Chemistry A Levels Worksheet Equilibria

Worksheet#03 A2 Equilibria
CHEMISTRY
A2
WORKSHEET#3
Equilibria
COMPILED BY:
KAMRAN SHAHZAD
 E-mail:shahzadkamran@hotmail.com
K A M R A N S H A HZ AD 1
Q1. One method of producing hydrogen from natural gas is the reaction between hydrogen
sulfide and methane.
(a). Write the expression for Kp for this reaction, and state its units.
Kp =
Units ………………………………
[2]
(b). The initial partial pressures of the two gases in a mixture at 1000 K are recorded.
H2S(g) 200 atm CH4(g) 100 atm

The mixture is left to reach equilibrium.
It is found that the equilibrium partial pressure of CS2(g) is 2atm and that of the
remaining CH4(g) is 98 atm.
(i). Calculate the equilibrium partial pressures of H2S(g) and H2(g).
p(H2S) = ………………………………………atm
p(H2) = ………………………………………..atm
[2]
(ii). Calculate the value of Kp at this temperature.
Kp= ………………………………………
[1]
M/J-16-41
Q2. Dicarboxylic acids dissociate in stages.
(a). The pKa values for stage 1 and stage 2 for some dicarboxylic acids are listed below.
For comparison, the pKa, of ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H, is 4.76.

(i). State the mathematical relationship between pKa and the acid dissociation
constant Ka.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(ii). With reference to the table above, suggest why the pKa(1) values
• are all smaller than the pKa of ethanoic acid,
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
• become larger as nincreases.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3]
(b). The monosodium salts of edible dicarboxylic acids are added to some foodstuffs as
buffers.
(i). Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(ii). Write two equations to show how monosodium butanedioate,
HO2CCH2CH2CO2Na, acts as a buffer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
M/J-16-41
Q3. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
(a). Explain what is meant by the term weak acid.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1]
(b). The pKa values of four acids are listed below.
(i) State the mathematical relationship between pKa and the acid dissociation
constant Ka.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1]
(ii). With reference to acidity, explain the difference in pKa values between
• Acid 1 and acid 2,
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3]
M/J-16-42
Q4. (a). Silver sulfate, Ag2SO4, is sparingly soluble in water. The concentration of its
saturated solution is 2.5 x 10-2mol dm-3 at 298 K.
(i). Write an expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of Ag2SO4, and state its
units.
Ksp = units: …………………………………

[1]
(ii). Calculate the value for Ksp(Ag2SO4) at 298 K.
Ksp = ………………………………………………………
[1]
(b). Using Ag2SO4 as an example,complete thefollowing Hess’ Law energy cycle
relating the
• lattice energy,
• enthalpy change of solution,
• enthalpy change of hydration,
On your diagram:
• Include the relevant species in the two empty boxes,
• Label each enthalpy change with its appropriate symbol,
• Complete the remaining two arrows showing the correct direction of enthalpy
change
[4]
M/J-15-41
Q5. (a). (i). What is meant by the term buffer solution?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(ii). -
Write equations to show how the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3 , controls
the pH of blood.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(iii). A solution containing both Na2HPO4 and NaH2PO4 is commonly used as a
buffer solution. The following equilibrium is present in the solution.
Calculate the pH of a buffer solution made by mixing 100 cm3 of

0.5 mol dm-3 Na2HPO4 and 100 cm3 of 0.3 mol dm-3 NaH2PO4.
pH =…………………………………….
[2]
(b). Silver phosphate, Ag3PO4, is sparingly soluble in water.
(i). Write an expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of Ag3PO4, and state its
units
Ksp = Units: ………………………………………

[1]
(ii). -20
The numerical value of Ksp is 1.25 x 10 at 298 K. Use this value to calculate
[Ag+(aq)] in a saturated solution of Ag3PO4.
[Ag+(aq)] = ……………………………………………………mol dm-3

[3]
(c). The half-equation for the redox reaction between phosphoric(III) acid and
phosphoric(V) acid shown.
Find suitable data from the Data Booklet to write an equation for thereaction
between H3PO3 and Fe3+(aq) ions, and calculate for the reaction.
equation: ……………………………………………………………………….............................................
= …………………………………. V
[2]
M/J-15-42
Q6. (a). Phosphate ions in water can be removed by adding a solution containing Ca2+(aq)
ions, which form a precipitate of calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2.
(i) Write an expression for the Ksp of Ca3(PO4)2.
Ksp =
(ii) The solubility of Ca3(PO4)2 is 2.50 x 10-6 mol dm-3 at 298 K.
Calculate the solubility product, Ksp, of Ca3(PO4)2 at this temperature.

Include the units.
Ksp = ………………………………………… Units …………………………………………..

[4]
O/N-14-42
Q7. (a). The following circuits were set up using aqueous hydrochloric and aqueous
ethanoic acids as electrolytes. Assume that the two circuits were identical apart
from the electrolyte.
When the switches were closed, bulb 1 was brighter than bulb 2. Explain why.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(b). (i). State what is meant by a buffer solution.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….……..………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Outline how a buffer solution can be prepared from ethanoic acid and a
named base
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[4]
(c). Amino acids such as alanine, CH3CH(NH2)CO2H, can act as a buffer solution.
Construct two equations to illustrate this.
Equation 1.
Equation 2.
[2]
(d). Tartaric acid is present in many plants.
Tartaric acid has two dissociation constants, K1 and K2, for which the pKa values are
2.99 and 4.40.
Suggest equations shown the two dissociations that give rise to these pKa values.
pKa 2.99
pKa 4.40
[2]
O/N-14-43
Q8. (c). (i). Write the expression for Kw.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Use your expression and the value of Kw in the Data Booklet to calculate the
pH of 0.150 mol dm-3 NaOH(aq).
(iii). The pH of a 0.150 mol dm-3 solution of piperidine is 11.9.
Suggest why this answer differs from your answer in (c)(ii).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) How would you expect the basicity of piperidine to compare to that of
ammonia?
Explain your reasoning.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[5]
(d). 20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 HCl was slowly added to a 10.0 cm3 sample of 0.150
mol dm-3 piperidine. The pH was measured throughout the addition.
(i). Calculate the number of mole of HCl remaining at the end of the addition.
Moles of HCl = ……………………………
(ii). Hence calculate the [H+] and the pH at the end of the addition.
pH = ………………………………..
(iii). On the following axes, sketch how the pH will change during the addition of
a total of 20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 HCl. Mark clearly where the end point
occurs.
14
pH
7
0
0 5 10 15 20
volume HCl added/cm3
(iv). From the following list of indicators, put a tick in the box by the side of the
indicator most suitable for this titration.
pH at which Place one tick only

Indicator
colour changes in this column
A 0-1
B 3–4
C 11 – 12
D 13 - 14
[6]
M/J-14-41
Q9. (a). (i). Write an expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of PbCl2.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Calculate the value of Ksp, including.
Ksp = ……………………………..... Units ………………………………….
[5]
(b). The behaviours of Pbcl2 and SnCl2 towards reducing agents are similar, but their
behaviours towards oxidizing agents are very different.
(i). Illustrate this comparison by quoting and comparing relevant E® values for
the two metals and their ions. Explain what the relative E® values mean in
terms of the ease of oxidation or reduction of these compounds.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Writing a balanced molecular or ionic equation in each case, suggest a
reagent to carry out each of the following reactions.
In reduction of PbCl2
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The oxidation of SnCl2
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[5]
M/J-14-42
Q10. (c). The acid dissociation constant, Ka, of ethanoic acid is 1.75 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
(i). Explain why this value of Ka is
• Much larger than that of ethanol, CH3CH2OH,
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
• Smaller than that of chloroethanoic acid, ClCH2CO2H.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm-3 solution of ethanoic acid.
[4]
(d). (iii). Using the expression Ka = [H+}[OH-] and your value in (ii), calculate [H+]
and the pH of the solution at the end of the addition.
[2]
M/J-14-42
Q11. (a). (i). Using the symbol HZ to represent a Bronsted-Lowry acid, write equations
which shows the following substances acting as Bronsted-Lowry bases.
(ii). Using the symbol B- to represent a Bronsted-Lowry base, write equations

which show the following substances acting as Bronsted-Lowry acids.
[4]
(b). State briefly what is meant by the following terms.
(i). reversible reaction
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). dynamic equilibrium
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(c). (i). Explain what is meant by a buffer solution.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Explain how the working of a buffer solution relies on a reversible reaction
involving a Bronsted-Lowry acid such as HZ and a Bronsted-Lowry base such
as Z-.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[4]
(d). Propanoic acid CH3CH2CO2H, is a weak acid with Ka = 1.34 x 10-5 mol dm-3.
(i). Calculate the pH of a 0.500 mol dm-3 solution of propanoic acid.
Buffer solution F was prepared by adding 0.300 mol of sodium hydroxide to

100 cm3 of a 0.500 mol dm-3 solution of propanoic acid.
(ii). Write an equatin for the reactin between sodium hydroxide and propanoic
acid.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii). Calculate the concentrations of propanoic acid and sodium propanoate in
buffer solution F.
[propanoic acid] = ………………………………….. mold m-3
[sodiumpropanoate] = …………………………………… mold m-3
(iv). Calculate the pH of buffer solutions F.
pH = ……………………………..
[6]
O/N-13-42
Q12. (c). The reaction between Fe3+ ions and I- ions is an equilibrium
(i). Use the Data Booklet to calculate E®Cellfor this reaction.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Hence state, with a reason, whether there will be moe products or more
reactants at equilibrium.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii). Write the expression for Kc for this reaction, and state its units.
Kc =
Units ……………………………………………..
An experiment was carried out using solutios of Fe3+(aq) and I-(aq) of equal
concentrations. 100 cm3 of each solution were mixed together, and allowed
to reach equilibrium.
The concentrations at equilibrium of Fe3+(aq) and I2(aq) were as follows.
(iv). Use these data, together with the equation given in (c), to calculate the
concentrations of Fe2+ and I-(aq) at equilibrium.
[Fe2+(aq)] = …………………………………..mol dm-3
[I-(aq)] = …………………………………….. mol dm-3
(v). Calculate the Kc for this reaction.
Kc = ……………………………………………..
[8]
M/J-13-41
Q13. (b). A buffer solution is to be made using 1.00 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H, and
1.00 mol dm-3sodium ethanoate, CH3CO2Na.
Calculate to the nearest 1 cm3 the volumes of each solution that would be required
tomake 100 cm3 of a buffer solution with pH 5.50.
Clearly show all steps in your working.

Ka (CH3CO2H) = 1.79 x 10-5 mol dm-3
volume of 1.00 mol dm-3 CH3CO2H = …………………………………………. cm3
volume of 1.00 mol dm-3 CH3CO2Na = ………………………………………..cm3

[4]
(c). Write an equation to show the reaction of this buffer solution with each of the
following.
(i). added HCl ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii). added NaOH …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d). Choose one reaction in organic chemistry that is catalyzed by an acid, and write the
structural formulae of the reactants and products in the boxes below.
[3]
M/J-13-42
Q14. (c). (i). Write an expression for Ksp of silver sulfate, Ag2SO4, including units.
Ksp = ………………………………………. Units ………………………………………………
Using a similar experimental set-up to that illustrated opposite, it is found

that [Ag+] in a saturated solution of Ag2SO4 is 1.6 x 10-2 mol dm-3.
(ii). Calculate the value of Ksp of silver sulfate.
Ksp = ………………………………………….
[3]
(d). Describe how the colours of the silver halides, and their relative solubilities in
NH3(aq), can be used to distinguish between solutions of the halide ions Cl-, Br- and
I-.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[4]
(e). Describe and explain the trend in the solubilities of the sulfates of the elements in
Group II.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[4]
O/N-12-42
Q15. (b). (i). Write an equation for a reactin in which phenol, C6H5OH, acts as a
Bronsted-Lowry acid.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The pKa values for phenol, 4-nitrophenol and the phenylammonium ion are
given in the table.
(ii). Suggest an explanation for the difference in the pKa values of phenol and
nitrophenol.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii). Using the information in the table opposite, predict which of the following
pKa values is the most likely for the 4-nitrophenylammonium ion.
Place a (✓) in the box beside the value you have chosen.
(iv). Explain your answer to part (iii).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [5]
O/N-11-42
Q16. (e). Solutions of amino acids are good buffers.
(i). What is meant by the term buffer?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Write an equation to show how a solution of alanine, CH3CH(NH2)CO2H,

behaves as a buffer in the presence of an acid such as HCl(aq).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii). Briefly describe how the pH of blood is controlled.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv). Calculate the pH of the buffer formed when 10.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3
NaOH is added to 10.0 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm-3 CH3CO2H, whose pKa = 4.76.
pH = ……………………………………………..
[7]
O/N-11-43
Q17. (a). State briefly what is meant by the following terms.
(i). reversible reaction.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Dynamic equilibrium.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(b). Water ionizes to a small extent as follows.
(i). Write an expression for Kc for this reaction.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Write down the expression for Kw, the ionic product of water, and explain
how this can be derived from your Kc expression in (i).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii). State and explain how the value of Kw for hot water will differ from its value
for cold water.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3]
(c). Kwcan be used to calculate the pH of solutions of strong and weak bases.
(i). Use the value of Kw in the Data Booklet to calculate the pH of

0.050 mol dm- 3 NaOH.
pH = ………………………………………….
Ammonia ionizes slightly in water as follows.
The following expression applies to this equilibrium.
[H2O] x Kc = [NH4+][OH-]/[NH3] = 1.8 x 10-5 mol dm-3
(ii). Calculate [OH-(aq)] in a 0.050 mol dm-3 solution of NH3, You may assume
that only a small fraction of the NH3 ionises, so that [NH3] at equilibrium
remains at 0.050 mol dm-3.
[OH-(aq)] = ………………………………………….
(iii). Use the value of Kw in the Data Booklet, and your answer in (ii), to calculate
[H+(aq)] in 0.050 mol dm-3 NH3(aq).
[H+(aq)] = …………………………………..
(iv). Calculate the pH of this solution.
pH = …………………………………………….. [6]
M/J-11-41
Q18. (a). Hydrogen fluoride, HF, behaves as a weak acid in water, with Ka = 5.6 x 10-4
mol dm-3.
Calculate the pH of a 0.050 mol dm-3 solution of HF.
pH = ………………………………………… [2]
(b). Gaseous ammonia and hydrogen fluoride react together to give solid ionic
ammonium fluoride.
(i). What type of reaction is this?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Draw dot-and-cross diagrams (outer shells only) describing the bonding in
the three compounds involved in this reaction.
(iii). There are three types of bonding in NH4F.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [6]
M/J-11-42
Q19. (c). Lead (II) chloride is slightly soluble in water.
(i). Write an expression for the solubility product, Ksp for lead(II) chloride and
state its units.
Ksp = ……………………………………………… units …………………………………………
(ii). Calculate [Pb2+(aq)] in a saturated solution of PbCl2.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
An excess of PbCl2(s) is stirred with 0.50 mol dm-3 NaCl until equilibrium has
been established. The excess PbCl2(s) is then filtered off.
(iii). Assuming [Cl-] remains at 0.50 mol dm-3 throughout, calculate the [Pb2+(aq)
in the remaining solution.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
(iv). Suggest an explanation for the difference between this value and the value
that you calculated in (ii).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
[4]
O/N-10-41
Q20. Whenan aqueous solution of compound G, NH2CH2CH2CH2NH2, is titrated with HCl(aq),

two successive acid-base reactions take place.
(a). Write equations for these two acid-base reactions.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b). A 0.10 mol dm-3 solution of G has a pH of 11.3. When 30 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 HCl is
added to 10 cm3 of a 0.10 mol dm-3 solution of G, the final pH is 1.6.
Using the following axes, sketch the pH changes that occur during this addition of
HCl(aq).
[2]
O/N-10-43
Q21. (c). Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, is slightly soluble in water.
(i). Write an expression for Ksp for calcium hydroxide, and state its units.
Ksp = ……………………………………………… units ………………………………………………
(ii). 25.0 cm3 of a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 required 21.0 cm3 of 0.0500 mol
dm-3 HCl for complete neutralization.
Calculate the [OH-(aq)] and the [Ca2+(aq)] in the saturated solution, and
hence calculate a value for Ksp.
[OH-(aq)] = ………………………………….
[Ca2+(aq)] = ……………………………….
Ksp = ……………………………………………………………………
(iii). How would the solubility of Ca(OH)2 in 0.1 mol dm-3 NaOH compare with
that in water?
Explain your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[6]
M/J-10-42
Q22. (c). Silver bromide is sparingly soluble in water.
(i) Calculate [Ag+(aq)] in a saturated aqueous solution of AgBr.
[Ag+(aq)] = ……………………………………. Mol dm-3
(ii). State and explain whether AgBr will be less or more soluble in 0.1 mol dm -3
KBr than it is in pure water.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(d). Silver ions form complexes with ammonia and with amines.
(i). Write an expression for the Kc for this reaction, and state its units,
Kc = ………………………………………………. Units ………………………………………………
Kc has the numerical value of 1.7 x 107 when R = H.
(ii) Using your expression for Kc calculate the [NH3(aq)] needed to change the
[Ag+(aq)] in a 0.10 mol dm-3 solution of silver nitrate to the value that you
calculated in (c)(i).
[NH3(aq)] = ………………………………………….. mold m-3
(iii). Explain whether you would expect the Kc for the reaction where R = C2H5 to
be greater or less than that for the reaction where R = H.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[5]
O/N-09-42
Q23. (a). Explain what is meant by the Bronsted-lowry theory of acids and bases.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b). The Ka values for some organic acids are listed below.
(i). Explain the trend in Ka values in terms of the structure of these acids.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Calculate the pH of a 0.10 mol dm-3 solution of ClCH2CO2H.
H = ……………………………………………..
(iii). Use the following axes to sketch the titration curve you would obtain when
20 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 NaOH is added to 10 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3
ClCH2CO2H.
[8]
(c). (i). Write suitable equations to show how a mixture of ethanoic acid, CH3CH2H,
and sodium ethanoate acts as a buffer solution to control the pH when
either an acid or an alkali is added.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 1.10 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid
and 0.20 mol dm-3 sodium ethanoate.
pH = …………………………………………………..
[4]
M/J-09-04
Q24. (a). Use the general formula of a carboxylic acid, RCO2H, to write equations to explain
the following terms.
(i). Ka ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii). pKa …………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(b). The pKa values of four carboxylic acids are listed in the table below.
(i). Describe and explain the trend in acid strength shown by acids 1, 2 and 3.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii). Suggest an explanation for the difference in the pKa values for acids 2 and 4.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii). Calculate the pH of a 0.010 mol dm-3 solution of propanoic acid (acid 1).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[6]
O/N-07-04
Q25. (a). (i). Explain what is meant by the term partition coefficient, Kpartition.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(ii). The partition coefficient of organic compound H between dichloromethane
and water is 4.75.
• 2.50 g of compound H was dissolved in water and made up to 100 cm3 in
a volumetric flask.
• 50 cm3 of this aqueous solution were shaken with 10cm3 of
dichloromethane.
Calculate the mass of compound H that was extracted into the
dichloromethane.
Mass of compound H extracted = ………………………………….g

[2]
O/N-18-41
Q26. (a). (i). Write the expression for Kw, the ionic product of water.
Kw =
[1]
(ii). The numerical value of Kw increases with increasing temperature.

Place a tick (✓) in the appropriate column in each row to show the effect of
increasing the temperature of water on the pH and on the ration [H +] : [OH-].
[2]
(b). An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide has a pH of 13.25 at 298 K.
Calculate the concentration of this sodium hydroxide solution.
Concentration = …………………………………… mol dm-3

[2]
(c). Buffer solutions are used to regulate the pH of a solution to keep its pH values
within a narrow range.
Write two equations to describe how hydrogencarbonate ions, HCO3-, and carbonic
acid,
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(d). The Ka for ethanoic acid is 1.75 x 10-5 mol dm-3 at 298 K.
(i). When ethanoic acid is dissolved in water, an equilibrium mixture containing
two acid-base pairs is formed.
Write an equation for this equilibrium. In the boxes label each species acidic
or basic to show its behavior in this equilibrium.
[2]
(ii). A buffer solution was prepared by adding 30.0 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3
ethanoic acid, an excess, to 20.0 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide.
Calculate the pH of the buffer solution formed at 298 K. Give your answer to
one decimal place.
pH = …………………………………
[4]
(e). Titration curves for two different acid-base reactions, M and N, are shown.
(i). Use the titration curve for reaction M to deduce the volume of acid added at
the end-point for this titration.
Volume of acid added at the end-point = ……………………………….. cm3

[1]
(ii). The table shows some acid-base indicators.
Name a suitable indicator for each of the acid-base titrations M and N. Explain your
answers.
Reaction M ………………………………………. Reaction N …………………………………………………..
Explanation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2]
O/N-18-41
Q27. (a). The numerical value of the solubility product, Ksp, of CaF2 is 3.45 x 10-11 at 298 K.
(i). Write an expression for the solubility product of CaF2. Include its units.
Ksp =
Units = ……………………………………
[2]
(ii). Calculate the solubility of CaF2 at 298 K.
Solubility = …………………………………. Mol dm-3

[1]
O/N-18-42
Q28. (a). Explain why the thermal stability of the Group 2 nitrates increases down the group.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(b). Sodium nitrite, NaNO2, is a decomposition product from heating sodium nitrate
NaNO3.
A student analysed a sample of sodium nitrite by titration with aqueous cerium(IV)

ions, Ce4+(aq). The equation for the titration reaction is shown.
• 0.138 g of impure sodium nitrite was dissolved in water and made up to 100
cm3 in a volumetric flask.
• 25.0 cm3 of this solution required 21.80 cm3 of 0.0400 mol dm-3 Ce4+ (aq) to
reach the end-point.
You should assume the impurity does not react with Ce4+(aq).
Calculate the percentage purity of the sample of sodium nitrate.
…………………………………… %
[3]
(c). Acidified manganate(VII) ions, MnO4-, can also be used to analyse solutions
containing nitrate ions, NO2-.
(i). Use the Data Booklet to construct an ionic equation for this reaction.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(ii). Use values to calculate the for this reaction.
= …………………………………… V
[1]
(d). Nitrous acid, HNO2, is a weak acid with a Ka of 6.9 x 10-4 mol dm-3 at 298 K.
(i). Explain the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(ii). Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for HNO2.
Ka =
[1]
(iii). Calculate the pH of 0.15 mol dm-3 HNO2.
pH = ……………………………………
[2]
(iv). Calculate the percentage of HNO2 molecules that are ionized in
0.15 mol dm-3 HNO2.
% ionization = ………………………………
[1]
(e). Solutions containing a mixture of HNO2 and NaNO2 are buffer solutions.
(i). Define what is meant by the term buffer solution.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(ii). Write two equations to show how a solution containing a mixture of HNO2
and NaNO2 acts as a buffer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
O/N-18-42
Q29. Sodium oxide, Na2O, is a white crystalline solid with a high melting point.
(a). Write an equation for the reaction of sodium with oxygen, forming sodium oxide.
Include state symbols.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(b). Explain why sodium oxide has a high melting point.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(c). When sodium oxide reacts with water an alkaline solution is obtained.
(i). Explain why the solution obtained is alkaline. You should use the Bronsted-
Lowry theory of acids and bases in your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(ii). Calculate the pH of the solution obtained when 3.10 g of sodium oxide are
added to 400 cm3 of water.
pH = ………………………………….
[3]
M/J-18-41
Q30. Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, is formed when silicon reacts with chlorine under suitable
conditions. It is a colourles liquid with a low boiling point.
(a). Explain why SiCl4 has a low boiling point.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(b). SiCl4 reacts with water to produce an acidic solution.
(i). Write an equation for this reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(ii). Describe two visual observations when silicon tetrachloride is added drop to
a small amount of water.
1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(iii). A sample of 0.8505 g of SiCl4 is added to 800 cm3 of water. All of the soluble
acidic product is dissolved in the water.
Calculate the pH of the solution obtained.
pH = ………………………………………
[3]
M/J-18-42
Q31. (a). The table lists values of solubility products, Ksp, of some Group 2 carbonates.
Use the data in the table to describe the trend in the solubility of the Group 2
carbonate down the group.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(b). (i). Write an equation to show the equilibrium for the solubility product for
MgCO3.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(ii). With reference to your equation in (i), suggest what is observed when a few
cm3 of concentrated Na2CO3(aq) are added to a saturated solution MgCO3.
Explain your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2]
(c). Use the data in the table to calculate the solubility of MgCO3 in water at 298 K in g
dm-3.
Solubility of MgCO3 = ………………………………….. g dm-3

[2]
(d). (i). Magnesium nitrate decomposes at a lower temperature than barium
nitrate. Explain Why.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2]
(ii). A sample of barium nitrate was heated strongly until no further change
occurred. A white solid was formed.
Write an equation for the action of heat on barium nitrate.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(iii). When water was added to the white solid produced in (d)(ii), an alkaline
solution was produced. Adding sulfuric acid to this solution produced a
white precipitate.
Write equations to explain these observations.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
O/N-17-41
Q32. (a). When water is added to magnesium nitride, Mg3N2, the products are a white
suspension of Mg(OH)2 and an alkaline gas.
(i). Write an equation for this reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(ii). A 2.52 g sample of Mg3N2 is added to an excess of water.
Calculate the mass of Mg(OH)2 formed.
Mass of Mg(OH)2 = ……………………………………. g

[2]
(b). State and explain how the solubility of the Group 2 hydroxides varies down the
group.
……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[4]
(c). Magnesium hydroxide is sparingly soluble in water. The concentration of its
saturated solution at 298 K is 1.7 x 10-4 mol dm-3.
(i). Write an expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of Mg(OH)2.
Ksp =
[1]
(ii). Calculate the value of Ksp for Mg(OH)2 at 298 K and state its units.
Ksp = …………………………….. units ……………………………

[2]
(d). The temperature at which the Group 2 hydroxides and carbonates start to
decompose increases down the group.
Suggest an explanation for this trend in the decomposition temperature of the
Group 2 hydroxides.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
O/N-17-42
Q33. (a). One atom of each of the four elements H, C, N and O can bond together in different
ways. Two examples are molecules of cyanic acid, HOCN, and isocyanic acid, HNCO.
The atoms are bonded in the order they are written.
(i). Draw ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams of these two acids, showing outer shell
electrons only.
[3]
(ii). Suggest the values of the bond angles HNC and NCO in isocyanic acid.
HNC …………………………………. NCO …………………………………. [1]
(iii). Suggest which acid, cyanic or isocyanic, will have the shorter C – N bond
length. Explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(b). (i). Isocyanic acid is a weak acid.
Calculate the pH of a 0.10 mol dm-3 solution of isocyanic acid.
pH = ……………………………………..
[2]
(ii). Sodium cyanate, NaNCO, is used in the production of isocyanic acid.

Sodium cyanate is prepared commercially by reacting urea, (NH2)2CO with
sodium carbonate. Other products in this reaction are carbon dioxide,
ammonia and steam.
Write an equation for the production of NaNCO by this method.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1]
(c). Barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2, is completely ionized in aqueous solutions.
During the addition of 30.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 Ba(OH)2 to 20.0 cm3 of
0.100 dm-3 isocyanic acid, the pH was measured.
(i). Calculate the [OH-] at the end of the addition.
[OH-] = ……………………………………. mol dm-3

[2]
(ii). Use your value in (i) to calculate [H+] and the pH of the solution at the end
of the addition.
Final [H+] = …………………………………… mol dm-3
Final pH = ………………………………….
[2]
(iii). On the following axes, sketch how the pH changes during the addition of a
total of 30.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 Ba(OH)2 to 20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3
isocyanic acid.
[3]
M/J-17-41
Q34. The table lists some organic acids and their pKa values.
(a). (i). State the relationship between pKa and the strength of an acid.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(ii). State the mathematical relationship between pKa and the acidity constant
Ka.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(iii). Give reasons for why the pKa value for chloroethanoic acid is smaller than
that for ethanoic acid.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2]
(b). (i). Use the zwitterionic structure for aminoethanoic acid (glycine) in aqueous
solution to write an equation for its dissociation giving H+(aq) ions.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(ii). Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm-3 solution of aminoethanoic acid.
pH = ……………………………………..
[2]
A 10.0 cm3 sample of 0.100 mol dm-3 aminoethanoic acid (glycine) was titrated with
0.100 mol dm-3 NaOH. After 20.0 cm3 of NaOH, an excess, had been added, the pH
was found to be 12.5.
(iii). Using the following axes, sketch a graph showing how the pH changes during
this titration.
[3]
M/J-17-42
ANSWERS SHEET
1. (a). Kp = {p(CS2) x (p(H2))4} / {(p(H2S))2 x p(CH4)} [1]
units: atm2 OR Pa2 [1]
(b). (i). p(H2S) = 196 atm [1]
p(H2) = 8 atm [1]
(ii). Kp = (2 x 84) / (1962 x 98) = 2.176 x 10-3 [1]
2. (a). (i). pKa = -log Ka [1]
(ii). diacids are more acidic than CH3CO2H [1]
HO2C- group is electron-withdrawing, stabilizing the monoanion
OR HO2C- group is electron-withdrawing, weakening the O-H bond
OR monoanion is stabilized by H – bonding [1]
As n increases, the electron – withdrawing group is further away from the ionizing CO2H group OR the
(intervening) alkyl groups destabilize the anion [1]
(iii). removing H+ from an anion is not electrostatically favourable [1]
(b). (i). a solution which resists changes in pH [1]
when small amounts of H+ or OH- are added [1]
(ii). [1]
[1]
3. (a). (i). (an acid that is) partially / incompletely ionized / dissociated [1]
(b). (i). pKa = - logKa or Ka = 10-pka [1]
(ii). ethanoic acid (1) is more acidic than propanoic acid (2) due to smaller electron-donating (R / alkyl)
group / less electron-donating (R / alkyl) groups (s)
2-chloropropanoic acid (3) is more acidic than propanoic acid (2) due to electron – withdrawing /
electronegative (Cl/chlorine) atom
2-chloropropanoic acid (3) is more acidic than 3 - -chloropropanoic acid (4) since the Cl / chlorine /
electronegative atom is closer to the CO2- / acid [3]
4. (a). (i). Ksp = [Ag+(aq)]2 [SO42-(aq)] and units: mol3 dm-9 [1]
(ii). Ksp = (2 x 0.025)2 x (0.025) = 6.25 x 10-5 [1]
(b).
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
5. (a). (i). a solution that resist / minimizes a change in its pH or helps maintain its pH ..... [2]
(Not any of; “maintains pH” ; keeps pH constant” ; “no change in pH”
. . . . . when small amounts of acid / H+ or base/OH- are added (both acid and base are needed)
(ii). HCO3- reacts with H+ ions as follows [2]
(the equation arrows can be equilibrium arrows, as long as HCO3- is on the left)
(iii). (pKa = -log(Ka) = 7.21) [2]
pH = Pka + log([base] / [acid] = 7.21 + log(0.5 / 0.3)
= 7.43 (7.4)
(b). (i). Ksp = [Ag+]3[PO43-] and units : mol4 dm-12 [1]
(ii). call [PO43-] = x, then [Ag+] = 3x, and Ksp = 27x4 [3]
x = (Ksp / 27)1/4 = (1.25 x 10-20 / 27)1/4 = 4.64 x 10-6 mo dm-3
[Ag+] = 3x = 1.39 x 10-5 (mol dm-3) (allow 1.4 x 10-5)
(c). [2]
6. (d). (i). Ksp = [Ca2+]3[PO43-]2 [1]

(ii). [Ca2+] = 3 x 2.50 x 10-6 = 7.50 x 10-6 mol dm-3
[PO43-]= 2 x 2.50 x 10-6 = 5.00 x 10-6 mol dm-3 [1]
= (7.50 x 10-6)3 (5.00 x 10-6)2 [1]
=1.05(1.1) x 10-26 mol5 dm-15 [1]
(e). (i). (enthalpy change) when 1 mole of an ionic compound [1]
Is formed from its gaseous ions [1]
(ii). Mg2+ has a smaller (ionic) radii than Ca2+ OR Mg2+ is smaller than Ca2+ [1]
7. (a). (HCl) stronger acid/more dissociated/ionized in solution [1]

(HCl has) more ions/higher concentration of ions [1]
(b). (i). A solution that resists changes in the pH/keeps pH fairly constant [1]
When small quantities/amounts/vols of acid/H+ or base/OH- are added [1]
(ii). Add (ethanoic acid) to NaoH OR an equation excess 9ethanoic acid) [1]
OR mix with sodium ethanoate [1]
(c). CH3CH(NH2)COOH + H+ CH3CH(NH3+)COOH [1]
CH3CH(NH2)COOH + OH- CH3CH(NH2)COO- + H2O [1]
(d). (i).
[1]
[1]
(ii). [2]
8. (c). (i). Kw = [H+]=[OH-] [1]

(ii). In 0.15 mol dm-3 NaOH, [OH-] = 0.15 mol dm-3
[H+] = Kw/[OH], so [H+] = 1 x 10-14/0.15 = 6.67 x 10-14 mol dm-3 [1]
pH = - log10[H+] = 13.18 (13.2) ecf from [H+] [1]
(iii). Piperidine is a poorer proton acceptor
or piperidine is partially ionized [1]
(iv). Piperidine should be a stronger base/more basic than ammonia
because of the electron-donating (alkyl/CH2) groups [1]
(d). (i). n(HCl) at start = 0.1 x 20/1000 = 2.0 x 10-3 mol

n(HCl) at finish = 2 x 10-3 – 15 x 10-3 = 0.0005/5 x 10-4 mol [1]
(ii). This is in30 cm3 of solution, so [HCl] at finish = 0.5 x 10-3/0.030 = 1.67 x 10-2 mol dm-3
pH = -log10 (1.67 x 10-2) = 1.78 ecf from (d)(i) [1]
(iii). pH/vol curve: start at pH 11.9 [1]
vertical portion at V = 15 cm3 [1]
levels off at pH 1.8 [1]
(iv). Indicator is B [1]
9. (ii). (Ksp =) [Pb2+][Cl-] [1]

(iii). if [PbCl2]= 3.5 x 10-2, [Pb2+] = 3.5 x 10-2 and [Cl-] = 7.0 x 10-2
so Ksp = (3.5 x 10-2) x (7.0 x 10-2)2 = 1.715 (1.7) x 10-4 mol3 dm-9 (≥ 2sf) [1] + [1]

(c). (i). the (M2+/M) E for the two elements are very similar or are – 0.13 and -0.14 V [1]

(Sn4+/Sn2+) = 0.15 V and E
E (Pb4+/Pb2+) = 1.69V [1]
So Sn2+ is quite easily oxidized to Sn4+) or is a stronger reductant or Pb2+ is not easily oxidized (to Pb4+)
or Pb4+ is a stronger oxidant or Pb4+ is easily reduced. [1]
(ii). E.g. PbCl2 + Zn Pb + ZnCl2 (or ionic) [1]
(other acceptable reductants: Fe, Mg, Ca but not Na or K)
Sn2+ + Br2 Sn4+ + 2Br- [1]
(other acceptable oxidants: VO2+ , Cr2O72- , Ag+ , Cl2 , Br2 , F2 , Fe3+ , MnO4-)
10. (c). (i). Ka larger than that for ethanol because

the ethanoate ion/CH3CO2- is stabilized by charged delocalization
or
the O – H bond is weakened due to its proximity to C = O/carbonyl group or the second
electronegative/oxygen atom [1]
Ka smaller than that for chloroethanoic acid because
electron-withdrawing/electronegative chlorine (atom) makes the anion more
stable or O – H bond weaker or H more easily lost [1]
(ii). [H+] = √([CH3CO2H] x Ka) = √(0.1 x 1.75 x 10-5) = 1.32(3) x 10-3 (moldm-3) [1]
pH = - log10[H+] = 2.88 (2.9)
(d). (iii). [H+] = Kw/[OH-] = 1 x 10-14/3.33 x 10-2 = 3.0 x 10-13 mol dm-3
pH = - log10[H+] = 12.5(2) [1]
or pOH = - log10(3.33 x 10-2) = 1.48

pH = pKw – pOH = 14 – 1.48 = 12.5(2) [1]
11. (a). (i). NH3 + HZ NH4+ + Z- [1]

CH3OH + HZ CH3OH2+ + Z- [1]
(ii). NH3 + B- NH2- + BH [1]
CH3OH + B- CH3O- + BH [1]
(b). (i). a reaction that can go in either direction [1]
(ii). rateof forward = rate of backward reaction
or forward/back reactions occurring but concentrations of all species do not change [1]
(c). (i). a solution that resists changes in pH [1]
when small quantities of acid or base/alkali are added [1]
(ii). In the equilibriumsystem HZ + H2O Z- + H3O+ [1]
addition of acid: reaction moves to the left

or H+ combines with Z-and forms HZ. [1]
addition of base: the reaction moves to the right
or H+ combines with OH-and more Z- formed [1]
(d). (i). [H+] = √(0.5 x 1.34 x 10-5) = 2.59 x 10-3 (mold m-3) [1]
pH = 2.59/2.6 (min 1 d.p) ecf [1]
(ii). CH3CH2CO2H + NaOH CH3CH2CO2Na + H2O [1]
(iii). n(acid) in 100 cm3 = 0.5 x 100/1000 = 0.05 mol
n(acid) remaining = 0.05 – 0.03 = 0.02 mol
[acid remaining] = 0.2 (mold m-3) [1]
Likewise n(salt) = 0.03 mol
[salt]+ 0.3 (mold m-3)
(iv). pH = 4.87 + log(0.3/0.2) = 5.04 – 5.05 ecf [1]
12. (c). (i). E = 0.77 – 0.54 = 0.23 (V) [1]
(ii). Since E  is positive/ E  > 0

So more products/the equilibrium will be over to the right/forward reaction is favoured ecf from
(c) (i). [1]
(iii). Kc = [Fe2+]2 [I2]/[Fe3+]2[I-]2 [1]
Units are mol-1 dm3 ecf on expression [1]
(iv). ([Fe2+] must always be twice [I2], so) [Fe2+] = 0.02 (mol dm-3) [1]
([1-] must always be equal to [Fe3+], so) [I-] =2x 10-4 (mol dm-3) [1]
(v). Kc = {(0.02)2 x 0.01} / {[2 x 10-4)2 x (2 x 10-4)2} correct expression [1]

(allow ecf from incorrect expression in (c)(iii))
(allow ecf from (c) (iv))
= (4 x 10-6)/(1.6 x 10-1.5) = 2.5 x 109 (mol-1 dm3) [1]
13. (b). there are two ways of calculating the ratio:

pKa = - log10(Ka) = - log10(1.79 x 10-5) = 4.747 (4.75) or [H+] =10-5.5 = 3.16 x 10-6 [1]
log10([B]/[A]) = pH – pKa = 0.753 (0.75) or [salt] / [acid] = Ka / [H+] [1]
 [B]/[A] = 100.753 = 5.66

or = 1.79 x 10-5 / 3.16 x 10-6 = 5.66
(or [A]/[B] = 0.177) [1]
Since B + A = 100,  (100 – A)/A = 5.66  vol of acid = 15 cm3
Vol of salt = 85 cm3 [1]
(c). (i). CH3CO2Na + HCl CH3CO2H + NaCl [1]

(ii). CH3CO2H + NaOH CH3CO2Na + H2O [1]
(d). e.g. hydrolysis of esters RCO2R’ (+ H2O) RCO2H + R’OH or its reverse
or hydrolysis of amides: RCONH2 (+ H3O+) RCO2H + NH4+
hydrolysis of nitriles: RCN (+ H3O+ + H2O) RCO2H + NH4+
nitration of benzene (or any arene): C6H6 + HNO3 C6H5NO2 (+ H2O)
dehydration of alcohols, e.g. : CH3CH(OH)CH3 CH3CH = CH2 + H2O
(or the reverse)
halogenation of ketones, e.g.: CH3COCH3 + X2 CH3COCH2X (+ HX) [3]
14. (c). (i). Ksp = [Ag+]2[SO42] [1]

units = mol3 dm-9 ecf on Ksp [1]
(ii). [SO42-] = [Ag+]/2 Ksp = (1.6 x 10-2)2 x 0.8 x 10-2 = 2.05 x 10-6 (mol3 dm-9) [1]
(d). AgCl white [1]
AgBr cream [1]
AgI yellow [1]
Solubility decreases down the group [1]
(e). solubility decreases down the group [1]
As M2+/ionic radius increases [1]
Both lattice energy and hydration (solvation) energy to decrease [1]
Enthalpy change of solution becomes more endothermic. [1]
15. (a). (i). C6H5OH+ OH- C6H5O- + H2O (or with Na+/H2O/A-) [1]
(ii). pKa of nitrophenol is smaller/Ka is larger because it’s a stronger acid/dissociates more than phenol [1]
Stronger because the anionic charge is spread out moreover the NO2 group or NO2 is electron-
withdrawing. [1]
(iii). pKa = 1.0 [1]
(iv). Nitro group increase acidity/electron-withdrawing groups increase acidity. [1]
16. (e). (i). A buffer is a solution whose pH stays fairly constant or which maintains roughly the same pH or
which resist/minimizes changes in pH. [1]
When small/moderate amounts of acid/H+ or alkali/OH- are added [1]
(ii). NH2CH(CH3)CO2H + H(Cl) +NH (+Cl-)

3CH(CH3)CO2H [1]
(iii). Blood contain HCO3- (or in an equation) [1]

which absorbs H+ or equn H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 (H2O + CO2)
or absorbs OH- or equn OH- + HCO3- CO32- + H2O [1]
(iv). [CH3CO2Na] = 0.05 [CH3CO2H] = 0.075 [1]
pH = 4.76 + log (0.05/0.075) = 4.58 or 4.6 [1]
17. (a). (i). One that can go in either direction. [1]

(ii). Both forward & reverse reactions are going on at the same time, but the concentrations of all
species do not change (owtte)
or rate of forward = rate of backward reaction [1]
(b). (i). Kc [H+][OH-]/[H 2O]
(ii). Kw = [H+][OH-] [1]

rearrangement of equation (i) gives Kc[H2O] = [H+][OH-] & Kw = Kc[H2O] (owtte)
or the [H2O] is contained within Kw [1]
(iii). Kw will be higher in hot water because reaction is endothermic [1]
(c). (i). [OH-] = 5 x 10-2; [H+] = (1 x 10-14)/5 x 10-2 = 2 x 10-13 [1]
pH = - log10[H+] = 12.7 ecf [1]
(ii). [NH4+] = [OH-] (= x) [1]
x2 = 1.8 x 10-5 x 0.05 ⟹ x (= [OH-]) = 9.49 x 10-4 (mol dm-3) [1]
(iii) [H+] = Kw /[OH-] = (1 x 10-14)/9.49 x 10-4 = 1.05 x 10-11 (mol dm-3) ecf [1]
(iv) pH = 11.0 ecf [1]
18. (a). [H+] = √(0.05 x 5.6 x 10-4) = 5.29 x 10-3 mol dm-3 [1]
pH = -log10(5.29 x 10-3) = 2.3 [1]
(b). (i). (Bronsted-Lowry) acid-base/proton transfer/neutralization/exothermic/reversible/equilibrium [1]
(ii).
3 x [1]
(iii) (in NH4F):
covalent: between N & H [1]
dative: between N & H [1]
NH4+ & F- or N+ & F- or ammonium and fluoride (i.e. in words)
or between (oppositely charge) ions [1]
19. (c). (i). Ksp = [Pb2+][Cl-]2 units = mol3dm-9 [1]
(ii). If [Pb2+] = x, Ksp = 4x3, so x = ∛{Ksp/4}
[Pb2+] = ∛{2 x 10-5/4} = 1.71 x 10-2 mol dm-3 [1]
(iv) [Pb2+] = 2 x 10-5/(0.5)2 = 8.0 x 10-5 mol dm-3 [1]
(v) Common ion effect, or increased [Cl-] forces solubility equilibrium over to the left [1]
20. (a). NH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 + HCl NH2CH2CH2CH2NH3+ Cl- [1]
NH2CH2CH2CH2NH3+ Cl- + HCl Cl- NH3 + CH2CH2CH2NH3+ Cl- [1]
(b). starts at 11.3 and finished as 1.6 [1]
Steep portions at 10 cm3 and 20 cm3 volume added [1]
21. (c). (i). Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2 (needs the charges) units: mol3 dm-9 [1] + [1]
(ii). n(H+) = n(OH-) = 0.05 x 21/1000 = 1.05 x 10-3 mol in 25 cm3.
[OH-] = 1.05 x 1000/25 = 4.2 x 10-2 (mol dm-3) [1]
[Ca2+] = 2.1 x 10-2 (mol dm-3) [1]
Ksp = 2.1 x 10-2 x (4.2 x 10-2)2 = 3.7 x 10-5 [1]
(iii). Les soluble in NaOH due to the common ion effect or equilibrium is shifted to the l.h.s by high [OH -]
(NOT just a mention of Le Chat on its own). [1]
22. (c). (i). [Ag+(aq)] = √(5 x 10-13) = 7.1 (7.07) x 10-7 mol dm-3 [1]
(ii). AgBr will be less soluble in KBr, due to common ion effect or equilibrium is shifted to the left/or by Le
Chatelier’s principle. [1]
(d). (i). Kc = [Ag(RNH2)2+][Ag+][RNH2]2 [1]
units are mol-2 dm6 [1]
(ii). Assume that most of the Ag+ (aq) has gone to the complex, then
[Ag+(aq)] = 7.1 x 10-7
[Ag (NH3)2+] = 0.1
and [NH3] = √{[ag(NH3+] /(Kc[Ag+])} = √{0.1/(1.7 x 107 x 7.1 x 10-7)} [1]
= 0.091 mol dm-3 [1]
(iii). When R = C2H5, Kc is likely to be greater, since the ethyl group will cause the lone pair on N to be more
available/nucleophilic/increases basicity. [1]
23. (a). acids are proton/H+ donors [1]

bases are proton/H+ acceptors [1]
(b). (i). more Cl atoms produce a stronger acid or the larger the Ka the stronger the acid (NOT just “ the more
Cl atoms, the larger the Ka” – must refer to acid strength). [1]
because the anion/RCO2- is more stable or the O-H bond is weaker/polarized [1]
due to the electronegativity/electron-withdrawing effect of Cl [1]
(ii). [H+] = √(Ka.C) = 0.0114 (mol dm-3) [1]
pH = 1.94 (allow 1.9) ecf from [H+] (correct answer = [12]) [1]
(iii).
start at pH = 1.94 (ecf from (ii) and goes up > 2 pH units before steep portion) [1]
steep portion (over at least 3 pH units) at V = 10cm3 [1]
flattens off at pH 12 – 13 [1]
(c). (i). CH3CO2H + OH- CH3CO2- + H2O [1]
CH3CO2- + H+ CH3CO2H [1]
(ii). pKa = -log10(1.7 x 10-5 = 4.77 or [H+] = 8.5 x 10-6 (mol dm-3) [1]
pH = pKa + log10(0.2/0.1) = 5.07 (allow 5.1) [1]
(correct answer = [2])
24. (a). (i). Ka = [H+] [RCO2-]/[RCO2H] [1]

(ii). pKa = -log10Ka or – logKa or log [H+]2/[RCO2H] NOT ln; [1]
(b). (i). acid strength increases from no. 1 to no. 3 or down the table or as Cls increase [1]
due to the electron – withdrawing effect/electronegativity of chlorine (atoms) [1]
stabilizing the anion or weakening the O-H bond NOT H+ more available. [1]
(ii). chlorine atom is further away (from O – H) in no. 4, so has less influence [1]
(iii). either: pH = ½ (pKa – log10 [acid]) or Ka = 10-pka = 1.259 x 10-3
= ½ (4.9 + 2) [H+] = √(Ka . C) = 3.55 x 10-4 [1]
= 3.4 (allow 3.5) pH = 3.4 ecf [1]
([1] for correct expression & values; [1] for correct working)
25. (a). (i). M1 ratio of the concentrations of solute in two (immiscible) solvents [1]
M2 at equilibrium [1]
(ii). Kpartition = (x/10)/(1.25 -x/50) [1]
4.75(1.25-x) = 5x
x = 5.9375/9.75 = 0.61 g [1]
26. (a). (i). Ksp = [Ca2+][F-]2 [1]

Units = mol3dm-9 [1]
(ii). Ksp = 4x3 = 3.45 x 10-11
x = 2.05 x 10-4 (mol dm-3) [1]
27. (a). ionic radius/ion size increases OR charge density decreases (down the group). [1]
Less polarization/distortion of anion/nitrate ion/NO3-/nitrate group [1]
OR
N-O/N=O bod is less weakened/distorted/polarized
OR
More energy to break N-O/N=O bond [1]
(b).
[3]
(c). (i).
[2]
(ii). [1]
(d). (i). weak acid is partly ionized and strong acid is completely ionized. [1]
(ii). [1]
(iii). Ka = [H+]2 / [HNO2]
[H+] = √0.00069 x 0.15 = 1.02 x 10-2 [1]

pH = -log[H+] = 2.0 (1.99) [1]
(iv). % ionization = 100 x 1.02 x 10-2 / 0.15 = 6.7 – 6.8 % [1]
(e). (i). M1 A solution that resists changes in pH [1]
M2 when small amounts of acid or alkali are added to it [1]
(ii).
[2]
28. (a).
Balanced with all formulae correct [1]
state symbols [1]
(b). giant ionic [1]
Strong bond/attraction between
AND
Positive and negative ions/anions and cations/Na+ and O2-/oppositely charged ions [1]
(c). (i). the reaction produces sodium hydroxide/hydroxide ions/OH- ions [1]
The hydroxide ions can receive/accept H+ ions/protons [1]
(ii). Calculation of Na2O moles 3.10 g /62 OR 0.05 [1]
Calculation of [OH-] 0.05 x (2/0.400) = 0.25 mol dm-3 [1]
Calculation of pH – log 0.25 = 0.60
14 – 0.60 = 13.40 [1]
29. (a). Simple molecular/simple covalent [1]

Weak London forces/id-id forces/VDW forces
Or London forces/id-id forces/VDW forces AND small amount of energy to break [1]
(b). (i).
[1]
(ii). White solid [1]
Steamy fumes/white fumes/misty fumes [1]
(iii). Moles of SiCl4 = 0.8505/170.1 = 0.005 [1]
Conc of H+ (0.005) x 4/0.8 = 0.025 [1]
pH = - log (0.025) = 1.6 [1]
30. (a). it/solubility decreases down the group and Ksp decreases [1]
(b). (i). [1]
(ii). (white) solid appears/precipitation (of MgCO3) [1]

As [CO32-] increases shifting equilibrium to the LHS (precipitating out MgCO3) [1]
(c). Solubility = √1.0 x 10-5 = 3.16 x 10-3 mol dm-3 [1]

Solubility = 3.2 x 10-3 x 84 .3 = 0.27 g dm-3 [1]
(d). (i). Mg2+ ion is smaller than Ba2+ ion or ionic radii increase down group ora [1]
(Mg2+) distorts/polarizes/the anion/nitrate group/nitrate ion/NO3 (1)-/NO
3 ion more easily
(than Ba2+) ora [1]
(ii). [1]
(iii). [1]
[1]
31. (a). (i). [1]
(ii). moles of Mg3N2 = 2.52 / 100.9 = 0.025 (0.0249) [1]

(moles of Mg(OH)2 = 0.075 (0.0749))
Mass of Mg(OH)2 = 0.075 x 58.3) 4.37 g or 4.4 g [1]
(b). Solubility increases (down the group) [1]
∆Hlatt and ∆hyd both decrease/less exothermic/more endothermic [1]
But ∆Hlatt decreases more (than ∆hyd decreases) [1]
∆Hsol becomes more negative/more exothermic/less endothermic [1]
(c). (i). Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]2 [1]
(ii). Ksp = (1.7 x 10-4) x 2 x 1.7 x 10-4)2 = 2.0 x 10-11 (1.97 x 10-11) [1]
mol3 dm-9 [1]
(d). cations become bigger/ionic radius increases [1]
Polarisation/distortion of anion/hydroxide ion decreases [1]
32. (a). (i).
[2]
19 electrons on each diagram [1]
(ii). HNC = 115 – 1.25o AND NCO = 180o [1]
(iii). Cyanic acid, because it’s a stronger / higher bond enthalpy / triple / C≡N /more electrons involved
bond. [1]
(b). (i). [H+] = √(HNCO]Ka) = √(0.1 x 1.2 x 10-4) or 3.46 x 10-3 [1]
pH = log [H+] = 2.5 (2.46) [1]
(ii). [1]
(c). (i). (n(OH-) at start = 2 x 0.1 x 30)/1000 = 6 x 10-3 mol)

(n(OH-) at start = (0.1 x 20)/1000 = 2 x 10-3 mol)
N(OH-) remaining = (6 – 2) x 10-3 = 4 x 10-3 mol, (in 50 cm3) [1]
So [OH-]end = 4x 10-3 x 1000/50 = 0.08 mol dm-3 [1]
(ii). [H+] = Kw/[OH-] = (1 x 10-14) x 0.08 = 1.25 x 10-13 mol dm-3 [1]
So pH = - log (1.25 x 10-13) = 12.9 [1]
(iii). Curve starts at 2.46 / 2.5 [1]
Vertical portion (end point) at vol added = 10.0 cm3 [1]
Finishes at pH = 12.9 [1]
33. (a). (i). The lower / smaller the pKa, the stronger the acid [1]
(ii). pKa = - log(Ka) or pKa = - lg(Ka) or Ka = 10-pka [1]
(iii). (stronger than ethanoic acid because) cl is electron-withdrawing [1]
and so stabilizes the RCO2- anion / conjugate base
or weakens O – H bond (so H+ is more easily released) [1]
(b). (i).
[1]
(II). Ka = 10-9.87 = 1.35 x 10-10
[H+] = √(Ka,C) = 3.67 x 10-6 [1]
pH = 5.4 (5.43 – 5.44) min 2sf [1]
(iii). Curve starts at 5.4 and continuous [1]
Finishes at pH = 12.5 at 20 cm3
(and does not increase in pH) [1]
34. (a). (i). the lower / smaller the pKa, the stronger the acid [1]
(ii). pKa = -log(Ka) or pKa = -lg(Ka) or Ka = 10-pka [1]

(iii). (stronger than ethanoic acid because) Cl is electron-withdrawing [1]
and so stabilizes the RCO2- anion / conjugate base [1]
Or weakens O-H bond (so H+ is more easily released)
(b). (i). [1]
(ii). [1]
pH = 5.4 (5.43 – 5.44) min 2sf [1]

(iii). curve starts at 5.4 and continuous [1]
Finishes at pH = 12.5 at 20 cm3 [1]
(and does not increase in pH)

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Worksheet#03 A2 Equilibria

H2S(g) 200 atm CH4(g) 100 atm

(i). Calculate the equilibrium partial pressures of H2S(g) and H2(g).

For comparison, the pKa, of ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H, is 4.76.

(i). Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution.

• Acid 1 and acid 2,

• Acid 2 and acid 3,

Ksp = units: …………………………………

Calculate the pH of a buffer solution made by mixing 100 cm3 of

Ksp = Units: ………………………………………

[Ag+(aq)] = ……………………………………………………mol dm-3

(i) Write an expression for the Ksp of Ca3(PO4)2.

(ii) The solubility of Ca3(PO4)2 is 2.50 x 10-6 mol dm-3 at 298 K.

Calculate the solubility product, Ksp, of Ca3(PO4)2 at this temperature.

Ksp = ………………………………………… Units …………………………………………..

(d). Tartaric acid is present in many plants.

Q8. (c). (i). Write the expression for Kw.

(iii). The pH of a 0.150 mol dm-3 solution of piperidine is 11.9.

Suggest why this answer differs from your answer in (c)(ii).

Moles of HCl = ……………………………

volume HCl added/cm3

pH at which Place one tick only

(ii). Calculate the value of Ksp, including.

Ksp = ……………………………..... Units ………………………………….

The oxidation of SnCl2

(i). Explain why this value of Ka is

• Much larger than that of ethanol, CH3CH2OH,

• Smaller than that of chloroethanoic acid, ClCH2CO2H.

(ii). Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm-3 solution of ethanoic acid.

(ii). Using the symbol B- to represent a Bronsted-Lowry base, write equations

(b). State briefly what is meant by the following terms.

(i). reversible reaction

(ii). dynamic equilibrium

(i). Calculate the pH of a 0.500 mol dm-3 solution of propanoic acid.

Buffer solution F was prepared by adding 0.300 mol of sodium hydroxide to

[propanoic acid] = ………………………………….. mold m-3

[sodiumpropanoate] = …………………………………… mold m-3

(iv). Calculate the pH of buffer solutions F.

(i). Use the Data Booklet to calculate E®Cellfor this reaction.

The concentrations at equilibrium of Fe3+(aq) and I2(aq) were as follows.

[Fe2+(aq)] = …………………………………..mol dm-3

[I-(aq)] = …………………………………….. mol dm-3

(v). Calculate the Kc for this reaction.

Clearly show all steps in your working.

volume of 1.00 mol dm-3 CH3CO2H = …………………………………………. cm3

volume of 1.00 mol dm-3 CH3CO2Na = ………………………………………..cm3

(i). added HCl ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii). added NaOH …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Ksp = ………………………………………. Units ………………………………………………

Using a similar experimental set-up to that illustrated opposite, it is found

(ii). Calculate the value of Ksp of silver sulfate.

Q16. (e). Solutions of amino acids are good buffers.

(i). What is meant by the term buffer?

(ii). Write an equation to show how a solution of alanine, CH3CH(NH2)CO2H,

(iii). Briefly describe how the pH of blood is controlled.

(i). reversible reaction.

(ii). Dynamic equilibrium.

(b). Water ionizes to a small extent as follows.