FEE452: Electrodynamics

FEE452: Electrodynamics

FEE452: Electrodynamics

FEE452: Electrodynamics

FEE452: Electrodynamics

FEE452: Electrodynamics

___________________________________________________
Answer any THREE of the following FOUR questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Important physical constants and useful formulae are given at the end of the question paper.

Q1.

(a) Fig. Q1(a) represents a popular model for a section of a transmission line where L0 ,
R0 , C0 and G0 are per unit length parameters of the line. Discuss briefly the physical
phenomena represented by the per-unit length parameters of the model hence obtain
expressions for characteristic impedance and propagation constant for a line with low
values of R0 and G0 . (14 marks)
L0 R0 L0 R0 L0 R0

TO SENDING
END
C0 G0 C0 G0 TO RECEIVING
END

Fig. Q1(a)

(b) In a model of a coaxial line, R0 = 4 Ωm−1 , L0 = 450 nHm−1 , G0 = 0.7 × 10−3 Sm−1 ,
C0 = 50 pF m−1 . If the line is operated at 1 GHz, determine the characteristic im-
pedance, the attenuation and the phase coefficients of the line. (6 marks)

1
Q2. An electromagnetic wave propagating in the +z-direction is incident on a dielectric slab
of large extent and thickness d in air is backed on one side by a flat conducting metal
sheet as shown in Fig. Q2. Derive expressions for the propagating TE modes in this
structure hence by means of neat sketches, show how the solutions for these modes can
be determined graphically. (20 marks)
x

ε0

d εrε0
z
y
Fig. Q2

Q3.

(a) In a two-conductor transmission line, the electric field intensity of the TEM mode satis-
fies Laplace’s equation in the transverse plane so that it can be considered the gradient
of a scalar potential as far as variations in the transverse plane are concerned. Show
that when variations in all directions of a Cartesian coordinate system are included,
the electric field intensity cannot be expressed as the gradient of a scalar potential
field. (8 marks)

(b) A load ZL is connected to a generator with a source impedance Zg and open-circuit

voltage Vg  0◦ through a lossy transmission line of length l and characteristic impedance
Z0 as shown in Fig. Q3(b). If the voltage and current in phasor form at a point z on
the line are given by

V (z, t) = V + exp (jωt − γz) + V − exp (jωt + γz)

and
I (z, t) = I + exp (jωt − γz) + I − exp (jωt + γz)
respectively, where γ is a complex propagation constant and the other symbols carry
the usual meaning, derive an expression for the impedance at the input of the line
looking toward the load hence sketch a circuit model for this structure. (8 marks)

2
 Zg l

Vg ZL

z
0
Fig. Q3(b)

(c) Suppose the line in (b) is an air coaxial line of characteristic impedance Z0 = 75 Ω, length
l = 15 cm and has a loss that can be estimated through an attenuation constant of
0.4 dB/m and terminated in a short-circuit. Determine the input impedance when the
line is operated at 1.5 GHz and 2.0 GHz hence comment on the input impedances at
the two frequencies. (4 marks)
Q4.
(a) The field radiated by a current loop with linear dimensions much smaller that the
operating wavelength and carrying a time-harmonic current I may be obtained from
−
→
potential theory by treating loop as a magnetic dipole M = n
IS, where S is the
loop cross-section area and n
is the unit normal to the plane of the loop positive in
the direction that a right-handed screw rotating in the direction of the current would
advance. By expressing the magnetic flux density as
−
→ −
→ − →
B = µ0 H + M
−
→
and treating M as a source term, show how the radiating fields can be expressed in
−
→
terms of a magnetic-type vector potential A m defined such that
−
→ −
→ − →
D = −∇ × A m

in the region of interest. (8 marks)

(b) A Hertzian dipole of length l oriented in the z-direction as shown in Fig. Q4 carries a
current of uniform distribution over the entire length of the dipole given by I (z, t) =
I0 exp (ωt). If the retarded vector potential at the observation point P a distance r
from the dipole is given by
−
→ µ I0 l   → →
−
A = z
0 exp −j ωt − k · − r
4πr
− 
→ √
where  k  = ω µ0 ǫ0 with µ0 and ǫ0 carrying the usual meaning. Given that the
magnetic flux density and the electric field intensity can be expressed as
−
→ − → − → − → → −
jω − → − → −
→
B = ∇ × A , E = − 2 ∇ ∇ · A − jω A
k
3
 −
→ −
→
derive expressions for the magnetic, H and electric field, E intensities respectively,
hence obtain an expression for the power flowing through a spherical surface in the
Fraunhofer zone of the dipole and whose centre is at the centre of the dipole. Assume
that there are no other sources in the region of interest. (12 marks)

Fig. Q4

************************************************************
Physical Constants
Permittivity of free space, ǫ0 = 8.854 × 10−12 F m−1
Permeability of free space, µ0 = 4π × 10−7 H m−1
Mass of electron, m = 9.107 × 10−31 kg
Electronic charge, q = 1.602 × 10−19 C
Boltzmann’s constant, k = 1.380 × 10−23 J K −1
Planck’s constant, h = 6.547 × 10−34 J s
Mass of proton, M = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Gas constant, R = 8.317 × 103 J kg −1 mol−1 K −1

Conversion
104 Gauss = 1 W b m−2

−
→ −
→
Vector identities where ψ and φ are scalar functions and A and B are vector fields

4
−
→ −
→ −
→
∇ (φψ)
 =ψ ∇φ + φ ∇ψ
−
→ −
→ −
→ −→ −
→ −→
∇ · ψ A = A · ∇ψ + ψ ∇ · A
→ −
− → − → − → − → −
→ − → − → −
→
∇· A×B = ∇×A ·B− ∇×B ·A
→  −
− → − →  − → −
→ − →
∇ × ψ A = ∇ψ × A + ψ ∇ × A
→ −
− → − → − → −
→ − → −→ −
→ −→  − → −
→ − → − → −
→ − →
∇× A×B = A ∇·B −B ∇·B + B·∇ A− A·∇ B
→ −
− → − →  − → − → −
→ −→ −→ −
→ − → −→ −→ −
→ −→ − →
∇ A·B = A·∇ B+ B·∇ A+A× ∇×B +B× ∇×A
−
→ − →
∇ · ∇φ = ∇2 φ
−
→ − → − →
∇·∇×A =0
−
→ − →
∇ × ∇φ = 0
−
→ − → − → − → −
→ − → −
→
∇ × ∇ × A = ∇ ∇ · A − ∇2 A

5
 −
→
If A and φ have at least piecewise continuous first derivatives in a volume V or on a surface
S or on a contour C bounding S, then
 
−
→
∇φ dV = φ dS
V S
 
−
→ − → −
→ −
→
∇ · A dV = A ·n

dS, where n
dS = d S ⇒ Divergence theorem
V S
 
−
→ − → −
→
∇ × A dV = n

× A dS,
V S
 
−
→ −
→
n

× ∇φ dS = φd l
S C
 
−
→ − → → −
− →
∇ × A · dS = A·dl Stokes’ theorem
S C
−
→
∇ functions in cylindrical coordinates

−
→ ∂Φ φ
∂Φ ∂Φ
∇Φ = r
+ + z

∂r r ∂φ ∂z
−
→ −→ 1 ∂ 1 ∂Aφ ∂Az
∇·A = (rAr ) + +
r ∂r r ∂φ ∂z

−
→ − → 1 ∂Az ∂Aφ
∂A r ∂A z
∇ × A = r
− +φ −
r ∂φ ∂z ∂z ∂r

1 ∂ 1 ∂Aφ
+
z (rAφ ) −
r ∂r r ∂φ
 
1 ∂ ∂Φ 1 ∂ 2Φ ∂ 2Φ
∇2 Φ = r + 2 2 + 2
r ∂r ∂r r ∂φ ∂z
−
→
∇ functions in spherical coordinates

−
→ ∂Φ
θ ∂Φ
∂Φ
φ
∇Φ = r
+ +
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
−
→ −
→ 1 ∂ 2  1 ∂ 1 ∂Aφ
∇·A = 2 r Ar + (sin θ Aθ ) +
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

−
→ −
→ r
∂ ∂Aθ θ 1 ∂Ar ∂
∇×A = (sin θ Aφ ) − + − (rAφ )
r sin θ ∂θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ ∂r

∂
φ ∂Ar

+ (rAθ ) −
r ∂r ∂θ
   
2 1 ∂ 2 ∂Φ 1 ∂ ∂Φ 1 ∂ 2Φ
∇ Φ= 2 r + 2 sin θ +
r ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ2 ∂θ r2 sin2 θ ∂φ2