IPS ACADEMY, IBMR

MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT

ON

A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY ON WEAPON TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

SUBMITTED TO

DEVI AHILYA UNIVERSITY, INDORE

For partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of master’s in business administration [full time]

BATCH: 2020- 23

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

Prof. Kalicharan Modak Rupal Balchandani

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 PREFACE

The bookish knowledge of any programme we get from educational institutions is not enough
to be used in day-to-day life. The more practical knowledge we have, the more beneficial it is
for learning. To make the students aware of the working of the business world, every student
of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION [4th Sem] must undergo a significant
research project where he experiences many aspects of the business under the supervision of
professional managers. I strongly believe that the knowledge gained from this experience is
more than the knowledge gained from the theories in the book.

Place: Indore

Student Name: Rupal Balchandani Date:

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Miss Rupal, a Student of the Institute of Business Management and
Research, IPS Academy, Indore of MBA (Full time) program has prepared a Major Research
Project report on the topic "A descriptive study on Weapon Technology of INDIA" under my
guidance.

INTERNAL EXAMINER: EXTERNAL EXAMINER:

Prof. Kalicharan Modak

DIRECTOR,

IBMR, IPS ACADEMY

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 STUDENT DECLARATION

I Rupal Balchandani, a Student of the Institute of Business Management and Research, IPS
Academy, Indore of MBA (Full time) program has prepared a Major Research Project Report
on the topic "A Descriptive Study on Weapon Technology of India". The Research as per my
knowledge is original and genuine and has not been published in any research Journal
previously.

Student name and signature:

Rupal Balchandani
MBA [5th SEM]

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I often wondered why the project reports always began with acknowledgement. Now, when I

have undertaken the project myself, I realize that project report involves not just the

researcher but so many people that help in making the research possible. Therefore, I take

pleasure in beginning the most beautiful part of the report.

I fall short of words to express my gratitude to my guide Prof Kalicharan Modak and Mr/Ms.

Prof ....... who despite their busy schedule was able to find some time to guide me through the

trouble and solve my problems to the best of my abilities. Without their unfailing guidance,

encouragement, and patience this project would not have been possible. It has been a learning

experience with them.

I am thankful to my faculty guide Prof. Kalicharan Modak who gave me detailed instructions

during my MRP.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................7
1. Defence research and development organisation 8
2. Hindustan aeronautics limited 10
3. Bharat electronics limited 13
4. Mazagon dock shipbuilders limited [MDL] 14
5. Goa shipyard limited 17
6. Bharat Dynamics Limited 18
7. Tata Advanced system 19

II. IGMDP AND MILITRY AIRCRAFTS............................................................22

III. OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................37

IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................38

V. CONCLUSION..............................................................................................39

VI. REFERENCES...............................................................................................40

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 Chapter One:
INTRODUCTION

Military technology is the application of technology for use in warfare. It comprises the kinds
of technology that are distinctly military in nature and not civilian in application, usually
because they lack useful or legal civilian applications, or are dangerous to use without
appropriate military training.

Military technology is often researched and developed by scientists and engineers specifically
for use in battle by the armed forces. Many new technologies came as a result of the military
funding of science.

Weapons engineering is the design, development, testing and lifecycle management of

military weapons and systems. It draws on the knowledge of several traditional engineering
disciplines, including mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, mechatronics, electro-
optics, aerospace engineering, materials engineering, and chemical engineering.

The line is porous; military inventions have been brought into civilian use throughout
history, with sometimes minor modification if any, and civilian innovations have similarly
been put to military use.

Now the world is emerging into a new atomic era. Almost all countries in our world are
using a high-tech advanced technologies in their military and defence in order to protect
and safe guard their nations. Now almost all countries are enough powerful buying
advanced military technologies. The military technology includes the total collection of
equipment, weapons, vehicles, structures, and communication.

The DRDO as the main defence research organisation of the country has the mandate of
developing products and technologies to modernise the armed forces. Its vision is to
empower India with cutting-edge technologies and equip the Services with internationally
competitive systems.

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DRDO since its inception in 1958 has developed many states of the art strategic and tactical
military systems and related technologies in the diverse military disciplines of aeronautics,
armaments, combat vehicles, combat engineering, electronics, materials, missiles, naval
systems, and life sciences.

The DRDO's technological strength is its long experience in system design, system
integration, testing, evaluation, and project management. This has been built over the last
five decades and has enabled it to develop indigenous capabilities in developing weapon
platforms and their delivery systems. The DRDO's mandate covers the broad activities of
design and development of products, systems, and technologies for the Indian armed
forces; providing advice to the defence minister on matters of technology with respect to
acquisitions and production; creating a strong S&T base in the

Country in coordination with the academia and building infrastructure as required for its
projects and programmes.

There are certain organisations who works for weapon development and manufacturing of
India, these are as follows: -

DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION

[DRDO]

BASIS AGENCY OVERVIEW

FORMED 1958
HEADQUARTERS DRDO Bhavan, New Delhi
MOTIVE Vision: Empower India with cutting-edge
defence technologies
Mission: Achieve self-reliance in critical defence
technologies and systems.
EMPLOYEES 30000 [5000 scientists]
ANNUAL BUDGET ₹ 11,375.50 Crores [US$ 1.4 billion] [2021- 22]
MINISTER RESPONSIBLE Rajnath Singh, Defence minister of India
AGENCY EXECUTIVES Dr. Sameer V. Kamath, Chairman, DRDO
PARENT AGENCY Ministry of defence
MOTTO “Strength’s origin is in science”
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is an agency of the Republic of India,
charged with the military's research and development, headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was
formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of
Technical Development and Production of the Indian Ordnance Factories with the Defence Science
Organisation. It is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India.

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With a network of 52 laboratories, which are engaged in developing defence technologies covering
various fields, like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, land combat engineering, life sciences,
materials, missiles, and naval systems, DRDO is India's largest and most diverse research
organisation.

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HISTORY:

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was established in 1958 by

amalgamating the Defence Science Organisation and some of the technical development
establishments. A separate Department of Defence Research and Development was formed
in 1980 which later administered DRDO and its 30 laboratories/establishments [there were
almost 52 labs before merging]. Most of the time the Defence Research Development
Organisation was treated as if it was a vendor and the Army Headquarters or the Air
Headquarters were the customers. Because the Army and the Air Force themselves did not
have any design or construction responsibility, they tended to treat the designer or Indian
industry at par with their corresponding designer in the world market. If they could get a
MiG-21 from the world market, they wanted a MiG-21 from DRDO. DRDO started its first
major project in surface-to-air-missiles (SAM) known as Project Indigo in 1960s. Indigo was
discontinued in later years without achieving full success. Project Indigo led to Project Devil,
along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range SAM and ICBM in the 1970s. Project Devil
itself led to the later development of the Prithvi missile under the Integrated Guided Missile
Development Programme IGMDP) in the 1980s. IGMDP was an Indian Ministry of Defence
programme between the early 1980s and 2007 for the development of a comprehensive
range of missiles, including the Agni Missile, Prithvi ballistic missile, Akash Missile, Trishul
Missile and Nag Missile. In 2010, then defence minister A K ANTONY ordered the
restructuring of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to give 'a
major boost to defence research in the country and to ensure effective participation of the
private sector in defence technology'. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its
functioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the
defence minister as its chairman. The programmes which were largely managed by DRDO
have seen considerable success with many of the systems seeing rapid deployment as well
as yielding significant technological benefits. DRDO has achieved many successes since its
establishment in developing other major systems and critical technologies such as aircraft
avionics, UAVs, small arms, artillery systems, EW Systems, tanks and armoured vehicles,
sonar systems, command and control systems and missile systems.

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 BASIS AGENCY OVERVIEW

TYPE State owned enterprise

INDUSTRY Aerospace Defence
FOUNDED 22nd December1940; 82 years ago, as Hindustan
aircraft
1964; 59 years ago, as Hindustan aeronautics
HEADQUARTERS Bangalore, Karnataka
KEY PEOPLE R. Madhavan [Chairman and MD]
PRODUCTS Transport aircrafts
Fighter aircrafts
Helicopters
REVENUE ₹ 24,620 crores [US$ 3.1 billion] (2022)
OPERATING INCOME ₹ 3,644.98 crores [US$ 460 million] (2022)
NET INCOME ₹ 5,084.87 crores [US$ 640 million] (2022)
TOTAL ASSETS ₹ 53,120.49 crores [US$ 6.7 billion] (2020)
TOTAL EQUITY ₹ 85,000.12 CRORE [US$ 11 billion] (2022)
OWNER Government of India [75.15%]
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 28,345 [April 2019]

HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED

HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence

company, headquartered in Bangalore, India. It is governed under the management of
Indian Ministry of Defence.
The government owned corporation is primarily involved in the operations of the aerospace
and is currently involved in the design, fabrication and assembly of aircraft, jet engines,
helicopters, and their spare parts. It has several facilities spread across India including Nasik,
Korwa, Kanpur, Koraput, Lucknow, Bangalore, and Hyderabad. HAL HF- 24 Marut fighter-
bomber was the first fighter aircraft made in India.

History:

HAL was established as Hindustan Aircraft Limited in Bangalore on the 23 December 1940 by
Walchand Hirachand who became Chairman of the company. The company’s office was
opened at a bungalow called "Eventide" on Domlur Road.

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The organisation and equipment for the factory at Bangalore was set up by William D.
Pawley of the Intercontinental Aircraft Corporation of New York, who had already
established Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO) in partnership with Chinese
Nationalist government. Pawley obtained many machine-tools and equipment from the
United States. The Indian Government bought a one-third stake in the company and by April
1941 by investing 25 lakhs as it believed this to be a strategic imperative. The decision by
the government was primarily motivated to boost British military hardware supplies in Asia
to counter the increasing threat posed by Imperial Japan during Second World War. The
Kingdom of Mysore supplied two directors, Air Marshal John Higgins was resident director.
The first aircraft built was a Harlow PC-5. On 2 April 1942, the government announced that
the company had been nationalised when it had bought out the stakes of Seth Walchand
Hirachand and other promoters so that it could act freely. The Mysore Kingdom refused to
sell its stake in the company but yielded the management control over to the Indian
Government.

In 1943 the Bangalore factory was handed over to the Unites States Army Air Forces but still
using Hindustan Aircraft management. The factory expanded rapidly and became the centre
for major overhaul and repair of American aircraft and was known as the 84th Air Depot.
The first aircraft to be overhauled was a Consolidated PBY Catalina followed by every type of
aircraft operated in India and Burma. When returned to Indian control two years later the
factory had become one of the largest overhaul and repair organisations in the East. In the
post war reorganisation, the company-built railway carriages as an interim activity.

After India gained independence in 1947, the management of the company was passed over
to the Government of India. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was formed on 1 October
1964 when Hindustan Aircraft Limited joined the consortium formed in June by the IAF
Aircraft Manufacturing Depot, Kanpur (at the time manufacturing HS748 under licence) and
the group recently set up to manufacture MiG-21 under licence, with its new factories
planned in Koraput, Nasik and Hyderabad. Though HAL was not used actively for developing
newer models of fighter jets, except for the HF-24 Marutthe company has played a crucial
role in modernisation of the Indian Air Force In 1957 company started manufacturing Bristol
Sidley Orpheus jet engines under licence at new factory located in Bangalore. During the
1980s, HAL's operations saw a rapid increase which resulted in the development of new
indigenous aircraft such as the HAL Tejasand HAL Dhruv. HAL also developed an advanced
version of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 known as MiG-21 Bison, which increased its life-
span by more than 20 years. HAL has also obtained several multimillion-dollar contracts
from leading international aerospace firms such as Airbus, Boeing, and Honeywell to
manufacture aircraft spare parts and engines.

By 2012, HAL was reportedly bogged down in the details of production and has been
slipping on its schedules. On 1 April 2015, HAL reconstituted its Board with Mr. TS Raju as

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CMD, Mr. S Subrahmanyan as Director (Operations), Mr. VM Chamola as Director (HR), CA
Ramana Rao as Director (Finance) and Mr. DK Venkatesh as Director (Engineering & R&D).
There are two Govt. nominees in the Board and six independent Directors.

In March 2017, HAL Chairman and Managing Director T Suvarna Raju announced that the
company had finalised plans for an indigenisation drive. The company plans to produce
nearly 1,000 military helicopters, including Kamov 226, LCH (Light Combat Helicopter) ALH
(Advanced Light Helicopter), and over 100 planes over the next 10 years. HAL will
manufacture the Kamov 226T helicopter under a joint venture agreement with Russian
defence manufacturers. The Kamov 226T will replace the country's fleet of Cheetah and
Chetak helicopters. Over the next 5 years, HAL will carry out major upgrade of almost the
entire fighter fleet of Indian Air Force including Su-30MKI, Jaguars, Mirage, and Hawk jets to
make them "more lethal". The company will also deliver 123 Tejas Light Combat Aircraft to
the IAF from 2018-19, at a rate of 16 jets per year.

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 BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED

BASIS AGENCY OVERVIEW

TYPE Public sector undertaking

TRADED AS BSE: 500049
NSE: BEL
INDUSTRY Aerospace
Avionics
Satellite Communication
Defence
FOUNDED 1954 [69 years ago]
HEADQUARTERS Bangalore, India
REVENUE ₹ 14,233 crores [US$ 1.8 billion] (2021)
KEY PEOPLE Bhanu Prakash Srivastava [Officiating Chairman
and MD]
PRODUCTS Avionics
Radars
Weapon System
Electronic Voting
Machines
IFF
C4I systems
OWNER Government Of India [51.14%]
Mutual Funds [24.43%]
Foreign Portfolio Investors [15.73%]
Life Insurance Corporation [7.5%]
Bank Of Baroda [4%]

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is an Indian state-owned aerospace and defence company
with about nine factories, and several regional offices in India.

It is owned by the Indian Government and primarily manufactures advanced electronic

products for the Indian Armed Forces. BEL is one of nine PSUs under the Ministry of Defence
of India. It has been accorded Navratna status by the Government of India. BEL designs,
develops, and manufactures products in the fields of:

Electronic voting machine, traffic signals, radars, telecommunications, sound and vision
broadcasting, opto-electronics, semiconductors, missiles (AKASH), sonars, fire control
system, simulators, tank electronics (ARJUN MBT), solar systems etc.

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 MAZAGON DOCK SHIPBUILDERS LIMITED [MDL]

BASIS AGENCY OVERVIEW

TYPE Public undertaking

INDUSTRY Shipbuilding
FOUNDED IN 1934
HEADQUARTERS Mumbai, Maharashtra
PRODUCTS Naval ships
Submarines
Offshore platforms
Tankers
Bulk carriers
Platform supply vessels
Patrol boats
KEY PEOPLE Narayan Prasad [Chairman and MD]
OWNER Government Of India [84.83%]
DIVISIONS Ship building, Submarine and Heavy Engineering
SERVICES Ship design
Ship building
Ship repair

Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL), formerly called Mazagon Dock Limited, is India's
prime shipyard. It manufactures warships and submarines for the Indian Navy and offshore
platforms and associated support vessels for offshore oil drilling It also builds tankers, cargo
bulk carriers, passenger ships and ferries.

The shipyards of MDL were established in the 18th century. Ownership of the yards passed
through entities including the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company and the
British-India Steam Navigation Company. Eventually, 'Mazagon Dock Limited' was registered
as a public company in 1934. The shipyard was nationalised in 1960 and is now a Public
Sector Undertaking of the Government of India.

Michael Glanville is the Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) of Mazgaon Docks
Shipbuilders Limited. He joined 15 years ago and has worked across several marinas and
departments, taking charge in 2018. The activities at the yard are shipbuilding, submarine
building, and fabrication of offshore structures. It has manufacturing facilities in Mumbai
and Nhava. The yard has the capability to build warships, submarines, and merchant ships
up to 30,000 dead weight tons (DWT). It can fabricate wellhead platforms, process and
production platforms, and jack-up rigs for oil exploration.

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NAVAL PROJECTS:

Warships

 Nilgiri class frigate

The first warship built by MDL was the 2,900-ton displacement, INS Nilgiri, the lead ship of
her class. She was launched on 15 October 1966 and commissioned on 23 June 1972. Five
more frigates of this class were built over the next nine years for the Indian Navy.

 Godavari class frigate

While construction of the Nilgiri-class was being completed, the Indian Navy proposed
requirements for an indigenously designed and built frigate. This new frigate was to be of
wholly Indian design and manufacture. To address these requirements, MDL designed and
built the Godavari class guided missile frigates with a 3,800 tonnes displacement and ability
to embark two helicopters. Three ships of the class were built by MDL - the lead ship, INS
Godavari, the INS Ganga and INS Gomati.

 Khukri class corvettes

MDL designed and built the first two vessels of the Khukri class corvettes for the Indian
Navy. The lead vessel of the class was commissioned on 23 August 1989, and the second,
INS Kuthar, on 7 June 1990. The remainder of the class were built at Garden Reach
Shipbuilders and Engineer (GRSE) following a transfer of technology from MDL to diversify
warship building capabilities to other yards, as well as to make room at MDL for larger
projects.

 Delhi class destroyers

The next class of vessels designed and built by MDL were the Project-15 Delhi class guided
missile destroyer. These were powered by gas turbines and last ship in the series, INS
Mumbai, on 22 January 2001.

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  Shivalik Class destroyers

The 6000 tons Shivalik class (Project-17) frigates are the first warships with stealth features
to be designed and built in India. These multi-role, guided-missile frigate have reduced radar
signature and have entered service from 2010 onwards. At least three of this class have
been construction at MDL. The lead vessel of the class commissioned on 29 April 2010. The
last ship of the class INS Sahyadri was launched on 27 May 2005 and commissioned on 21
July 2012.

 Kolkata class destroyers

Kolkata class vessels are the next-generation of guided-missile destroyer in the 6,800 tonnes
range to be designed and built at MDL. They incorporate stealth features. The lead vessel of
the class was launched on 30 March 2006. At least three vessels of the class were planned.

 Coast Guard vessels

The yard builds offshore patrol vessels (OPVS) for the Indian Coast Guard. These vessels are
specialised ships built for patrolling, policing, search, and rescue operations in India's
exclusive economic zone. Each carries a helicopter on board. Seven such ships have been
delivered to the Coast Guard.

 Floating police stations

Based on the order by the BSF the yard started construction of floating border out posts
(BOPS). Essentially these BOPS are floating police stations with four high- speed boats. The
yard has delivered 9 out of an order of 14 BOPS.

 Other vessels

Among other ships, the yard has built three fast missile boats, a cadet training ship, and
other utility ships for the Indian Navy.

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 GOA SHIPYARD LIMITED

BASIS AGENCY OVERVIEW

TYPE Public Sector Undertaking

INDUSTRY Ship Building
FOUNDED 1957 as Estaleiros Navais de Goa
HEADQUARTERS Vasco Da Gama, Goa
KEY PEOPLE Brajesh Kumar Upadhyay [Chairman and MD]
PRODUCTS Frigates
Offshore patrol vessels
Patrol boat
Berthing pontoon
Tugboat
Pollution control vessel
Fast attack craft
Survey vessel
Power ship
REVENUE ₹ 864.75 crores [US$ 110 million] (2022)

Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL)is one of India's best shipyards and designated “mini-Ratna" by
the Government of India. It is located on the West Coast of India at Vasco da Gama, Goa. It
was established in 1957, originally by the colonial government of the Portuguese in India, as
the "Estaleiros Navais de Goa" to build barges to be used in Goa's growing mining industry,
which took off after the establishment of India's blockade of Goa in 1955. In the wake of
Portugal's defeat and unconditional surrender to India following the 1961 Indian annexation
of Goa, it was requisitioned to manufacture warships for the Indian Navy and the Indian
Coast Guard.

GSL is undergoing a modernisation of its yard to adapt to the latest technology in

shipbuilding. To this purpose it is negotiating with well-known shipbuilders for an
arrangement to collaborate. To date it has built 167 vessels, including barges, tugs landing
craft, offshore patrol vessels and other vessels for the Indian Navy and Coast Guard and for
export to countries like Yemen. A new slipway has been commissioned to take up major
repair jobs of ships in the dry dock area. A damage control simulator and two double boom
level luffing cranes for heavy lifting have been constructed.

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 BHARAT DYNAMICS LIMITED

BASIS AGENCY OVERVIEW

TYPE Public sector undertaking

INDUSTRY Defence
FOUNDED IN 1970
FOUNDER Ministry Of Defence, India
HEADQUARTERS Hyderabad, Telangana
AREA SERVED India
KEY PEOPLE Commodore Siddharth Mishra [Chairman and
MD]
REVENUE ₹ 3,095.20 crores [US$ 390 million] (2020)
OWNER Government of India [74.93%]
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 3030 [March 2019]

Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) is one of India's manufacturers of ammunitions

and missile systems. It was founded in 1970 in Hyderabad, Telangana, India.[4]
BDL was established to be a manufacturing base for guided weapon systems
and begun with a pool of engineers drawn from Indian Ordnance Factories,
DRDO and aerospace industries, it began by producing a first-generation anti-
tank guided missile - the French SS11B1. This product was a culmination of a
licence agreement the Government of India entered into with Aerospatiale.
BDL has three manufacturing units, located at Kanchan Bagh, Hyderabad,
Telangana; Bhanur, Medak district, Telangana and Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh.

Two new units are planned at Ibrahimpatnam, Ranga Reddy district, Telangana
and Amravati, Maharashtra.

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SOME OF THE LATEST ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN WEAPON
TECHNOLOGY OF INDIA ARE:

TATA ADVANCED SYSTEMS

BASIS AGENCY OVERVIEW

TYPE Private
INDUSTRY Defence
FOUNDED 2007
HEADQUARTERS Hyderabad, Telangana
AREA SERVED India
PARENT Tata Sons

Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) is a fully owned subsidiary of Tata Sons, a holding
company for the Tata Group. It is the lead systems integration company for delivering
weapons from the Tata Group to the Indian Security Forces.

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES:

TASL entered a joint-venture with Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation to manufacture the Sikorsky
S-92 helicopter in India for the domestic civil and military markets. The plan was to have a
USD 200 million manufacturing plant operational in Hyderabad by 2010. As production
began, the first S-92 cabin was delivered in November 2010, and capacity was expected to
increase to 36-48 cabins a year. By the end of July 2013, assembly of 39 cabins had been
completed.
The joint-venture with Sikorsky has since been expanded to include development of
aerospace components for other OEMs. This facility, called Tara, also located in Hyderabad,
was completed in 2011 and commenced production in 2012. Another TASL joint-venture,
with Lockheed Martin, is producing aerostructures for the Lockheed C-130 Super Hercules
and the Lockheed C-130 Super Hercules in India. It is a 74:26 joint venture which currently
assembles Hercules centre wing boxes and empennages.
In partnership with Airbus Defence and Space, the company fielded the EADS CASA C-295
for the Indian Air Force light-cargo fleet renewal program, which the Indian government
approved on 13 May 2015. Under the project 16 complete aircraft will be imported, while
40 aircraft will be manufactured in India. The company has also entered an agreement to
produce structures for the Pilatus PC-12NG from 2016 to 2026.

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 ASHOK LEYLAND

Ashok Leyland is an Indian automobile company headquartered in Chennai, India. It is

owned by the Hinduja Group.

Founded in 1948, it is the 2nd largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in India, 4th largest
manufacturer of buses in the world and 12th largest manufacturer of trucks globally.
Operating nine plants, Ashok Leyland also makes spare parts and engines for industrial and
marine applications. It sold around 1,40,000 vehicles (M&HCV + LCV) in FY 2016.

It is the second largest commercial vehicle company in India in the medium and heavy
commercial vehicle (M&HCV) segment, with a market share of 32.1% (FY 2016). With
passenger transportation options ranging from 10 seaters to 74 seaters (M&HCV = LCV),
Ashok Leyland is a market leader in the bus segment. In the trucks segment Ashok Leyland
primarily concentrates on the 16 to 25-ton range. However, Ashok Leyland has a presence in
the entire truck range, from 7.5 to 49 tons.

ASHOK LEYLAND DEFENCE SYSTEMS

Ashok Leyland Defence System (ALDS) is a newly floated company by the Hinduja Group.
Ashok Leyland, the flagship company of Hinduja group, holds 26 percent in the newly
formed Ashok Leyland Defence Systems (ALDS). The company has a mandate to design and
develop defence logistics and tactical vehicles, defence communication and other systems.
Ashok Leyland is the largest supplier of logistics vehicles to the Indian Army. It has supplied
over 60,000 of its Stallion vehicles which form the Army's logistics backbone.

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 KALYANI RAFAEL ADVANCED SYSTEM PVT. LTD.

Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems Pvt. Ltd. (KRAS) is a Joint Venture between Kalyani Group
and Rafael Advanced Defence Systems Ltd., Israel. KRAS is India's first private sector Missile
sub-systems manufacturing facility. Through this green-field venture, we bring in committed
Foreign Direct Investments that will also create significant employment opportunities in the
country. In line with the Government's "Make in India" initiative the Joint Venture has
invested in high-end technology and advanced manufacturing techniques to design, develop
and manufacture state-of-the-art weapon systems for the Indian armed forces.

Phase-1 of the complex has been established at the Hardware Park

Phase-2 of the project will be undertaken at another industrial location in Hyderabad.

KRAS is India's first private sector Missile sub-systems manufacturing entity. Spread across
an area of 24,000 sq. Ft., the KRAS plant in Hardware Tech-Park (In the close vicinity of Rajiv
Gandhi International Airport (RGIA)), Hyderabad will enable production of SPIKE ATGM high-
end technology systems within the country. It will be engaged in development of a wide
range of advanced capabilities like Missile Technology, Command Control and Guidance,
Electro- Optics, Remote Weapon Systems, Precision Guided Munitions and System
Engineering for Missile Integration. The facility has been designed to meet the top security
classification by adopting highest level of security clearance from Indian and Israel
Governments. KRAS has adopted the world class system of ERP: SAP S4/ Hana, the new
generation SAP Business Suite for Digital Enterprise, designed highest security level with
three layer on-premise, physically isolated IT security architecture and physical security
measures.

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 CHAPTER 2
INTEGRATED GUIDED MISSILE DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME [IGMDP]

The Indian Ministry of Defence programme for the research and development of the
Defence Research and Development partnership with the comprehensive range of missiles.
The programme was managed by Factory Board in Organisation (DRDO) and Ordnance other
Indian government political organisations. The project started in 1982-83 with popular
political support from the successive governments and bestowed under the leadership of
Abdul Klam who oversaw its ending in 2008 after these strategic missiles were successfully
developed.

On 8 January 2008, the DRDO formally announced the successful completion of the IGMDP.
It added that the strategic integrated guided missile programme was completed with its
design objectives achieved since most of the missiles in the programme had been developed
and inducted by the Indian armed forces.

Dr. Abdul Kalamled to the birth of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.
The scientists proposed the development of each missile consecutively, the Defence
Minister R. Venkataraman asked them to reconsider and develop all the missiles
simultaneously. Thus, four projects, to be pursued concurrently, were born under the
IGMDP:

Short range surface-to-surface missile (code-named Prithvi)

Short range low-level surface-to-air missile (code-named Trishul) Medium range surface-to-
air missile (code-named Akash) and Third-generation anti-tank missile (code-named Nag).
The Agni Missile was initially conceived in the IGMDP as a technology demonstrator project
in the form of a re-entry vehicle, and was later upgraded to a ballistic missile with different
ranges. As part of this program, the Interim Test Range at Balasore in Orissa was also
developed for missile testing.

The missiles mentioned here are code-named as PATNA are as follows: -

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 1. PRITHVI:

The Prithvi missile is a family of tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) and is
India's first indigenously developed ballistic missile. Development of the Prithvi began in 1983, and it
was first test-fired on 25 February 1988 from Srihari Kota, SHAR Centre, Potti Sreeramulu Nellore
district, Andhra Pradesh. It has a range of up to 150 to 300 km. The land variant is called Prithvi while
the naval operational variant of Prithvi I and Prithvi II class missiles are code named Dhanush
(meaning Bow). Both variants are used for surface targets. The Prithvi is said to have its propulsion
technology derived from the Soviet SA-2 surface-to-air missile. Variants make use of either liquid or
both liquid and solid fuels. Developed as a battlefield missile, it could carry a nuclear warhead in its
role as a tactical nuclear weapon.

The initial project framework of the IGMDP envisioned the Prithvi missile as a short-range ballistic
missile with variants for the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and the Indian Navy. Over the years the
Prithvi missile specifications have undergone several changes. The Prithvi I class of missiles were
inducted into the Indian Army in 1994, and it is reported that Prithvi I missiles are being withdrawn
from service, being replaced with Prahar missiles. Prithvi II missiles were inducted in 1996. Prithvi III
class has a longer-range of 350 km, and was successfully test fired in 2004.

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 2. AGNI

The Agni missile is a family of medium to intercontinental range ballistic missiles developed by India,
named after one of the five elements of nature. Agni missiles are long range, nuclear weapons
capable surface to surface ballistic missile. The first missile of the series, Agni-I was developed under
the IGMDP and tested in 1989. After its success, Agni missile program was separated from the
IGMDP upon realizing its strategic importance. It was designated as a special program in India's
defence budget and provided adequate funds for subsequent development as of 2008, the Agni
missile family comprises three deployed variants while two more variants are under testing.

TYPE:
 Medium range ballistic missile [Agni- I, Agni- II]
 Intermediate range ballistic missile [Agni- III, Agni- IV]
 Intercontinental ballistic missile [Agni- 3, Agni- 4]

NAME TYPE RANGE

AGNI- I MRBM 700- 900 km [Operational]

AGNI- II MRBM 2000- 3000 km [Operational]
AGNI- III IRBM 3500- 5000 km [Operational]
AGNI- IV IRBM 3000- 4000 km [Operational]
AGNI- V ICBM 5000- 8000 km [Operational]
AGNI- VI ICBM 8000- 10000 km
[Under Development]

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 3. TRISHUL

Trishul is the name of a short-range surface to air missile developed by India as a part of the
Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. It has a range of 12 km and is fitted with a
5.5 kg warhead. Designed to be used against low- level (sea skimming) targets at short
range, the system has been developed to defend naval vessels against missiles and as a
short-range surface-to-air missile on land. According to reports, the range of the missile is
12 km and is fitted with a 15 kg warhead. The weight of the missile is 130 kg. The length of
the missile is 3.1 m. India officially shut down the project on 27 February 2008. In 2003,
Defence Minister George Fernandes had indicated that the Trishul missile had been de-
linked from user service and would be continued as a technology demonstrator missile has a
complete fibreglass structure and weighs around 42 kg.

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 4. NAG

Nag is India's third generation "Fire-and-Forget" anti-tank missile. It is an all-weather, ANAG top
attack missile with a range of 3 to 7 km.

The missile uses an 8 kg tandem HEAT Warhead capable of defeating modern armour including ERA
(Explosive reactive armour) and composite armour. Nag Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) guidance with day
and night capability. Mode of launch for the IIR seeker is LOBL (Lock on Before Launch). Nag can be
mounted uses on an infantry vehicle; a helicopter launched version will also be available with
integration work being carried out with the Hal Dhruv.

Separate versions for the Army and the Air Force are being developed. For the Army, the missiles will
be carried by specialist carrier vehicles (NAMICA-Nag Missile Carrier) equipped with a thermographic
camera for target acquisition. NAMICA is a modified BMP-2 IFV licence produced as "Sarath" in India.
The carriers can carry four ready-to-fire missiles in the observation/launch platform which can be
elevated with more missiles available for reload within the carrier. For the Air Force, a nose-
mounted thermal imaging system has been developed for guiding the missile's trajectory "Helina".
The Nag was test fired for the 45th time on 19 March 2005 from the Test Range at Ahmednagar
(Maharashtra), signalling the completion of the developmental phase. It will now enter production
phase, subject to user trials and acceptance by the Indian Army.

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 5. AKASH

Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile developed as part of India’s Integrated

Guided Missile Development Programme to achieve self- sufficiency in the area of surface-
to-air missiles. It is the most expensive missile project ever undertaken by the Union
government in the 20th century. Development costs skyrocketed to almost US$120 million,
which is far more than other similar systems.

Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of 30 km. It has a

launch weight of 720 kg, a diameter of 35 cm and a length of 5.8 metres. Akash flies at
supersonic speed, reaching around Mach 2.5. It can reach an altitude of 18 km. A digital
proximity fuse is coupled with a 55 kg pre- fragmented warhead, while the safety arming
and detonation mechanism enables a controlled detonation sequence. A self-destruct
device is also integrated. It is propelled by a solid fuelled booster stage. The missile is
completely guided by the radar, without any active guidance of its own. This allows it
greater capability against jamming as the aircraft self-protection jammer would have to
work against the high-power Rajendra, and the aircraft being attacked is not alerted by any
terminal seeker on the Akash itself. he Akash system meant for the Army uses the T-72tank
chassis for its launcher and radar vehicles.

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 6. BRAHMOS

The BrahMos (designated PJ-10) is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile that can be
launched from submarine, ships, aircraft, or land. It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the
world. It is a joint venture between the Russian Federation's NPO Mashino stroeyenia and India's
DRDO who together have formed BrahMos Aerospace. It is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks cruise
missile and other similar sea-skimming Russian cruise missile technology. The name BrahMos is a
portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India, and the Moskva of
Russia.

It is the world's fastest anti-ship cruise missile in operation. The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8
to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0. The land- launched and ship-launched versions are
already in service, with the air and submarine-launched versions currently in the testing phase. An
air-launched variant of BrahMos appeared in 2012. A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II,
is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability. It
is expected to be ready for testing by 2020. India wanted the BrahMos to be based on a mid-range
cruise missile like the P- 700 Granit, its propulsion is based on the Russian missile, and missile
guidance has been developed by BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is expected to reach a total order
US$13 billion.

In 2016, as India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India and
Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of Brahmos missiles with 600 km-plus
range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy. The world's fastest supersonic
cruise missile, BrahMos, was successfully on November 22, 2017, for the first time from the Indian
Air Force's frontline fighter, Sukhoi-30MKI. The missile was tested against a sea- flight-tested based
target in the Bay of Bengal. The latest test of the multi-platform weapon completes the tactical
cruise missile triad for India, as it is now capable of being launched from land, sea and air.

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 MILITARY AIRCRAFTS

1. RAFALE:
The Dassault Rafale, literally meaning "gust of wind", and "burst of fire" in a more military sense) is a
French twin-engine, canard delta wing, multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault
Aviation. Equipped with a wide weapon, the Rafale is intended to perform air supremacy,
interdiction, aerial reconnaissance, ground support, in-depth strike, anti-ship strike and nuclear of
range deterrence by Dassault. missions. The Rafale is referred to as an "omnirole" aircraft. In the late
1970s, the French Air Force and French Navy were seeking to replace and consolidate their current
fleets of aircraft. In order to reduce development costs and boost prospective sales, France entered
an arrangement with UK. Germany, Italy, and Spain to produce an agile multi-purpose fighter, the
Eurofighter Typhoon. Subsequent disagreements over workshare and differing requirements led to
France's pursuit of its own development programme. Dassault built a technology demonstrator
which first flew in July 1986 as part of an eight- year flight-test programme, paving the way for the
go-ahead of the project. The Rafale is distinct from other European fighters of its era in that it is
almost entirely built by one country, involving most of France's major defence contractors, such as
Dassault, Thales and Safran.

In September 2016, India had placed an order for 36 Rafale fighter jets from France's Dassault
Aviation in a government-to-government contract. Under the Rs 59,000 crore deal, India was to
receive all 36 jets in flyaway condition. All 36 jets are expected to be delivered to the IAF by 2022.

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 2. SUKHOI SU- 30 MKI

The Sukhoi Su- 30 MKI reporting built under licence by India's Hindustan Aeronautic Limited (HAL)
for a twinjet Name: Flanker-H) is multirole air superiority fighter developed by Russia's Sukhoi and
the Indian Air Force (IAF). A variant of the Sukhoi Su-30, it is a heavy, all- weather, long-range fighter.

Development of the variant started after India signed a deal with Russia in 2000 to manufacture 140
Su-30 fighter jets. The first Russian-made Su-30MKI variant was accepted into the Indian Air Force in
2002, while the first indigenously assembled Su-30MKI entered service with the IAF in 2004. The IAF
had 240 Su-30MKIs in service as of October 2017. The Su-30MKI is expected to form the backbone of
the Indian Air Force's fighter fleet to 2020 and beyond.

The aircraft is tailor-made for Indian specifications and integrates Indian systems and avionics as well
as French and Israeli sub-systems. It has abilities like the Sukhoi Su-30 with which it shares many
features and components. The Su-30MKI was designed by Russia's Sukhoi Corporation beginning in
1995 and built under licence by India's (HAL). The Su-30MKI is derived from the Sukhoi Su-27 and has
a fusion of technology from the Su-37 demonstrator and Su-30 program, being more advanced than
the Su-30 MK and the Chinese Su-30 MKK/MK2 Russia's Defence Ministry was impressed with the
type's performance envelope and ordered 30 Su-30SMS, a localised Su-30MKI, for the Russian Air
Force. It features state of the art avionics developed by Russia, India and Israel for display,
navigation, targeting and electronic warfare; France and South Africa provided other avionics.

After two years of evaluation and negotiations, on 30 November 1996, India signed a US$1.462
billion deal with Sukhoi for 50 Russian-produced Su- 30MKIS in five batches. The first batch were
eight Su-30MKs, the basic version of Su-30. The second batch were to be 10 Su-30Ks with French and
Israeli avionics.

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 3. MIKOYAN MiG- 2

The Mikoyan MiG-29 (NATO Reporting Name: Fulcrum) is a twin- engine jet fighter aircraft designed
in the Soviet Union. Developed by the Mikoyan design bureau as an air superiority fighter during the
1970s, the MiG-29, along with the larger Sukhoi Su-27 was developed to counter new U.S. fighters
such as the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon The MiG-
29 entered service with the Soviet Air Force in 1982.

While originally oriented towards combat against any enemy aircraft, many MiG- 29s have been
furnished as multirole fighters capable of performing several

different operations, and are commonly outfitted to use a range of air-to-surface armaments and
precision munitions. The MiG-29 has been manufactured in several major variants, including the
multirole Mikoyan M-29Mand the nasalized Mikoyan MiG-29K the most advanced member of the
family to date is the Mikoyan MiG-35. Later models frequently feature improved engines, glass
cockpits with HOTAS-compatible flight controls, modern radar and IRST sensors, and considerably
increased fuel capacity; some aircraft have also been equipped for aerial refuelling.

India was the first international customer of the MiG-29. The Indian Air Force (IAF) placed an order
for more than 50 MiG-29s in 1980 while the aircraft was still in its initial development phase. Since
its induction into the IAF in 1985, the aircraft has undergone a series of modifications with the
addition of new avionics, sub-systems, turbofan engines and radars.

Indian MiG-29s were used extensively during the 1999 Kargil War in Kashmir by the Indian Air Force
to provide fighter escort for Mirage 2000s attacking targets with laser guided bombs.

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 4. HAL TEJAS:

The HAL Tejas is an Indian single-seat, single-jet engine, multirole light fighter designed by
the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for
the Indian Air Force and Navy. The aircraft has a tail-less compound delta-wing
configuration, which provides for high manoeuvrability. It came from the Light Combat
Aircraft (LCA) programme, which began in the 1980s to replace India's ageing MiG-21
fighters. In 2003, the LCA was officially named "Tejas", which means "Radiant" in Sanskrit.

Tejas has a pure double delta wing configuration (wing root leading edge sweep 50°, outer
wing leading edge sweep 62.5° and trailing edge forward sweep 4°), with no tailplanes or
canard, and a single dorsal fin. It integrates technologies such as relax static stability, fly by
wire flight control system, multi-mode radar, integrated digital avionics system, composite
material structures, and a flat rated engine. It is the smallest and lightest in its class of
contemporary supersonic combat aircraft.

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 5. DASSAULT MIRAGE 2000

The Dassault Mirage 2000 is a French multirole, single-engine Fourth- Generation jet fighter
manufactured by Dassault Aviation. It was designed in the late 1970s as a lightweight fighter
to replace the Mirage III for the French Air Force. The Mirage 2000 evolved into a multirole
aircraft with several variants developed, with sales to several nations. It was later developed
into the Mirage 2000N and 2000D strike variants, the improved Mirage 2000-5, and several
export variants. Over 600 aircraft were built and it has been in service with nine nations The
sale of US F-16s to Pakistan prompted India to enter talks with France regarding the
purchase of the Mirage 2000. In October 1982, the country placed an order with Dassault
for 36 single-seat Mirage 2000Hs and 4 twin-seat Mirage 2000THs (with H standing for
"Hindustan"). Previously, negotiations were underway for a purchase of up to 150 aircraft,
which would have paved the way for joint production with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
In any case, the number of aircraft ordered was too small for such an arrangement. India
nevertheless had the option to produce several Mirage 2000s under license that was later
scrapped due to the country's close relationship with the Soviet Union. India also purchased
ATLIS II pods and laser-guided weapons for the Mirage, which the IAF had named the
"Vajra" In 1999, when the Kargil War broke out, the Mirage 2000 performed remarkably
well during the whole conflict in the high Himalayas, even though the Mirages supplied to
India had limited air interdiction capability and had to be heavily modified to drop laser-
guided bombs as well as conventional unguided bombs. Armed with Pave way LGBS, the
aircraft were involved in the destruction of enemy command bunkers.

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 6. SEPECAT JAGUAR:

The SEPECAT Jaguar is a British-French jet attack aircraft originally used by the British Royal
Air Force and the French Air Force in the close air support and nuclear strike role. It is still in
service with the Indian Air Force. The Jaguar was exported to India, Oman, Ecuador, and
Nigeria. With various air forces, the Jaguar was used in numerous conflicts and military
operations in Mauritiana, Chad, Iraq, Bosnia, and Pakistan, as well as providing a ready
nuclear delivery platform for Britain, France, and India throughout the latter half of the Cold
War and beyond. In the Gulf War, the Jaguar was praised for its reliability and was a
valuable coalition resource.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
Pitre, (2011) in his article says that a new era has dawned in the defence sector due to new
technological developments and this has changed the warfare techniques. He mentioned
the vision of military (Homeland Security) in simple three words -Prabandh, Sanrakshan and
Pratisad meaning arrangements, defence, and response. He concludes by pointing out
where India lacks in defence and internal security management system. He indicated that
new technology for the protection is beneficial and training to defence personnel is
necessary. For this purpose, a centralized system is to be established, through checking of
the emigrants, protection of land, air, and water routes, etc., is to be made. The Electronic
Eye is an essential and this needs training and education in modern ways to the entrants in
defence.

Rajesh Basrur and Bharath Gopalaswamy-This volume is the second part of a two- part
project on Indian military modernization which examines India's evolving capabilities in
areas relating to advanced technologies in cruise missiles, nuclear weapons, anti-satellite
weapons, missile defence, and information-based warfare. How have India's strategic
capabilities evolved and what direction are they likely to take? The volume addresses this
central question and examines the political, institutional, and organizational challenges
confronting India's efforts. India's evolving strategic capabilities show signs of both
continuity and change. While the doctrinal and organizational elements in India's military
posture reflect some changes, addressing the inefficiencies within the Indian national
security decision-making structure is likely to be a long-drawn-out process. The trajectory of
India's strategic programmes will remain incremental because India is primarily a reactive
state. Owing to the absence of clear direction from the apex level of government and to
inertia, changes are likely to be characterized by slow improvements and by limited changes
in institutional capacities and capabilities for the policy- relevant future. Apart from this,
critical constraining factors internal to the Indian state will manifest themselves in a gap
between ambition and capacity to deliver on capabilities. The non-inclusion of the military
in crafting national strategy and national security decision making serves to limit the scope
for a dramatic transformation in India's strategic capabilities. In sum, the modernization of
India's strategic capabilities will be staggered, moving more in fits and starts.

Kalyan M. Kemburi and Richard A. Bitzinger-There exists a broad recognition within the
Indian military establishment about the value of cruise missiles as an important tool of
warfare. The challenge has been in effectively developing and acquiring these systems and
integrating them into their force structure and war fighting concepts. This chapter aims to
provide an in-depth analysis pertaining to the challenges and opportunities associated with
the development and deployment of cruise missiles, as well as an analysis of various
capabilities that cruise missiles provide to India's political and military planners. With the
advent of cruise missiles with the armed forces, New Delhi, for the first time has capabilities

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to undertake all-weather precision strikes at standoff ranges with limited risks for its
personnel. Induction of this new weapon system requires concomitant changes in
operational concepts and organizational structure; changes which are gradually being
undertaken by the Indian military. (Bit zinger, February 2015) This article was originally
published in 'Defence Primer'-The Indian military of the future, backed by nuclear capability,
is essentially meant for conventional deterrence and war fighting to the extent of even
taking on the worst-case scenario of a 'two-and-a-half front threat'. The Indian Army's
deterrence posture must be based on flexible capability-based structures to deal with
various forms and levels of conflict. It requires technology pre-dominant capabilities for
prosecuting hybrid conventional and informational wars under the nuclear shadow. We
need to prepare for the same with an immediate (three years), medium (seven years) and
long-term (15 years) perspective. We must develop appropriate retaliatory counter sub-
conventional threat capability within existing resources by raising the Special Forces
Command. The Indian Army needs to undergo transformation and right-sizing towards
becoming an optimised modern force, with a more efficient teeth-to-tail ratio. Though it
provides 'comfort' from the military commanders' point of view to have an independent
capability for each front, it would make more pragmatic and economic sense to have only a
minimum essential capability on either front while maintaining a suitably large dual-front
capable central reserve, possibly under the aegis of a Strategic Reserve Command to
reinforce the front where the actual threat develops. Thus, our logistics need to be
integrated and optimised on priority.

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 CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS

OBJECTIVE:

1. To have a detailed study on weapon technology of India.

2. To study the role of DRDO and other organizations in developing weapon technology
in India.
3. To know the strength of Indian Defence System.

LIMITATIONS:

1. The topic is very much confidential.

2. Data is collected from limited sources so data may be biased.

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 CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. Research in

commonplace refers to a search of knowledge. Research is an original contribution to the
existing state of knowledge making for its advancement. The role of research in several
fields of applied economics whether related to business or economy has greatly increased in
modern times.

Firstly, we should know what is a research methodology. Every project repeat conducted
scientifically had specified framework for controlling data collection. This framework is
collecting research design accurately and economically.

RESEARCH DESIGN:
Type of study: Descriptive
Nature of study: Qualitative and quantitative

There are generally two types of research designs: -

1. Exploratory Research
2. Conclusive Research
These types of research design used in this project are exploratory. Exploratory research is
that in which new relationship, are discovered, and looking to the objective of the research
that is finding out the most dominant attribute.

TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION

The data collected for theoretical study from various books on subjects, internet, and
websites. Secondary data is any data which have been gathered earlier for some purpose.
For collecting secondary data researcher used internet, newspaper, articles, journals from
websites etc. The universe of the study was confined to DRDO, New Delhi and Indian
Ordinance factories only.

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

Present study concludes that Indian Defence sector has a good potential over its research
and development program, which is the most important factor for weapon technology.
Although it doesn’t have equality in import and export of weapons that is India still import
more weapons than exporting its own. But it has good market for its weapon exports.
Countries like Afghanistan, Maldives, Tajikistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Oman, Bangladesh, Vietnam,
UAE, Iran, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Qatar, Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Kyrgyzstan, Indonesia and even Israel import weapons from India. Which makes
a good impact on Indian economy and Indian technology.

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 Chapter 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Pitre, S. (2011). Yudhashastrachyanavyaparvachinandi. Daily Sakal Newspaper (Saptarang

Suppliment) September 11th Sunday, 6-7

2. Bharath, R. B. (2015). India's Military Modernization: Strategic Technologies. Journal of Defence

Studies, 1-2.

3. Bitzinger, K. M. (February 2015). Cruise Missiles in India. India's Military Modernization, 1.

4. "Government of India MOD Annual Report 2013-14"

5. Journal of Defence Studies

6. Suman, Mrinal (2007) Defence University for India: an appraisal of the proposition. Indian Defence
Review.

7. https://en.wikipedia

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