MLN BEGINNER'S BOX-6 to

time
taken by it
Find the
10 m/s.
with velocity
from ground
is projected vertically upwards
the ground
A particle

highest point
? It reaches
1. at the 10 m/s.
reach

with velocity
velor
up from
the top of a tower

article is projected vertically

A parti
2. in 5s. Find-

tower.
(a) Height

at ground
velocity of particle
b) Striking
by particle.
Distance traversed
c)
& velocity of particle. from h e
Average speed
average released
stone is
d) of 1.25 m/s?.
A
ground with an acceleration
ising trom the
A balloon starts
3. Determine
balloon after 10s.
from ground
(1) maximum height of stone

to reach the ground after

(2) time taken by stone fuel is finished
acceleration 10 m/s?. If its
up from
the ground with an

4. A rocket is fired vertically

minute then calculate
motion.
attained by rocket in ascending
(a) Maximum velocity
before fuel is finished.
(b) Height attained by rocket
motion.
taken by the rocket in the whole
(c) Time
rocket.
(d) Maximum height attained by
9 of tower in
its motion it covers oE part of height
from the top of a tower. During
5. A particle is dropped
find the height of tower
the last 1 second Then
40 in last 2s. Find the height of the tower.
from the top of a tower. It covers
m

6. A particle is dropped
with an initial speed of 29.4 m/s.
7 A player throws a ball upwards
of acceleration during the upward motion of the bal?
(a) What is the direction
and acceleration of the ball at the highest point of its motion?
(b) What are the velocity downward di-
Osto be the location and time of the
ball at its highest point, vertically
c) Choose x = Om and t =

acceleration of the ball

the signs of position, velocity and
rection to be the positive direction of x-axis and give
motion.
during its upward and downward
(d) To what height does the ball rise and how long
does the ball taketo return to the player's hands?
(Take g 9.8 m/s' and neglect air resistance).
from the top of a tower. The distance covered by it in the last one second is equal
3. A particle is dropped
to that covered by it in the first three seconds. Find the height of the tower.

Water drops are falling in regular intervals of time from top of a tower of height 9 m. If 4h drop begins
9.
to fall when 1" drop reaches the ground. find the positions of 2nd & 3d drops from the top of the tower.

E 107
PreMedical:Physics ALL
PROJECTILE MOTION
then it mees
Inot parallel to the lorce,
When antv that wk ity of pojection in
pnaeeted suhh
a is

dnwensmal motion Il force on the body

le constant then curved un
1his mmthn is alled w
f vath. tile moton
the a t is paradslh Ihis motkn is stintieed under proec
motion
tis an exanysle of twvdinenskonal
Thusequations of motion canb
( t isan exampke of nnotion with eonstant (or ndform)acceleratlon.
analse proketike nmotton
under the effect ofl qravity onlyis called a "projectile"
throunmthe space which
movwes
A prthe
profectle motlon.
o t k n of this parthe is refened to as

to its Initial velocity, the resuk

acceleration in a directions oblique
( t partike possesses a untfom
a
and Y-axls Is along the vertical then path
araboie. Let Naxis ls aong the ground
th will b is as shown.
A N tilke puNtead
at an angle 0 trom the ground

V 0 v , U COS 0

*********u
P Vu cos &
H

X
= u cos e a= (R, 0)
(0, 0)

9. GROUND TO GROUND PROJECTION

Projectile motion can be considered as two mutually perpendicular motions, which are independent of eath
other. i.e. Projectile motion = Horizontal motion + Vertical motion

Horizontal Motion
.Initial velocity in horizontaldirection = u cose = u,

.Acceleration along horizontal direction = a, = 0. (Neglect air resistance)

.Therefore, Horizontal velocityremains unchanged.

At any instant horizontalvelocity u, =u cos6
.At time t, x co-ordinate or displacement along X-direction is

x =ut or X =(u cos60}t

Vertical Motion: Itis motionunderthe effect of gravity so that as particle moves upwards the magnituded
its vertical velocity decreases
Initial velocity in verticaldirection = u sing = u,
Acceleration along vertical direction = a, = -g

At timet, vertical speed v, =

u, -gt u sinß-gt
=

I n time t, displacement in vertical direction or "height" of the particle above the ground

1
y-u-stusinet
gt
 Pre-Medical: Physics

t Moton:Netinitial velocity =
u =
u,i+u,j =
ucos0i+ usinej

fu
can
be e explained in terms of angle 0 it makes with the ground
Netacceleration a-ai+aj (directionofgis dowrwards)
Coordinates
o f
4particleat timet: , y) x ut and y=
ut-gt
x?41
displacementi nt time =
elocity
o f
p a r t i c l e
at time tt
Net particle
y
of

-i+,j= u,i+l1,-gt)- ucosi+(usin6-g

Magrnitude
ofvelocity - y+v
Ù with the ground is a, then
angle,
ade by velocity

tana==gt

usin tan6- g
tana
ucos u cos

and momentum (p= mv) of projectile

e i n velocity is and the magnitude
coordinate zero

ground again at B point, its y

Chan

When particle
returns to
at angle 0 with ground.
Total angular change 20 =

$velocityis
u
of
= u cos 6

velocity i
=ucos ei + usin@j
nitial

ur = ucos i - usin ej
Final velocity
u
in its velocity, |A=2usin
Totalchange
momentum, Apl= m|4ö|=2musin
Totalchangein

Time of flight ( Y-axis becomes zero.

again, i.e. displacement along

At time T particle will be at ground
1 Time of flight is the time for
y=uytgt O=uyTST which projectileremains
in air

2u sin (neglecting T = 0)
or
T2

T u usin8
Time of ascent Time of descent 2 g 9

at time particle attains maximum height of its trajectory.

109
 Maximum height attained H
At maximum height vertical component of velocity becomes zero. At this instant y coordinate is

height.
v-u-2gy 0 u-2gH I: v,- 0, y =HHI

u sin0
H-
2g 2g
Horizontal range or Range (R)
It
is the displacement of particle along Xdirection during its complete flight.

X= u,t R =u,T = u, R 2u,uy

R
2(u cos 0)Xu sin 0) u sin 20
R (: 2sine cos6 = sin20)

Maximum horizontal range (Rma

If value of e is increased from 0°to 90, then range increases from 0 =
0°to 45°but it decreases h
45. Thus range is maximum at 0 = 45° beyond
u sin 2(45°) u sin 90
For maximum range, 0 =45° and Rnax

Comparison of two projectiles of equal range T

When two projectiles are thrown with equal speeds at

angles and (90°-0) then their ranges are equal but maximum
heights attained are different and time of flights are also different. T H

At angle G, R=U Sin 20 ***

At angle (90°-0), R'-U sin290°-6)usin(180°-20) u sin 20

Thus, R= R
Maximum heights of projectiles
H U sine H'U sin (90°-6) u cos0
and
2g 2g 2g
H
H'
sin tan^ 0
cos 6

HH'sin Gcos R2
4g 16 R 4 HH

H+H'=u"sins u cose H+HU

2g 2g

110 E
 Pre-Medical:Physics
Tme of flight of projectiles

T
2usin T2u sin90-0) 2ucos0

sin6
lan 6
cos

4u sincos0 2R
TT
TTa R

Equation of Trajectorv

Along horizontal direction x = ut

or X ucos0t

Along vertical direction

y--9 o y usint-5st
On eliminating t irom these two equations

y
(usin)A
u cos
s
2ucos

y xtan cos 0

This is an equation of a parabola so it can be stated that projectile follows a parabolic path.

Again y=xtan b2 sinxtan1

Gcos®
9.1 Kinetic Energy of a Projectile

Kineticenergy= x Mass x(Speed

Let a body is projected with velocity u at an angle .

Thus initial kinetic energy of projectile, Ko=mu

Since velocity of projectile at maximum height is ucos .

Kinetic energy at highest point, K = m(u cos e) = K, cos* e

which is the minimum kinetic energy during whole motion.

111
 Pre-Medical: Physics
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
At maximum height, v, = O and v, =u, = ucose sothat at maximum height v = / v + v = ucos

At maximum height angle between velocity and acceleration is 90

Magnitude of velocity at height 'h'.
*********
vu-2gh
v=(usin e -2gh
u cose
l
+v= yu'cos0 +(usin -2gh
I = yu-2gh

T H 2u,uy
R 2u,u
T and H depend only upon initial vertical speed u,
If two projectiles thrown in different directions, have equal times of flight then their initial vertical
are same so that their maximum speeds
height are is also same.
IfH=H then
(u) =(us and
TA =Ts
For situation shown in figure for 0= 45°

u
here Kmax and Hsin 45 u
45
2s 4g
-=***********************
max
max4H =
4x (maximum
height attained)
When R H

u(2
R= sin cos ) and H=sin R
2g 4cot=1
H

4 cot 0 = 1 tane =4 tan (4) = 76°

- Illustrations
Illustration 31.
A projectile is thrown with
speed u making angle with horizontal at t =0. It just crosses two
at time t= ls
points of equal height
and t 3s respectively. Calculate the maximum
height attained by it? (g=10m/)
Solution

1
Displacement in
y direction y =
u, x1- 5g x(1P =u, x3- g13P u 2g 20 m/s

Maximum height attained y

h'max 2g 20m
=

112
 n 32. Pre-Medical
strat
A stone
to be thrown so as to
cover
7m/s, lind
a
horizontal distance of 3m. If the velocity of tne
P
the angle at which is must be thrown.
rizontal displacement that
the largest horizo
is possible with the projecti
Sohtion ection speed of 7 m/s.
u
Range R sin20
98x3
sin28
sin28
(730.6
sin3720 =37 0 18.5°
angle of projection may also be 3m
=
90° - 0 90°- 18.5°= 71.5°
For largest horizontal displacement 0 45° (749,10 5m
ustration33.
maximum range R 9.8 98

Two projectiles are projected at angles (0) and

to the horizontal respectively with same speed
90 m/s. One of them rises 10 m higher than the other. Find the angles of projection. (Take g=10 m/s)
Solution

U sin"e
Maximum height H
2g h, (20 sin 20 sin'0 &h, (20 sin (/2-0) 20 cos
29
h.- h, 20 (cos-0 -sin-0] = 10 20 cos 20 10 cos20 20 60° 0 = 30
and 8= 90°-0 60°
lustration 34.

Aboy stands 78.4 m away from a building and throws

u=?

a ball which just enters a window at maximum height

39.2m

39.2m above the ground. Calculate the velocity of

78.4m
projection of the ball.

Solution
u sine u sin 20 2u sin cos2
Maximum height =
2g
= 39.2 m .. ) Range = x 78.4 )
fromequation ) divided by equation (i) tanê = 1 9 45°

from equation (i) range = 2 x78.4 u = 2x784x 98 = 39.2 m/s

llustration 35
A particle thrown over a triangle from one end of a horizontal base falls on the other end of the base after
grazing the vertex. If a and B are the base angles of triangle and angle of projection is 0, then prove that
tan tana +tan ß.
Solution
From triangle y = x tan a and y = (R- x) tan B * * * * * * * *-* * * * -o-
tana+tan ß =
yR
-----,
x R-x x(R-x) *******************-
X
****************
X

yR
y-x tane1 tan 6 =

x(R-x)
tan = tan a + tan ß

113
 Pre-Medical:Physics
Ilustration 36.is
paricle projected from the ground at an angle such that it just
clears the top of a pole
ALA
afto.
fter t
is the height of the pole ?
Spath. It takes further t, time to reach the ground. What
Solution
Height of the pole is equal to the vertical displacement of the particle at time t

Vertical displacement y = ut, + a u- z9 ..)

and total fight time t, +t, = y

put value u, in equation () y =* +,)-9st - stta. so height of the pole =

llustration 37.
A ball is thrown from the
high at a distance of 6 m and talls 18 m away from the
ground to clear a wall 3 m u
the angle of projection of ball is -

(A)tan (B)tan' (C)tan (D)tan'

Solution
Ans.B
2
From equation of trajectory, y =
xtane | 1-
-3-6tane tane 3

BEGINNER'S BOX-7
A football player kicks a ball at an angle of 30° to the horizontal with an initial speed of 20 m/s. Assuming
that the ball travels in a vertical plane, calculate the time at which the ball
(a) reaches the highest point (b)
the maximum height reached (c) the horizontal of
range the ball (d) the time for which the ball is in the air,
(g 10 m/s
2. A cricketer canthrow a ball to a maximum horizontal distance of 100 m. How
high above the ground can the
cricketer throw the ball, with the same speed?
3 Two bodies are thrown with the same initial speed at
angles a and (90°- a) with the horizontal. What will be
the ratio of (a) maximum heights attained them and horizontal
by (b) ranges?
4. A ball is thrown at angle 0 and another bal is thrown at angle (90°-0) with the horizontal direction from the
same point each with speeds of 40 m/s. The second ball reaches
50m higher than the first ball. Find their
individual heights. g 10 m/s2
=

5. The range of a particle when launched at an angle of

15 with the horizontal is 1.5 km. What is the range of the
projectile when launched at an angle 45° to the horizontal.
6. Show that the projection angle , for a projectile launched from the origin is given by :

tanR Where H Maximum height, R =

Horizontal range
7. A ball of mass m is thrown vertically up. Another ball of mass 2m is thrown at an angle 0with the vertical. Both
of them stay in air for the same periods of time. What is the ratio of the height attained by the two balls?
8. The ceiling of a long hall is 25 m high. What is the maximum horizontal distance that a ball thrown with a
speed of 40 m/s can go without hitting the ceiling of the hall ? (g = 10 m/s)

114
 Pre-Medical:Physics

10NTAL PROJECTION FROM HEIGHT

joHORI2OD
thrown from point O at some
Conside nrojectile height h from the (0.0
s i d e ra projectil

a velocityu in horizon direction. V,

ground
w i t h ae O
hall
w e shalldeal the characteristics of projectile motion separately
horizontal and vertical directions i.e. ****.,
along

Honizontaldirection Vertical direction

Initial velocityu
=
u Initial velocity u, = 0
Acceleration a, -0 Acceleration a = -

g (downward)
TrajectoryEquation

ath traced by projectile is called its trajectory. After time t.

Thepath

and y T2 negative sign indicates that the direction of vertical displacement is dow
ward.

1x X

y This is equation of a parabola

is called trajectory equation

Above equation

Velocity at a general point P(x, y)

V=v+v
of the projectile after time t is V u (remains constant)
Horizontal elocity
Velocity of projectile
in vertical direction after timetis
=0-gt=-gt (downward) v =yu' +g't'

and tan or tan- u (negative signindicates clockwisedirection)

V
Displacement
The displacement of
the particle is expressed by

sjWhere|-y -lunli-sfi
Time of flight
vertical direction.
From equation of motion for
1
h utst
1 2h
T
Athighestpointu, - 0 -
h=T>
Horizontal range to the point
direction between the point of projection
Distance covered by the projectile along the horizontal
2h
on the ground. R ut -N
Velocity after falling a height h,
Along vertical direction v =0 + 20h g)

v =2gh
Sn n Along horizontal direction v, =u, =u

Sovelocity. v = v+v= yu' +2gh,

E 115
 Pre-Medical:Physies
PROJECTION FROM
A CERTAIN
HEIGHT ALL
OBLIQUE
1.
at an angle 0 above horizontal:
Projection from a height
= -u sin 0
u cos 0 u, ***

X = (u cos 0) t

H u sin 0)t + 9 t
Y
0
H a, g
gt2-(2u sin 0)t -2H

After solving the above equation

we get the result

Velocity after falling height

h: - -***********************-* N
R
2hNg)
Along vertical direction; v,"=(-usin@)?
+

ucose
Along hoizontal direction, v, u,
= =

v-yv+v=yu +2gh
(i) Projection from a height at an angle 0 below horizontal:
4 usin 0
u cos ""1 *****

x =(u cos )t u

H (usin )t+ 7gt

gt+(2u sin 0) t -2H = 0 a, g

After solving the above equation we

get the result.

Velocityafter falling height h

Along vertical direction, v =(usin|) +2hg)

Along horizontal direction, ucos8; Sovelocity, v= /v+v = Ju?+2gh

Illustrations
lustration 38. 100ms
An aeroplane is travelling horizontally at a height of 2000 m from the ground.

The aeroplane, when at a point P, drops a bomb to hit a stationary target Q on

2000m
the ground. In order that the bomb hits the target, what angle 0 must the ine PQ

make with the vertical ? lg = 10 m/s4 JAIPMT (Mains) 2007]

Solution
Let t be the time taken by bomb to hit the target.
100m/s
h 2000- g ®t - 20s
2 2000-h
R ut = (100) (20) = 2000m

2000
tan =2000 1 0 45° R

116
 Pre-Medical:Physics

a
towards
above the ground
ould the pilot
nlane isflying at a constantinheight
flood
of 1960 m with 600 km/hr speed
with the
vertical s
nleta
p i n r
te c t i y

Ner a person struggling

overa
water. At what angle of sight
r a l kit if it is to reach the person in water? (g =9.8m/s)
n h a ea s u r

500
ata
speed = 600x
18 3 m/s horizontally (ata height 1960m)
fying
PaneisM

wwwww..
2h2x1960
reach the ground t= = 20s
by the kit to
me
en
9.8
500 10,000
ut= x20=
kit will move horizontally by x
= 3 m

timethe kit
methe 3
this

tant
X_10,000

3x1960 5.88 10-1.7=N3 or =60

ihustration40.
ball
and width b the
with a horizontal velocity u. If each step has height h
off the top of a stair way
Abalrols Find the value of n.
the edge of n" step.
u ust hit

the
respectively. Let t be
Solution

nt the horizontal and vertical distances traversed are nb and nh

the step,
Hthe ball hits
=U
horizontal direction
horizontal and vertical displacements. Velocity along
time taken by
the ball forthese
and initial vertical velocity = zero.
(remains constant)

nb ut and nh-0+gt
Eliminating t from the equation n step

2hu R*
n
nh ab

lustration 41.
will the
from the top of a tower. After what time
A particle is projected horizontally with a speed 20 m/s
direction of projection ? [Let g 10 m/s] =

velocity of particle be at 45° angle from the initial

Solution
Let x and y axes be adopted along horizontal and ertically downward directions respectively.

After time t, v, = u = 20 m/s, velocity in y direction v, = ut at = 0+ g t = gt a

10xt
tana Sif a =45° than I= 20 2s
Vx 20

117
 re-Medical: Physics
BEGINNER'S BOX-8

from the top of a hill 490m hil

1. A projectile is fired horizontally with a velocity of 98 ms
from the hill and (in) the angle at u
(0 the time taken to reach the ground (i) the distance of the target hich th
projectile hits the ground. (g - 9.8 m/s*)
wo tall buildings face each other and are at a distance of 180m from each other. With what velocity
2.
that it enters a aba
be thrown horizontally from a window 55m above the ground in one building.
so v
window 1m,
above the ground in the second building? (g = 10 m/s)
wo paper screens A and B are separated by a distance of 100m. A bullet pierces A and then B. The h
3. ole n
Bis 10 cm below the hole in A. If the bullet is travelling horizontally at the time of hitting the screon

calculate the velocity of the bullet when it hits the screen A. (g = 9.8 m/s*)

4.
A ball is thrown up from the top of a tower with an initial velocity of 10 m/s at an angle of 30° with
horizontal. It hits the ground at a distance of 17.3 m from the base of tower. Calculate the height of the tou
the
we
g 10 m/s)

12. RELATIVE VELOCITY IN ONE DIMENSION

O B

Displacement of B with respect to A = Displacement of B as measured from A

BA Xg-XA

dxBAdXg
dt dt dt

VBA- Relative Actual -Reference

For same direction
When two particles are moving in the same direction, then magnitude of their relative velocity is equal to
the difference between their individual speeds.

OR
2 or al=Vi -V2

For opposite directions

When two particles are moving in
the opposite directions, then magnitude of their relative velocity is always
equal sum of thier individual speeds.

OR
Vi2l or V2nl=vi +V2
V

Note When two particles move simultaneously then the concept of relative motion becomes applicable
conveneintly.

118
 MERICAL APPLICATIONS
NUA

Pre-Medical: Physics
When two particles are
re :
moving
aust be zero and in this along a straight line
condition relative with constant
speeds then their relative accel ation
s
v Const. V2 = Const. velocity is the ratio of
relative displacement
relative
displace" to time.

when aol 0

Vrel Relatihe
time

(i) When fwo

particles move in such
a way that their relative
we apply equations ot motion
in the acceleration non zero out
relative form.

V=constant
VConstant

aAB aAadB
=
0 a =
-a # 0
=constant
Equations of Motion
(Relative)
Vrel. el. +e

Srel.et +
Veul +2.aelSre
rel. rel.+Vret
Z

Ilustrations
lustration 42.
Buses A and B are moving in the same direction with speeds 20 m/s and 15 m/s respectively. Find the relative
velocity of A w.rt. B and relative velocity of B w.r.t A.
Solution
Let their direction of motion be along X-axis then
+
i, (20m6}i
= and v, =
(15ms6)i
(a) Relative velocity of A w.r.t. B is vAu =V-, = (actual velocity of A) - (velocity of B)

-(20 m/)i-(15n/s)î = 5m/si

i.e. A is moving with speed 5 m/s w.rt B in the same direction.

(b) Relative velocity of B w.rt. A is v, =V, -7,= (actual velocity of B) - (velocity of A)

=
(15 m/s)i -(20 m/s)i (-5m/s)i
=
=
(5 m/s(-i)
i.e. B is moving in opposite direction w.rt. A, at a speed 5 m/s

119
 Pre-Medical: Physics
ALLR
thief's car which is
Ilustration 43. bullet at a
30 km/hr fires a
the bullet is 150 m/s,lin
a speed
of
on a highway with muzzle speed of ind the
A police van moving km/hr. If the
speed of 190
same direction
with a
away in the
the thiefs car.

speed of the bullet with respect to

Solution ,velocity of bullet

velocity of police
van

V,velocityofthief's
car

150 x 18km/hr +30km/hr =570 km/hr

-
190 km/hr
= 380 km/hr.
- 570 km/hr-
30 km/hr. and Car h
lustration 44. from Ambala at a speed of B
km from Ambala. Car A sets out
Delhi is at a distance of 200
20 km/hr. When will they cross
each other? What is hne
from Delhi at a speed of
time
set out at the same

from Ambala?
distance of that crossing point

Solution
VAB VA-V 20 km/hr
30 km/hr
30-(-20)
50 km/hr
t
They will meet after time 200 km
Delhi
Ambala
S 200
4 hr
given by t 50=
30 4 120 km
Distance from Ambla where they will meet is x x
= =

llustration 45.
Three boys A, B and C are situated at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side d at t = 0. Each of the boys
move with constant speed v. A always moves towards B , B towards C and C towards A. When and where wil
they meet each other?

Solution
A and
By symmetry they will meet at the centroid of the triangle. Approaching velocity of
B towards each other is v + v cos 60° and they cover distance d when they meet.
So that time taken, is given by

d d 2d
t
V+V COS 60°

Illustration 46.
Two cars approach each other on a straight road with velocities 10 m/s and 12 m/s respectively. When they
are 150 metres apart, both drivers apply their brakes and each car decelerates at 2 m/s2 until they stops. How
far apart will they be when both come to a halt ?
Solution
Let x, and x, be the distances travelled by the cars before they stop under deceleration.
From IlId equation of motion = u + 2as, »0 = (10P- 2 x2 x, x, = 25 m
and 0 (12 2 x2 x, x, = 36 m
Total distance covered by the two cars = X, + X, = 25 + 36 = 61 m
Distance between the two cars when they stop = 150 - 61 = 89 m.

120
 Pre-Medical:Physics
p a t o n
4 2

and B which are 100 m and 60 m tracks

long are moving in opposite directions O her find
Tuo

of the shorterttrain is 3 times that of the longer one. lf the trains take 4 seconds to cross each of
theveloc
ties ofthe trains?

hution
Genthat 3v,

Trains
move in
oPposite directions then

drel 100+60 3v, = 30 m/s

V+V 4V= 40 > v, 10 m/s,
=
relative velocity v =
v,
time 4

BEGINNER'S BOX-9
A overtakes the
train
trains A
and B each of length 50 m, are moving with constant speeds. If one
7uo

her in 40s, while

crosses the other in 20s. Find the speeds of each train.
o
a uniform speed
A and B ot length 400 m each are moving on two parallel tracks with
Two trains accelerates
the same direction, with A ahead of B. The driver of B decides
to overtake A and
in
72 km/h distance between
was the original
lf after 50 s, the guard of Bjust brushes past the driver of A, what
hu 1 m/s.
of B & driver of A ?
the guard
maximum initial speed
on a stationary lift (open from above) throwsa
ball upwardswith the
standing
3.
A boy
take to return to his hands?
If the lift starts moving
to 49 m/s. How much time does the ball
he can, equal with the maximum speed
he can, how
of 5 m/s and the boy again throws the ball up
upwith a uniform speed
return to his hands?
longdoes the ball take
to

VELOCITY IN A PLANE
13. RELATITVE
For 2-dimensional motion:
to 'B' can be calculated as
Relative velocity of A with respect

A +v-2 V,cose
Note
collide
For two particles to
relative displacement
becomes zero
(6) their combined from same level (in case of projectiles)
are projected
vertical velocities will be same : if they
(6i) their combined
two 1D motions.
motion can be converted into
(i) their combined
another projectile
projectiles w.r.t.
Relative path of a
difterent velocities at
difterent angles. Since both projectiles
are thrown
from ground with other isa
Two projectiles acceleration is zero. Thus path of one projectile w.r.t.
so their relative
have equal accelerations uniform.
w.rt. other is
motion of one projectile
straight line and
vertical line.
then relative path is a
Ifu, cose, u, cos6,
=

is a horizontal line.
then relative path
Ifu, sine,=u, sine, 121
 Pre-Medical:Physics
14. RAIN- MAN PROBLEM

M=VMI

When man is
at rest
As observed by
the man when moving
vR R-

If rain is falling vertically with a velocity V, and an observer is moving horizontally with speed
velocity of rain relative to observer will be

EM -V M=-Vsj -Vi
which by law of vector addition has magnitude

+v

The direction of gais such that it makes an angle with the vertical given by 6 = tan (/vp) as sho

in figure.

(i) If rain is already falling at an angle 0 with the vertical with a velocity V and an observer is movi
horizontally with speed i, finds that the rain drops are hitting on his head vertically downwards

Here p VR - VM

VM (V SinG-v,i-va COs6j

Now for rain to appear fling vertically, the horizontal component of should be zero, i.e.

VR SinG- VM =
0 sin6 =M
R

and M=VCOSs0 -v,Vi-sin - 1 =Vay-v

122
t r a t i o n9 8 ,

moves
Apersonmo due east at a speed 6m/s and feels the wind is blowing towards south at a speed bm/s

nd actual velocity of wind blow.

Find

person
doubles his velocity then find the relative velocity of wind blow w.r.t.
doubles

bll man.
shtion
Vactrel+Ve
a

um+ Vm-6j+6
W4
-6i-6
6W2 m/s and it is blowing along S-E

Person doubles its velocity then v =12

but actual wind velocity remains unchanged.

- = (6i-6)-12
.-6i-6
Now relative velocity of wind is 6/2m/s along S- W.
lustration49.
umbrella at an

A m a n at restobserves the rain falling vertically. When he walks at 4 km/h, he has to hold his
res

angle of 53° from the vertical. Find the velocity of raindrops.

Solution

Assigning usual symbols Vm V, and Vim to velocity of man, velocity of rain and velocity
of rain relative to
man, we can express their relationship by the following equation

,=V+Vt
4
The above equation suggests that a standstill man observes velocity V, of rain
3753°
V

relative to the ground and while he is moving with velocity m, he observes

a common intuitive fact that umbrella must be held against Vr/m

velocity of rain relative to himself mr/m
. It is

for optimum protection from rain. According to these facts, directions of the velocity vectors are shown in the
adjoining figure.
Therefore V=vtan37=3 km/h
lustration 50.
train appears to towards north to him with a
A man is going east in a car with a velocity of 20 km/hr, a move

velocity of 20 3 km/hr. What is the actual velocity and direction of motion of train?
TC T - Vc
Solution.
VTTC +Vc =20 3 j + 201i
V-20/3 kmhr

-(203)+(20) 1600 40 km/hr

V=20 km/hr
x

tan 203 0 60°

20

So direction of motion of train is 60° N of E or E-60°-N

E E 123
 Pre-Medical: Physics
Illustration 51.
simultaneouslyin V=20m/s
wo particles A and B are projected
from the ground
20 m/s and VgB
with initial velocities v
=

the directions shown in the figure

and the
0.5 s. Find out the angle 0
1 0 m/s respectively. They colide after
distance x.

Solution.
in same time.
Both particle will collide if they are at same height

YAVB y)t- st -(uJt-gt u) - (ups

V sin ) = Vg 20sin 0 10 sin 0 30

covered by A is x (u,)^t =
(20 cos300.5
= 10 x
5/3 m
horizontal distance
=
In 0.5s

Illustration 52.
Two particles are projected from the two towers simultaneously, as shown in the figure.

10 m/s
102 m/s
20m
K45.
10m
WWIiiWTVVVTTTmilTTTIMM

What should be the value of 'd' for their collision?

Solution.
Their is no relative acceleration of between A and B.

so time of collision t = A - where yBA = vertical displacement of B w.rt. A = 10 m.

(BA
10
(vA vertical velocity of Bw.rt. A 0 -+10/2sin45) =
10 m/s »t= 10 ls

d horizontal distance travelled by B w.rt. A = (v,)Ba x t= (10+10 2 cos45) x 1 = 20 m.

Illustration 53.
Two boys are standing at the ends A and B of a ground where AB = a. The boy at B starts running in a
direction perpendicular to AB, with velocity v. The boy at A starts running similtaneously with velocity van
catches the other boy in a time t, then find t.

Solution
Let the two boys meet at point C after time 't
Then AC vt, BC vt but (ACP = (ABP + (BC}P vt = a? + v,t2
-* * -. * *.o-* * *
a ********************* D

t(v v,) = a t = - v

124
 Pre-Medical:Physics

BEGINNER'S BOX-10
Find
10 m/s.
Aman
A moves
in the north direction with a speed 10 m/s and another man Bmov s in E-30-Nwith

reclative
velocity of Bw.rt. A.
.
v e l o c i t

the moving with the same speed 10 m/s in the directions E-30-N and E-30-S respec
AandBa

velocity of
A w.rt. B.
speed
u e same
with the
rekative

B are 10 km moving
apart such that B is to the south of A. A and B startmoving
dies A and
N
astward and rthward respectively then firnd.
20km/.

A w.rt.B.
relative velocity of W
E
a

minimum separation
attained during motion
b
ime elapsed
from starting, to attain minimum separation.
time the north
10 m/s in
rides bicycle witha speed of
aling vertically
ain is fallirn
with a speed of 30 m/s. A woman a

What is the direction in which she should hold her

umbrella?
sQuth direction.
rain drops are faling vertically
running up hill with a velocity (2i + 3j) m/s w.r.t. ground. He feels that the
man is
he runs down hill with same speed, find vm
th u
with velocity 4 m/s. If
with from point A as shown in figure.
velocity u,
A body
is projected
same time
another body is projected vertically upwards
At the AU2

B. What should be the value of

with a velocity ug from point B
A 6 0 0

bodies to collide.
for both

PROBLEM
15,
RIVER-BOAT (OR MAN)
water.
of man w.r.t. still
swim with velocity ù, i.e. it is the velocity
Aman can

relative to ground Vm = V+ VR
with velocity VR then velocity of man
f water is also flowing
downstream then
of water or along the
the direction of flow
f the swimming is in

Vmm V+VR
the upstream then
opposite to the flow of water or along
the direction
li f the swimming is in

Im V-VR

collinear then use vector algebra.

are non
is crossing the
river i.e. v and Vg
f the man

V+VR

125
Pre-Medical: Physics -ALL
To Cross a River

Cross the river in shortest possible time

Minimum distance of approach
OR
Cross the river along shortest
possible path
OR
Cross the river and reach a point just
opposite to the starting path.
For shortest path:

man wants
ait means to
crossthe river such that his 'displacement should be minirmum",
he intends to reach just opposite point across the river. He should
start swimming at an angle 0 with the perpendicular to the flow of river towards
upstream.
such that its resultant
velocity m =
( +R) It is in the direction of
displacement AB. vsin= VA A
(for minimum displacament)
To reach at B
v sin 6= V sin 6 =

component of velocity of man along AB is vcos so time taken T

d d
For minimum time vcos v-v
To cross the river in
minimum time, the velocity alongg
AB (v cos 0) should be
It is possible if 0 maximum.
=
0,
i.e. swimming should start perpendicular to water current.
Due to effect of river
velocity man will reach at point C
i.e. his
displacement
will not be minimum but along resultant velodty,
be minimum, time taken to cross the river
wil
A
Tor minimum tme)
In time t swimmer travels distance BC
along the river with speed of river VR '.
distance travelled along BC =

tin Va
river flow =
drift of d
man =

minR R
Illustration 54.
A boat moves
Illustrations
along the flow of river between two
and takes time
t, when going fixed points A and B. It
upstream between takes t, time when
the distance toequal AB. these two points. What time it will take in going downstream
Solution still water to cover
AB
2 ,- -
AB
V, +R or AB
v,-R + and AB
22vAS
AB AB
2, t AB tt2|
tt2
t2

or 2t1t2 AB time
t+t2)
=

taken by the boat to cover AB

126
 Pre-Medical: Physics
the nor
5 bank to
river from south
at 5 m/s in still water. It is used to cross a 200 m wide
hasuniform velocity of 3 m/s due east.
The
ivercurrent
n

h direction
u t n hdirectio. must it be steered to cross the river perpendicular to current?
direction perpendicular to the river flow?
iit take to cross the river in a
will
uill
far will it
drift?
time? How
ong

H o w

ust
ich direction must the boat be steered to cross the river in minimum

1Ss the river perpendicular

to current i.e. along shortest path

sin= 0=37
E
U-3 m/s W
d_200 d-200m v-5 m/s
taken by
boat, t =
. =
50s
Tine VCOs &

minimum time, 0 =
00°
the nver in
To cross

Theretore
d200
5
40s
Drift = u l t 3(40}m = 120 m

BEGINNER'S BOX-11
direction
150° to the
river at an angle
starts swimming in
a
still water. He
can swim at speed Z m/s in
the opposite bank.
a
Aman the directly opposite point on
flow and reaches
of water
water
of flowing
a) Find the speed the river.
time taken to cross
then calculate the 10 km/hr. He
wants
lf width of river is 1 km still water with
b) swim in
km/hr. A man can
river tlowing at the rate of 5
wide
2 km
2 shortest path. Find
-

to cross
the river along the
swim.
should the person
which direction
a) in
belt
b) crossing time. long horizontally moving
respect to the belt) on a
a speed
a speed 9 km/h (with belt. The belt moves with
A child to and fro with
runs m apart
on the moving
3 and mother located 50
between his father what is the
fig) platform outside,
observer on stationary
of 4 km/h. For an
direction of motion
of the belt?
while running in the
the chid of the belt?
a) speed of opposite to the
direction of motion

the child while running

6) speed of
the child in (a) and (b)?
c) time taken by viewed by one of
the parents?
a n s w e r s will
alter if motion is
Which of the
4 Km/h
Moving belt

Mothe
Father Chid Stationary
observer
127
 Pre-Medical: Physics
ANSWERS
BEGINNER'S BOX-1 BEGINNER'S BOX-7
1. 7T. 2r 2. 400 m for each, B.
3. 1. (a) 1s, (b) 5m, (c) 34.64 m, (d) 2s
RT +4 4. 19m, 13m
5. 2 50 m. 3. (a) tan a (b)1
(407)m, 80m from A to B
6. (A) 110m (B) 50m. 37°N of E
4. 15 m& 65 m 5.3 km
7. 8. 148.32 m

1.
BEGINNER'S BOx-2 BEGINNER'S BOX-8
) 40 km/hr (i) 32.5 km/hr
(ii) 1040 km/hr 1. ) 10s, (i) 980m. (ii) B 45
(iv) 1040 km/hr
2. 2. 60 m/s 3. 700 m/s 4. 10 mete
4 m/s 3.5 x103 cm/s, 2 x 104
4. O m/s. 20 m/s 5.
cm/s
(a) 12.5 m/s (b) 25 m/s
6. 2 m/s 7. 49.3 km/h, 21.4 km/h BEGINNER'S BOX-9
1. 3.75 m/s & 1.25 m/s
2. 1250 m.
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
3. 10 sec, 10 sec
10
1. m/s 2. (a) 68, (b) 14, (c) 33, (d) 14
BEGINNER'S BOx-10
BEGINNER'S BOx-4 1. 5/31-5, E- 30°-s
1. n 2. In north direction 1Om/s
8S 3.
2n-1 3. 20/2 km/hr S-E, 5/2 km, 15 min.
4. 3.06 ms2: 11.4s 5. ut +
6. 2a
0.218 m/s2 4. atan =
18.4° from vertical towards
south
5. 20 m/s
BEGINNER'S BOx-5
1. 1:3
2.6) 120m (i) 0 (i) 20m/s (iv) 0
3. (a) A, B, (b) A,B, (c) B, A, (d) Same, 6. 3
(e)B, A, once
4. ()37m (i) 3.7 m/s (i) Part BC., a =8 m/s*
5. 625 m
() 2m/s2
BEGINNER'S BoX-6
EBEGINNER'S Box-11
1. (a) y3 m/s
1. 1s
2. (b) 1000s.
(a) 75m, (6) 40m/s, (c) 85m, (d) 17m/s, 2.
15m/s (a) Direction from Down Stream 120°
3. 6) 70.3m (i) 5 s =

2
4. (a) 600 m/s, (6)18 km, (c)
(2+ 2) min, (d) 36 km 65/3 hr
5. 125m 6. 45 mn 3. a) 13 km/h
7. (a) Vertically downwards; (b) zero velocity, accel (b) 5 km/h
eration of 9.8 m/s* downwards.
(c) 0 (upward and downward motion) v<0
x> (c) 20s
(upward), v> 0 (downward), a> 0 throughout; if the motion is viewed
by one of the parents answers
(d) 44.1 m, 6s. to (a) and (6) are altered while
answer to (c) rema
125m 9. 4m& 1m from top unchanged.
28
 Pre-Medical: Physics
ISEI (Conceptual Questions) Build Up Your Understanding
ER
STACE

&DISPLACEMENT
&D

SPEBD & he location of a particle is changed. What can we

LOCITYAVERAGE SPEBD 8 AVERAGE distance coVered
say about the displacement and
OCITY
Amanwalks
alks 30
30 mtowar north, then 20m towards bythe particle:
(1) Both cannot be zero
the last 302
ndin mtowards south-west. (2) One of the two may be zero
displacem
nent from origin is (3) Both must be zero
The and
towards west 14) l one is positive, the other is negative
m
1) 10
vice-versa
m towards
east
n 10
circular track
An athlete completes one round of a
602m towards north west will be his
of radius R in 20 seconds. What
20 seconds?
displacement at the end of 2 minutes
towards east north
4)60 v 2
m
(1) Zero (2) 2R

Abody moves along the curved path of a quarter (4) 7 TR

A (3) 2rtR
2 ircle. Calculatethe ratio of distance todisplacement: () due
8. A walks for some time t with velocity
(1)11: 7 (2) 7: 11 man
time 't with velocity
east. Then he walks for same
of the man is:
2x 7 (4)7: 112 () due north. The average velocity
3)11
(1) 2v (2) 2
Three particles P, Q and R are situated at point
3 of radius 10 m. All three
A on the circular path
particles move

Then
paths and reach point
along diferent
the ratio of distance
(3) v
4)2
B as shownm in figure. He
walking along straight road.
traversed by particles P and Q is :
a
9. A drunkard is
backward. followed
takes5 steps forward and 3 steps
backward and so
by 5 steps forward and 3 steps
meter long and takes one second.
on. Each stepis one
the road 11 meters away from
There is a pit on

drunkard will fall into the

the starting point. The

pit after
(1) 29 s (2) 21 s

(3) 37s (4) 31 s

3
4 23 10. A car runs at constant speed on a circular track

of radius 10m taking 6.28s on each

lapli.e.round).
3t for each
(4) The average speed and average velocity
(3 4
complete lap is
is zero, the distance (1) Velocity 10 m/s. speed 10 m/s
f displacement of a particle
(2) Velocity zero, speed 10 m/s
covered
(3) Velocity zero, speed zero
(1) must be zero
(4) Velocity 10 m/s speed zero
(2) may or may not be zero covers half the
11. A particle moving in a straight line
(3) cannot be zero
distance with speed of 12 m/s. The other half
of
4)depends upon the particle the distance is covered in two equal time intervals
the displacement: with speed of 4.5 m/s and 7.5 m/s respectively.
6 I fthe distance covered is
zero,

(1) must be zero The average speed of the particle during this

(2) may or may not be zero motion is:

(3) cannot be zero (1) 8.0 m/s (2) 12.0 m/s
(4) depends upon the particle (3) 10.0 m/s (4) 9.8 m/s

129
E
 Pre-Medical: Physics
12. The
magnitude of average velocity is equal to the 18.
The numerical ratio of displacement tothedie
covered is always -
ALL
stance
average speed when a particle moves:
(1) on a curved path (1) less than one
(2) in the same
direction (2) equal to one
(3) with constant acceleration (3) equal to or less than one
(4) with constant retardation (4) equal to or greater than one
13. 19. A particle moves in a straight line for 20 Seco
Abody covers one-third of the distance with a velocity
with velocity 3m/s and then moves with t
V, the second one third of the distance with a velocity
V2 and the last one-third of the distance with a velocity
4 m/s for another 20 seconds and finally m velocity
V The aerage velocity is with velocity 5 m/s for next 20 seconds.
the average velocity of the particle?
hat is
/11) +V2 +V3 (1) 3 m/s (2) 4 m/s (3)5m/s
3 (4zero
20. An object travels 10 km at a speed of 100 m/s a
(2) 3v,V,V another 10 km at 50 m/s. The average speed and
V,V2+V2V3 +V,V1 the whole distance is
over
(1) 75 m/s (2) 55 m/s
(3)
3 (3) 66.7 m/s (4) 33.3 m/s

4) g 21. A point object traverses half the distance with

3 v: The remaining part of the distance s
velocity
14. A car travels a distance d on
a straight road in two
covered with velocity v, for the halt time and with
hours and then retums to the velocity v for the rest halt. The average velocity of
starting point in next the object for the whole journey is
three hours. Its
average speedis: (1)2v, ( + v)/ (, + 2v,+ 2v)
(1) d
(2) (2) 2v (v,+ V,)/ (v, + v, +V
(3) 2v, (v, + v,) /(v, + v,+ 2v)
(4) none of these (4) 2v, (v+ v)/(v, + 2v,+ v
15. Atrain covers the first half 22. Select the incorrect statements from
the
of the distance between
two stations with a
speed of 40 km/h and the following.
other half with 60 km/h. Then its S1 Average velocity is path length divided by time
average speed
is: interval
(1) 50 km/h (2) 48 km/h S2. In general, average speed is greater than the
(3) 52 km/h (4) 100 km/h magnitude of the average velocity
$3. A particle moving in a given direction with
16. A car moving on a straight road covers one third of a

a certain distance with 20

non-zero velocity can have zero speed.
km/h and the rest with
S4. The magnitude of average
60km/h. The average speed is velocity is the average
(1) 40 km/h speed.

(2) 80 km/h (1) S2 and s3

(2) S1 and S4
3) 46km/h (3) S1, $3 and S4
(4) All four statements

17.
(4) 36 km/h
CELERATION, AVERAGE ACCELERATION
23-3) tw
Aparticle moves in the east direction with15 m/sec & APPLICATION OF CALCULUUS
for 2 sec then northwards with 5 m/s for 8 sec.

Average speed ofthe particle is 23. If x denotes displacement in time t and x =

a cost,
thenacceleration is:
(1) 1 m/s (2) 5 m/s (1) a cost
(2)-acost
(3) 7 m/s (4) 10 m/s (3) a sin t (4)-a sin t
130 E
 Pre-Medical:Physics
ty-time relatio of
electron starting an
of a
V ewlocuYt i m e

position
nbyu- kt, wherek =2 m/s?.The2. Therelation t= +3 describes
ribes the
is nds.
traversed
in 3 sec

particle where x is in meters and t

is in seco

(2)
16 m (3) 27 m (4) 36 m is
heposition, when velocity is zero, (4) zero
xof
of a particle varies with time (t) as (1) 2 m (2) 4 m (3) 5 m
by the
x
resented
The
postion

The acceleration at timet of the

br'.
particle 33. The olacement of a particle is
where t is equal to: 7t2 5t +8
tollowingequation: 3t
+
cqual
o zzero,
to ero,
s = +
acceleration
lbe
a
Where s is in metres and t in seconds. The
d
3 3b (4) zero of the particle at t = 1s is

(1) 14 m/s (2) 18 m/s

3b
1oves along a traight line such that its (3) 32 m/s (4) zero
AJartick
isplacement
at aany
at nu time t is given by 34. If for a particle position x t"
tnel
6t? + 3t
+4 metres. The velocity when the
(1) velocity is constant
zerois
aceleration
is (2) acceleration is constant
(21-12 m/s (3)42 m/s (4)-9 m/s
(1)
3m/s
3) acceleration is variable
acement of a particle starting from rest (4) None of these
by s = 6t2-13
at tO) is given A body is moving according
to the equation
when
The time when the particle will attain zero velocity3. instantaneous
Then its
X at + bt2 - ct3.
S
speed is given by -
again,

(2) 8s (3) 12s 4) 16s

(2) a + 2bt- 3ct?
( 4s
(1) a+ 2b+3ct
offa body depends on time according (3) 26-6ct (4) None of these
Thevelocity
20 +0.1t. The body has: by the
to
the equation 36. The motion of a particle is described
( 1unitorm a c c e l e r a t i o n
a + bt2 where a
15 cm and =

equation x =

at time
(2) uniform retardation b= 3 cm/sec?. Its instantaneous velocity
(3) non-uniform acceleration 3 sec will be -
(1) 36 cm/sec (2) 18 cm/sec
(4) zero acceleration
(3) 16 cm/sec (4) 32 cm/sec
The displacement of a particle is given by 37. Starting from rest the acceleration of a particie s
t= 5s
y= a
+ bt + ct
-
dt". The initial velocity and a 2t-1). The velocity of the particle at
accelerationare respectively: is
(2)-b, 2c (1) 15 m/s (2) 25 m/s
(1)b,-4d
(3)5m/s (4) None of these
(3) b, 2c (4) 2c, 4d
the
Which of the following equations represents
30. The initial velocity of a particle is u (at 0) and38.
t =

motion of a body moving with

constant finite

the acceleration is given by f = at. Which of the acceleration? in these equations, y denotes the
following relationsis valid? displacement in time t and p, q and r are arbitary
constants:
at
(1)v=u+atK (2) V=ut7 (1) y = (p + qt¥ (r + pt)

(4) V u (2)y = p+tqr

3)V= u+ at

S. A particle located at x = 0 at time t = 0, starts

(3)y (p +t) (q+t) (r+1)

moving along the positive x-direction with a velocity (4y (p+Qqtr

Which of the following relations representing
Vwhichvaries as v avx, then velocityof particle39.
=

displacement x of a particle describes motion with

varieswith time as (a is a constant) constant acceleration?
(1)vt (2) v t
(1)x 6-7t?
=
(2)x 3t2+ 5t3+ 7
(4) x 4t ? + 3t
13)v vt (4) V = Constant (3)x = 9t2+8
131