CHAPTER 13

TITRATIONS IN
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
ENDPOINT: OBSERVABLE
PHYSICAL CHANGES
Endpoint
REMEMBER: A significant or remarkable
change in some property of the solution
happens at the equivalence point.

The end point is chosen so that it

coincides or occurs as close as possible to
the equivalence point
Endpoint
Graphic Endpoint

Specific Compound Formers

Colored Titrants/Analytes

Nonspecific, Equilibrium-dependent
Compounds
 Titration Curve of 25.00 mL of 0.120 M HCl with 0.100 M NaOH

14.000

12.000

10.000
Equivalence Point
8.000 The equivalence point
occurs at the steepest
6.000 portion of the graph.
Inflection Point
4.000

2.000

0.000
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00

Vol ume ( mL) Ti t r a nt

Graphic Endpoint: Titration Curve For an acid-base reaction,
the pH of the titration
mixture is monitored as the
increasing volumes of the
Titrant are added
Graphic Endpoint: Titration Curve
Specific Compound Formers

Indic2- is AgIndic-
yellow is pink
Colored Titrant or Analyte
Nonspecific Equilibrium- Dependent
Compounds: Phenolphthalein

Phenolphthalein is colorless in
acidic solutions
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Acetic Acid
Nonspecific Equilibrium- Dependent
Compounds: Phenolphthalein

Phenolphthalein is purple
in basic solutions
Sodium hydoxide
Potassium hydroxide
Ammonia
Bromocresol green
14 A-2 INDICATORS

Are added to the analyte solution

to give an observable physical
change (the end point) at or near
the equivalence point.
Solutions of Red Cabbage Extract

Reported pH
Color of Extract
of Buffer Used
1.0 Red
3.0 Pink
5.0 Purple
7.0 Lavender
9.0 Blue
11.0 Blue-green
13.0 Yellow- green
 Thymol blue in buffer solutions of
pH 1 to pH 11

Color Art Insert – Color Plate 4a

Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Seventh Edition
© 2007 W.H. Freeman and Company
Methyl red
Methyl red
Phenolphthalein
Volume of NaOH
needed to reach the
Equivalence Point
VEND PT occurs very close to
the equivalence point
 The difference in volume or mass between
the equivalence point and the end point is
the titration error.
Volume of
the titrant
needed to
Titration
error Et = VEND PT - VEQUIV PT reach the
equivalence
point

Volume of the titrant needed

(See page 303) to reach the end point
A 50.00 mL HCl solution required 25.00 mL of
0.1200 M NaOH to reach the equivalence point.

Another identical volume of the same acid solution

required 25.08 mL of 0.1200 M NaOH to reach the
phenolphthalein end point.

The difference in volume or mass between the

equivalence point and the end point is the titration error.

What is the titration error for this analysis?