10 | Mechanics in Vibrations and Fluids

MECHANICAL WAVES AND

ACOUSTICS
LISTEN FOCUS ON ME REFLECTION
‘wag mahiyang magtanong.

ACOUSTICS
A wave is not just a graphical representation
of harmonic motion; rather, it is a medium
that drives a substance to disturb its
molecules by use of harmonic motion.
MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS
branch of science dealing with
the study, analysis, and
application of sound, which is
a disturbance of molecules
within a given substance.
VIBRATIONS
Kinds of Waves: a wave that results from interaction with matter.

MECHANICAL
WAVE The child is delivering force onto the
rope, which creates a wave carrying
the force. This force has a certain
amount of energy traveling from the
boy’s hand up to the tree. Thus, the
wave dies if it hits the tree, and if the
child has had enough of creating
waves.

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

Kinds of Waves: a wave that results from interaction with matter.

MECHANICAL
WAVE

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

Kinds of Waves: a wave that propagates along with the interface between
different media.

SURFACE
WAVE If pressure builds up underneath
the surface of the Earth, the
resulting pent-up pressure
generates surface waves along
the planet’s surface, carrying
over the energy stored.

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

Kinds of Waves: A wave whose vibrations travel perpendicularly from the
wave’s direction.

TRANSVERSE
WAVE PARTS
Crest Trough
wavelength
amplitude frequency
MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS
Kinds of Waves: A wave whose vibrations travel perpendicularly from the
wave’s direction.

TRANSVERSE
WAVE The crest is the highest point of the
transverse wave, while its lowest point is
called the trough (pronounced as trof).
Together, both the crest and trough form
the wave’s amplitude.

A wave’s wavelength is the distance

between two (2) crests or troughs. Its
symbol is the Greek letter lambda (𝜆).
A wave’s frequency is the number of
waves per measured time.
MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS
Kinds of Waves: A wave whose vibrations travel perpendicularly from the
wave’s direction.

TRANSVERSE
WAVE

A wave’s frequency is the number of waves

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS per measured time.
Kinds of Waves: a wave whose vibrations travel along the direction of the
wave

LONGITUDINAL
WAVE
A wave’s frequency is
This wave creates areas of compression compression = crest the number of waves per
where loose molecules clump together rarefaction= trough measured time
during transmission at certain intervals.
A wave’s wavelength is the distance between
MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS two (2) compressions or rarefactions.
 is the measure of how fast a
WAVE SPEED wave propagates from the
source traveling outwards.
For wave speed, it depends
on the derivative change of
wavelength within a given
period, where

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

 WAVE SPEED VARIATIONS
Wave speed can also be computed using

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

 is the number of
WAVE NUMBER waves per unit
distance.
measured in cycles per unit distance
(or in radians per unit distance).

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

 String
RESONANCE any cord that
Harmonics
taut, andby
achieved
allowed
is is pulled
its center is
to vibrate when
length-wavelength
is a phenomenon that occurs when relationship.
plucked, strummed
an object with a natural frequency causes it to vibrate.
receives a forced vibration at a
similar frequency. Open-end air
Example: shattering of glass due column
to the passage of sound waves allows frequencies to resonate along the
length of the pipe before going out

close-end air
column
aHarmonics
system that limits the
is achieved byfrequency by
MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS forcing it to move
length-wavelength to the other end
relationship.
 FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY
the lowest possible frequency for a standing wave

NODES
junctions in between
frequencies

ANTINODES
where 𝑛 =number the waves themselves
of waves (or the
antinode value

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

 FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY

where 𝑛 =number
of waves (or the
antinode value

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

 INTENSITY
Defined as power (P)
per unit Area (A).
Intensity decreases the
father the distance.

Unit : W/m^2

Decibel – other unit

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

 INTENSITY

MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS

 WAVE SUPERPOSITION
• Waves that propagate continuously
in the same direction, both linear
and radial. But when a wave
strikes the boundaries of its
medium, all or a part of it is
reflected.
interferenc
e
• the initial and reflected waves
overlap each other in the same
region of the medium.
MECHANICAL WAVES AND ACOUSTICS
Constructive
Interference
two (2) waves of the same
amplitude create a wave whose
amplitude is the algebraic sum of
the two (2) waves combined.
Destructive
Interference
the total displacement at their meeting
point is essentially zero (0) at all times.
Then, it creates a reflected wave of the two,
this time traveling in the opposite direction
compared to their incident directions.
 FLUID
MECHANICS
Learning Objective:
▪ Identify, explain and relate the concepts of fluid
mechanics from one another, and what is its
relevance to daily life.
Fluid Mechanics
is any substance that characterizes flow,

FLUID i.e., any substance that has no rigid

structure is amorphous and conforms to
the shape of the receptacle it is in.
Example is water.
Is gas considered a
fluid? • A fluid can either be a liquid
or a gas.
of course,
• The atoms in both liquid and

YES! gas can freely move, as

they have higher energy
compared to a solid.
 Fluid Mechanics:
FLUID PROPERTIES
DENSITY
(𝜌, Greek letter “rho”) is defined
as the amount of mass m per
unit volume V of a substance.

NOTE!
Density is not restricted to 𝑃 = pressure,
fluids -- solids also have ℎ= thickness
densities since they both
(in meters)
have mass and volume.
 Fluid Mechanics:
SPECIFIC FLUID PROPERTIES

GRAVITY A fluid's specific gravity (𝑔𝑠𝑝) is

the ratio of a fluid's density
compared to a standard fluid
For liquids, the standard density density.
(𝜌𝑠𝑡) used is water, whose density
is 1 g/cm3. For gases, the
standard density is air (i.e., a
NO
mixture of various elemental and UNIT
compound gases), whose density
is 1.29 g/L.
 Fluid Mechanics:
PRESSURE FLUID PROPERTIES
is a measure of how much force
• The units of pressure are
is applied over a given area. It is
Pascal (Pa) or N/m2 (1 Pa
the magnitude of the force on a
surface per unit area. The force is = 1 N/m2 or 1kg /m s2),
perpendicular to the surface area. dyne/cm2, or any similar
unit with the same
For solid:
dimension.
STRESS

1 atm= 760mmHg
=101 325Pa
 Fluid Mechanics:
PRESSURE FLUID PROPERTIES
The pressure of a fluid always
acts perpendicular to the wall in
contact with the fluid.

The values of the pressure

acting at any point in a fluid at
THREE rest are equal regardless of its
Characteristics direction.
The fluid pressure applied to a
fluid in a closed vessel is
transmitted to all parts at the same
pressure value as that applied
P 1= P 2= P
(Pascal’s law).
 Fluid Mechanics:
PRESSURE FLUID PROPERTIES
Methods
to express

GAUGE ABSOLUTE
Pressure Pressure
Atmospheric Perfect
pressure vacuum

Pgauge = Pabs - Patm

Pabs = Patm + Pgauge
 Fluid Mechanics:
VISCOSITY FLUID PROPERTIES
Viscosity (𝜂, Greek letter "eta") is It is the ratio of shearing stress
the measure of how it resists (𝜏) to the velocity gradient in a
flowing. fluid.
• The force per unit area necessary
for moving the plate, i.e. the
shearing stress (Pa), is
proportional to U (velocity) and
inversely proportional to h.

• The proportional constant u

is called the viscosity
 Fluid Mechanics:
VISCOSITY FLUID PROPERTIES
• In honor of the French physiologist Jean
Poiseuille.
• Ten (10) poise is equal to one (1) Pa⋅s,
The unit of viscosity is making the centipoise (cP) equal to a
pascal-second (Pa⋅s)
millipascal second(mPa⋅s).
but it is rarely used in
the scientific community,
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
preferring the POISE
If only gravity is the Unit: Stoke (St), named
[pronounced pwahz] (P)
acting applied force after the Irish physicist
and the dyne-s/cm^2 George Stokes .
to the viscous fluid.
over it.
1 Stoke = 1 cm^2/s = 0.00001 m^2/s.
 Fluid Mechanics:

THE CASE. STATIC [Fluid at Rest]

A fluid is considered to be static if

there is no change in a fluid
contained in a receptacle. This
means that the density is
constant and uniform throughout
its volume.
• This is one (1) of the
characteristics of an ideal fluid.
Real fluids are, in truth, more
complicated to deal with.
 Fluid Mechanics:

THE CASE. STATIC [Fluid at Rest]

Only in this case, density (𝜌) acts as the

mass. Also, take note of how the pressure,
demonstrated as to how the property is
exerted by a liquid at the base of its
container, is related to its weight because
weight is simply the force 𝐹 exerted on
the base and area 𝐴 is the area of the
base.
• Liquid pressure does not depend
on mass and volume, rather on
height.
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
Blaise Pascal noted in one (1)
of his studies that pressure
applied to a fluid in a closed
container is transmitted
equally to every point of the
fluid and the walls of the
container.
The pressure on the left piston should be
equal to the pressure on the right piston.
Mathematically 𝑷𝑳=𝑷𝑹.

Fluid Mechanics:
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID STATICS
 ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
Archimedes’ principle, named after the Greek
natural philosopher Archimedes, states that
any object completely or partially
submerged in fluid experiences an
upward buoyant force equal in
magnitude to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.

• Archimedes’ principle is useful,

especially in determining which
object will float and which object
Fluid Mechanics: will sink.
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID STATICS
 ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
---FLOAT OR SINK?---
FW = weight 1. 𝐹𝑊>𝐹B SINK
of the object
2. 𝐹𝑊=𝐹B FLOA
FB = Bouyant 3. 𝐹𝑊<𝐹B T
FLOA
force

Fluid Mechanics:
T
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID STATICS
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE
• When the object is only partly
submerged, some of the displaced liquid
molecules will go back to their original
location, causing the buoyant force to
decrease until it is equal to the weight of
the object. The object will float while being
partially submerged. Mathematically, we
can describe buoyancy as 𝑭𝑩=𝑭𝟐−𝑭𝟏
=𝝆𝒇𝒍gV

Fluid Mechanics:
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID STATICS
 Fluid Mechanics:

THE CASE. DYNAMIC

4 ASSUMPTIONS OF A fluid is considered to be dynamic if
there is motion involved or if there are
IDEAL FLUID
changes in the system.
INCOMPRESSIBLE
LAMINAR FLOW
NEWTONIAN FLOW
IRROTATIONAL FLOW
 Fluid Mechanics:

THE CASE. DYNAMIC

4 ASSUMPTIONS OF The similar assumption to fluids at
rest; the density is constant and
IDEAL FLUID
uniform.
INCOMPRESSIBLE
LAMINAR FLOW
NEWTONIAN FLOW
IRROTATIONAL FLOW
 Fluid Mechanics:

THE CASE. DYNAMIC

The flow of fluids is said to be steady or
4 ASSUMPTIONS OF laminar if the velocity of moving fluid at a
IDEAL FLUID fixed point does not change.

INCOMPRESSIBLE
LAMINAR FLOW
NEWTONIAN FLOW
IRROTATIONAL FLOW Turbulent
 Fluid Mechanics:

THE CASE. DYNAMIC

The viscosity of a fluid dictates the
4 ASSUMPTIONS OF
rate of flow of a fluid.
IDEAL FLUID John William Strutt, a British scientist
who was also 3rd Baron Rayleigh,
INCOMPRESSIBLE noted that a boat moving through a
Newtonian fluid will never come to a
LAMINAR FLOW stop even if all engines were shut
down. However, a boat at rest floating
NEWTONIAN FLOW on a Newtonian fluid will not be able
to move using its propellers also due
IRROTATIONAL FLOW to the smooth flow of the fluid.
 Fluid Mechanics:

THE CASE. DYNAMIC

4 ASSUMPTIONS OF
IDEAL FLUID

INCOMPRESSIBLE
LAMINAR FLOW
NEWTONIAN FLOW
IRROTATIONAL FLOW
 Fluid Mechanics:

THE CASE. DYNAMIC

4 ASSUMPTIONS OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID
IDEAL FLUID

INCOMPRESSIBLE
LAMINAR FLOW
NEWTONIAN FLOW
IRROTATIONAL FLOW
 Fluid Mechanics:

THE CASE. DYNAMIC

4 ASSUMPTIONS OF To determine this property, allow a
IDEAL FLUID small particle of dust to float on the
fluid. The dust may or may not move
INCOMPRESSIBLE in a circular path, but it will certainly
not rotate about an axis through its
LAMINAR FLOW center of mass. If the particle
NEWTONIAN FLOW rotates, then the flow is not
irrotational.
IRROTATIONAL FLOW
Fluid Mechanics:
CONTINUITY
EQUATION
In the given figure, 𝑣1 is the velocity of ideal
fluid that is entering the region while 𝑣2 is that
of exiting the region; 𝐴1 is the cross-sectional
area of the left portion of the tube while 𝐴2 is
that of the right portion.
volume of ideal fluid
entering the region
volume of ideal fluid
leaving the region
Due to the incompressibility of the
fluid, the volume of the ideal fluid
that enters the region is equal to
the volume that exits the region.
Fluid Mechanics:
CONTINUITY
EQUATION
Eliminating the common factor
(Δ𝑡) yields the continuity
equation or flux, which if written
mathematically,

𝑨 𝒗 =𝑨 𝒗
𝒊𝒏 𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒖𝒕 .
Fluid Mechanics:

CONTINUITY
EQUATION (10cm)(9cm/s) = (6cm)V2
A liquid flows in a pipe with a (6cm) (6cm)
diameter of 10cm at a velocity of
9cm/s. If the diameter of the pipe (10cm)(9cm/s)
= V2
then decreases to 6cm, what is (6cm)
the flow rate of the liquid?
Given:
A1 = 10cm V1 = 9cm/s A2 = 6cm V 2= ?
15 cm/s = V2
 Fluid Mechanics:
ENERGY
Fluids also demonstrate energy. For a
fluid's potential energy, it is derived by
dividing volume by the
already-established equation of the
gravitational potential energy.
Mathematically,
If a fluid is in motion, then it is experiencing
kinetic energy. Similar to fluid potential
energy, the volume is just divided into the
already-established equation for kinetic
energy.
 BERNOULLI’ PRINCIPLE
• Daniel Bernoulli formulated an
equation that relates the pressure of
a moving fluid to the fluid density,
speed, and altitude.
• If the speed of a fluid element
increases as the element travels
along a horizontal streamline, the
pressure of the fluid must decrease,
and conversely.
Fluid Mechanics:
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID DYNAMICS
 BERNOULLI’ PRINCIPLE
This change in kinetic energy is
due to the difference in speed as
the fluid enters the region, and as
the fluid exits the region. In turn,
the change in speed is due to the
difference in the cross-sectional
area.
The work done comes from two (2)
sources simultaneously delivering
work in the system.

Fluid Mechanics:
gravitational work (𝑊𝑔) applied force
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID DYNAMICS
BERNOULLI’ PRINCIPLE
 TORRICELLI’ PRINCIPLE
Evangelista Torricelli “part of Bernoulli's principle”
“the speed of a liquid flowing under the force of gravity out of an opening in a
tank is proportional jointly to the square root of the opening's vertical location”

If some liquid flows at an opening

located near the base of a tank, its
flow velocity is EQUAL to the flow
velocity of a liquid flowing out from
the opening located at the top of
the tank.

Fluid Mechanics:
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID DYNAMICS
 TORRICELLI’ PRINCIPLE
Deriving the Torricelli equation, let us
first define that the opening is at ℎ = 0.
At the tank's top part, the pressure is
equal to the atmospheric pressure. If
an opening is made on the tank's top
part, then it is expected that 𝑣 = 0 since
it flows extremely slowly from that
location.

Fluid Mechanics:
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID DYNAMICS