THERMODYNAMICS

Physics for Engineers 2

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Heat and Temperature
Section 01

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Objectives
By studying this chapter, you will learn
1. The meaning of thermal equilibrium, and what thermometers
really measure.
2. Different temperature scale
3. How the dimensions of an object change as a result of
temperature change.
4. Difference between heat and temperature
5. How to do calculations in heat flow, temperature changes, and
change of phase
6. How heat is transferred by conduction, convection, and
radiation.
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Temperature
› Rooted from a qualitative ideas of hot and cold based on our
senses of touch.
› Hot-high temperature, cold-low temperature
› This qualitative judgement will cause confusion, the definition of
how hot or cold it is will be inconsistent.
› Thus, temperature should be quantitatively described.
Measurement of temperature are Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.

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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there is no net
flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a
path permeable to heat. Two systems are in thermal equilibrium if
and only if they have the same temperature.

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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two
thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third
one, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

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Temperature Scales
1. Celsius Temperature Scale (ᵒC, degrees Celsius)
Centigrade in English-speaking countries
Negative number is given for temperature below freezing water.
Used both in every life and in science and industry, almost
everywhere in the world.
Freezing Point of Water =
Boiling Point of Water =

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Temperature Scales
2. Fahrenheit Temperature Scale( F, degrees Fahrenheit)
Freezing point of Water =32 F
Boiling Point of Water=212 F

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Celsius vs Fahrenheit
C – have 100 divisions,
F – have 180 divisions,
TF
212

32

TC
0 100
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Celsius vs Fahrenheit
Recall the equation of the line
Δ𝑇 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

𝑚 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
Δ𝑇
𝑏 = 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡

y=TF

x=TC

𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 Δ𝑦 Δ𝑇 212 − 32 180 9

𝑚= = = = = =
𝑟𝑢𝑛 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑇 100 − 0 100 5

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Example
› At what temperature will the Celsius and Fahrenheit scale will be
equal?

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Temperature Scales
3. Kelvin Temperature Scale(K, Kelvin)
This scale was developed to avoid the temperature scale be
dependent to the material being used.

Never say in
“degrees kelvin”.
“Use kelvins” only.

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Temperature Scales
3. Kelvin Temperature Scale(K, Kelvin)
Freezing point of water

Boiling point of water

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Temperature Scales
4. Rankine Temperature Scale( R, degrees Rankine)
This scale is similar to Kelvin but the temperature scale used is in
degrees Fahrenheit.

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Test your Knowledge
› Complete the Table

Celsius Kelvin Fahrenheit Rankine

Absolute Zero
0K

Freezing Point of Brine

0 °F

Freezing Point of Water

491.67 °R

Boiling Point of Water

100 °C
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