sol. (A), Let R’ be the radius of the circumeirele of ADEF, then _(acos AMbcosBYccosC) ___(abe){cos Acos Bead) ee 4-(2c08 Acs BeosC)A aie (here R 1s circumradius of AABC). 14. Radius of the incirele of ADEF is (A) 2R cos cosB cos (B) R cos cosB cosC c BOE OSA cos BeosC (D) none of these Nac Ss SUA SO aSol, (A). Radius of ADEE (2eos Aas tBeon) asad Sout Siny [HOSA FE eos TTY cvOSC) 2Reos A cos Boost Assertion Reason hes AC an ROA Mant ts. Consider a cirele of radius ¥8 inyenbed tn the NAIC points respectively statement tf OM 2 and BN them Be 11 McCoy NC 6 because Statement 2 Length of the tangents drawn to a citele from a pont are equal (A) Statement True, Statement-2 1s Truc, Statement -2 18a correct explanation for Stitement (B) Statement-1 is True, Si 2) 1y True; Statement -2 ts NOE a corteet explanation for Statement 1 (C) Statement -1 1s True, Statement-2 is False. (D) Statement -1 is False, Statement-2 is True, Sol. (a. r= 4 ak / oko 1=>BC- 1 / / i 4 J™ B Sk 16. Match the following aR RETO Bigg NE ABC, sin’A 4 sin’B © sit (A) Ifina tang! ‘A + B), then the triangle must be be 2.2 bo +e" -2becosA, then (B) Wma triangle ABC, 5 the triangle must be A B C (C)— Hfmatriangle ABC, tan + tan tan = V3 , then the triangle must be If in a triangle the sides and the altitudes are in A.P., then the triangle must be WEAVNis see Oo Re I } @ Ww (s) ( Column= 11 right angled equilateral isosceles obtuse angled acute angleda Sol. (A) > (p); (B) > (r); (©) > «q); (D) > (q) (A) sin? (A) + sin? (B) = sin (A +B) = = sin 0s (A + B) cos(A ~ B) = sin C c cos’ (A ~ B) + 2 cos (C) cos (A ~ B) = ~ cos? C = cos C= 0 => triangle is night angled (B) * +c? = 2he casa a’ (bi +c? a!) O=a=bora=c Hence triangle is isosceles. (c) tan tan 8 stan S 3 = 0 => triangle is equilateral. 2 ad (D) Hab, care in A.P. and hay hy he are in A.P., where hy, by, he ate the altitudes, then a = b = ¢ = the triangle is equilateral Answer 0.17, Q.18 and Q.19 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of the following table, Column-I: contains the relation between angles and sides of a triangle, Column-lI: contains the type of triangle and Column-IIl: contains the radius of circumeitele of triangle. _ Colmes Column (1) The sines of the angles A and B of a triangle ABC satisfy the equation ¢°x? ~ ofa + b)x +ab=0 ‘One angle of a A is 30° and the lengths of the sides adjac 403 FTI) Two angles of a triangle ABC satisfy the equation (i) right angled Ee (© (ii) isosceles 2 (iii) equilateral 1 ee ln Ina AABC, cos A cos B+ sin Asin BsinC=1 | (iv) obtuse angled 17. Which of the following combination is CORRECT? (A) (1) (1) (P) (\MWMQ (B) (Il) Gi) (S) (D) (ID (ait) (RY Sol. (C) sin A and sin B are roots of ex? ~ ¢(1 +b) + ab= 0 (a+b) sin A sin B= SUES ers18. Which of the following combination is CORRECT? : UDG) (By a Gi P) (CVV) Gn) (8) fo) cum cay Sol (a) Using cosine formula, Let ZA = 30° 40° + cossor= 2 *(4095) 240x405 s £C= 30° 2B = 120 So, ABC is obtuse isosceles triangle Which of the following combination is INCORRECT? (BV) ii) (S) 19, (A) (LID (i) (P) (C) al) ()(R) (D) (1) (ii) (R) Sol. (D) 81°* +81" = 30 sr at Solving 1+ 8! =30 t t=27,1=3 x= 30° orx= 60° So two angles are 30° and 60° Remaining angle is 90° 4 b aon sin30 sin60 sin90 hen op. A Bs Also, in AABC cos A cos B+ sin A sin B sin C =I cos AcosB sin = sinAsinB As0 1 => cos(A - B) = =cos? A Also, sinC = 45 4-1 => e=90 sin’ A 5 nt angle isosceles triangle So, ABC is right angle isosce e Sas" Ge dao TENA MAES MOO eam ANSICi Cl 20. Sol. a Sol. n Sol. 'mAABC, ifeos(2A ~ B) + sin(A + B)= 2 and AB = 4, then the value of BC 1s (2.00) Cost2A ~ B)= Land sin(A + B)= 1 to get C= 90", A bre-a Let a, b and c be the side lengths ofa tnangle ABC and assume that a AD+AE+ DE~ SSC, x5inB sinA sin Baa A(aabed) | x Semi-perimeter of AADE = —(a+b+c) Clearly incircle of ABC is excitcle of AADE CESS aesacos? A 4 bcos? B sccos? $ 23, In ABC if the maximum of atbte Sol. (0.75) cos? A + be05? Bs cog? 2 2 2 arbre a(cosA+1) | b(cosB+1) e(cosCH1) MOA +I) | b(cOsB+1) | e(cosC +1) > 1 3(sem4 —PemBceo) => <4 ee atbte a d+ AR (sin2A+sin26-sin20) 2 4s = 441 R (Asin sinBsinc) 2 4s = $4 2°3 b =) Xx 2R 2R 2K