EXPERIMENT: Boyle’s Law for Perfect Gase

Module: THERMODYNAMICS

Module Code:231THDMIA2

Initials and Surname: NP MABASO

Student No:222058693
Declaration
I declare that this assignment is my own, original work. All secondary material that I
used, whether from print or electronic sources, has been carefully acknowledged and
referenced according to the Mechanical Department requirements. I have not
submitted this work for credit previously. I understand that plagiarism is
unacceptable, and I have studied the department’s plagiarism and referencing
policies as set out in the Learner guide.
Student’s signature: _NP MABASO
Acknowledgement

The author would like to pay his respect and acknowledgement to Dr C Anghel as
the supervisor and coordinator respectively who played a vital role in making the
study a progress. Furthermore, I would like to thank all the lab assistance who were
a direction as the exploratory practical’s took place. Assistance likewise also
originated from different specialists who made it feasible for the viable to be triumph,
the author offers his gratitude to them as well.
Abstract

The original experiment of Boyle's law contains several intriguing aspects. First, the
experiment had major logistical difficulties since Boyle utilized a glass tube full of
mercury that was nearly 2.5 m long, and the high pressures occasionally cracked the
glass. Following that, Boyle's table of results has exceedingly unusual fractions such
as 2257/20, 7043/100, 5241/100, and 2741/100, which appear extremely bizarre to
us today. This was due to the fact that they calculated the pressure for a given
volume of gas by utilizing basic multiplication and division while retaining the vulgar
fractions. Because decimal notation was not widely used at the time, Boyle was
unable to express the figures as decimals. Finally, his claim that pressure and
volume were inversely connected was contingent on the readers assessing the
agreement of two groups of numbers in neighboring columns. We would plot the
data today, but orthogonal graphs were not commonly utilized. When Boyle's data is
plotted using present standard methods, it clearly supports his notion that a gas's
volume and pressure are inversely related.
Introduction

This experiment is based on Boyle's Law for perfect gases, which states that the
volume of a given mass of enclosed gas varies inversely proportionally to its
pressure at constant temperature (YUNUS A.CENGEL, 2006). The experiment is
carried out to compare actual test results to theoretical results and confirm Boyle's
Law for perfect gases. The experiment has two procedures: the first is to increase
the pressure using a bicycle spire pump at a constant temperature, and the second
is to decrease the pressure using a vacuum pump at a constant temperature. A
digital indicator is used to measure the change in height in millimeters of the air
trapped in the test cylinder.
Table of Contents
Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. 1
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. 2
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Theory or Background............................................................................................................................. 6
AIM:......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Assumptions............................................................................................................................................ 6
APPARATUS: ............................................................................................................................................ 6
PROCIDURE 1: Increasing Pressure ......................................................................................................... 8
PROCEDURE 2: Decreasing Pressure ....................................................................................................... 9
OBSERVATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Analysis of the Results: ......................................................................................................................... 12
Results Template (Procedure 1)............................................................................................................ 12
Results Template procedure 2 .............................................................................................................. 13
Discussion.............................................................................................................................................. 14
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Theory or Background

AIM:
To compare actual test results with theory and confirm Boyle’s Law for perfect
gases.

Assumptions
1. Internal diameter of 100 mm is the same for both procedure 1 and 2.
2. Actual and theorical values should both match.
3. The gas is within the closed system.
4. Constant mass and number of molecules
EQUATIONS
PV=mRT and .𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2=constant

APPARATUS:

-Two-way valve
-Reservoir
-Test cylinder
-Pressure gauge
-Air vent
-Movable Digital indicator
-Digital Temperature Display
-Hydraulic Oil
-Vacuum Pump
-Pressure Pump (Bicycle-Style)

The TD1000 – Ideal Gases Apparatus (Boyle’s law).A bench-top apparatus that
demonstrates the relationship between pressure and volume of an ideal gas at a
fixed temperature.
PROCIDURE 1: Increasing Pressure

1.We make sure that the equipment was level. The air vents were opened at the top
of each reservoir and checked that the oil reaches the fill level mark on both vessels.
2.The local air pressure was noted
3.The bicycle-style pump was connected to the one-way valve marked pressure.
4.The two way-way valve was turned to the left towards the pressure connection.
5. The temperature display was connected and switched on.
6.The air vent at the top of each vessel was shut.
7.The air temperature in the test cylinder was noted.
8.The pointer of the digital indicator was moved to the top of the cylinder and zero its
display.
9.The pointer was slide down to measure the distance to the bottom of the trapped
air (top of the foil) and table 1 was used to record the readings.
10.The bicycle-style pump was used to slowly increased the pressure in the test
cylinder to 0.4 bar(gauge) while watching the temperature. The pressure was
checked and the digital indicator was used to measure the new distance to the
bottom of the trapped air when the temperature was returning to normal (within 0.1
degree Celsius).It takes several minutes for the temperature to return to normal.
11.Repeated in 0.2 bar steps until pressure of 2 bar was reached.
12.Slowly opened the reservoir air vent to enable the pressure to return to normal.
PROCEDURE 2: Decreasing Pressure

1.We make sure that the equipment was level. The air vents were opened at the top
of each reservoir and checked that the oil reaches the fill level mark on both vessels.
2.The local air pressure was noted
3.The bicycle-style pump was connected to the one-way valve marked pressure.
4.The two way-way valve was turned to the left towards the pressure connection.
5. The temperature display was connected and switched on.
6.The air vent at the top of each vessel was shut.
7.The air temperature in the test cylinder was noted.
8.The pointer of the digital indicator was moved to the top of the cylinder and zero its
display.
9.The pointer was slide down to measure the distance to the bottom of the trapped
air (top of the foil) and table 2 was used to record the data.
10.The vacuum pump was used to slowly reduce the pressure in the test cylinder to
0.1 bar(gauge) while watching the temperature. The pressure was checked, and the
digital indicator was used to measure the new distance to the bottom of the trapped
air when the temperature was returning to normal (within 0.1 degree Celsius).It takes
several minutes for the temperature to return to normal.
11.Repeated in 0.1 bar steps until pressure of 2 bar was reached.
12.Slowly opened the reservoir air vent to enable the pressure to return to normal.
OBSERVATIONS
Table 1:Observation for increasing pressure

Test Cylinder Cross sectional

area:7853.98𝑚𝑚2
Ambient Temperature:21.2 degree Celsius
Local air pressure(bar):740 mmHg
Gauge pressure Po(Bar) Digital indicator Reading (mm)
0 112.85

0.4 70.43

0.6 60.98

0.8 52.41

1 45.56

1.2 40.35

1.4 35.92

1.6 32.49

1.8 29.95

2 27.41
Table 2: Observation for procedure 2

Test Cylinder Cross sectional area:

7853.98𝑚𝑚2
Ambient Temperature:21.2 degree Celsius
Local air pressure(bar):740 mmHg
Gauge pressure Po(Bar) Digital indicator Reading (mm)
0.05 117.26

-0.10 126.08

-0.15 133.41

-0.20 145.36

-0.25 159.07
Analysis of the Results:

Results Template (Procedure 1)

Test Cylinder Cross sectional area: 7853,98 mm2
Ambient Temperature:21.2 degree Celsius
Local air pressure(bar):740 mmHg

Gauge Absolute Digital Volume, V Inverse Constant, k

Pressure pressure indicator (I) volume ,1/V (pxV)
(bar) (bar) readings
(mm)
0 0.99 112.85 0.88 1.14 0.871
0.4 1.39 70.43 0.55 1.82 0.765
0.6 1.59 60.98 0.48 2.08 0.763
0.8 1.79 52.41 0.41 2.44 0.734
1 1.99 45.56 0.36 2.78 0.716
1.2 2.19 40.35 0.31 3.23 0.679
1.4 2.39 35.92 0.28 3.57 0.669
1.6 2.59 32.49 0.25 4 0.648
1.8 2.79 29.95 0.23 4.35 0.642
2 2.99 27.41 0.21 4.76 0.628
Results Template procedure 2

Test Cylinder Cross sectional area: 7853.98𝑚𝑚2

Ambient Temperature:21.2 degree Celsius
Local air pressure(bar):740 mmHg

Gauge Absolute Digital Volume, V Inversely Constant, k

Pressure, P pressure, P Indicator (I) volume, 1/V (p x V)
(bar) (bar) reading (mm)

0.05 0.94 117.26 0.92 1.09 0.866

-0.10 0.89 126.08 0.98 1.02 0.872
-0.15 0.84 133.41 1.04 0.96 0.873
-0.20 0.79 145.36 1.13 0.88 0.892
-0.25 0.74 159.07 1.24 0.81 0.917
Discussion

INCREASING PRESSURE

Absolute pressure vs Volume

1

0,9

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3

The graph above indicates that the relationship between volume and absolute
pressure that is inversely proportional, which suggests that the results produced are
more reliable because they fit with the experiment's theory (Boyle’s Law)
 Absolute pressure vs 1/V
6

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

The graph above shows that as absolute pressure decreases, so does inverse volum
e, implying that absolute pressure is directly proportional to inverse volume. As long
as the temperature remains constant.
 Absolute pressure vs 1/V
1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1

The graph above depicts the relationship between absolute pressure and inverse
volume. when demonstrated above, when the absolute pressure rises,
correspondingly rises the inverse volume. This demonstrates that absolute pressure
is directly proportional to inverse volume, which is consistent with Boyle's Law.
DECREASING PRESSURE

Absolute pressure Vs Volume

1,4

1,2

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1

The graph above shows that as the absolute pressure decreases, the volume increa
ses. It was discovered experimentally that a decrease in absolute pressure causes a
n increase in volume. This is consistent with Boyle's Law of Perfect Gas.
Conclusion and Recommendation

The Boyle’s Law of perfect gases was effectively demonstrated in the laboratory
experiment. The actual volume values went up and down depending on whether the
pressured within the test cylinder increased or decreased for the sake of the
experiment. As a result, the materials used, as well as the data obtained and the
calculation that results, were of good quality to produce as accurate findings as
possible, even though the values of the constant K for the seconds method showed
same contrast.
References
YUNUS A.CENGEL, J. M. (2006). FLUID MECHANICS. New York: McGraw-Hill .

Bonnar, W.B., 1956. Boyle's Law and gravitational instability. Monthly Notices of the

Royal Astronomical Society, 116(3), pp.351-359.

Paré, P.D., 1979. Breaking Boyle's Law. American Review of Respiratory

Disease, 119(4), pp.684-684.

Sharma, B.D., 1982. Boyle's law-A different view. Journal of Chemical

Education, 59(10), p.827.

Appendices

Calculations (increasing pressure)

𝐿𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 740𝑚𝑚ℎ𝑔

1𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 = 0.00133322
0.00133322
740mmHg × = 0.987
1𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔

Given: 𝑃𝑔 = 0.4

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔

= 0.987 + 0.4 = 1.39

Volume = Area × Digital indicactor readings
A = π𝑟 2 = π502 = 7853.98𝑚𝑚2
= 7853.98 × 70.43 =
1
volume inverly =
𝑣
constan k = p × v