Electrical Primary Design of 35 KV

本科毕业设计(论文)
题目：Electrical Primary Design Of 35Kv Substation
院（系）电信学院 .
专业电气工程及自动化 .
班级 2017 .
姓名 Saqib Muhammad .
学号 1719050303 .
导师任晶鼎 .
2021 年 5 月 25 日
I
摘要
随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，对电源质量的要求日益提高。政
府提出加快城市网和农村建设和改造，拉动内需增长。科学的设计可以提高变电站
的供电能力和适应性，减少电力设施占用的土地。 35kV 变电站适合农村电网建设。
尽管用电量大的城市和经济发达的城市不再新建 35kV 变电站，即使是旧的 35kV 变
电站也正在改造为 110kV 变电站或 10kV 开关站，但 35kV/10kV 的风格将继续存在。
辽阔的农村地区久违。
而数字变电站是以一、二次系统为数字对象的变电站。对数字信息进行统一
建模，并采用标准化的网络通信平台，从而。具有信息共享集成硬件平台应用。软
件功能插值接入复用等，实现变电站运行监控、快速保护、智能分析等基础功能。
此外，它还为智能电网的发展奠定了基础。以及广域控制技术。目前。数字化变电
站已广泛应用于 110kV 及以上变电站，对比 35kV 变电站使用较少。同时，还有很
多常规的 35kV 变电站面临着数字化转型的问题。本文针对这一现象，首先设计一
个 35kV 变电站，然后对该变电站进行数字化改造，比较数字化变电站与传统变电
站的优缺点。希望我的论文能为现有的 35kV 传统变电站提供一些参考。最后，我
将使用“AutoCAD”来设计未来数字化变电站的愿景，为数字化变电站的未来发展
进行探索和研究。
关键词：变电站设计，数字化变电站，数字化转型。
I
Abstract
With the development of the national economy and the improvement of people’s
living standard, the requirements about the power supply's quality are increasing day by
day. The government raised a plan about speed up the city nets and rural construction and
renovation, stimulating domestic demand growth. Scientific design can improve the
ability of power supply and the adaptability of the substation, and can reduce the land that
electric power facilities occupied. 35kV substations are suitable for the rural power grid
construction. Although the cities with huge quantities of power consumes and the cities
with economically developed are no longer built new 35kV substation, even the old 35kV
substations are transforming into 110kV substation or 10kV switching station, the style of
35kV/10kV will continue to exist in the vast rural area for a long lime.
And the digital substation is the one that take the first and secondary system as the
digital object. t makes a unified modeling to digital information, and take the use of
standardized network communications platform, thus. with information sharing integrated
hardware platform application. software function interpolation access reuse and so on, it
realizes the monitoring of substation operation, fast protection, intelligent analysis and
other basic functions. Besides, it also laid the foundation for the development of smart
grid. as well as wide-area control technology. At present. the digital substation has been
widely used in substations of 110kV and above, the contrast shows 35kV substations are
less. At the same time, there are a lot of conventional 35kV substations are facing the
problem of digital transformation. In this paper, according to this phenomenon, I will
design a 35kV substation firstly, and then I will make digital transformation for this
substation, and compare the advantage and disadvantage between digital and traditional
substation. I hope my paper can provide some references for the existing 35kV traditional
substation. Finally, I will use “AutoCAD” to design the vision of the future digital
substation, which makes an exploration and research for the future development of digital
substation.
Keywords: substation design, digital substation, digital transformation.
II
Table of Contents
摘要................................................................................................................................................I
Abstract..........................................................................................................................................II
1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Subject research background................................................................................................1
1.2 Research status at home and abroad......................................................................................1
1.2.1 Current status of domestic research................................................................................1
1.2.2 Current status of foreign research..................................................................................1
1.3 The main work of this paper.................................................................................................1
2 Electrical main wiring designs.....................................................................................................3
2.1 Raw data analysis.................................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Necessity of 35Kv substation.........................................................................................3
2.1.2 Site overview.................................................................................................................3
2.1.3 Natural conditions..........................................................................................................3
2.1.4 Design Scope and Construction Scale............................................................................3
2.1.5 Access System Solutions...............................................................................................3
2.2 Selection of main Transformer Capacity and type................................................................4
2.2.1 Main Transformer..........................................................................................................4
2.2.2 Design principle for the main transformer.....................................................................5
2.2.3 Selection of the number of transformer units.................................................................5
2.2.4 Selection of main transformer capacity..........................................................................5
2.2.5 Selection results.............................................................................................................6
2.3 Design of 35kV Substation...................................................................................................7
2.3.1 Design requirements......................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Basic Design principles for electrical main wiring.........................................................8
2.4 Design solutions....................................................................................................................8
2.4.1 Single bus bar wiring.....................................................................................................8
2.4.2 Single bus bar with bypass.............................................................................................9
2.4.3 Transfer bus bar...........................................................................................................10
2.4.4 Double breaker bus bar................................................................................................10
2.4.5 3/2 bus bar....................................................................................................................11
2.5 Bus Bar selection............................................................................................................12
2.6 Selection of main cable scheme..........................................................................................14
3 Short-circuit current calculation.................................................................................................15
3.1 Calculation of Short Circuit Current...................................................................................15
3.1.1 Basic Assumptions for short Circuit Current...............................................................15
III
3.1.2 Calculation of short circuit currents.............................................................................16
3.1.3 Calculation results of short circuit current...................................................................18
4 electrical equipment selection....................................................................................................19
4.1 General principles and technical requirements....................................................................19
4.2 Requirements for the selection of electrical equipment.......................................................19
4.2.1 Selection of electrical devices on the 35kV side..........................................................20
4.2.2 Selection of electrical devices on the 10kV side..........................................................21
4.3 Selection of bus lines..........................................................................................................22
4.3.1 Selection of female cross-section.................................................................................23
4.3.2 35kV bus cable selection..............................................................................................23
4.3.3 10kV bus cable selection..............................................................................................25
4.4 Selection of insulators.........................................................................................................26
4.5 Selection of lightening arrester...........................................................................................27
5 Lightning protection and grounding design...............................................................................28
5.1 Lightning protection design................................................................................................28
5.1.1 Direct lightning protection...........................................................................................28
5.1.2 Lightning intrusion wave protection............................................................................30
5.2 Grounding device................................................................................................................31
5.2.1 Design regulations.......................................................................................................31
5.2.2 The part to be grounded...............................................................................................32
5.2.3 Grounding scheme.......................................................................................................32
6 Power distribution device and station power system..................................................................34
6.1.1 Basic requirements for the layout of power distribution devices..................................34
6.1.2 35kV power distribution device...................................................................................34
6.1.3 10kV power distribution device...................................................................................35
6.2 Station power system..........................................................................................................35
6.2.1 Basic principles............................................................................................................35
6.2.2 Station power transformer............................................................................................36
6.2.3 Power lighting..............................................................................................................36
7 Relay protection system.............................................................................................................37
7.1 Design of Lightening Protection System.............................................................................37
7.2 Protection Design................................................................................................................38
7.3 Layout Design.....................................................................................................................38
7.4 HV Power Distribution.......................................................................................................39
7.5 Earthing Layout..................................................................................................................40
7.6 Gas protection.................................................................................................................42
IV
7.6.1 Longitudinal differential protection.............................................................................43
7.6.2 Phase-to-phase backup protection................................................................................46
7.6.3 Overload protection.....................................................................................................48
7.7 Bus protection.....................................................................................................................48
8 Conclusions and prospects.........................................................................................................50
参考文献......................................................................................................................................51
毕业设计（论文）知识产权声明...............................................................................................54
毕业设计（论文）独创性声明...................................................................................................55
Appendix B Main Electrical Wiring Diagram.............................................................................56
Appendix C Electrical General Layout Plan.................................................................................57
V
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Subject research background
With the development of national economy and the improvement of people's living
standard, users' requirements on the quality of power supply are also increasing day by
day. The scientific substation design scheme has the advantages of improving the power
supply capacity and adaptability of the distribution network, reducing the loss and power
supply cost of the distribution network, and reducing the occupied resources of power
facilities. 35kV/10kV power supply mode will still exist for a long time in the vast rural
areas. The new 35kV substation access system scheme is as follows. Voltage Level:
35/10.5kV secondary voltage connection system is adopted. Outgoing line scale and
access system scheme: 35kV power inlet is broken to connect to 35kV line, the break
point is about 12 kilometers away from the substation, and the wire adopts LGJ-
120/20mm2 type; 10kV outlet has 8 circuits. The scope of this thesis is to study and
develop primary design of a substation by which an efficient power system can be
obtained. At present, various industries in our country are in a stage of rapid
development, and modern agriculture, industry, national defense and other industries are
Development must be based on electrical engineering, and the normal operation of all
industries must use electrical energy. In the power grid, the substation affects the safety
and economic operation of the entire power system.
1.2 Research status at home and abroad
1.2.1 Current status of domestic research
With the development of computer networks and information technology in

domestic substations, future design schemes will mainly have the following
characteristics:
1
西安工业大学毕业设计(论文)
The first is digitization, the intelligent operation of primary equipment, the

secondary equipment is interconnected under the IEC850 standard, the communication
mode is standard configuration, and the entire station data is guaranteed in a unified
information platform to ensure that each device and various functions can be called in
time.
The second is intelligence. Intelligent switches, mechatronics and other equipment
are gradually appearing. The development of high-speed networks in real-time systems,
the development of simulation technology, online detection systems and photoelectric
transformers have matured, which has led to the creation of fully intelligent substation
systems to realize substation information collection and The transmission process is fully
intelligent.
The last is automation. At the end of the last century, an integrated and integrated
automated substation came out. Traditional measurement methods and conventional
operating devices were greatly affected. The measuring instruments and control
mechanisms in the substation changed from complicated to simple, and the degree of
automation went from shallow to deep. Automated substation has become the primary
choice for substation design.
1.2.2 Current status of foreign research
In view of the current widespread popularity of smart grids in the world, European
Union countries held a meeting on the practical application of IEC61850 in transmission
and distribution networks, focusing on the impact and application of IEC61850, structural
optimization based on IEC61850, and substations. Core issues such as operation and
maintenance, grid tool development and future smart grid development direction.
Compared with other countries in the world, European countries’ electricity demand
has not fluctuated significantly, and the construction of power grids is slow. The use of
high-tech materials and smart Internet technologies to reduce various power losses in
substations and power grids. The transformation and upgrading of old stations have
become the main focus of current development. direction.
1.3 The main work of this paper
This article mainly combines the " Electrical Primary Design of 35kV
substation."and other related design manuals, auxiliary materials and relevant national
1
regulations to complete the design of the primary/secondary part of the substation. Refer
to the existing domestic design methods and research results, and complete the main
electrical wiring scheme design, main transformer selection, electrical equipment
selection (circuit breaker, isolating switch, fuse, etc.), power distribution device selection
and lightning protection design, etc. .
For the design of the primary part of the substation, the key lies in the load analysis,
the reasonable selection of the main wiring and the main transformer. This is the core of
the entire substation design and plays a decisive role in the quality of power supply.
The design of the relay protection of the substation mainly includes the selection of
the relay protection device, and the reasonable arrangement of the action sequence and
time limit of various protections. This is related to whether the system can reflect the
abnormal operation status and failure of the power system in time, and prevent the
accident from further expanding, causing the entire power grid to paralyze.
2
2 Electrical main wiring designs
2 Electrical main wiring designs
2.1 Raw data analysis
2.1.1 Necessity of 35Kv substation
In order to the economic development of a county, improve the reliability of power

supply network. The county power supply bureau decided to form a 35Kv power supply
substation into a ring. For this purpose, a new 35Kv substation is needed.
2.1.2 Site overview
The construction base of a 35kV substation project is located in the north of a town,
on the four sides of the county and township highway, about 3.9 km away from the town.
The current situation of construction base is early. The north-south length is 49m, the east
four grams is 42m, the land area is 2058m '. Do not occupy agricultural, access line is
more convenient, located by the highway, transportation is very convenient.
2.1.3 Natural conditions
The substation is located in a tropical humid climate, mild climate, South abundant,
sufficient light, annual average temperature 188C, precipitation 1527 mm, black hours
1748 hours, frost free 292 days. Basic Wind Pressure 0303Nh" . Kiki Snow Press
035kN / m " .
2.1.4 Design Scope and Construction Scale
The design scope of this project is the new 35 kV substation power design and
corresponding control, protection, substation self-power and lighting, cable laying and
lightning grounding and so on.
2.1.5 Access System Solutions
The new 35 kV substation access system is as follows:
Voltage level:
Adopt 35 / 10 kV secondary voltage connection system.
outlet size and access system scheme:
3
35kV power supply into the break connected F Gufu Line 35kV line. The break
point is about 12 km from the substation. Conductor using LGL-120 / 20mm 'type: 10kV
outlet for 8 back.
2.2 Selection of main Transformer Capacity and type
After the wiring and bus bar design and selection, transformer selection is made for the
substation.
2.2.1 Main Transformer
Three phase main transformers are the most commonly used ones. A three phase
transformer is preferred over three single phase transformers in a primary substation due
to less space, less losses and low cost for maintenance. Area where the substation has to
be placed, its features and applications also affect the type of transformer to be used.
Special requirements demand special transformers. To obtain two Voltage ranges from
power, a three winding transformer is used to give three voltage values. Figure below
shows a three winding transformer
Figure 2.2: three-winding transformer

There are two types of windings, delta and star. In primary substations, on high side the
main transformers are delta connected whereas star on low. Similarly, in three winding
transformers, high side has delta connection and low side has start or wye connection. In
order for reduced linear currents, wye connection might be used.
Besides the connections, number of transformers is also to be determined in a substation
which depends on the need and load. More than one transformer might be required for the
substation to divide load and to fulfill the requirements. Single transformer may cost less
than multiple transformers, but the forecasted load growth might cause a need of
4
increasing transformer capacity. Generally, two main transformers are used in a power
system.
2.2.2 Design principle for the main transformer
In order to ensure that the load increases by 10% each year, and can meet the
requirements of 10 years, the design should be based on the following:
(1) Clear standby mode, that is, the capacity of 2 main transformers meet the
requirements, in any case only 1 operation, two main transformers each other standby.
(2) Dark standby mode, that is, the sum of the capacity of two main transformers to meet
the requirements. Under normal circumstances two main transformer operation, failure
case one operation, Therefore, the capacity of each transformer should meet the
requirements of safe electricity consumption, that is, to ensure the power supply of I, II
load, generally required to meet the total load of 70% - 80%.
(3) In the design, the main transformer can be used in the initial operation of the open
standby mode, with the increase and development of the load, the later can be adopted in
the dark standby mode.
2.2.3 Selection of the number of transformer units
(1) For the primary and secondary substations in the suburbs of big cities, when the
middle and low voltage side have formed a ring network, the number of substations
should be two.
(2) For isolated primary substations or large industrial substations, the possibility of three
main transformers should be considered in the design;
(3) For substations with only two main transformers planned, the transformer grades
should be designed in order to replace the transformer capacity when the load develops.
2.2.4 Selection of main transformer capacity
The capacity of the main transformer must meet the requirements of the maximum load
of the various possible modes of operation in the network, Considering the development
of the load, the capacity of the main transformer should be selected according to the
planning load of 5 - 10 years, and the normal overload capacity of transformer is
considered, so that the capacity selection of transformer can meet the practical needs.
Therefore, the maximum calculated load of the substation should be estimated correctly
first, and then the rated capacity of the main transformer should be selected according to
5
the above principles.
The total calculated load of the transformer is used as a basis to select the main
transformer capacity. The specific calculation formula is as follows:
Sca =Σ Si
In the formula-transformer calculated load, kVA ; Sca
Calculated load of lower-level users (≈maximum load), kVA. Si . The load growth of 5-10
years can be estimated based on the natural growth rate, and the power supply load is
considered to increase exponentially during this period. Therefore, the maximum
calculated load of the substation considering the load increase is:
nm
Scam ≥ S ca e
Where n—years;
m—The average annual growth rate.
The capacity of each unit is selected according to 70%~80% of
the calculated load:
S N .T =(0.7 0.8)Scam
In the formula-transformer rated load, kVA. S N .T
Substitute data calculation:
Si=P max /cos φ
In the formula-the maximum load of each outlet; Pmax
cos φ—The power factor of each outlet.
1500 800 800 1000 1200 1200
Sca = + + + + + ≈7607.84 kVA
0.9 0.85 0.8 0.85 0.85 0.85
nm 5 ×10 %
Scam =S ca e =7607.84 × e ≈ 12543.21 kVA ；
S N .T ≥ 0.75 ×12543.21=9407.41kVA .
According to the above calculation results, the rated capacity of the transformer used in
this substation is determined to be 10000kVA.
2.2.5 Selection results
According to the relevant load calculation table, through the calculation of the above
formula, it is determined that the 35kV main transformer of the substation should choose
a low loss three-phase double-winding self-cooling on-load voltage regulating
transformer. Two units, model SZ11-5000 / 35, transformer specific parameters are as
6
follows:
Item Day Technical Parameters

Model number of transformer SZ11-5000/35
Rated capacity 5000 kVA
Capacity ratio 100/100
Voltage ratio Voltage Ratio: 35± 3* 2.5% /10.5 kV
Short circuit impedance Uk % = 7
Linking group Yd11
Tune On-load regulation
Cooling mode White cold type
Neutral grounding mode Ungrounded
Table 2.2
2.3 Design of 35kV Substation
2.3.1 Design requirements
a. Reliability:
(1) When the circuit breaker is repaired or maintained, the power supply to the system is
not interrupted;
(2) When the circuit breaker and the busbar are faulty or overhauled, the number of
outage circuits should not be too many, and the outage time should not be too long, and
try to avoid it. There is no power failure for the first-class load and all or most of the
second-class load.
b. Flexibility:
(1) During operation scheduling, the input and removal of transformers or lines should be
convenient and fast, and the power supply and load should be adjusted reasonably to
realize the flexible transformation of the system in the accident operation mode, the
maintenance operation mode and the special operation mode.
(2) During maintenance, circuit breakers, busbars and their relay protection equipment
can flexibly exit the system for safe maintenance without affecting the operation of the
7
power grid and supplying power to users.

(3) During the expansion, the original wiring is evolved into the later design wiring
without obstacles. When a new transformer or line is put in, the power supply will not be
interrupted or short-term power outage, and the equipment will not interfere with each
other, and the reconstruction project of the electrical design part should not be too large.
c. Economy:
(1) Less capital investment; (2) Small footprint; (3) High
power utilization rate.
2.3.2 Basic Design principles for electrical main wiring
When designing the main electrical wiring of the substation, the general principle is:
accord with the requirements of the design task; Comply with relevant guidelines,
policies and technical norms and regulations; According to the specific engineering
characteristics, the main wiring with reasonable technology and economy is designed.
Specific consideration should be given to:
define the position and role of substations in the power system
determine the operation mode of transformers
reasonable determination of voltage levels
the stage and final construction scale of the substation
installation of switching appliances
determination of electrical parameters.
2.4 Design solutions
Because the bridge connection is only used in the case of two transformers and two lines,
and this project for two lines and eight lines . it is not considered
2.4.1 Single bus bar wiring
One bus bar for a full length forms the simplest simple bus bar system. Due to its
simplicity, it is has low cost for initial and maintenance. In case of fault, it has to be
isolated from the system, that’s why it is mostly used in generators, transformers and
primary substation areas. Single bus bar wiring scheme is as below:
8
Figure 2.4.1: Single Bus bar system
2.4.2 Single bus bar with bypass
A single bus bar is modified by adding a bypass with isolating switches to increase
the reliability. As the single bus bar causes the whole system to go down in case of any
fault, unlike that, this system does not cause a complete shutdown. This advantage comes
with an increased cost but it makes the system easy to maintain and work on one part of
substation without affecting others. Single bus bar with a bypass is shown below:
9
Figure 2.4.2: Single bus bar systems with bypass

2.4.3 Transfer bus bar
A system with two bus bars in primary substation is the main is transfer bus bar. Bus
bar is changed between one and other by the bus coupler for shifting of load. Due to low
cost, it is used in single and sometime two or more transformer primary substation. The
transfer bus bar system is shown below:
Figure 2.4.3: Transfer bus bar
2.4.4 Double breaker bus bar
A system with two identical bus bars is referred to as double breaker bus bar. Any
feeder can be shifted to other bus. Due to its more cost, it is usually used in primary
substations with two or more transformers. Double breaker bus bar is shown below:
10
Figure 2.4.4: Double breaker bus bar scheme
2.4.5 3/2 bus bar
This one and a half circuit breaker bus bar is an advanced or modified form if double
breaker bus bar. It provides high power supply reliability with flexible operation and easy
switching. Two buses with three breakers are connected where each Breaker has two
Isolators and two Earth. These Isolators isolate the Circuit Breaker physically. Earth
Switch is provided to ensure proper protection. When a high reliability needs to be
achieved, in that case this one and a half bus bar is used for two or more transformer
primary substation. The schematic of a 3/2 Breaker is below:
Figure 2.4.5: One and a half breaker bus bar scheme
2.5 Bus Bar selection
According to the above design basis and design requirements, referring to the
characteristics of the substation itself, and according to the scale of the outlet, the
following main wiring methods that meet the basic principles are preliminarily selected:
a.35kV side: inner bridge; 10kV side: single bus section, as shown in Figure 2.5.1
b. 35kV side: single busbar; 10kV side: single busbar section, as shown in Figure
2.5.2.
11
Figure 2.5.1: 35kV side inner bridge wiring
12
Figure2.5.2: 35kV side single bus section wiring

For the 35kV side, two side main wiring methods are proposed which are
Inner bridge wiring
Single bus wiring
Inner Bridge Wiring Single Bus Wiring
Less equipment More equipment
Low Investment High investment
Relative Complex Clear and simple distribution
distribution of wire of wire
Not dual power supply Dual power supply
Less reliable More reliable
More Economical Less economical
More Flexible Less Flexible
13
Table 2.5.1 comparison
2.6 Selection of main cable scheme
A comparative study of these two methods showed that the first design, the inner
bridge wiring has less equipment and requires low investment. Whereas the single bus
wiring has a simpler and clear distribution with number of various small equipment
following a simple operation. Whereas the single bus segment wiring has dual power
supply for the important users. It has the highest reliability of all but the least economical.
Considering all the factors, for 35kV side, we choose the second design that is the
single bus wiring. Even though it is not flexible enough with a wide range of power
failures, but still it is more economical than the single bus segmented wiring and more
reliable too. Even though the inner bridge wiring has the best flexibility and economy, it
has the lowest reliability, so, choosing the best of all, single bus wiring method is used for
the 35kV side.
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3 Short circuit current calculation
3 Short-circuit current calculation
3.1 Calculation of Short Circuit Current
Various electrical equipment in the substation must be able to withstand the action of
short-circuit current and not be damaged due to overheating or the influence of electric
power. For example, the circuit breaker must be able to break the maximum short-circuit
current that can pass; the current transformer should have enough overcurrent multiples;
the busbar must withstand the maximum stress when it is short-circuited; the selection of
the grounding device is also related to the size of the short-circuit current, and so on. The
magnitude of the short-circuit current is also a factor that must be considered when
comparing the main wiring scheme and analyzing the operation mode. The voltage drop
will also occur when the system is short-circuited, especially near the short-circuit point,
which will directly endanger the safety and reliability of the power supply. In order to
limit the scope of the fault and protect the safety of the equipment, the relay protection
device must be set to act accurately when the main circuit passes short-circuit current.
For the above reasons, the calculation of short-circuit current has become the basis
of the design of the electrical part of the substation. Three-phase short-circuit current is
usually used when selecting electrical equipment, and two-phase short-circuit current,
single-phase short-circuit current or single-phase ground current is used to verify the
sensitivity of relay protection action. The engineering design mainly calculates the three-
phase short-circuit current.
3.1.1 Basic Assumptions for short Circuit Current
Taking into account the actual situation of modern power systems, it is quite
complicated to perform accurate short-circuit current calculations. At the same time, it
does not require very accurate calculation results to solve most practical problems. For
example: When selecting and verifying electrical equipment, it is generally only
necessary to approximate the maximum possible three-phase short-circuit current value
through the equipment. In order to simplify calculations, approximate calculations are
often used in practice. This approximate calculation method is called short-circuit current
practical calculation in power engineering. It is based on a series of assumptions, and the
15
calculation result is slightly larger. The basic assumptions for practical calculation of
short-circuit current are as follows:
Before the short circuit occurs, the power system is a symmetrical three-phase
system.
The phase angle of the potential of all generators in the power system is the same
during the short-circuit process, and the frequency is the same as during normal
operation;
The excitation current and resistance of the transformer, the resistance of the
overhead line and the relative ground capacitance are omitted, and they are all expressed
by pure reactance;
The magnetic circuit of each element in the power system is not saturated. That is,
the parameters of each element do not change with the current, and the calculation can
apply the superposition principle;
The load is only approximated. Since the load current is generally much smaller than
the short-circuit current, in the approximate calculation, the load far away from the short-
circuit point is ignored, and only the impact of the large-capacity motor near the short-
circuit point on the short-circuit current is considered;
The short-circuit fault is a metallic short-circuit, that is, the impedance value of the
short-circuit point is zero.
3.1.2 Calculation of short circuit currents
Take reference capacity as: SB = 50MVA reference voltage as:

UB = Uav
Again, according to the formula:
I B= SB /√3 UB
XB = UB 2 / SB
Calculated base values as shown in the following table: (SB = 50MVA)
UB (W) 37 10.5
IB (kA) 0.78 2.75
XB (Ω) 27.38 2.21
Table 3.1.2: Base Values
Through the calculations of transformer reactance and system reactance, system
equivalent network diagram can be obtained.
16
Fig 3.1.2: Equivalent network circles when oyster paths occur

Calculate and analyze d 1 and d 2 in the graph and two points as the point of the
moment path:
(1) d 1, when a three-phase short circuit occurs, the equivalent reactance of power to
the short circuit point X∑1 = X1 = 0.37
Short Circuit current standard unites (I”Z1): I’Z1 = I ∞= 1/X∑1 = 1/0.37 = 2.703
Short circuit current famous value (I”Z1): I”Z1 = I’1 = I’∞1 = I’Z1 x (SB/√3UB)
= 2.703 x(50 / 35√3 ) = 2.45kA
Short circuit current shock value in (ich1) = (ich1) = √2 x Kch x I∞1 = √2 x 1.8 x
2.45
= 6.24kA
Short circuit full current max rms (Ich1): Ich1 = I”1 x1.51 = 2.45 x1.52=3.67kA
Short circuit capacity (Sd1): Sd1=SB / X∑1 = 50/0.37 = 135.14MVA.
(2) d 2 Equivalent reactance of the power supply to the short circuit point when a
three-phase short circuit occurs.
X∑2 = X’1 + X2/2 = 0.2 + 0.7 = 0.9
Short circuit current standard unites: I’Z2= I’2= I∞2 = 1/ X∑2 = 1/0.9 = 1.11
Short Circuit current famous value (I’Z2)
I”Z2 = I”2 = I∞2 = I’Z2 x (SB/√3UB) = 1.11 x (50/10.5√3) = 3.36 kA
Short circuit current shock value (ich2): ich2= √2 x Kch x I∞2 = √2 x 1.8 x 3.36 =
8.85kA
17
Short Circuit full current max rms (Ich2) : Ich2 = I’2 x 1.51 = 5.07kA
Short circuit capacity (Sd2): Sd2 = SB / X∑2 = 50/0.9 = 55.6MVA
3.1.3 Calculation results of short circuit current
According to the short circuit parameters provided by local power supply

department (without considering short circuit capacity provided by SHP grid), short
circuit current of 35kV bus bar is 2.45 KA. The short circuit current of 10kV bus is
3.36kA. Specific results are shown in the table below.
S Vol Pe Fmo Sh B Sh
hort tage r unit us value ock est ort
Circuit grade value people circuit
Point value calculati
on
I” I”z : Ich Ic Sd
¿
z (kA) (kA) h (kA) (MVA)
d1 35k 2. 2.45 6. 3 13
V 703 24 .67 5.14
d2 10kV 1.111 3.36 8.55 5.07 55.6
Table 3.1.3: Calculation result of short circuit current
18
4 electrical equipment selection
4 electrical equipment selection
4.1 General principles and technical requirements
A system is incomplete without its electrical appliances. In Primary substation,

many different electrical devices, appliances and switches are required which have their
own conditions and requirements which need to be fulfilled. These conditions include the
normal conditions of voltage, frequency, current, power capacity, load etc. Short circuit
conditions of all the appliances are to be ensured. Environmental requirements are also to
be taken into consideration. These electrical appliances should comply with the all the
Temperature conditions, humidity, height, dust, corrosion, fire protection, noise
protection etc. Voltage protection and insulation from lightening and other hazard are
also need to be ensured.Depending upon the indoor or outdoor section, performance etc
electrical appliances and devices are selected. The selection criteria depends on the
voltage, current, frequency, Peak withstand current, Short withstand current, SC closing
current and Overvoltage capacity etc. On these entire requirements, the selection of
circuit breaker, load switch, isolation switches, fuse, voltage transformer, current
transformer and switch cabinet is made.
4.2 Requirements for the selection of electrical equipment
Select the rated operating voltage of the appliance U n .which should be grater than
the return length and high operating voltage U g,rated operated current I n should be
greater than the maximum operation current of the loop I g . max :U n >U g: I n> I g .max
After selection the electrical appliance should be checked for operation and thermal
stability according to maximum short circuit current that can pass, The short current is
generally taken from the short current in the most severe case:
Short circuit thermal stability conditions
2 2
I ∞td ≤ I f t
t dz =t''z +0.05 β '2
' I
β=
I∞
Among them I ∞.t dz is the time of heat generation of the short circuit, I t I steh
thermal stability of second current,t for the short current is equals to amount of time
19
Short circuit dynamic stability conditions

i ch ≤i max
Among them i ch is the shock value of three phase short circuit current and i max is the
peak value of limit passing current.
Check breaker breaking capacity
Sbm ≥ S d
Among them Sbm is the circuit breaker rated cut off capacity, Sd is short circuit
capacity
4.2.1 Selection of electrical devices on the 35kV side
35kV circuit breaker, outdoor vacuum circuit breaker with bomb type operating
mechanism; The isolation switch adopts the water-level open type isolation switch. The
separation switch and grounding switch are all operated manually. Dry voltage
transformer is selected as voltage transformer. The types and technical parameters of its
main electrical equipment are shown in the following table:
Name Type Rated Highest Rated Open of Steady Dynamic

Voltage Voltage Electric electric Rated Stable
(kV) (kV) Current current current Peak
(A) (kA) (kA) (kA)
Breaker Vacuum 40.5 40.5 1250, 25 25 63
circuit 630
breaker
Isolation Horizontal 35 40.5 1250, / 25 63
Switch open 630
Voltage Dry 35 40.5 / / / /
sensor
Table 4.2.1.1
35kV side circuit breaker selected outdoor vacuum circuit breaker model ZW7-
40.5 / 1600A-25kA with three phase CT 2.100/5 0.2s ( Single winding), rated at 40.5 kV;
Rated current is 1600A: 4 s thermal stable current is 25kA; The rated short-circuit closing
current is 63 kA: the motor voltage of three-phase linkage spring mechanism is AC220V
and the control voltage is DC220V.
Item Day Product Data Computing Data
Uzd ≥ Ug 40.5 kV 35kV
Ie ≥ Ig 1600 A 375.2/103.9 A
Ik ≥ I” 25 kA 2.45 kA
igh ≥ ich 63 kA 6.24 kA
20
It ≥ I ∞ √tj / t (4s) 25 kA 3.67 kA

Table 4.2.1.2
35kV isolation switch select outdoor isolation switch (single and double grounding),
model GW4-3SOD / 1250-25kA, outdoor three-phase, double column. Horizontal
fracture type: rated voltage is 35kV; the rated current is 1250A: the peak value of
dynamic stable current is 63kA: 45 thermal steady current is 25MA; Isolation switch and
floor switch are manual operation: insulation leakage ratio is 20 mm kV.
Project set Product Data Computing Data
Uzd ≥ Ug 35 kV 35kV
Ie ≥ Ig 1250 A 375.2/103.9 A
It ≥ I ∞ √tj / t 25 kA 3.67 kA
Table 4.2.1.3
35kV side current transformer selection outdoor current transformer.
igh ≥ ich 50 kA 624 kA
It ≥ I ∞ √tj / t (4s) 20 kA 367 kA
Table 4.2.1.4
4.2.2 Selection of electrical devices on the 10kV side
XGN 2-12 is used for the 10 kV side electrical equipment. The built-in vacuum
circuit breaker is equipped with the bomb operation mechanism. The cabinet is equipped
with dry-type current transformer and dry-type voltage transformer. The types and main
technical parameters of 10kV main electrical equipment are shown in the following table:
Name Type Rated Highest Rated Open of Steady Dynamic

Voltage Voltage Electric electric Rated Stable
(kV) (kV) Current current current Peak
(A) (kA) (kA) (kA)
Breaker Vacuum 10 12 630 25 25 63
circuit
breaker
Current Dry 10 12 500 / 25 45
inductor
Electric Dry 10 12 / / / /
quality
Table 4.2.2.1
21
The 10kV side circuit breaker is an integrated circuit breaker operated between
switches and cutters.
Uzd ≥ Ug 12 kV 10 kV
Ie ≥ Ig 1250/690 A 363.7/93.8 A
Ik ≥ I” 25 kA 3.36 kA
It ≥ I ∞ √tj / t (4s) 25 kA 5.07 kA
Table 4.2.2.2
10kV side isolation switch selection.
Uzd ≥ Ug 10 kA 10 kV
Ie ≥ Ig 1250/630 A 363.8/93.8 A
It ≥ I ∞ √tj / t (4s) 25 kA 5.07 kA
Table 4.2.2.3
Selection of 10 kV side current mutual specialized transformer model

igh ≥ ich 56.5/112.5 kA 8.55 kA
It ≥ I ∞ √tj / t (tj = 1s) (1s) 22.5/45 kA 5.07 kA
Table 4.2.2.4
4.3 Selection of bus lines
Selection is based on following steps

Operating current
Electrical (for 110kV and above voltage of the mother line)
Dynamic stability and mechanical strength
Thermal stability
At the same time, attention should also be paid to environmental conditions, such as
temperature, sun exposure, sea level and other conditions. The Cross-section of the
conductor can be selected according to the long-term heat permitting current or economic
22
density
, except for the exchange of power distribution devices for conductors with large
annual negative load hours and large transmission capacity, the cross-section of the
current bus line is generally economic Current density is selected.
In general, the mother line system consists of two parts: a truncated conductor and a
support insulator, and a current-carrying conductor forms a hard
mother the soft mother wire is a steel core aluminum wire, which has the form of
single, double and combined conductors, etc., because of its machine
The mechanical strength determines the insulator that supports the suspension, so it
is not necessary to check the mechanical strength.
4.3.1 Selection of female cross-section
In addition to the sink bus and the shorter conductor of the power distribution
device, the long-term heat generation of the conductor allows current selection.The cross-
section of the residual conductor is generally selected according to the economic current
density. This design requires that the selected 35kV bus cable belongs to the distribution
Therefore, the current selection should be allowed according to the long-term heat
generation of the conductor I g max ≤ k ∅ I y , I y The long-term allowable current carrying
capacity of the conductor for a given bus line arrangement and ambient temperature of
+25°C, this value is given by Check out the table. For the temperature correction
coefficient, this value is also found in the table. For the bare conductor of the power
distribution unit outside the house, the maximum ambient temperature is taken from the
average maximum temperature of the hottest month. For the bare conductor of the power
distribution unit in the house, the maximum ambient temperature is taken from the air
ventilation design temperature, when there is no information. At the time of material, the
average maximum temperature of the hottest month can be taken plus 5°C114.
4.3.2 35kV bus cable selection
Maximum continuous operating current:
P
I g max = ¿max
¿
When the return normal operating current is 4000A and below, and is used in power
distribution devices of 35kV and below,
23
1. Generaly, a rectangular conductor is selected; the cross-section of the conductor is

selected according to the maximum continuous operating current, among which : K ∅
Correcting the temperature system Number, look up the table to take K ∅ =0.8; I y for the
long-term allowable current carrying capacity of the conductor at an ambient temperature
of +25, which can be obtained : K ∅ I y = 0.8*543 = 450.69 A. Look up the table to select a
2 3
single 80*1Om m rectangular female line, S=800m m
(1) Thermal stability check
Requirement S> Smin = I ∞/C√ t dz m m2 S= 87,
I∞ 3961
can be obtained Smin = = =84.556m m2
C √ t dz 87 √3 . 45
(2) Dynamic stability check
Requirements ∅ max ≤ ∅ y ,where ∅ y is for the allowable stress of the master wire
material,69×10 Pa and ∅ max is the the maximum computational stress acting on the bus
6
line
∅ max =1.73i 2ch ¿)/(aW)×10−8Pa
Among them : for the span between the insulators of the column, here take L=1m
W For the truncated coefficient, you can get
W=0.167hb 2=0.167× 40 ×52 ×10−6 =167 ×10−3 m 3
a For the phase spacing of the mother line, here take a=0.5m
β is the vibration constant
When the three-phase mother line is arranged on the same plane , the self-vibration
frequency of the mother line is f m:
( ) r
f m=112 i2 ∈
L
Where is r i the inertial half-diameter of the female line, the look-up table can be obtained:
r i=0 .289 b=0 . 289∗5=1 . 445 cm
∈ ,The material coefficient of aluminum is: 1.55x104 .
( )ri
Thus f m=112 2 ∈=112×
L ( 1)
1. 455 4
× 1. 55 ×10 =250 . 852 Hz
Single mother line, f m ≈35 135 hz ,250 . 852 Hz OUTSIDE THIS RANGE
β ≈1
THEN THERE IS :
1×12
∅ max =1.73i 2ch ¿)/(aW)×10−8Pa=1.73×10 . 0832 × −6
× 10−8=21. 1× 106 Pa
0 .5 ×167 × 10
6
Less than 69×10 Pa can be known to meet the requirements
Electrical check:
Requirements:U LJ >U g, which :
24
(
U LJ =84 km , pr 1+
0 . 301
pr ) ()
lg
a
r
Where: K is the number of rows take 0.96;
T for the rough coefficient of the surface of the conductorntake 0.85;
P is the relative density of the air, take 0.955
a is the phase distance, take 50cm
r For the half diameter of the conductor,
can be obtained
(
U LJ =84 km , pr 1+
pr ) ()
0 . 301
lg
a
r
=84× 0. 96 × 0 . 85× 0 . 955× 1. 165 × 1+( 0 . 301

√( 0 . 955 ×1 .165 ))lg ( 50× 1. 165 )
=76. 26 × ( 1+0 . 317 ) ×1 .63=164 . 03 kv

Where U LJ >U g
4.3.3 10kV bus cable selection
The maximum continuous operating current of the loop is I g max =¿1018.853 A. Loop
normal operating current at 4000A and above in the next case, a rectangular conductor is
generally selected the cross-sectional area of the conductor is selected according to the
maximum continuous operating current I g max ≤ k ∅ I y . Among them: k ∅ For the temperature
correction coefficient, look up the table to take k ∅ -0.8 1; 1, for the conductor length of
the ambient temperature of +25°C.Period of allowable current carrying capacity.
Available:k ∅ I y = 0.81x1358 = 1099.98 A. Look up the table to select a single 80x8mm2
water.
Flat busbar, S=640mm2.
Thermal stability check: Requirements S> Smin = I ∞/C √ t dz mm look up the table:
2
C=87. Then there are :

Smin = I ∞/C √ t dz=19432/87× √ 3 . 45 =414.866mm2 . can be known to meet the
requirements.
Dynamic stability check: requirement:∅ max ≤ ∅ y , Among them:∅ y for the allowable
stress of the master wire material Copper 59x10° Pa; for the maximum calculation of the
stress on the bus line :
2
1. 73 i ch ( βL ) −8
∅ max = × 10 Pa
uW
Among them: for the span between the insulators of the column , take L = 1.2 m
25
2 2 −6 3
W For the facet coefficient: W=0.167hb =0.167× 80× 8 × 10 m
a is the phase spacing of the mother line, take = 0.7 m
β Is the vibration coefficient
When the three-phase mother line is arranged at the same level, the line self-
vibration rate is f m
r
f m=112( i2 )∈
L
Among them is the inertial half-diameter of the female line, which is shown in the
table r i=0 .289 b=0 . 289× 8=2. 312 cm
∈ For thematerial factor , here is copper taken 1.55x104, so you can get
( )ri
f m=112 2 ∈ =112×
L ( )
2. 312
1.2 2
4
×1 .55 ×10 =278. 724 Hz
in THIS range2 [ Foreign SO B~1, then there is :
1. 73 i ch ( βL ) 2 2 −6 −8
∅ max = × 10−8 Pa =1.73× 49 . 466 ×(1+1 . 12 )/(0 .7 × 855× 10 )× 10
uW 6
¿ 10 .18 × 10 Pa
So there is ∅ max ≤ ∅ y <10 =56×10 Pa, can be known to meet the requirements.
6
By calculation, it can be obtained :35kV input line with LGJ-150/35 steel core
aluminum grain line; main transformer.35kV side inlet line with LGJ - 150/35 steel core
aluminum grain line 10kV side inlet and outlet line with LGJ-120/20 Steel core
aluminum grain line . The 10kV side of the main transformer adopts TMY - 3 (80 x
8) three-phase copper master wire, the length of 15
meters , 35kV side using LMY-80 *10 rectangular aluminum female cable, length of
18 meters
4.4 Selection of insulators
According to rated voltage select: Ug= UN = 35kV, select ZS-35 / 4000 model.
Dynamic stability check. Requirements:.
Fmax ≤ 0.6 Fy
H = H1 + b + h/2
H: Height of horizontal centerline from bottom of insulator to busbar Product,
absolutely the height Rain from
BI female line to insulator cap.
Ht: bus total height
H=H1+B+h/2 = 400+18+ 40/2 = 438mm
Fmax = 1.738(L/a)ich2 x10-7 .
26
Formula K: insulator force conversion system scattered, K = H/H1, =438 / 400 =

1.1;
a: Busbar phase spacing:
L: Insulator to span:
Fmax =1.73K (L / a) ich2 x10-7
=1.73 x1.1x (1/0.5) x 100832 x10-7
= 38.69N
0.6Fy = 0.6 x 400 x 9.8 = 2353N
Formula Fy: insulator bending damage negative street:
Fmax = 38.69 < 0.6Fy, = 2353, meet the requirements.
4.5 Selection of lightening arrester
Lei Tunbo, which is excellent in the road, is in 35kV mother and burst and 10kV
mother halberd and find out all the bags to fight for the quintessence lightning arrester.
It is also pressed according to the rating.
UN =UNS = 35kV.
According to the arc of heaven: 0.8U. Forming greater than arrester
0.8 Umax: 0.8 Umax x37 = 29.6 kV;
Ang kong chain fang fen yae i Naitoshi puts pressure on you - 3 points to put
pressure on you at maximum. 3 x 37 √3 = 64.09 kV.
The iterative HY5WZ-51/134 and HY5WX-51/134 are calculated on L. Type S134
is used for station and residual road respectively.
For 10kV UN =UNS = 10 kV
According to arc voltage selection: 0.8 Umax greater than the arc voltage of arrester:
0.8 Umax =0.8x10.5= 8.4kV;
According to power frequency discharge voltage selection: power frequency voltage
of arrester is generally more than 3 times of the maximum operating phase voltage, that
is: 3 x 10.51 f 3 = 12.187 kV.
HY5WZ-17 / 45 and HY5 WS-17 / 50 models are selected from the above
calculation, respectively, for power station and distribution, i.e. 10kV busbar and outlet.
27
5 Lightning protection and grounding design
5.1 Lightning protection design
5.1.1 Direct lightning protection
The direct lightning protection system of the substation mainly consists of lightning
rods and lightning rods. Therefore, the calculation of the number and height of the
lightning rods, the selection of the installation location, the effectiveness of the protection
range, and the measurement of grounding resistance are the main calculation contents. By
installing and designing lightning rods (lines) in the substation, the incoming poles and
outdoor electrical equipment are all covered by the protection system.
my country's regulations stipulate that independent lightning rods must be used for
direct lightning protection systems for power distribution devices of 35kV and below.
This substation has a large area. In order to achieve complete coverage of the entire
substation, two independent lightning rods are used for joint protection to form the whole
station's protection against direct lightning strikes.
Protection range of two equal height lightning rods:
{
H
r x =( H−H x ) K h H x ≥
2
(5.1)
H
r x = ( 1.5 H −2 H x ) K h H x <
2
D
H 0=H − (5.2)
7Kh
W x =1.5(H 0 −H x ) (5.3)
Where H—height of lightning rod, m;
H x—The height of the protected object, m;
H 0—Two minimum protection heights, m;
5.5
K h—Height influence factor,; H ≤30 m , K h=1 ; 120m ≥ H > 30 m, K h=
√H
D—The distance between two roots, m;
28
W x—The minimum width of one side of the protection range, m.
29
Assuming that the height of the protected object is 10m and the height of the two
lightning rods are both 30m, calculate the relevant data:
r x =( 1.5 H−2 H x ) K h=1.5 × 30−2 ×10=25 m；
D 42
H 0=H − =3 0− =24 m;.W x =1.5 ( H 0−H x )=1.5 ×14=21 m
7Kh 7
Figure 5.1 Lightning rod protection range

The position of the lightning rod is shown in Figure 5.2.
Figure 5.2 Lightning rod installation position

In order to prevent the overvoltage from counterattack to the protected object when
lightning strikes on the lightning rod, a certain distance should be kept between the
lightning rod and the protected object. my country's standard recommends using the
following formula to verify the air separation and ground distance of independent
lightning rods: s1 s 2
s1 ≥0.2 Ri +0.1 h (5.4)
s1 ≥0.3 Ri (5.5)
In the formula-the impulse grounding resistance of the independent lightning rod, Ω;
30
Ri
h—The height of lightning rod support.
Under normal circumstances, it should not be less than 5m and not less than 3m. s1 s 2
5.1.2 Lightning intrusion wave protection
Transmission lines are likely to suffer from lightning overvoltages, and substations
have various transformers and high and low voltage power distribution devices directly
connected to the transmission lines. Therefore, while effective protection against direct
lightning strikes, the intrusion wave cannot be ignored. Huge hidden danger. The
effective means to prevent the intrusion of lightning waves in substations is mainly to
install valve arresters that limit the amplitude of overvoltage waves.
a. Lightning arrester type selection:
According to the insulation level and location of transformers and power distribution
devices, ordinary valve-type arresters (FZ) should be used in 35kV substations. The metal
oxide arrester has excellent nonlinear volt-ampere characteristics, and the built-in
resistors are connected in parallel, which can absorb huge energy. It is widely used in the
protection of ultra-high voltage transmission and distribution networks and large-capacity
capacitor banks.
b. Selection of arrester arc extinguishing voltage:
The rated voltage of the arrester should match the maximum allowable power
frequency overvoltage in the system. In the power grid of 220kV and below, the grid
grounding coefficient should be considered:
U be ≥ c d U m (5.6)
In the formula-the effective value of the rated voltage of the arrester, kV;U be
—Grounding factor, 35kV system is 1, 10kV is 1.1;c d
—The highest operating line voltage, kV.U m
According to the above principles, the 10kV side arrester model is HYWS-17/50,
and its rated voltage is 17kV; the 35kV side arrester model is HYWZ-51/134, and its
rated voltage is 51kV.
c. Lightning impact protection level of lightning arrester:
Take the largest of the following two values: the maximum residual voltage under
the specified impulse current-the voltage drop on the valve plate when the impulse
current passes through the arrester; the maximum discharge voltage of the full wave
impulse, which is generally equal to the residual voltage.
BIL
U pl ≤ (5.7)
1.4
31
In the formula-lightning surge protection level of the arrester, kV;U pl

—Basic impact insulation level, kV; BIL
1.4—Coordination coefficient under lightning overvoltage.
Substituting the data for calculation, the rated lightning impulse withstand voltage of
high-voltage electrical appliances and transformers on the 35kV side is 185kV; on the
10kV side, the rated lightning impulse withstand voltages of high-voltage electrical
appliances and transformers are 60kV. The selected arrester can meet the requirements.
BIL 185 BIL 60
U pl = = ≈132 kV U pl = = ≈ 43 kV
1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
d. Lightning arrester operation impact protection level:

Take the largest of the following values under the operating shock wave: maximum
discharge voltage; residual voltage.
SIL
U ps ≤ (5.8)
1.25
In the formula-surge arrester operation impulse overvoltage protection level, kV;U ps

SIL—Operational impact insulation level, kV;
1.25—coordination coefficient under operating overvoltage.
Substituting the data for calculation, the operating impulse test voltage on the 35kV
side and the transformer end is 170kV.
SIL 170
U pl = = ≈ 136 kV ; On the 10kV side, the high-voltage electrical appliance
1.25 1.25
operating impulse test voltage is 60kV. The selected arrester can meet the requirements.
SIL 60
U pl = = =48 kV
1.25 1.25
There is no lightning arrester on the 35kV transmission line. Therefore, a lightning

protection line is installed on the transmission line within 1km from the substation, and
the incoming line section protection is adopted to strengthen lightning protection
measures to minimize the number of line outgoing shielding strikes or counter strikes.
The specific measures are: the protection angle of the lightning protection line is set to
18° to ensure that the lightning resistance level of the incoming line section is greater
than 30kA.
32
5.2 Grounding device
5.2.1 Design regulations
a. Use a general grounding device to configure the grounding connections of all

electrical equipment that need to be grounded. The resistance of the grounding device
must be greater than the grounding resistance of the electrical equipment that requires the
smallest grounding resistance.
b. If the grounding device cannot meet the installation requirements, an insulation
platform can be installed to operate and overhaul the related electrical equipment, but the
dangerous ungrounded parts can only be operated on the platform.
c. If the neutral point of the low-voltage network is directly grounded, the enclosure
of electrical equipment shall be protected by low-voltage zero connection.
d. For the neutral point indirectly grounded network, a breakdown fuse should be
provided on the neutral line of the low-voltage side of the transformer or a certain phase
line.
e. The artificial grounding body should make the voltage distribution to the ground
of all the electrical equipment that should be grounded uniformly, without distribution
deviation; for the electrical equipment with large ground short-circuit current, the ring
grounding body should be used to limit, and the voltage equalizing belt should be set
appropriately.
f. The resistance value of the grounding resistance should be able to meet the
required value in all four seasons of the year.
g. The model and installation of the grounding device of the substation mainly aim
to reduce the contact potential and the step potential, and the maximum value must be
lower than its specified value.
5.2.2 The part to be grounded
a The base and shell of transformers and electrical appliances;

b. Transformer secondary winding;
c. The possible live metal frame of the control panel of the power distribution room,
various metal and concrete bases of the outdoor power distribution device, and various
metal products close to the live body.
d. Armored cable sheath, shielded core wire of non-armored cable.
33
5.2.3 Grounding scheme
The grounding grid of this substation adopts a composite artificial grounding device
using flat steel. The grounding trunk line is mainly laid horizontally, and the vertical
grounding electrode is supplemented. Grounding devices are centralized at the lightning
rods and arresters. The life of the grounding body is designed for 30 years, and the
specific specifications are 50mm×6mm cast copper ground rods and ground flat steel; the
secondary equipment room uses a copper cable with a cross-section of 100m2.
For all types of lines that have electrical connections outside the station, a certain
isolation method is set at the appropriate outlet position to prevent the high potential from
being led to the outside of the station and the low potential to the inside of the station
after a ground fault occurs.
34
6 Power distribution device and station power system
6 Power distribution device and station power system
6.1.1 Basic requirements for the layout of power distribution devices
a. The layout of the power distribution device should be neat and clear to ensure that
no accidents occur to the operating personnel and equipment during the accident and
maintenance process.
b. Reasonably consider the maintenance and installation conditions, facilitate the
installation, operation and movement of various devices, and reserve space for long-term
construction and future expansion.
c. The safe net distance of indoor and outdoor power distribution devices must be
greater than the minimum safe distance in the specification, and calculated in accordance
with relevant regulations; the minimum distance of the external insulation of outdoor
electrical equipment from the ground is not more than 2.5m, and the minimum distance
of the external insulator of the indoor electrical equipment from the ground is not more
than 2.3 m, a fixed railing must be installed.
d. The line gap of the overhead line should be in line with the width of the outgoing
corridor in the plan, no cross wiring phenomenon should occur, and the redundant lines
should be minimized between the terminal towers; the phase sequence should follow the
direction of the outgoing current flow from left to right , From far to near, from top to
bottom in the order of phase A, B, C. e. Control the relative position and distance
between the main transformer and the control center, and the secondary equipment room
and the monitoring room. Parallel design is not allowed, so that the indoor continuous
noise of each building in the substation is as low as the maximum allowable continuous
noise level. f. When the adjacent lines are all arranged overhead, set the protection for the
normal operation of one line and the maintenance of the other line, such as moving the
hanging point of the outlet line and isolating the two lines.
h. For the operating mechanism of the isolating switch, the rocking type is installed
at a distance of 0.9m, and the upper and lower plate type is at a distance of 1.05m.
6.1.2 35kV power distribution device
The 35kV power distribution device and the main transformer are arranged
outdoors. According to the assumed incoming direction of the substation, the installation
35
location of the 35kV outdoor power distribution device is set on the north side of the
station area. The entry road of the substation is connected from the east side of the station
area. The main transformer is arranged at 35kV. Between and 10kV power distribution
device.
The 35kV power distribution device is an improved medium-sized layout of the
outdoor soft bus, with overhead lines. The main transformer wire-in frame is installed in
the station, and the power distribution device is separated by 5m. The inlet side isolating
switch is installed on the equipment bracket under the frame, and the rest of the electrical
equipment is installed on the similar ground equipment bracket. The inlet line height
should consider the inlet isolating switch's dimensions, electrostatic induction and the
safe distance between the incoming wire and the fence. Therefore, the hanging flexible
wire The beam height is 7m.
6.1.3 10kV power distribution device
The 10kV power distribution device is an improved medium-sized layout of the

outdoor soft bus, with overhead lines. The outlet frame is set in the station, the main
transformer inlet frame, and the interval width of the power distribution device is 4m. All
electrical equipment is installed on a special support on the ground under the busbar, and
the lateral size of the power distribution device is 16m. It is basically similar to the 35kV
configuration principle, so the height of the suspended flexible conductor beam is 7m.
6.2 Station power system
6.2.1 Basic principles
a. Set up the station power device according to the relevant specifications of the
station power system, and use the convenience of the equipment as the principle, the
efficient use of space, and ensure the protection of the equipment in safety distance, fire
prevention, explosion prevention, moisture, frost, dust, etc. means.
b. The operation, maintenance and transportation of the equipment must not cause
irreparable trauma to the equipment, and fully meet the possibility of long-term
construction and expansion.
c. According to the geographical layout of the entire station area, and based on the
principles of safety and economy, reasonably set the direction and length of the cable
loop, and try to keep the same law as possible.
d. The selection of electrical equipment for the station should match the location of
electricity use and the amount of electricity, and priority should be given to the selection
36
of suitable electrical appliances.

6.2.2 Station power transformer
The substation is equipped with two station transformers, which are respectively
connected to two different 10kV busbars. The transformer is a dry-type transformer with
a capacity of 50kVA, a voltage ratio of 10±5%/0.4kV, and a connection method of
Dyn11. The specific parameters are shown in the table As shown in 6.1. The station
transformer is protected by a combination of a fuse and an isolating switch.
Table 6.1 Main technical parameters of transformer
project Technical Parameters
Transformer model SC9 – 50/10
Rated Capacity 50kVA
Capacity ratio 100/100
Voltage ratio 10.5±5%/0.4kV
Short circuit impedance Uk%=4
Connection group YNd11
The station voltage is 380/220V, and its wiring system is designed as a 380V three-
phase four-wire neutral point directly grounded system, and the wiring form is single bus
wiring.
6.2.3 Power lighting
Power supply system: the station is equipped with a power supply for maintenance,
which is drawn from the power distribution panel in the station.
Lighting power supply system: mainly includes AC power supply system and DC
power supply system. The AC power supply system is mainly transformed from the
station power transformer, and the DC power supply system is mainly provided by the
battery DC bus. The DC power supply capacity should meet the requirement of
maintaining the emergency lighting for 1 hour.
Outdoor operation, maintenance and normal lighting use high-position floodlights;
the distribution control room is mainly equipped with fluorescent lamps and incandescent
lamps; various rooms, passages, corridors and important control rooms in the station
complex are used as accident lighting.
37
7 Relay protection system
7 Relay protection system
7.1 Design of Lightening Protection System
The probability of being struck by lightning and other factors is comprehensively

considered, in accordance with the "Code for Design of Building Lightning Protection".
There are three basic classes defining the level of protection namely as Class 1 lightning
protection buildings, Class 2 lightning protection buildings and Class 3 lightning
protection buildings. The first type of lightning protection prevents with measures to
prevent direct lightning, lightning induction, and lightning wave intrusion. The second
type of lightning protection, there are measures to prevent direct lightning, lightning
induction, and individual lightning wave intrusion measures. The third type of lightning
protection is anti-direct lightning, lightning wave intrusive measures.
Following are the lightning protection measures:

Prevent direct lightning strikes. Equipped with lightning arrester, down conductor,
and grounding device, the height exceeds 45m. Avoid side lightning strikes.
Lightning protection induction. The metal objects in the building should be
grounded nearby, and the metal pipes attached in parallel or cross should be bridged. The
top and bottom of the metal object are connected with the lightning protection device.
Anti-thunder wave intrusion. Grounding of overhead and buried cables and metal
pipes entering and leaving the building.
Anti-lightning electromagnetic pulse. Buildings and rooms are shielded, and
appropriate attached circuits and circuit shields; surge protection is installed. Measures
such as grounding and equipotential bonding are also ensured.
Air-termination device. The lightning arrester for buildings is composed of one or
more of the following facilities: independent lightning rod, overhead avoidance.
Lightning wires or lightning protection nets, lightning rods on buildings, lightning
protection belts or lightning protection nets, metal bodies used as air-termination devices.
Independent lightning according to the standard atlas selection, all materials (steel pipes,
flat steels, round steels) must conform to the "Code for Lightning Protection Design of
Buildings".
38
7.2 Protection Design
In the design of anti-direct lightning strike, the estimated number of lightning strikes
per year for protection facilities s given by:
Number of lightning strikes = 0.024 × (Correction coefficient) × (Annual average
number of thunderstorms) × (The equivalent area of the building intercepted lightning
strikes)
Correction factor is referred as reflecting the isolation of protected objects 2, Metal
roof brick and wood structure 1.7 , Soil resistance by rivers and mountains Low rate,
earthy mountain tops, valley vents, particularly humid 1.5 The specific degree of
moisture, soil resistivity and the bottom of the slope and middle and top etc. can be
modified coefficients. Annual average number of thunderstorms subject to the data
provided by the local meteorological department.
The equivalent area of the building intercepting the same number of lightning strikes
is related to the length, width and height of the building.
To determine the protection plan, draft a protection method using a single method of
lightning rod, belt, wire, and net or a combination of several methods type, independent
type or attached type etc and then select the type, specification and arrangement of the
air-termination device, according to the lightning rod ball radius and avoidance. The table
for the lightning rod ball radius and lightning net grid size is shown below:
Lightning Lightning rod Lightning
protection category ball radius /m protection grid size/ m
First class 30 5 x 5 or 6 x 4
lightning protection
Class II 45 10 x 10 or 12x 8
Three types of 60 20 x 20 or 24 x 16
Table 5.2.1: Ball radius of lightning rod and grid size table of lightning rod
7.3 Layout Design
According to the above plan and the following

requirements, draw out the lightning protection plan and the necessary lightning
39
protection elevation. Doors and windows that prevent side lightning strikes are reliably
connected to lightning protection devices, and non-metallic protrusions (chimneys, pipes,
skylights) that are not in the protection. Lightning protection facilities shall be added, and
the lightning protection net shall provide key protection for the corners, ridges, eaves and
eaves corners. The distance between the artificial grounding body and the entrance or the
sidewalk is greater than 3m. Otherwise deep bury or insulation layer is added.
7.4 HV Power Distribution
The outdoor power distribution device should be equipped with independent

lightning rod protection, and it is not suitable to be installed on the power distribution
device frame and Place (not less than 3m). The broken line method should be used to
calculate the protection range of independent lightning rods. The distance between the
independent lightning rod and the live part of the power distribution device, the grounded
part of the electrical equipment of the substation, and the grounded should meet the
following criteria:
Air distance ≥ 0.2 × (Impulse grounding resistance of lightning rod) + 0.1 ×
(Lightning rod height) ≥ 5m
The distance between the grounding device of the independent lightning rod and the
grounding grid of the substation should meet the following:
Middle distance ≥ 0.3 × (Impact grounding resistance of lightning rod) ≥ 3m
For the lightning intrusion wave protection, the incoming line section of the
overhead incoming line is erected with a lightning protection line, and the protection
angle meets 110 ~ 220kV Less than 20 ℃, 500kV. Above 15 ℃, 35kV, the erection
length is 2km. 110kV and the above is connected with the original protection; the cable
inlet shall be equipped with lightning arresters at the connection and end of the overhead
line and the cable, and the overhead line shall be erected with a lightning protection line.
When the incoming line side is electrified, the incoming line switch (isolating switch or
circuit breaker) is often in the off state. Install it at the isolating switch and set up
lightning arrester. They should be installed on the different voltage bus bars of the
substation, FS type, and 220kV And below FZ type, 220kV. For the above installation of
metal oxide, the distance between the arrester and the main transformer and other
equipment meets the specification requirements. The arrester should be connected to the
main grounding grid of the substation with a short grounding wire (connected through the
cable sheath), and at the same time it should be attached. There should be a centralized
40
grounding device nearby.

On the other hand, for the outdoor power distribution, use a set of independent
lightning rods or a combination of lightning rods to form a protective area against direct
strikes
Lightning and lightning rods are selected from the standard atlas, and there must be
margin for the calculation of the protection range. The lightning protection line is used
for overhead incoming lines to prevent lightning intrusion, and the mechanical strength of
the lightning protection line must be considered. The lightning rod meets the
requirements for the distance between the electrical equipment, the distance between the
grounding part, and the distance between the grounding grids.
7.5 Earthing Layout
Grounding is divided into working grounding, protective grounding, lightning

protection grounding, anti-static grounding, electronic signal grounding, shielding
grounding, and heavy grounding. Following grounding should be followed in substation:
Substation: the base and shell of electrical equipment, the secondary winding of
transformer, armored cable sheath, tower pole, Wire steel pipes and bridge frames,
junction boxes, wire ropes, equipment guide rails, etc. should all be grounded; equipment
housing and insulation installed on the screen sub-metal base, equipment on grounded
metal frame, AC 50V Direct current 110V Electrical equipment below and below may not
be grounded.
Building: Refer to the aforementioned design should be grounded.
Ground resistance: The ground resistance is less than the specified data, the smaller
the better.
Artificial grounding electrode can be laid horizontally and vertically. The horizontal
laying can be round steel or flat steel. The vertical laying can use angle steel and steel
pipe according to the "Grounding of AC Electrical Installations" ,"Code for Lightning
Protection Design of Buildings" And "Code for Construction Quality Acceptance of
Building Electrical Engineering". The mechanical strength must meet the below given
table:
species parameter Indoor Outdoor underground

floor ground
Round Diameter/mm 6 8 10
41
bar
Flat Section/mm 60 100 100
steel Thickness/mm 3 4 4
Angle Thickness/mm 2 2.5 4
steel
Steel mm 2.5 2.5 3.5
pipe
Table 5.5.1: The minimum size table of conductor of grounding device
The cross section of the grounding wire should be checked

for thermal stability, and should meet:
Section ≥ Short circuit duration × (Short-circuit current
stability value) / (material thermal stability coefficient | steel take 70|)
For the Grounding device design:

According to the requirements of the substation, draw the grounding device plan and
necessary cross-sectional views, pay attention to the pressure equalizing belt, ring net and
foundation steel welding. In addition to the use of natural grounding in independent
substations, an artificial grounding grid with a horizontal grounding pole should be
attached.
The outer edge of the ground net should be closed, arc-shaped, and the diameter of
the arc should not be less than the spacing of the equalizing belt.
The grounding device of the building gives priority to the use of steel bars in the
concrete foundation, and the grounding resistance should be estimated and finally
measured. An artificial grounding device should be added to the required value. When
there is a reinforced ground beam, the steel bars in the ground beam should be welded
into a ring grounding device. Ground beam application 40 × 4 Galvanized flat steel is
applied on the periphery of the foundation to form a ring, and welded with the foundation
steel bar to form a grounding device.
A horizontal pressure belt should be installed in the grounding grid, and shimmering
stones asphalt or asphalt should be laid at the edge of the grounding grid where people
often install two equalizing belts or deep buried grounding bodies underground.
The grounding of the lightning arrester for the overhead line should be connected to
the grounding of the substation, and a centralized grounding device should be laid at the
ground. The industrial grounding body should be laid on the free ground or green belt.
42
When the working ground and the protective ground are common grounding
devices, the low-voltage neutral point and the protective ground should be connected at
one point at the Land, connected to the general ground of the substation.
The main grounding bus should be connected to the grounding wire, protection wire,
and equipotential bonding trunk line and the main bus should be used at different points.
No less than two connecting wires are connected to the grounding grid; each grounding
part should be connected to the bus with a separate grounding wire, not one grounding.
Several grounding parts are connected in series.
7.6 Gas protection
In response to internal faults in the oil tank of the transformer and lowering of the oil
level, the measurement and protection device is a gas relay, and the installation position is
on the connecting pipe between the oil tank and the oil pillow. When there is a problem
inside the fuel tank and a small amount of gas is generated or the oil level is reduced, the
protection instantly sends a signal; when the generated gas exceeds the specified value,
the protection directly opens the circuit breaker on the power supply side of the
transformer.
Figure 7.1 Schematic diagram of gas protection installation

a. Protection setting:
(1) When the capacity of this transformer is 10MVA, the setting value should be set
to 250cm2. If the gas setting value needs to be changed, it can be achieved by adjusting
the position of the heavy hammer.
(2) Check the technical data of related gas protection. If the internal fault of the
transformer is to be reflected in time, the oil flow rate must be set between 0.6~1m/s; if
the transformer has an external fault, consider the existence of the through fault current,
43
and the oil flow rate should be set at Between 0.4~0.5m/s. Based on the above internal
and external fault analysis, it can be determined that the oil flow rate is set to 1m/s.
7.6.1 Longitudinal differential protection
The transformer longitudinal differential protection is mainly suitable for

transformers with a voltage level of 10kV or more and a capacity of not less than
10MVA. Longitudinal differential protection mainly has the following requirements in
transformer protection:
(1) Avoid unbalanced current caused by magnetizing inrush current and external
short circuit;
(2) No malfunction when the transformer is over-excited;
(3) The differential protection will activate the protection when the disconnection
signal is sent out when the current loop is disconnected, and the circuit breaker will trip;
(4) The protection range should include the transformer bushing and lead wire. If the
protection range cannot meet its requirements, auxiliary devices should be installed to
quickly remove the fault.
a. Protection setting:
The device used in this differential protection is a BCH-2 relay. The BCH-2 relay is
equipped with a fast saturation converter, which can sensitively react to the transformer
magnetizing inrush current and the unbalanced current of the fault outside the protection
range.
(1) Calculate the rated current on both sides of the transformer:
S
I e= e (7.1)
√3 U e
In the formula-the rated current of the winding at the maximum capacity; Se
U e —The rated phase voltage on this side.
(2) Calculate the rated current of the secondary circuit on each side of the
transformer:
K × Ie
I e2= (7.2)
nL
In the formula, K-three-phase symmetrical current transformer wiring coefficient, Y

wiring is taken as 1, Δ wiring is taken;√ 3
n L—The transformation ratio of current transformer. (Take the side with the
largest secondary rated current as the basic measurement)
According to the above calculation principles, the following parameters are
44
obtained:
Figure 7.1 Differential protection parameter calculation
result table
Rated voltage
35 10.5
(kV)
Rated current 10000 10000
≈ 165 ≈ 550
(A) √3 × 35 √3 × 10.5
Transformer
secondary √3 × 165 ≈ 4.76 550
≈ 6.88
Rated current 60 80
(A)
(3) The maximum short-circuit current when each side of the transformer is
externally short-circuited, as shown in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 Short-circuit current calculation result table
Short circuit current (kA)
Short Short-
Voltage Maximum
circuit Famous Impact circuit
grade Pu effective
position value value capacity
value
d1 35kV 5.71 8.91 22.68 13.54 571MVA
d2 10kV 1.18 6.51 16.57 9.9 118.39MVA
(4) Determine the primary operating current of the protection device;
I. Avoid the magnetizing inrush current when the voltage is generated after the no-
load input of the transformer or the disappearance of the external fault:
I dz ≥ K k I e (7.3)
In the formula-reliability factor, take 1.3. K k

Therefore, I dz =K k I e =1.3× 550=715 A
II. Maximum unbalanced current to avoid external short circuit:

I dz ≥ K k I br (7.4)
In the formula-reliability coefficient, take 1.3; K k

I br -Unbalanced current.
Therefore, I dz =K k I br =1.3 ×1302=1692.6 A
III. The maximum load current when avoiding the disconnection of the secondary
circuit of the current transformer:
I dz ≥ K k I fb. max (7.5)
In the formula-reliability coefficient, take 1.3; K k

I fb .max —The maximum load current of the transformer during normal operation.
Therefore, I dz =K k I fb. max =1.3× 550=715 A
45
The protection basic test action current takes the maximum value of 1692.6A.
(5) Determine the number of turns of the basic differential coil;
For a dual-winding transformer, the current transformers on both sides respectively
pass through two sets of balance coils, and then connect to the differential coils.
Differential relay operating current:
I dz I e2
I js = (7.6)
Ie
I dz I e2 1692.6× 6.88
Therefore. I js = = ≈ 21.17 A
Ie 550
Number of turns of differential coil:

60
W js = (7.7)
I js
60 60
Therefore.W js = = =2.83t
I js 21.17
There are taps inside the relay coil, and the number of turns of the differential coil
should be the largest value less than that. Therefore.W js W z=2.5
The actual operating current of the relay:
60
I jb = (7.8)
Wz
60 60
Therefore. I jb = = =24 A
W z 2.5
The actual operating current of the protection device:

I jb I e
I b . jb = (7.9)
Ie2
I jb I e 24 ×550
Therefore. I b . jb= = ≈ 1919 A
Ie2 6.88
(6) Determine the number of turns of the non-basic test balance coil and the number
of turns of the working coil;
Non-basic measuring balance coil calculation turns:
Ie2
W fj. js =( −1) W z (7.10)
I fj .e 2
In the formula-non-basic measurement of the secondary rated current. I fj .e 2

Ie2 6.88
Therefore.W fj. js =( −1) W z =( −1) ×2.5 ≈ 1.11 t
I fj .e 2 4.76
46
The practically adjusted number of turns of the balance coil should be a similar
value. Therefore.W fj. js W fj. z =1t
Non-basic working coil turns:
W g .fj . z=W fj . z+ W z (7.11)
Therefore.W g .fj . z=W fj . z+ W z =1+2.5=3.5t
(7) Calculation△f;
W fl. js −W fj. z
∆f= (7.12)
W fl . js +W z
W fl. js −W fj. z 0.67−1
Therefore.∆ f = = ≈−0.1
W fl . js +W z 0.67+2.5
Because of this, the actual value is substituted into the calculated operating current:
∆ f ≥0.05
I dz =K k ( K q K x f 1+ ∆ U +∆ f )
¿ 1.3 × ( 1 ×1× 0.1+0.05+0.1 ) ×6510=2115.75 A .
Basically measure the secondary action current.
I dz I e2 2115.75× 6.88
I js = = ≈ 26.47 A
Ie 550
Number of turns of differential coil:. The number of turns is set to.
60 60
W js = = ≈ 2.27 t W z=2
I js 26.47
(8) Sensitivity coefficient verification:

K jx I f .min
K= (7.13)
I b . jb
In the formula-protection wiring coefficient. K jx

I f . min—The famous value of the minimum short-circuit current in the differential
protection zone.
When the protection has the lowest sensitivity coefficient under normal conditions,
the system runs in the minimum mode and a two-phase short circuit occurs. At this time,
the protection wiring coefficient is 1, so the sensitivity coefficient meets the requirements
√3
for use. K jx I f .min 1 × 2 × 6510
K= = ≈ 2.94>2
I b . jb 1919
47
7.6.2 Phase-to-phase backup protection
Design Principles:
(1) The protection scope should include all adjacent components and transformers;
(2) A three-phase short circuit on each side of the bus should be sensitive to;
(3) Be as independent as possible and not replaced by generator backup protection;
(4) It can protect the fault between the current transformer and the circuit breaker.
a. Overcurrent protection for compound voltage starting:
The backup protection of the dual-winding step-down transformer is installed on the
power supply side. The protection is configured with two time limits. The first protection
causes the circuit breaker on the low-voltage side of the transformer to trip, and the
second protection acts on the outlet intermediate relay.
Setting calculation:
(1) Protection operating current:
K
I dz = k I e (7.14)
Kf
In the formula-reliability factor, take 1.2; K k
K f —Return coefficient, take 0.85.
Kk 1.2
Therefore, I dz = I = ×165 ≈ 232.94 A
K f e 0.85
(2) The operating voltage of the negative sequence voltage relay is set to avoid the
unbalanced current during normal operation;
U dz =0.06 U e (7.15)
In the formula-rated phase-to-phase voltage.U e

Therefore,U dz =0.06 U e =0.06 ×35=2.1 kV
(3) Setting of the operating voltage of the phase-to-phase low-voltage relay:

U dz =(0.5 0.6)U e (7.16)
Therefore,U dz =0.55U e =0.55 ×35=19.25 kV
(4) The sensitivity factor is calculated based on the short circuit at the end of the
backup protection range:
I f . min 5637.83
Current components: meet the requirements. K= = ≈ 24.2>1.2
I dz 232.94
Negative sequence voltage components: meet the requirements.
48
U f .min 3
K= = ≈ 1.42> 1.2
U dz 2.1
In the formula-a metallic asymmetric short circuit occurs at the back-up protection
terminal to protect the minimum negative sequence voltage at the installation location.
U f .min
Phase-to-phase voltage components: meet the requirements.
U dz 19.25
K= = ≈1.55> 1.2
U d .max 12.4
In the formula-a metallic three-phase short circuit occurs at the back-up protection
terminal to protect the maximum phase-to-phase voltage at the installation location.U d .min
b. Impedance protection:
The impedance protection of the double-winding step-down transformer is installed
on the high-voltage side, and a full-impedance relay is used as backup protection for the
busbar and part of the transformer winding. The protection has two time limits. The first
protection causes the high-voltage side bus tie breaker to trip, and the second protection
causes the high-voltage side circuit breaker to trip and de-excitation.
7.6.3 Overload protection
For manned substations, overload protection generally sends out an overload signal.
The overload current of the transformer is generally similar to the normal three-phase
symmetrical current. Therefore, only one phase needs to be configured with overload
protection, and the overload protection on both sides uses a delay relay to generate the
action delay.
The double-winding step-down transformer of this substation has overload
protection on the high-voltage side.
Setting calculation:
The operating current is set according to the rated current:
Kk
I dz= I (7.17)
Kf e
In the formula—reliability coefficient, taken as 1.05; K k

K f —Return coefficient, take 0.85.
Kk 1.05
Therefore, I dz = I e= ×165 ≈ 203.82 A
Kf 0.85
49
7.7 Bus protection
Bus failure is one of the most serious failures of electrical equipment. If there is no
dedicated busbar protection, when a busbar fails, the removal of the fault requires the
backup protection action of adjacent components, which increases the time for clearing
the fault, and at the same time, it is accompanied by the expansion of the power outage
range. Therefore, on the 35kV substation busbar, dedicated busbar protection should be
configured, and can meet the following requirements:
a. After the busbar protection is activated, take corresponding measures for the line
without branch to promote the tripping of the fast-acting protection on the opposite side;
b. The busbar protection does not limit the busbar operation mode. When the busbar
fixed connection is destroyed, the busbar protection device has a selective action;
c. When there is a certain section of bus charging and closing, disconnect the
corresponding fault bus in time and accurately; if two sets of isolating switches for one
line do not cause two sets of buses to be connected at the same time, the bus fails, and the
basic requirements of bus protection cannot be affected;
d. The busbar protection does not put forward special requirements as far as possible
on the transformation ratio and saturation of the current transformer.
e. Under the action of external short-circuit unbalanced current, or when the AC
circuit is disconnected, the busbar protection should not malfunction;
f. The action time limit of busbar protection should meet the system stability
requirements;
g. When the bus is configured with automatic reclosing, when the faulted bus is
reclosing, the sensitivity should meet the minimum requirements, and it is necessary to
install sensitive components.
Single bus and single bus section bus protection:
Using low impedance two-phase (A, C phase) current differential bus protection,
using a current relay with saturation characteristics as the starting element, two sections
of the bus are installed independently, and respectively matched with a composite voltage
blocking element to protect the corresponding bus Carry out control to improve its
reliability; each group of busbars is equipped with three-phase current quick-break
protection and zero-sequence current I-segment protection to disconnect the faulty busbar
in time and accurately.
50
8 conclusions
8 Conclusions and prospects
For this graduation project selection, I chose the subject of " Electrical Primary
Design Of 35Kv Substation ". In the four years of university study, I have understood the
structural framework of the power system from the shallower to the deeper, and gradually
mastered it from operation to design. Through this time of substation design, I went from
pure theoretical study to practical design and practical engineering problems. Starting
with, through the control of the whole and the selection of details, my professional
knowledge has been further strengthened and my actual engineering experience has been
enriched. Through the analysis of the original data, combined with design manuals,
equipment manuals and existing substation design data, this paper designs every aspect
involved in the electrical part of the 35kV substation. The main aspects include the
primary part of the main wiring design and the number and type of main transformers.
Selection of main electrical equipment such as circuit breakers, isolating switches,
various electrical quantity measuring components and busbars, the layout of lightning
protection and grounding devices, power distribution devices, the configuration of relay
protection systems, time limit design and setting calculation. After a semester of hard
work, the design can basically achieve the expected goals. In terms of substation design,
except for some practical problems that have not been taken into account, this scheme
design can basically provide ideas for the electrical design of 35kV substations. In terms
of self-growth, although the design content is heavy, the self-harvest can be richer, such
as the suitable conditions of various systems, the selection criteria of various equipment,
not only considering the safety perspective, but also considering the economics, which all
follow In-depth design and gradually become familiar with and learn to consider.
Through the design of the electrical part of the substation this time, we can clearly
recognize the many drawbacks of the non-intelligent substation. Among them, the more
important ones are the magnetic saturation and ferromagnetic resonance of the
electromagnetic transformer, the failure of self-checking for the disconnection of the
secondary circuit cable, and the overcurrent problem caused by the circuit breaker when
the circuit is closed. For digital substations, many problems can be reasonably solved,
and a large amount of land and human resources can be saved. For this reason, in the
future design of substations, we can try to adopt digital equipment and gradually
transition to digital substations.
51
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Appendix B Main Electrical Wiring Diagram
57
Appendix C Electrical General Layout Plan
58
59

Electrical Primary Design of 35 KV

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本科毕业设计(论文)

题目：Electrical Primary Design Of 35Kv Substation

Keywords: substation design, digital substation, digital transformation.

1.1 Subject research background

1.2 Research status at home and abroad

1.2.1 Current status of domestic research

With the development of computer networks and information technology in

The first is digitization, the intelligent operation of primary equipment, the

1.2.2 Current status of foreign research

1.3 The main work of this paper

2 Electrical main wiring designs

2.1 Raw data analysis

2.1.1 Necessity of 35Kv substation

In order to the economic development of a county, improve the reliability of power

2.1.2 Site overview

The new 35 kV substation access system is as follows:

2.2 Selection of main Transformer Capacity and type

2.2.1 Main Transformer

Figure 2.2: three-winding transformer

2.2.3 Selection of the number of transformer units

2.2.4 Selection of main transformer capacity

the above principles.

2.2.5 Selection results

Item Day Technical Parameters

2.3 Design of 35kV Substation

2.3.1 Design requirements

power grid and supplying power to users.

2.3.2 Basic Design principles for electrical main wiring

2.4 Design solutions

2.4.1 Single bus bar wiring

Figure 2.4.1: Single Bus bar system

2.4.2 Single bus bar with bypass

Figure 2.4.2: Single bus bar systems with bypass

Figure 2.4.3: Transfer bus bar

2.4.4 Double breaker bus bar

Figure 2.4.4: Double breaker bus bar scheme

2.4.5 3/2 bus bar

Figure 2.4.5: One and a half breaker bus bar scheme

2.5 Bus Bar selection

Figure 2.5.1: 35kV side inner bridge wiring

Figure2.5.2: 35kV side single bus section wiring

Table 2.5.1 comparison

2.6 Selection of main cable scheme

3 Short-circuit current calculation

3.1 Calculation of Short Circuit Current

3.1.2 Calculation of short circuit currents

Take reference capacity as: SB = 50MVA reference voltage as:

Fig 3.1.2: Equivalent network circles when oyster paths occur

3.1.3 Calculation results of short circuit current

According to the short circuit parameters provided by local power supply

4 electrical equipment selection

4.1 General principles and technical requirements

A system is incomplete without its electrical appliances. In Primary substation,

Short circuit dynamic stability conditions

Name Type Rated Highest Rated Open of Steady Dynamic

It ≥ I ∞ √tj / t (4s) 25 kA 3.67 kA

4.2.2 Selection of electrical devices on the 10kV side

Name Type Rated Highest Rated Open of Steady Dynamic

Selection of 10 kV side current mutual specialized transformer model

Project set Product Data Computing Data

4.3 Selection of bus lines

Selection is based on following steps