FEE452: Electrodynamics

FEE452: Electrodynamics

FEE452: Electrodynamics

FEE452: Electrodynamics

FEE452: Electrodynamics

FEE452: Electrodynamics

___________________________________________________
Answer any THREE of the following FOUR questions. All questions carry equal marks.
Important physical constants and useful formulae are given at the end of the question paper.

Q1.

(a) Explain briefly, why TEM propagation in practical transmission lines is at best only an
approximation although a good one. (3 marks)

(b) A student seeks to model the infinitely long polystyrene-filled, copper parallel plate
transmission line of plate width W and plate separation d shown in Fig. Q1 with
the lumped-element model of transmission lines. If copper has a conductivity σ Cu =
5.8 × 107 Sm−1 and polystyrene has a dielectric constant of 2.6 and a loss tangent of
0.7 over the frequency range of interest, given that for the fundamental mode,
−
→ −
→
E = y
E0 exp (−γz) , H = x

Hx exp (−γz)

where γ is a complex propagation constant, and assuming a harmonic time dependence

for the fields, derive expressions for the per-unit-length line parameters L0 , C0 , R0 and
G0 if fringing at the edges of the plates can be considered negligible. (Hint: First treat
the line as lossless then account for the small losses).(12 marks)

(c) Show that if

R0 C0
=
L0 G0
then the line will be distortionless. (5 marks)

1
 W

d y

x
z

Fig. Q1

Q2.
(a) Explain briefly the following (4 marks)

(i) why it is necessary that the permittivity of the dielectric slab in a dielectric
waveguide be higher that of the surrounding medium.
(ii) the significance of a purely reactive wave impedance in waveguides.

(b) An electromagnetic wave is propagating through an air-filled rectangular waveguide with

perfectly conducting walls and the cross-section shown in Fig. Q2. Obtain solutions
for the field components for the fundamental propagating mode. (10 marks)

Fig. Q2

(c) If the waveguide has cross-sectional dimensions a = 80 mm, b = 40 mm, find the cut-
off frequency of the TEM, TE10, TE01, and TE20 modes hence obtain the highest
frequency allowable for a single-mode operation. Comment on TE01 , and TE20 modes.
(6 marks)
Q3. The copper Teflon-filled coaxial cable shown in Fig. Q3 is used in a communication
network in which the outer conductor is grounded and a sinusoidal voltage v (t) =
V0 sin (2πf0 t) applied to the inner conductor. If the conductor and dielectric can be
considered lossless over the frequency range of interest and the dielectric constant of
Teflon is 2.1, derive
(a) an expression for the magnetic field intensity of the fundamental propagating mode in
terms of the electric field intensity (10 marks)

2
(b) an expression for the power propagating in the cable, hence determine the value of the
ratio of the outer to the inner conductor dimensions and the characteristic impedance of
the cable for which the power handling capability of the cable is maximised (10 marks)

Fig. Q3

Q4.

(a) Distinguish between the terms "directive gain" and "directivity" as employed in the
analysis of radiating systems (3 marks)

(b) A Hertzian dipole of length l oriented in the z-direction as shown in Fig. Q4 carries a
current of uniform distribution over the entire length of the dipole given by I (z, t) =
I0 exp (ωt). If the retarded vector potential at the observation point P a distance r
from the dipole is given by
−
→ µ0 I0 l   −
→ − 
A = z
→
exp −j ωt − k · r
4πr
− 
→ √
where  k  = ω µ0 ǫ0 with µ0 and ǫ0 carrying the usual meaning. Given that the
magnetic flux density and the electric field intensities can be written as
−
→ − → − → − → → −
jω − → − → −
→
B = ∇ × A , E = − 2 ∇ ∇ · A − jω A
k
−
→ −
→
derive expressions for the magnetic and electric field intensity H and E respectively,
hence obtain an expression for the power flowing through a spherical surface in the
Fraunhofer zone of the dipole and whose centre is at the centre of the dipole. Assume
there are no other sources in the region of interest. (12 marks)

(c) If at the frequency of operation, the length of the dipole is λ/15 and the conductor has
a loss resistance of 1.5 Ω, find the (5 marks)

(i) directivity of the dipole

(ii) radiation resistance of dipole

3
 Fig. Q4

************************************************************
Physical Constants
Permittivity of free space, ǫ0 = 8.854 × 10−12 F m−1
Permeability of free space, µ0 = 4π × 10−7 H m−1
Mass of electron, m = 9.107 × 10−31 kg
Electronic charge, q = 1.602 × 10−19 C
Boltzmann’s constant, k = 1.380 × 10−23 J K −1
Planck’s constant, h = 6.547 × 10−34 J s
Mass of proton, M = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Gas constant, R = 8.317 × 103 J kg −1 mol−1 K −1

Conversion
104 Gauss = 1 W b m−2

−
→ −
→
Vector identities where ψ and φ are scalar functions and A and B are vector fields
−
→ −
→ −
→
∇ (φψ)
 =ψ ∇φ + φ ∇ψ
−
→ −
→ −
→ −→ −
→ −→
∇ · ψ A = A · ∇ψ + ψ ∇ · A
→ −
− → − → − → − → − → − → − → − →
∇· A×B = ∇×A ·B− ∇×B ·A
→  −
− → − →  − → −
→ − →
∇ × ψ A = ∇ψ × A + ψ ∇ × A
→ −
− → − → − → −→ −→ − → − → − → − → − → −
→ − → −→ −→
∇× A×B = A ∇·B −B ∇·B + B·∇ A− A·∇ B
→ −
− → − → − → − → −
→ − → − → − → − → − → − → − → − → − →
∇ A·B = A·∇ B+ B·∇ A+A× ∇×B +B× ∇×A
−
→ − →
∇ · ∇φ = ∇2 φ
−
→ − → − →
∇·∇×A =0
−
→ − →
∇ × ∇φ = 0
−
→ − → − → − → −
→ − → −
→
∇ × ∇ × A = ∇ ∇ · A − ∇2 A

4
 −
→
If A and φ have at least piecewise continuous first derivatives in a volume V or on a surface
S or on a contour C bounding S, then
 
−
→
∇φ dV = φ dS
V S
 
−
→ − → −
→ −
→
∇ · A dV = A ·n

dS, where n
dS = d S ⇒ Divergence theorem
V S
 
−
→ − → −
→
∇ × A dV = n

× A dS,
V S
 
−
→ −
→
n

× ∇φ dS = φd l
S C
 
−
→ − → → −
− →
∇ × A · dS = A·dl Stokes’ theorem
S C
−
→
∇ functions in cylindrical coordinates

−
→ ∂Φ φ
∂Φ ∂Φ
∇Φ = r
+ + z

∂r r ∂φ ∂z
−
→ −→ 1 ∂ 1 ∂Aφ ∂Az
∇·A = (rAr ) + +
r ∂r r ∂φ ∂z

−
→ − → 1 ∂Az ∂Aφ
∂A r ∂A z
∇ × A = r
− +φ −
r ∂φ ∂z ∂z ∂r

1 ∂ 1 ∂Aφ
+

z (rAφ ) −
r ∂r r ∂φ
 
2 1 ∂ ∂Φ 1 ∂2Φ ∂2Φ
∇ Φ= r + 2 2 + 2
r ∂r ∂r r ∂φ ∂z
−
→
∇ functions in spherical coordinates

−
→ ∂Φ
θ ∂Φ
∂Φ
φ
∇Φ = r
+ +
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ
−
→ −
→ 1 ∂ 2  1 ∂ 1 ∂Aφ
∇·A = 2 r Ar + (sin θ Aθ ) +
r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ

−
→ −
→ r
∂ ∂Aθ θ 1 ∂Ar ∂
∇×A = (sin θ Aφ ) − + − (rAφ )
r sin θ ∂θ ∂φ r sin θ ∂φ ∂r

∂
φ ∂Ar

+ (rAθ ) −
r ∂r ∂θ
   
2 1 ∂ 2 ∂Φ 1 ∂ ∂Φ 1 ∂ 2Φ
∇ Φ= 2 r + 2 sin θ +
r ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ2 ∂θ r2 sin2 θ ∂φ2