DR.

YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC

Wakas, Bocaue, Bulacan

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

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Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering

Name: Ramil C. Salundaga Date: November 07, 2022

Course & Section: BSMARE-B3A Rating:

POWER PLANT DIESEL

EXERCISE NO. 1
2 STROKE CROSS HEAD DIESEL ENGINE INTERNAL
COMBUSTION PRINCIPLE
Base on Video Presentation
1.) What is a Diesel engine explain?

These days the diesel engine propels most of the tonnage of all of the world shipping.
Giving good care, the diesel engine provides maximum effect on minimum oil consumption.

But what exactly is a diesel engine?

Diesel engine, are any internal-combustion engine in which air is compressed to a

sufficiently high temperature to ignite diesel fuel injected into the cylinder, where combustion
and expansion actuate a piston. It converts the chemical energy stored in the fuel into
mechanical energy, which can be used to power freight trucks, large tractors, locomotives, and
marine vessels. A limited number of automobiles also are diesel-powered, as are some electric-
power generator sets.
 The diesel engine is an intermittent-
combustion piston-cylinder device. It
operates on either a two-stroke or four-
stroke cycle (see figure); however, unlike
the spark-ignition gasoline engine, the diesel
engine induces only air into the combustion
chamber on its intake stroke. Diesel engines
are typically constructed with compression
ratios in the range 14:1 to 22:1. Both two-
stroke and four-stroke engine designs can be
found among engines with bores (cylinder
diameters) less than 600 mm (24 inches).
Engines with bores of greater than 600 mm
are almost exclusively two-stroke cycle
systems.

The diesel engine gains its energy by burning fuel injected or sprayed into the
compressed, hot air charge within the cylinder. The air must be heated to a temperature greater
than the temperature at which the injected fuel can ignite. Fuel sprayed into air that has a
temperature higher than the “auto-ignition” temperature of the fuel spontaneously reacts with
the oxygen in the air and burns. Air temperatures are typically in excess of 526 °C (979 °F);
however, at engine start-up, supplemental heating of the cylinders is sometimes employed,
since the temperature of the air within the cylinders is determined by both the engine’s
compression ratio and its current operating temperature. Diesel engines are sometimes called
compression-ignition engines because initiation of combustion relies on air heated by
compression rather than on an electric spark.

In a diesel engine, fuel is introduced as the piston approaches the top dead center of its
stroke. The fuel is introduced under high pressure either into a precombustion chamber or
directly into the piston-cylinder combustion chamber. With the exception of small, high-speed
systems, diesel engines use direct injection.

Diesel engine fuel-injection systems are typically designed to provide injection pressures
in the range of 7 to 70 megapascals (1,000 to 10,000 pounds per square inch). There are,
however, a few higher-pressure systems.

Precise control of fuel injection is critical to the performance of a diesel engine. Since the
entire combustion process is controlled by fuel injection, injection must begin at the correct
piston position (i.e., crank angle). At first the fuel is burned in a nearly constant-volume process
while the piston is near top dead center. As the piston moves away from this position, fuel
injection is continued, and the combustion process then appears as a nearly constant-pressure
process.

The combustion process in a diesel engine is heterogeneous—that is, the fuel and air are
not premixed prior to initiation of combustion. Consequently, rapid vaporization and mixing of
fuel in air is very important to thorough burning of the injected fuel. This places much emphasis
on injector nozzle design, especially in direct-injection engines.

Engine work is obtained during the power stroke. The power stroke includes both the
constant-pressure process during combustion and the expansion of the hot products of
combustion after fuel injection ceases.

Diesel engines are often turbocharged and aftercooled. Addition of a turbocharger and
aftercooler can enhance the performance of a diesel engine in terms of both power and
efficiency.

The most outstanding feature of the diesel engine is its efficiency. By compressing air
rather than using an air-fuel mixture, the diesel engine is not limited by the preignition problems
that plague high-compression spark-ignition engines. Thus, higher compression ratios can be
achieved with diesel engines than with the spark-ignition variety; commensurately, higher
theoretical cycle efficiencies, when compared with the latter, can often be realized. It should be
noted that for a given compression ratio the theoretical efficiency of the spark-ignition engine is
greater than that of the compression-ignition engine; however, in practice it is possible to
operate compression-ignition engines at compression ratios high enough to produce efficiencies
greater than those attainable with spark-ignition systems. Furthermore, diesel engines do not
rely on throttling the intake mixture to control power. As such, the idling and reduced-power
efficiency of the diesel is far superior to that of the spark-ignition engine.

The principal drawback of diesel engines is their emission of air pollutants. These
engines typically discharge high levels of particulate matter (soot), reactive nitrogen compounds
(commonly designated NOx), and odor compared with spark-ignition engines. Consequently, in
the small-engine category, consumer acceptance is low.

A diesel engine is started by driving it from some external power source until conditions
have been established under which the engine can run by its own power. The simplest starting
method is to admit air from a high-pressure source—about 1.7 to nearly 2.4 megapascals—to
each of the cylinders in turn on their normal firing stroke. The compressed air becomes heated
sufficiently to ignite the fuel. Other starting methods involve auxiliary equipment and include
admitting blasts of compressed air to an air-activated motor geared to rotate a large engine’s
flywheel; supplying electric current to an electric starting motor, similarly geared to the engine
flywheel; and applying a small gasoline engine geared to the engine flywheel. The selection of
the most suitable starting method depends on the physical size of the engine to be started, the
nature of the connected load, and whether or not the load can be disconnected during starting.

2.) WHAT IS 2 STROKES?

A 2-stroke engine is a type of reciprocating engine that uses only two strokes of the
piston to complete a power cycle. A two-stroke engine completes one revolution of the
crankshaft after the completion of two piston strokes.

The two-stroke engine work in such a way that:

1.) The intake and compression processes are completed in the first stroke of the piston.

2.) The power and exhaust processes are complete in the second stroke of the piston.

A diagram of a typical 2-stroke engine is shown in the

left. Instead of suction and exhaust valves, a two-
stroke engine uses back pressure ports.

Two-Stroke Engine Working Principle

A two-stroke engine completes a power cycle in just two strokes of the piston. A 2-stroke
engine works in the following way:

 1st stroke (the Suction and the Compression strokes)

 2nd stroke (the Power and the Exhaust strokes)
1) Suction and Compression Stroke

 In a 2-stroke engine, the suction and compression strokes take place

simultaneously.
 During this stroke, the piston moves upward from the bottom dead center (BDC) to
the top dead center (TDC).
 During this upward movement of the piston, a vacuum starts producing inside the
compression cylinder (combustion chamber) of the engine. Due to the creation of
this vacuum, the air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder via an inlet port.
 After the suction process, the piston continues its upward movement and
compresses the air-fuel mixture.
 At the end of the compression stroke, the compressed mixture is ignited due to the
spark provided by a spark plug. As the mixture ignites, the power stroke piston
starts.

2) Power and Exhaust Stroke

 Like suction and compression strokes, the power and exhaust strokes also take
place at the same time.
 Due to the combustion process, the temperature, internal heat, and pressure of the
air-fuel mixture become very high. The high-pressure gases produced during the
combustion process exert a very high force on the piston due to that piston moves
downward (from TDC to BCD).
 The downward motion of the piston rotates the crankshaft, which further rotates
the flywheel of the vehicle.
 As the power is completed, the piston further moves downward and opens the
exhaust valve.
 As the exhaust valve opens, the piston pushes the exhaust gases out of the
combustion chamber.
 As the piston reaches at BDC, the piston completely expels the exhaust gases and
fills the combustion chamber with the fresh air-fuel mixture, and the whole
working cycle repeats. At BDC, one power stroke of the two-stroke engine is
completed, and now the piston is ready for the next power cycle. 
3.) Describe the 2-stroke {Cycle} internal combustion principle based on
video presentation.
Principle on which a 2-stroke engine work:

Fresh air is supplied by a turbocharger.

From the turbocharger compressor, it’s conducted

to air coolers into a common scavenge air
receiver along the engine and to the scavenge air
space around each cylinder.

When the piston approaches the end of the

downstroke, the exhaust valve opens, the scavenge
airports are uncovered and fresh air flows up
through the cylinder.
Exhaust valve and scavenge airports are then closed and during compression the air is heated
causing the ignition of the injected fuel.

The combustion increases the temperature and

thereby the pressure which drives the piston
downwards, the exhaust valve opens, the pressure
falls, and the combustion products are expelled
while fresh air flows in.

The air is again compressed, fuel is injected, ignited, the gases expand, the exhaust valve opens,
then the scavenge airports, the cylinder scavenged and the cycle is repeated.

The power developed by an engine depends on the pressure sequence in the cylinder. The
output of an engine is dependent on the relation between pressure and volume in the cylinder
during compression, combustion and expansion. For each separate cylinder, the gas process
could be described by a curved called PV diagram. The diagram shows that the pressure is
almost equal to scavenge air pressure when the scavenge ports are uncovered. The exhaust
valve and scavenge ports are then closed, the air is compressed and when the fuel is injected
and ignited, the pressure will rise rapidly and remain at maximum during continued injection.
After injection the pressure in the cylinder falls to exhaust pressure and during the exhaust
period to scavenge air pressure. Scavenging, Compression, Combustion, Expansion, Exhaust
and back to Scavenging, this is the cycle of 2-stroke diesel engine.