Anglo-Dutch Treaty

The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, designed to solve many of the issues that had arisen
by the British occupation of Dutch colonial possessions during the Napoleonic Wars as
well as those regarding the rights to trade that existed for hundreds of years in the Spice
Islands between the two nations.
The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 officially demarcated two territories: Malaya, which was
ruled by the United Kingdom, and the Dutch East Indies, which was ruled by
the Netherlands. The successor states of Malaya are Malaysia and Singapore and the
successor state of the Dutch East Indies is Indonesia. 
By doing so, “they irrevocably divided the Riau-Johor kingdom and arbitrarily severed
the cultural unity of east coast Sumatra and the peninsula… . The Treaty of 1824
provided the rationale for the later colonial division down the Melaka Straits and is thus
the basis for the contemporary boundary between Indonesia and Malaysia” (Andaya &
Andaya 1984: 122).
HOW MALAY FALL TO THE HANDS OF DUTCH
Portuguese had controlling access to the sea lanes and spies trades of Malacca straits.
Dutch started by launching small incursions, first serious attempt was the siege of Malacca in 1606
where a lot Portuguese died and remoing the influence to the malay archipelago.

The East India Company was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and
dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies,
and later with East Asia. 

Historically known as Malaya, also known as West Malaysia or the Malaysian Peninsula, is the part
of Malaysia which occupies the southern half of the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the
nearby islands. 

A “country trade base theory” by Tregonning.

(The sultan of Kedah was hoping for an alliance with british East India Company to
defend his country against re-invasion by its former suzerain Thailand, agreed a
permanent lease of the island. But the east india company had no intention of defending
kedah. But then the company felt a keen need to secure a base for the collection of tin
and pepper. The location should be on the shore of the country. After all of the attempts
failed, the east india company adopted the penang plan recommended by Francis light.
- A “country trade base theory” by Tregonning.

The Straits Settlements were a group of British territories located in Southeast Asia.
Originally established in 1826 as part of the territories controlled by the British East
India Company

Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak 

KCB (29 April 1803 – 11 June 1868), was a British soldier and adventurer who founded
the Raj of Sarawak in Borneo. He ruled as the first White Rajah of Sarawak from 1841
until his death in 1868.

● Brooke was born and raised during the Company Raj of the British East India
Company in India. After a few years of education in England, he served in
the Bengal Army, was wounded, and resigned his commission. He then bought a
ship and sailed out to the Malay Archipelago where, by helping to crush a
rebellion, he became governor of Sarawak. He then vigorously suppressed
piracy in the region and, in the ensuing turmoil, restored the Sultan of Brunei to
his throne, for which the Sultan made Brooke the Rajah of Sarawak. He ruled
until his death.

● Brooke was not without detractors and was criticised in the British

Parliament and officially investigated in Singapore for his anti-piracy measures.
He was, however, honoured and feted in London for his activities in Southeast
Asia. The naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace was one of many visitors whose
published work spoke of his hospitality and achievements. The Raj of Sarawak,
also State of Sarawak, located in the northwestern part of the island of Borneo,
was an initially independent state that later became a British Protectorate in
1888. It was established as an independent state from a series of
land concessions acquired by an Englishman, James Brooke, from the Sultan of
Brunei. Sarawak received recognition as an independent state from the United
 States in 1850, and from the United Kingdom in 1864. The area now forms
the Malaysian state of Sarawak.

PERAK TREATY

Perak was a major tin producer throughout the 19th century, leading Britain, which had
already colonised Penang, Malacca and Singapore, to consider Perak of significant
importance. However, local strife, collectively known as the Larut Wars (1861–1874),
between the local Malay elites and frequent clashes between Chinese secret societies
disrupted the supply of tin from the mines of Perak.

In 1871, Sultan Ali of Perak died. However, Raja Abdullah, the heir apparent, had not
been present at his funeral. Raja Bendahara Sultan Ismail was proclaimed Sultan of
Perak instead. At the same time, two Chinese secret societies, Ghee Hin (led by Chin
Ah Yam) and Hai San (led by Chung Keng Quee), constantly waged battle against each
other over control of the tin mines.[citation needed]

Raja Muda Abdullah later appealed to the British regarding these two problems. He
turned to Tan Kim Cheng, his friend in Singapore who was a well-known businessman.
Tan, together with an English merchant in Singapore, drafted a letter to Governor Sir
Andrew Clarke which Abdullah signed. The letter expressed Abdullah's desire to place
Perak under British protection, and "to have a man of sufficient abilities to show (him) a
good system of government." On 26 September 1872, Chung Keng Quee had
already presented a petition, signed by himself and 44 other Chinese leaders, seeking
British interference following the attack of 12,000 men of Chung Shan by 2,000 men of
Sen Ning. The British immediately saw this as an opportunity to expand its influence
in Southeast Asia and strengthen its monopoly on tin. As a result, the Pangkor Treaty of
1874 was signed.

Unfederated Malay States was the collective name given to five British protected states in the Malay
peninsula in the first half of the twentieth century. 

British Borneo Company

Northeastern Borneo, the territory that is now Sabah, was the last area to be brought
under British control. In the early 1700s Brunei transferred its claims over much of the
region to the sultan of Sulu, who ruled from the Sulu Archipelago (now part of
the Philippines) to the east. Except in the far northeast, actual Sulu power remained
limited. Occasional local resistance to Brunei or Sulu influence, as well
as extensive coastal raiding and confusion of suzerainty, invited Western interest
beginning in the 18th century. Despite short-lived American activity in the 1860s, British
power proved most decisive. By 1846 the British had already acquired the offshore
island of Labuan from Brunei. They gained a toehold in northeastern Borneo proper in
1872, when British merchant William Cowie founded an east-coast settlement
at Sandakan, on lease from Sulu. Having obtained rights to much of the territory by
1881, the British launched the British North Borneo Company, which, based in
Sandakan, ruled the British protectorate—as North Borneo—until 1941. The company
operated the state in the interest of its shareholders but was only moderately
prosperous, owing to high overhead and poor management; its 60 years of rule,
however, established the economic, administrative, and political framework
of contemporary Sabah.

The Federated Malay States (FMS, Malay: Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu, Jawi:  was

a federation of four protected states in the Malay Peninsula

The term Unfederated Malay States (Malay: Negeri-negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu) was the

collective name given to five British protected states in the Malay peninsula in the first half of the
twentieth century. The five Unfederated Malay States lacked common institutions, and did not form a
single state in international law; they were in fact standalone British protectorates.

In 1946 the British colony of the Straits Settlements was dissolved. Penang and Malacca which had

formed a part of the Straits Settlements were then grouped with the Unfederated Malay States and
the Federated Malay States to form the Malayan Union. In 1948, the Malayan Union was
reconstituted as a federation of eleven states known as the Federation of Malaya. Nine of the states
of the new Federation of Malaya continued as British Protected States, while two of
them, Penang and Malacca, remained as British colonies. The Federation of Malaya gained full
independence from the UK in August 1957.

WHY FEDERATED STATES IS ESTABLISEHD?

On 20 January 1874, Sir Andrew Clarke, governor of the Straits Settlements, concluded
with the Sultan of Perak the treaty of Pangkor whereby the Sultan agreed to "receive
and provide a suitable residence for a British Officer to be called Resident, who shall be
accredited to his court, and whose advice must be asked and acted upon on all
questions other than those touching Malay Religion and Customs". The residency
system was extended the same year to the states of Selangor and Negri Sembilan, and
in 1888 to Pahang.[2]
To promote greater administrative efficiency, these four states were brought together in
1895-1896 to form the Federated Malay States. This structure was highly centralized,
real power resting in the hands of the agents of the British Government, at first called
the Resident-General, and later the Chief Secretary. [2]
The British established the Federal Council in 1898 to administer the Federation. It was
headed by the High Commissioner (The Governor of the Straits Settlement), assisted by
the Resident-General, the Sultans, the four state Residents and four nominated
unofficial members. This structure remained until the Japanese invaded Malaya on 8
December 1941.
Why Chinese migrated to Malaysia
Chinese migration sprang from poverty in rural China and employment
opportunities in the British colonies or protectorates, and an estimated
five million Chinese had immigrated by the 19th century.

MALAYAN COMMUNIST PARTY

In April 1930 the South Seas Communist Party was dissolved and was replaced by the Communist
Party of Malaya.[3] While its primary responsibility was Malaya and Singapore, the party was also
active in Thailand and the Dutch East Indies, which did not then have their own Communist parties.

was a Marxist–Leninist and anti-imperialist communist party which was active in British Malaya and

later, the modern states of Malaysia and Singapore from 1930 to 1989. It was responsible for the
creation of both the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army and the Malayan National Liberation
Army.

The party led resistance efforts against the Japanese occupation

of Malaya and Singapore during World War II, and later fought a war of national liberation against
the British Empire during the Malayan Emergency. After the departure of British colonial forces from
the Federation of Malaya, the party fought in a third guerrilla campaign against both the Malaysian
and Singaporean governments in an attempt to create a communist state in the region, before
surrendering and dissolving in 1989. [2] Today, due to historical connotations surrounding the MCP,
communism as an ideology remains a taboo political topic in both countries.

UMNO

After the British returned to Malaya in the aftermath of World War II, the Malayan Union was
formed. However, the Union was met with much opposition due to its constitutional framework,
which allegedly threatened Malay sovereignty over Malaya. A series of Malay congresses were
held, culminating in the formation of the nationalist party, UMNO on 10 May 1946 at the Third
Malay Congress in Johor Bahru, with Datuk Onn Jaafar as its leader. UMNO strongly opposed
the Malayan Union, but originally did not seek political power. UMNO had no choice but
continue playing a supporting role to the British colonial administration. The British cooperated
with UMNO leaders and helped to defeat the communist insurgency.
SUMMARIZE ENDING
The Japanese invasion during World War II ended British rule in Malaya. The
subsequent occupation of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak from 1942 to 1945
unleashed a wave of nationalism. After the Japanese were defeated by the Allies,
the Malayan Union was established in 1946 by the British administration. Following
opposition by the ethnic Malays who were led by the United Malays National
Organisation (UMNO), the union was reorganized as the Federation of Malaya in 1948
as a protectorate state until 1957. In the Peninsula, the Malayan Communist
Party (MCP) took up arms against the British and the tension led to the declaration
of emergency rule for 12 years from 1948 to 1960. A forceful military response to the
communist insurgency, followed by the Baling Talks in 1955, led to the establishment
of independence for Malaya on August 31, 1957, through diplomatic negotiation with
the British. Tunku Abdul Rahman became the first Prime Minister of Malaysia. In 1960,
the state of emergency was ended as the communist threat decreased with their retreat
to the borders between Malaya and Thailand.
a federation of four protected states in the Malay Peninsula—Selangor, Perak, Negeri
Sembilan and Pahang—established by the British government in 1896, which lasted until 1946,
when they, together with two of the former Straits Settlements (Malacca and Penang) and
the Unfederated Malay States, formed the Malayan Union. Two years later, the Union became
the Federation of Malaya, which achieved independence in 1957, and finally Malaysia in 1963 with
the inclusion of North Borneo (present-day Sabah), Sarawak and Singapore.

Tunku Abdul Rahman was a Malaysian statesman and lawyer who served as the first prime
minister of Malaysia and the head of government of its predecessor states from 1955 to 1970. He
was the first chief minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955 to 1957. He supervised the
independence process that culminated on 31 August 1957. As Malaya's first prime minister he
dominated politics there for the next 13 years. In 1963, he successfully incorporated the Federation
of Malaya, British North Borneo (renamed Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore into the state of
Malaysia. However, tensions between the Malay and Chinese communities resulted in Singapore's
expulsion in 1965. 
INFLUENCES
Malaysia produces vast amounts of rubber with 2017 exports accounting for almost $7
billion (RM27 billion).
Malaysia quickly became the leading exporter accounting for 31% of global production,
until the tin market crashed in the 1980s.
 
Malay Words influence to English
the popular beverage was mainly known as chaa, derived from the
Portuguese chá. Chá was likely derived from the Mandarin ch'a.

Its new form which is now more common in modern English is derived from the
Malay teh. Teh was, in turn, a derivation from the word t'e, from the Amoy Hokkien
dialect.