CHAPTER 13

TITRATIONS IN
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Titrimetric Analysis

Titrimetric analysis
refers to the use of the
analytical technique
referred to as the
titration.

During titration, small

increments of a reagent
solution are added until
the reaction is observed
to be complete.
TITRIMETRIC METHODS OR
TITRATION METHODS

n Titration Methods include a group of

quantitative procedures based on
determining the quantity of a reagent of
known concentration that is required to
react completely with the analyte.

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The reagent may be in the form of

(a) a standard solution of a chemical

substance or

(b) an electric current of known

magnitude.
Various Titrimetric Methods
Depends on the property that is measured
when the reaction is considered to be complete

n Volumetric Titrimetry - VOLUME

n Gravimetric or Weight Titrimetry - MASS

n Coulometric Titrimetry - ELECTRICITY

Various Titrimetric Methods
n Volumetric Titrimetry – measures the volume
of a solution of known concentration that is
needed to react completely with the analyte

Limitation: Requires
the use of a buret with
high precision
Various Titrimetric Methods
n Gravimetric or Weight Titrimetry – measures the
mass of the solution of known concentration that is
needed to react completely with the analyte

Limitation: Requires
the use of a sensitive
analytical balance
Various Titrimetric Methods

n Coulometric Titrimetry – is a type of titrimetry in

which the quantity of charge in coulombs
required to complete a reaction with the analyte is
measured.
Limitation:
Applicable to RedOx Reactions
Set-up for Volumetric Titrimetry

Buret

Buret Clamp

Iron Stand
Conical Flask
or Erlenmeyer
Flask

1-9
Volumetric titrimetry refers
to the analytical procedure
where the volume of the
reagent needed to react
completely with the analyte
is measured.
IMPORTANT TERMS
Analyte
Titrant
Standard Solution
Equivalence Point and End Point
Primary Standard
Definition of Important Terms

n The test analyte, A, reacts with the

reagent solution whose concentration is
accurately known.

The analyte is in the dissolved state and is

contained in an Erlenmeyer flask or
conical flask.
 ANALYTE

can come from the Mixture may

or from the dissolved
dissolved primary sample (substance of contain
standard (PS) interest) impurities
Definition of Important Terms
nThe solution added in small and precise
increments is called a titrant, T.

The concentration of the titrant

must be accurately known.

The titrant solution is

delivered through a buret.
13A-1 EQUIVALENCE POINTS
AND END POINTS
Equivalence Points

n The equivalence point of a titration cannot be

determined experimentally because it is a
theoretical stage.

n The equivalence point is the point in a titration

when the amount of added standard reagent is
equivalent to the amount of analyte.

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WHEN IS THE REACTION
CONSIDERED TO BE COMPLETE?

The stage when an equivalent or

stoichiometric amount of the titrant has been
added is called the equivalence point.
 At the equivalence point. the reaction
considered to be complete.

Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾® 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

1.323 mmole 2.646 mmole

2 HCl
Amount (mmole) HCl = 1.323 mmole Na 2 CO3 ´
1 Na 2 CO3
Definition of Important Terms
n The endpoint is the stage when the
reaction is observed to be complete.

n Titration is a process in which a standard

reagent is added to a solution of an analyte
until the reaction between the analyte and
reagent is judged to be complete.
13A-1 Equivalence Points
and End Points

n The end point is the stage in a

titration when a physical change
occurs that is associated with the
condition of chemical equivalence.

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When is the reaction considered to be complete?

n The stage when an equivalent or stoichiometric amount of the titrant

has been added is called the equivalence point.

Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾® 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

1.323 mmole 2.646 mmole

n If the titrant that you are using has a concentration of 0.1025 M, how
many mL are needed to provide 2.646 mmole?

1 mL
2.646 mmole ´ = 25.814634 mL
0.1025 mmole
When is the reaction considered to be complete?

n The stage when an equivalent or stoichiometric amount of the titrant

has been added is called the equivalence point.

Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾® 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

1.323 mmole 2.646 mmole

n The stage when the reaction is observed to be complete is called

the end point.

use of the sense of sight

 Titration Curve of 25.00 mL of 0.120 M HCl with 0.100 M NaOH

14.000

12.000

10.000

8.000

6.000

4.000
Two parallel lines

2.000

0.000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00

Vol ume ( mL) Ti t r a nt

 Titration Curve of 25.00 mL of 0.120 M HCl with 0.100 M NaOH

14.000

12.000

10.000
The equivalence point occurs
at the steepest portion of the
8.000
graph.
6.000

4.000

2.000

0.000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00

Vol ume ( mL) Ti t r a nt

 Titration Curve of 25.00 mL of 0.120 M HCl with 0.100 M NaOH

14.000

12.000

10.000
Equivalence Point
8.000
At this stage, only the
6.000
product exists.
Inflection Point
4.000

2.000

0.000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00

Vol ume ( mL) Ti t r a nt