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Invigilator’s signature Candidate’s Registration No.

THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

Faculty Name: Engineering and Technology
Department Name: Civil Engineering
Mid-Semester Exam (Fall-22) – Exam Key

Dr. Salman Ali Suhail/

Engr. Ahad Ali Geotechnical and Foundation
Instructor’s Name: Engr Umer Farooq Paper: Engineering

Date: November 15, 2022 Subject Code: CE02421

Time: 90 mins Total Marks: 20

Instructions for candidates

i. Assume suitable data if missing.
ii. Attempt all questions.
iii. Make Proper Sketch where needed.

Q. Statement Marks CLO/ PLO Bloom’s

No. Taxonomy
and Level
1. (a) Produce list of steps to perform soil investigation of any tall building
project.
CLO3/
(b) Use your knowledge of soil investigation and briefly explain various 2+2 C3
PLO4
types of soil samples collected in the field along with their
significance.

2. Design the combined footing for two loaded columns as shown below in
Figure 1. The allowable bearing capacity of the soil is 200 kPa. Use load
factors of 1.2 and 1.6 for dead load and live load respectively.

4 CLO2/ C5
PLO3

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Figure 1: Layout of Two Loaded Columns

3.
Assess the rigid foundation as shown in Figure 2 and estimate its elastic
settlement using theory of elasticity. The size of foundation is 2.5m x 2.5m
in plan, having depth of 1.25m on layer of normally consolidated sand. A
layer of rock is located at 11 𝑚. The SPT values are given in Table 1. Use
𝑘𝑁 175 𝑘𝑁
Poisson’s ratio of 0.3, Atmospheric pressure = 100 2 and 𝑞𝑜 = .
𝑚 𝑚2
The soil is normally consolidated clean sand with 𝛼𝑠 = 10

CLO2/
5 C5
PLO3

Figure 2: Layout of Foundation

Table 1: Corrected SPT N Values with Depth

z (m) N60
0 - 2.5 8
2.5 – 6.5 12
6.5 - 11 15

4 Develop strain influence diagram and determine elastic settlement of

foundation shown in Figure 3, using method proposed by Schmertmann 7 CLO2/PLO3 C5
et. al (1978). The foundation is constructed in sandy soil having unit
weight of 18 kN/m3. The variation of qc with depth is presented in Table

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2. Assume the time of creep of 15 years.

Figure 3: Foundation Layout

Table 2: Corrected SPT N Values with Depth

z (m) qc
0 – 0.5 2300
0.5 – 2.5 3450
2.5 – 5.0 3000

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Question No 1

(a) Steps to Perform Soil Investigation of Any Tall Building Project

1) Reconnaissance
2) Desk Study
3) Field Investigation
4) Laboratory Investigation
5) Preparation of Geotechnical Investigation Report

(b) Types of Soil Samples and Their Significance

1) Disturbed Samples
These samples are collected to perform index testing of soil such as particle size analysis,
natural moisture content, standard/modified proctor test, specific gravity test etc.

2) Undisturbed Samples
These samples are collected using thin-walled tubes to perform strength tests such as
Unconfined compressive strength test, direct shear tests, consolidation tests, tri-axial
tests, CBR test etc.

Question No 2 – Solution

Considering column near property line as Column 1 and interior column as Column 2

𝑄𝑢1 = (1.2 × 1150) + (1.6 × 800) = 2660 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝑢2 = (1.2 × 875) + (1.6 × 650) = 2090 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝑢 = 𝑄𝑢1 + 𝑄𝑢2 = 2660 + 2090 = 4750 𝑘𝑁

𝑄 = (1150 + 800) + (875 + 650) = 3475 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝑢 4750
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑞𝑎 = × 200 = 273.38 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑄 3475

Taking moment about column 1 and anticlockwise moment as negative as clockwise moment as
positive
−(4750 × 𝑥̅ ) + (2090 × 5.5) = 0

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𝑥̅ = 2.42 𝑚

0.45
𝑥 ′ = 2.42 + ( ) = 2.645 𝑚
2

0.45 0.45
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5.5 + ( )+( ) = 5.95 𝑚
2 2
𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛
< 𝑥′ < = 1.98 < 2.645 < 2.975 (𝑂𝐾)
3 2

Hence, we will design it as trapezoidal footing

𝐿 2𝑎 + 𝑏 5.95 2𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑥′ = × → 2.645 = ×
3 𝑎+𝑏 3 𝑎+𝑏

Simplifying and rearranging above equation we get,

0.67𝑎 − 0.33𝑏 = 0 (1)

𝑎+𝑏
𝐴=( )𝐿 (2)
2
Also,
𝑄𝑢
𝐴= (3)
𝑞𝑢

Comparing equation (2) and (3)

𝑄𝑢 𝑎+𝑏
=( )𝐿
𝑞𝑢 2

Putting values in above equation, simplifying and rearranging, we get

𝑎 + 𝑏 = 5.84 (4)

Solving equation (1) and (4) we get

𝑎 = 1.938 𝑚

𝑏 = 3.93 𝑚

Question No 3 – Solution

𝑧 (𝑚) N60 ∆𝑧 (𝑚) 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑝𝑎 𝛼𝑠 𝑁60 (𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚2 )

0 – 2.5 8 2.5 8000
2.5 – 6.5 12 4.0 12000
65 – 11.0 15 4.5 15000

∑ 𝐸𝑠(𝑖) 𝛥𝑧 (8000 × 2.5) + (12000 × 4) + (15000 × 4.5)

𝐸𝑠 = = = 12318.18 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝑧̅ 11

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1 − 𝜇𝑠2
𝑆𝑒(𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒) = 𝑞𝑜 (𝛼𝐵′ ) 𝐼𝐼 (1)
𝐸𝑠 𝑠 𝑓

𝛼 = 4 (𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟)

𝐵 2.5
𝐵′ = = = 1.25 𝑚
2 2
1 − 2𝜇𝑠
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹 (2)
1 − 𝜇𝑠 2

To calculate 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 , we have

𝐿
𝑚= = 1.0
𝐵
𝐻 11 − 1.25
𝑛= = = 7.8
𝐵⁄2 1.25

Using provided design charts, we have

𝐹1 = 0.481

𝐹2 = 0.020
Putting values in equation (2) we get

𝐼𝑠 = 0.49

To calculate 𝐼𝑓 we have B/L = 1.0 and 𝐷𝑓 ⁄𝐵 = 0.5. Using provided curves we have

𝐼𝑓 = 0.78

Now putting all values in equation (1) we get

𝑆𝑒(𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒) = 0.0247 𝑚 = 24.7 𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑒(𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑) = 0.93𝑆𝑒(𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒) = 0.93 × 24.7 = 22.97 𝑚𝑚

Question No 4 – Solution

𝑧1 𝐿
= 0.5 + 0.0555 ( − 1) → 𝑧1 = 1.12 𝑚
𝐵 𝐵
𝑧2 𝐿
= 2 + 0.222 ( − 1) → 𝑧2 = 4.44 𝑚
𝐵 𝐵
𝐿
𝐼𝑧 = 0.1 + 0.0111 ( − 1) → 𝐼𝑧 = 0.11
𝐵

𝑞̅−𝑞 150−(18×1.25)
𝐼𝑧(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = 0.5 + 0.1√𝑞′ = 0.5 + 0.1√18×(1.25+1.12) = 0.67
𝑧(1)

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𝐿
𝐸𝑠(𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡) = (1 + 0.4𝑙𝑜𝑔 ) 𝐸𝑠(𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒)
𝐵

Layer No ∆𝑧 (𝑚) 𝐼𝑧 𝐸𝑠 (𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 ) 𝐼𝑧 ∆𝑧

𝐸𝑠
I 0.5 0.235 6442 1.82E-5
II 1.12 - 0.5 = 0.62 0.515 9607 3.32E-5
III 2.5 – 1.12 = 1.38 0.530 9607 7.61E-5
IV 4.44 – 2.5 = 1.94 0.196 8262 4.60E-5

𝑞
𝐶1 = 1 − 0.5 [ ] = 0.91
𝑞̅ − 𝑞
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝐶2 = 1 + 0.2 log(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ) = 1.44
0.1
𝑧2
𝐼𝑧
𝑆𝑒 = 𝐶1 𝐶2 (𝑞̅ − 𝑞) ∑ 𝛥𝑧 = 0.0289 = 28.9 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝑠
0

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