TECHNICAL DRAWING SBA

Name: Thomas CampbellCandidate #:

Center #:

Candidate number:

Topic: fundamentals of technical drawing

Year of examination: 2023

Fire and firefighting equipment

Types of fires

Class A fire

Class A fires involve ordinary combustible materials, such as cloth, wood, paper, rubber, and

many plastics. Extinguishers with an A rating are designed to extinguish fires involving these

ordinary combustible materials.

Class B fires
Class B fires occur when flammable liquids or gases such as alcohol, kerosene, paint,

gasoline, methane, oil-based coolants, or propane ignite. Class B fires are most common in

industrial settings, but they may also occur in residential or commercial settings.

Class C fires

A Class C fire is the burning of flammable gases, which can be very dangerous and highly

explosive. These include gases such as butane and propane in gas canisters, which you'd

expect to find in certain building trades. You will also find these with gas camping stoves and

gas barbeques.
Class D fires

Class D. Class D fires involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, and sodium.

Extinguishers with a D rating are designed to extinguish fires involving combustible metals.

Equipment for firefighting

Color codes

Class A- Green

Class B- Red

Class C- Blue

Class D- Yellow

Fire hydrant
Fire hydrant, hose reel and booster systems are an essential safety measure. They give fire-

fighters access to a controlled supply of water and access for the occupiers to select and use the

appropriate size and type of fire extinguisher for the hazard intended.

Using a fire extinguisher

It is important to choose the correct extinguisher for the types of fires you anticipate. There are

multi-purpose extinguishers with an ABC rating. These are good for multi-use however you
should be aware that ABC-rated extinguishers can harm computers and other electronic

equipment. Water extinguishers should not be used to extinguish electrical fires. It is best to

research the types of extinguisher you may need with the environment you intend to use it for.

Here are the most common types of fire extinguishers:

Pressurized Water

2 1/2 Gallons

Range: 30-35 feet

To be used on Class A Fires (Wood, Paper, Trash, Linen, etc.)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

5 - 15 lbs.

Range: 4 - 6 feet

To be used on Class B Fires (Flammable Liquids) and on Class C Fires (Electrical)

NOTE: When using, do not grip or hold the nozzle.

Dry Chemical (ABC)

5 - 10 lbs.

Range: 12 - 20 feet
 Can be used on Class A, B or C Fires

Preparing and maintenance report of usage

INSPECTION

An inspection is a “quick check” to give reasonable assurance that a fire extinguisher is

available, fully charged and operable. The value of an inspection lies in the frequency,

regularity, and thoroughness with which it is conducted. The frequency will vary from hourly

to monthly, based on the needs of the situation. Inspections should always be conducted when

extinguishers are initially placed in service and thereafter at approximately 30-day intervals.

MAINTENANCE

Fire extinguishers should be maintained at regular intervals (at least once a year), or when

specifically indicated by an inspection. Maintenance is a “thorough check” of the extinguisher.

It is intended to give maximum assurance that an extinguisher will operate effectively and

safely. It includes a thorough examination and any necessary repair, recharging or replacement.

It will normally reveal the need for hydrostatic testing of an extinguisher.

This depends entirely on what you are making the report for. It is impossible to give a unified

template. In general, an official maintenance report might include:

● information about the organization (name, logo, address, contact information…)

● name/type of the report

● timeframe for which the report was generated

● report details (the main part of the report that outlines all of the data)

● any additional information that might be useful (considered on a case-to-case basis

Storage and maintenance of fire extinguisher

Never Store Extinguishers Near Heat Sources

Fire extinguishers should never be store near heat sources such as stoves, generators, or

fireplaces. Extinguishers should be kept in temperatures between -40 and 120 degrees

Fahrenheit to avoid serious damage to the hose, valve, or tank.

NFPA 10 requires extinguishers be inspected when they are initially installed and once

a month after that. You should inspect extinguishers more frequently if they are

installed in locations where they are more prone to rust, impact or tampering.
 Importance of technical drawing to the manufacturing industry

When you are manufacturing you are producing outputs in large numbers that are to be of

the same dimensions, size and use the same amount of material. To do this we measure

that are unbiased, standardized and not dependent on individual understanding.

This eliminates visual measurements as human vision is skewed and not uniform for all

people. Therefore a standard method involving linear measurements was required. Since

products were manufactured away from the point of design, paper prints in the form of

technical drawings were provided to the manufacturers. Initially hand drawn and later

printed, these drawings convert any 3d object into 2d flat shapes that makes it easy to

measure and inspect products. This ensures that any object produced will have the same

dimensions and be the same as the product produced before and after it.

By flattening the 3d object to its constituent 2d views you can ensure there are no visual

errors and all dimensions are linear and can be accurately measured by anyone at anyplace,

and anytime.
 Jamalco is a joint venture between General Alumina Jamaica Limited and Clarendon Alumina

Production Limited (CAP) with a focus on bauxite mining and alumina production. The entity

started as a bauxite mining venture by Alcoa in 1959 and exported its first shipment of bauxite in

1963. The venture began alumina production at a new refinery in Halse Hall, Clarendon in 1972

with a production capacity of 500,000 metric tonnes per year (mtpy), which it exported from its

port facility at Rocky Point.

Jamalco mines bauxite and refines it into alumina before it is exported from its port at Rocky

Point, Clarendon. On average, 2.5 tonnes of bauxite produce one tonne of alumina. The alumina

is exported to aluminum smelters where it takes around two tonnes of alumina to produce one

tonne of aluminum metal.

1. Mining

Bauxite is an ore rich in aluminum oxide, formed over millions of years by chemical weathering of

rocks containing aluminum silicates.

2. Refining

To turn bauxite into alumina, ore is grinded and mixed with lime and caustic soda, the pumped into

high-pressure containers for heating. The aluminum oxide is dissolved by the caustic soda, then
precipitated out of this solution, washed, and heated to drive off water. The process produces the

sugar-like white powder called alumina, or aluminum oxide (AI2O3).

3. Alumina

Alumina chemicals are used to purify water and to make refractory bricks, ceramics, adhesives,

catalysts, and fire retardant fillers for fabrics and plastics.

4. Smelting

Alumina becomes aluminum in an electrolytic reduction process known as smelting. The alumina is

dissolved in a cryolite bath. When a powerful electric current is passed through the bath, aluminum

metal separates from the chemical solution and is siphoned off.

5. Fabricating

Aluminum from the smelting pots goes into furnaces for precise missing with other metals to form

various alloys with specific properties designed for particular uses. The metal is purified in a process

called fluxing, then poured into molds or cast directly into ingots. Further fabrication may include

casting, rolling, forging, drawing, or extruding – some of the ways that thousands of different

finished products, from beverage cans to cars to jet aircrafts, are made.

6. Recycling - Aluminum offers a powerful economic incentive for recycling. 75% of all aluminum

ever produced is currently still in productive use. Recycling saves over 90 million tonnes of CO2

annually, 95% of the energy it would take to make new metal from ore, and it lessens the need for

solid waste disposal.

Types of lines

Alphabet lines

The lines in the Alphabet of Lines are used to describe shape, size, hidden surfaces, interior

detail, and alternate positions of parts. Each conveys a particular meaning on the drawing.
LIne styles and conventions

Line Conventions • Lines of varying style and thickness are used in specific ways to develop and

communicate graphic messages about an object's geometry.

Pencil selection and line quality

Pencils that make darker lines (eg: B range) have more graphite, while harder pencils (eg: H

range) have more clay. Please don't get confused with carbon pencils, charcoal pencils, water

soluble graphite pencils or the vast choice of coloured pencils available.

Drawing board

Drawing boards are scaled plastic boards designed specifically for technical drawing. They

are used to draw parallel lines easily and precisely, e.g. for three-dimensional projections and

much more. They feature a mechanical device with rail-mounted rulers that run horizontally and

vertically at an exact 90° angle.

T-square

T-shaped instrument known as a T square is used for establishing a horizontal

reference on the drafting board. Most widely known are the T square, triangle,

protractor, and compass; the parallel straightedge is an alternative to the T square.

Drafting machines

A drafting machine is a tool used in technical drawing, consisting of a pair of scales mounted to

form a right angle on an articulated protractor head that allows an angular rotation.
Drawing instruments

These instruments take many forms because of the variety of lines and graphics needed for

designs. Some instruments are manual, while others are computer-based. All professional-quality

drafting instruments are manufactured with precision because the drawings they're used to make

must be precise.
Computer,plotters and printers

Plotter • Plotters are used to print graphical output on paper. • It interprets computer commands

and makes line drawings on paper using multicolored automated pens. It is capable of producing

graphs, drawings, charts, maps etc.

A technical printer is a type of printer that is commonly utilised for large format jobs that require

precision, typically for computer-aided design (CAD), maps and business graphics. Other

potential uses include GIS printouts and floor plans.

Computer aided design and drawing systems provide the means to generate 3D models with the

computer and from those models generate drawings for manufacturing. Computer aided drawing

is a technique to produce engineering drawings with the assistance of a computer.

Building codes

St ann- O.B. dated 10.7.1950 G.N. 1149161 500164 See slmG.N. 1074151 L.N.

28192

St mary-O.E. datod 10.7.1950 L.N. 21/92

westmoreland-O.E. dated 13.7.1950 see alsoG.N. 289153 L.N. 17/91

St catherine -O.E. dated 13.7.1950 O.N. 933153 781157 561163 37/68 L.N. 27/91

See alsoG.N. 714167 L.N. 146~199

St thomas -G.E. dated 27.7.1950 O.N. 546154 L.N. 18/92

Manchester -O.E. dated 27.7.1950 see alsoO.N. 99/44 lWI54 L.N. 22/92 O.N.

123185

ANSI

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI /ˈænsi/ AN-see) is a private non-profit

organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products,

services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States.

ISO