FINGERPRINT BUREAU OF INDIA

Abstract
Fingerprints are useful in order to identify one’s identity. It varies from person to person.
Earlier the concept of fingerprints has not been much recognised in terms of legal sense. The
idea that fingerprints could be used as a manner of personal identity changed into first
propose by Sir William Herschel, District Justice of the Peace of Hooghly District, of Bengal
province in 1858. Henry Faulds gave the idea of tracing a crook from the latent prints found
at the scene of crime. The first ever Finger Print Bureau within the world become mounted at
creator's constructing at Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1897. The Central Finger publish Bureau,
more known by the acronym CFPB among the law enforcement agencies of the country,
came into actuality in the time 1955.

Introduction

As human beings we all are different and that is a universal fact. Being human we have
different features and one of the most important thing in terms of forensic science and law is
the use of finger prints to determine one’s identity. Fingerprints varies from person to person.
The idea that fingerprints could be used as a manner of personal identity changed into first
propose thru Sir William Herschel, District Justice of the Peace of Hooghly District, of
Bengal province in 1858. Later, Dr. Henry Faulds gave the idea of tracing a crook from the
latent prints found at the scene of crime and got here to the realization that no fingerprints are
alike. Primarily based at the concept of Herschel and Faulds, Sir Francis Galton, the famend
English Scientist mounted scientifically the essential standards of specialty and permanency
in Finger Prints. It was then that Sir Edward Richard Henry, the Inspector stylish of Police,
lower Bengal with the capable assistance of Indian officials in particular, Khan Bahadur
Azizul Haque and Rai Bahadur Hemchandra Bose, advanced a tool of kind of fingerprints,
thereby discarding the anthropometric device of identification. The primary ever Finger Print
Bureau within the world become mounted at creator's constructing at Calcutta (now Kolkata)
in the 12 months 1897.

Establishment of Fingerprint bureau of India

The Central Finger publish Bureau, more known by the acronym CFPB among the law
enforcement agencies of the country, came into actuality in the time 1955. It fulfilled a long
cherished demand of law enforcement agencies throughout the country as a nodal agency to
effectively deal in Inter-State nature of Felonious enquiries by dogging/ locating Inter-State
culprits, and, Standardization, Modernization and Collaboration of Fingerprint Bureaux. A
need was felt to computerise cutlet print records at State and National headquarters for
effective conservation of records and coordinating Crime of inter-state and inter-national
culprits. The World's First Cutlet publish Bureau was set up in Calcutta in 1897. A CFPB was
established at Shimla in 1905, still it was closed in 1922 as a result of retrenchment proffers
of the Inchcape Committee. The Present CFPB came into actuality in 1955 under the
executive control of Intelligence Bureau at Delhi. It was dislocated to Calcutta (now Kolkata)
in 1956. The executive control of CFPB shifted to Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in
1973, and since July, 1986, this has been under the executive control of NCRB.

Objectives

 To maintain Finger publish record slips of the indicted person condemned in colorful
Acts.
 To conduct hunt relating to unidentified Interstate arrested suspected persons entered
from police stations and other probing agencies in India.
 To maintain the fingerprints of transnational culprits and red corner notices
transferred by Interpol and to conduct hunt on references entered from foreign
countries, through Interpol.
 To take over examination of questioned cutlet prints on documents entered from
Central Government Departments/ Undertakings/ Courts of law.
 To conduct training in Fingerprint Science to State/ Central Police labor force and
also to labour force from foreign countries under Technical Co- Operation
Scheme'( TCS) of Colombo Plan,' Special Commonwealth African Assistance
Plan'( SCAAP) and International Technical and Economic Co-Operation'( ITEC).
 To co-ordinate the work of the State Finger publish Bureaux and give necessary
guidance in all matters relating to Fingerprint Science.
 To conduct the All India Conference of Directors of Finger publish Bureaux.
 To conduct All India Board Examination annually for accrediting Finger publish
Experts.
  To conduct competition in Finger publish wisdom at the All India Police Duty Meet
held annually.

CFPB Evolution

1897 First Finger Print Bureau of the world was set up in Calcutta (now Kolkata)

1905 Central Finger Print Bureau was established at Shimla

1922 CFPB closed Inchcape Committee

1951 Conference of DIGs, CID Recommendation for re-establishment of CFPB

1955 CFPB re-established under Intelligence Bureau in Delhi

1956 CFPB relocated to Calcutta (now Kolkata)

1958 All India Board Examination for Finger Print Experts

1973 Administrative control of CFPB shifted to Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)

1986 NCRB was formed with administrative control of CFPB

1992 First version of "Fingerprint Analysis & Criminal Tracing System"(FACTS) installed

1995 FACTS - 3 operationalized

1997 Finger Print in India Publication

2007 FACTS - 5 operationalized

2017 NAFIS (As part of ICJS)

Functional roles and Training Activities

The main functions of the CFPB have been substantially to maintain a database of point of
culprits, National & International, and to circulate the information. This was aimed at

 To maintain Finger publish Record Slips, conduct hunt of specified orders of Indian
and foreign culprits condemned of offences falling under the schedule of crime of
CFPB, and also, to maintain records of transnational culprits transferred by the
Interpol Division of CBI and Narcotics Control Bureau, New Delhi.
  To take over examination of questioned cutlet prints appertained by Central Govt.
departments and Govt. of India undertakings.
 To conduct training in F.P. Science ( Theory and Practical) to police and non-police
labour force of State Govt. in India and labour force from foreign countries under'
Technical Co-operation Scheme' of Colombo Plan,' Special Commonwealth African
Assistance Plan' and International Technical and Economic Co-operation' with other
developing countries.
 To Co-ordinate the work of the State Finger publish Bureaux and give necessary
guidance in all matters relating to F.P. Science. To conduct All Indian Board
Examination (since 1956) every time for accrediting the Cutlet publish Experts. The
eligibility to appear in the examination is a graduate from a honoured university and
who has completed three times practical experience in cutlet print work.
 To conduct All Indian Board Examination (since 1956) every time for accrediting the
Cutlet publish Experts. The eligibility to appear in the examination is a graduate from
a honoured university and who has completed three times practical experience in
cutlet print work.
 To conduct competition in Cutlet publish Science at the All India Police Duty Meet
(since 1958) annually.
 To publish ‘Cutlet publish in India’, an periodic publication, which is an in- depth
study of the performance and conditioning of all the Cutlet publish Bureaux of the
country.

Automated Fingerprint Identification System

The Indian Version of Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is called Data,
which was co-developed, by NCRB and CMC Ltd., India, The current interpretation of Data
is5.0. The system uses Image Processing and Pattern Recognition fashion to capture, render,
store and & match fingerprints, including comparison of chance prints. It uses pattern class,
core and delta information, ramifications position, direction, neighbouring information, crest
counts and distances, viscosity, type, print background/ focus information etc. for matching
Finger Prints. Piece meal from the below details, Data also store non-fingerprint information
or demographic details like gender, region and conviction details.
Key Role

At the Central Finger publish Bureau, all the questioned documents involving disputed Finger
Prints are examined and opinion given regarding their identity or else. The service is free of
charge for all Government agencies and Public Sector Undertakings. In case of private
agencies or individualities, the documents should be routed through Govt. agencies.

Future Road Map

 Procurement of National Automated Finger print Identification System (NAFIS)

and integrating it with CCTNS/ICJS.
 Modernization and strengthening of State Finger Print Bureaux
 Revision of RRs, AIBE rules and CFPB manual.
 Establishing Regional Training centers for imparting training in Finger Print
 Science.
 Introduction of Research Fellowships and Internship Programmes.
 MoU with national and International Universities/faculty exchange programme
and research.
 CFPB to be developed as a centre for excellence for Finger Print Science for
 Central and State police forces.

Cases solved through Finger Prints

CFPB also receives number of Finger publish document cases from Government
departments, court of law, banks, post services, disquisition agencies etc. for expert
opinion.
Some of the important cases answered CFPB by in recent times are as under:

1. Impersonation in the reclamation of Examination of Constables CFPB Document

Case No.72/2016 Document case number 72/2016 entered from CAPF presents a case
of impersonation in the reclamation examination of bobbies. After violent inquiry it
was discovered that indeed there was impersonation and in the said case the
questioned print fixed on the answer distance of the written examination was different
from the instance prints and prints fixed at different other stages of examination.
2. Post Office Case No.41/2016 This case was entered from supervisor of post office,
Phulbani (O) Division, Phulbani762001, in which there was complaint of pullout from
post office account of Smt. Raimati Digal. The account holder claimed that she had no
way withdrawn the quantum as shown in the passbook. In examination of fingerprints,
left thumb prints on SB pull out testimonial were compared with instance prints of the
account holder. Despite veritably poor quality of fingerprints, experts
at CFPB could give the opinion that the two sets of prints were Non-identical
therefore furnishing the crime involved.
4. Document case No09/15 entered from Dy. Director of Income Tax (inv.) relating
to a hunt and seizure operation u/ s 132 of the Income Tax Act 1961 in a case of M/ s
National Enterprises and Group and recovered some documents. The documents
comported of 1536 runners with eight to twelve thumb prints on each runner (i.e. over
12000 prints in total). After examination of the document, CFPB experts were suitable
to establish that all the prints were given by 8 to 10 fritters only indicating fraudulent
payment of roughly 2.25 crores. roughly 40 cutlet prints were faint, blurred or partial.
The income duty authorities wrote a letter expressing acknowledgement and
gratefulness to the sincere sweats done at CFPB which was helpful in exhuming
substantial quantum of black plutocrat.
3. Interpol hunt slip from New Zealand Police vide Case Reference No. A&SP/ New
Zealand/ FP/2016/454 Dt. 12-02-2016 was traced against the F.P. slip bearing PID
No. 90474919 present in CFPB data base, of one Arvinder Pal Singh S/ o Malkeet
Singh R/O House No. 53, Professor Enclave, contrary Punjabi University, Patiala,
Punjab.

Conclusion

The necessity of contriving means of relating culprits, notwithstanding any

preventives they may take to conceal their identity, has led to the preface of Finger
publish System. This system is grounded on two special features of cutlet printsviz.
Persistency of papillary crests on the palmer face of the hands and plantar face of the
bases of the mortal beings and individuality of enormous variety of crest tricks in their
relative positions in different individualities. With a view to check the rush of crime
by the same person, law provides enhanced discipline. Culprits constantly use
different names to avoid identification when arrested for repeating crime. To have a
sound check against similar persons and to establish identity of culprits, Finger
publish System has been espoused each over the world.

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1. https://ncrb.gov.in/en/central-finger-print-bureau
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau
3. https://ncrb.gov.in/