Brenda Núñez

AP Euro

23 Aug. 2012

Chapter 11: 100 Years’ War PEDLIG’s

1. People
a. King Henry III of England- English king that in 1259 had relinquished to all
English-held territories in France except for the duchy of Gascony.
b. King Edward III of England- closest male relative in line to the French throne.
Son of Isabella and grandson of Philip IV of France. He had a claim over the
French throne but the French nobles argued that inheritance of monarchy
couldn’t pass through a female line. His refusal to pay homage to Philip VI was
one of the causes of the Hundred Years’ War.
c. Isabella- mother of King Edward III of England and daughter of Philip IV.
Known as the she-wolf of France. With her lover, she led a revolt against her
husband, King Edward II, overthrew him and ruled England until her son took
over.
d. Edward, the Prince of Wales (the Black Prince) - son of King Edward III. His
campaigns in France were devastating to the enemy. He avoided big battles and
had a guerrilla, hit and run style, where they attacked unfortified villages, stole
valuable assets, and destroyed crops. His victory at the Battle of Pointers ended
the first phase of the Hundred Years’ War.
e. John II- French king captured by the English during the Battle of Pointers.
f. Charles V- son of John II who started the second phase of the Hundred Years’
War. Responsible for recovering French territory lost during the first phase.
g. Henry V- English king that renewed the war when the French were at a state of
civil war between the dukes of Burgundy and Órleans.
h. Charles VI- French king whose weak leadership (he was insane) led to the dukes
of Burgundy and Órleans to compete to control him.
i. Duke of Burgundy- made a key alliance with Henry V which led to the Treaty
of Troyes.
j. Charles the dauphin (Charles VII) - son of Charles VI who was disinherited by
the Treaty of Troyes whose weak and timid character couldn’t stand against an
English invasion to the south.
k. Joan of Arc- born in a well-to-do peasant village. Allegedly visions of her saints
commanded her to free France. She made her way to the dauphin’s court and
was able to persuade him to allow her accompany the French army to Orleans.
Inspired by Joan, the French army won decisive battles and brought the war to a
 turning point. She was captured by Burgundian allies and burnt at the stake
under the charges of heresy. She became the symbol of the French resistance.
l. King Henry VI- king of England whose unstable government contributed to the
English defeat.
m. Richard II- grandson of King Edward III who experienced peasant revolt and
ended it only when he made concessions. Killed by Henry of Lancaster
n. Henry of Lancaster (Henry IV) - overthrew Richard II. Part of War of the Roses.
o. Emperor Charles IV- issued the Golden Bull which standardized the principles
of election.
p. Giangaleazzo Visconti- transformed Milan’s despotism into a hereditary duchy
by purchasing the title of duke from the emperor.
q. Pope Boniface VIII- started conflict between papacy and secular monarchies
when he had a major issue with King Philip IV in terms of taxing the clergy.
Wrote the Unam Sanctam.
r. Clement V- Frenchman chosen pope by the College of Cardinals with the
pressure of Philip IV. Created another crisis for the church when he and his
successors remained in Avignon for the next 72 years instead of being in Rome.
s. Catherine of Siena- her claims of visions from God led the city of Florence to
send her on a mission to Pope Gregory XI, and convince him to come back to
Rome.
t. Gregory XI- first pope to return to Rome after 72 years as he perceived a decline
in papal prestige.
u. Pope Urban VI- Italian archbishop elected after the great pressure of the people
to have an Italian pope that would stay in Rome instead of a French one in
Avignon.
v. Clement VII- Frenchman elected pope by the dissenting cardinals. He returned
to Avignon.
w. Marsiglio de Padua- rector of the University of Paris, author of the Defender of
the Peace, and he came up with the concept of the separation between the
church and the state.
x. Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund- chose a new church council that chose Pope
Martin V and ended the Great Schism.
y. Meister Eckhart- sparked the mystical movement in western Germany.
z. Thomas Aquinas- developed a grand synthesis of faith and reason which was
widely not accepted.
aa. William of Occam- asserted that all universal and general concepts were simply
names and that individual objects perceived by the senses were real.
bb. Dante- Italian writer; author of the Divine Comedy.
cc. Petratch- Italian renaissance poet
dd. Boccaccio- Italian writer; author of the Decameron.
ee. Chaucer- Vernacular author, famous for the Canterbury Tales.
 ff. Christine de Pizan- Feminist writer known for The Book of the City of Ladies
gg. Giotto- considered the forerunner to the Italian Renaissance. His paintings
introduced the concept of three dimensional senses.
hh. Philip of Navarre- expressed his opinion on how boys should be taught a trade
as soon as possible.
2. Events
a. Quarrel over Gascony (1337) - immediate cause of the Hundred Years’ War.
Philip VI seized the English possession of Gascony (France) after Edward III
refused to pay homage to him.
b. Hundred Years’ War (1347-1453) -on-and off conflict between France and
England that extended for over a century, ending with the defeat of England and
the unification of France.
c. Invasion of Normandy (1346) - Edward III’s early campaigns that led to the
French counterattack at Crecy and ultimately to the capturing of the fort of
Calais that would serve as a staging ground to future English invasions.
d. Battle of Pointers (1356) - army of the Black Prince defeated the French and
captured King John II. This battle ended the first phase of the Hundred Years’
War.
e. Battle of Agincourt (1415)- French defeat where 1500 French Nobles died
which added up to a grand total of 6000 dead men, compared to the 300 English.
f. War of the Roses- factional conflict that led to a series of civil wars.
3. Documents
a. Peace of Brétigny (1359) - French agreed to pay a large ransom for King John,
enlarge the English territory of Gascony, and Edward renounced his claims to
the French throne in return John’s promise to give up control over English-held
territories in France. This treaty was never really enforced.
b. Twenty- Year Truce (1396) - negotiated after the second phase of the Hundred
Years’ War.
c. Treaty of Troyes (1420) - motivated by the English-Burgundy alliance, Henry V
was recognized as heir to the French throne through his marriage with
Catherine, daughter of Charles VI.
d. The Golden Bull (1356)- stated that four lay princes and three ecclesiastical
rulers would serve as electors with legal power to elect the king of the Romans
and future emperor of the Christian people.
e. Ordinances of Justice(1293)- Florence constitution that provided for a
republican government controlled by seven major guilds of the city, which
represented the interests of the wealthier people.
f. Constitution of 1297- allowed patricians to take control of the Republic of
Venice.
 g. Unam Sanctum (1302)- Written by Pope Boniface VIII, it was the strongest
statement made by a pope on the supremacy of spiritual authority over the
temporary authority.
h. Manisfesto- issued by French cardinals, saying that they have been coerced to
pick and Italian pope and therefore Urban’s election was null and void.
4. Laws
5. Ideas
a. Longbow- Welsh invention that revolutionized the nature of warfare. Employed
by English footmen, it allowed more rapid speed of fire compared to the
crossbow.
b. Cannons and gunpowder- Invented by the Mongols and the Chinese
respectively, these two devices became important weapons to the French and led
to their success in the war.
c. Scutage- military contracts based on money that substituted lord-serf and lord-
vassal relationships.
d. Great Schism- the division of Europe’s loyalties due to the existence of two
reigning popes.
e. Purgatory- place where souls go after death to be purged from the sin they
committed.
f. Mysticism- immediate experience of oneness with God.
g. Eucharist- communion wafer that supposedly contains the body of Jesus.
h. Four Humors- classical Greek theory that connected the ‘humors’ to a particular
organ.
6. Groups
a. Capetian monarchs- French monarchs with increased power over French vassals
and lords. Failed to produce a male heir to the French throne.
b. French nobles- chose Philip, duke of Valois, as king of France, after dismissing
King Edward III’s claim over the throne due to his inheritance of monarchy
passing through a female line.
c. Parliament- important component of the English governmental system.
d. House of Lords- former Great Council of Barons; body composed of the chief
bishops, abbots of the realm and aristocratic peers.
e. House of Commons- the representatives of shires and boroughs.
f. Estates General- French parliament, composed of reps of the clergy, the nobility
and the Third State.
g. Condottieri- leaders of mercenary soldiers who sold the services of their band to
the Italian city-states.
h. Grandi- patrician class of nobles that dominated Italian towns.
i. Popolo grasso- wealthy merchant industrialist class that assumed a dominant
role in government when they established a new constitution (Ordinances of
Justice).
j. Great Council- source of all political power in Venice divided into the Senate
and the Council of Ten.
k. College of Cardinals- responsible for electing the next pope; became the most
sophisticated administrative system in the medieval world.
l. Council of Pisa- general council of the church that could end schism and reform
the church. They elected Alexander V, but the other two deposed popes refused
to step down.
m. Brothers (Sisters) of the Common Life- followers of Gerard Groote (Modern
Devotion).
n. Midwives- delivered babies
o. Barber-surgeons- less trained surgeons that preformed menial tasks such as
blood-letting and setting simple bone fractures.
p. Apothecaries- filled herbal prescriptions recommended by physicians and also
prescribed drugs on their own authority.