LEADERSHIP

• One of the highly regarded qualities of an individual to be successful in life.

• Leading life positively in all aspect and can influence others to follow his good
deeds and examples.
• It is an important aspect of managing and teaching effectively
• The essence of leadership is fellowship
DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP
Bass(1981) defined leadership as “INFLUENCE”
The art of influencing the people so that they will strive willingly and
enthusiastically toward the achievement of group goals.
People should be encourage to develop the willingness to work with zeal and
confidence.
“The true measure of leadership is influence
– Nothing more, nothing less”
-J. Oswald Sanders
It is not dependent on titles or position but it is dependent on someone catching a
vision and mobilizing others to join him in its fulfillment
Main Objective of Leadership:
► To develop teamwork in order to achieve a common goal or purpose.
PRINCIPLES OF LEADERSHIP
1. Take responsibility for your actions.
a. It is better to accept the blame rather than “pass the back”
b. Understand just where your responsibilty begins and where it ends.
c. Look for opportunities to help you do your job.
2. Know yourself and seek self-improvement
3. Set the example
4. Seek responsibility and develop a sense of responsibility among your subordinates
5. Insure that the job is understood, supervised and accomplished
6. Know your men and look for their welfare.
7. Keep your men informed.
8. Imply your command in accordance with its capabilities
9. Train your men as a team
10. Make a sound and timely decision
11. Know your job
VIRTUES AS FOUNDATION OF LEADERSHIP
1. Prudence – the habit which enable man to direct his action to human life’s goals
of knowing the right thing to do and applying it.
2. Justice - the habit of giving each on his/her due with constant and personal will
3. Fortitude - the habit of overcoming difficulties and pressures of life in the pursuit
of good
 4. Temperance - the habit of bringing the desires and natural inclination of man
under the control of right reason
5. Industry - the habit of working hard and working perseveringly under pressure
6. Loyalty - the habit of remaining true to your friends and to your principles inspite
of difficulty.
7. Responsibility - the habit of being accountable for one’s actions, duties and
obligation.
8. Cheerfulness - the habit of being optimistic, positive, always seeing the bright
side of things
9. Generosity - the habit of sharing the good that one has with other people
10. Magnanimity - the habit of nurturing noble ideals and ambition of being good.
CHARACTERISTIC OF A GOOD LEADER
1. INTEGRITY OF CHARACTER
- synonymous to honor
- fine sense of ethics, justice and righteousness with a readiness to apply it to
one’s own conduct.
2. WILLINGNESS TO ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITIES
-It signifies a desire to lead and this desire is strengthened by increasing interest.
In addition, there are 3 other Characteristics that are lesser of importance but
nevertheless complementary.
-Competence to employ superiority over an enemy at all times.
-Making the best use of resources requires the highest type of managerial and
organization skills.
-Ability to inspire subordinates will enable the leader to spur his men to strive for the
highest peak of performance.
All people are born and some gifted with greater natural gifts than the others, but
the ability to lead is really a collection of skills and nearly all of which can be learned
and improved. The process doesn’t take place overnight because the leadership is
develop daily, not in a day.
According to Zulueta et al(1999)
The essence of LEADERSHIP is FOLLOWERSHIP
-this means influencing people to work willingly and enthusiastically toward the
achievement of group goals.
-Willingness to work means working with zeal and confidence.
Maxwell (2002)
“What matter most is not whether one influences someone, but how one will use
that influence.”
QUALITIES OF A GOOD LEADER
1. Knowledge – acquired knowledge on the job, thorough knowledge on the
capabilities and limitation of subordinates.
2. Bearing – dignity in appearance and behaviour to earn respect.
3. Courage – ability to accept challenges w/ calmness and fearlessness.
4. Endurance – mental & physical stamina to withstand pain.
 5. Enthusiasm – higher degree of interest and sensitivity in responding the needs of
organization
6. Integrity – good moral character
7. Decisiveness – ability to decide promptly and correctly at proper time
8. Dependability - ability to demonstrate higher degree of initiative in the
performance of his duties
9. Initiative - ability to start or originate an idea or suggestion
10. Judgment – the power of the mind to weigh various factors and arrive at a sound
decision
11. Justice – ability to render judgment to conform to the principle of reason, stated
laws and policies.
12.Loyalty – the sincerity and faithfulness to the ideals of the organization
13. Tact – ability to deals with other without giving offense.
14.Unselfishness – avoidance of providing one’s own comfort or advantage
15. Force - ability to demonstrate power within the bounds of law.
16.Humility – state of being reasonably modest and not proud, assuming, arrogant
nor boastful.
17. Humor – mental disposition to appreciate amusing incidents of everyday life in a
comical way.
18. Sympathy –ability to understand the feelings of another especially in times of
sorrow
19. Empathy – ability to wear someone else’s shoes; intellectual and emotional
identification of feelings, thought and attitudes with subordinates affected by pain.
20. Wit – strong perception and appropriate expression of amusing words and ideas .

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
• Environmental Education is a process that allows individuals to explore
environmental issues, engage in problem solving, and take action to improve the
environment.
What are the Importance of Environmental Education?
• Environmental Education helps students understand how their decisions and
actions affect the environment, builds knowledge and skills necessary to address
complex environmental issues, as well as ways we can take action to keep our
environment healthy and sustainable for the future.
• Environmental Education promotes a sense of place and connection through
community involvement. When students decide to learn more or take action to
improve their environment, they reach out to community experts, donors,
volunteers, and local facilities to help bring the community together to understand
and address environmental issues impacting their neighborhood.
• As a result, individuals develop a deeper understanding of environmental issues
and have the skills to make informed and responsible decisions.
What are the different Environmental Problems or Issues that we encountered here in
our country?
 Environmental Problems that the country is facing include pollution,
illegal mining and logging, deforestation, solid waste management,
dynamite fishing, landslides, coastal erosion, wildlife extinction, global
warming and climate change.
What are the Solutions to these Environmental Problems or Issues that we are facing
now?
10 THINGS TO DO TO SAVE OUR PLANET EARTH AS A STUDENT

• Eliminate Waste from Lunches.

• Stop Littering.
• Reduce Paper Consumption.
• Save Electricity.
• Save Water.
• Swap Regular School Supplies.
• Bring Reusable Bags to the Grocery Store.
• Walk to School or Take a Bike, Avoid Taking Cars or Carpool When Possible.
The following are some of the most common solutions to the environmental issue:
1. Replace disposal items with reusable items.
2. The use of paper should be avoided.
3. Conserve water and electricity.
4. Support environmental friendly practices.
5. Recycle the waste to conserve natural resources.
Environmental issues are a warning of the upcoming disaster. If these issues are not
controlled, there will be soon no life on earth.
Environmental Education
A process of teaching and learning, helping people to acquire understanding, skills and
values that makes them active and informed citizens in the development and
maintenance of an ecological , sustainable and socially just society.
It is about contextualizing environment issuses within the physical , biological, social,
economic, historical , and cultural imperatives of the Philippines.

Environmental Problems, issues and concerns

 Worldwide in developed and developing countries environmental
problems are among the most important concerns facing people and their
governments. The problems include population growth, poverty,
deforestation, pollution of water, air and soil, waste disposal and loss of
species.

POLLUTION
► It is defined as the altercation of our surroundings, wholly or largely as a product
of man’s actions, through direct and indirect effects of changes in every pattern of
chemical and physical constituent of organisms. It is the change in the
environment that makes it impure or unclean.
 ► Usually the changes are poisonous or harmful to life process. It occurs when
waste products are added to the environment. Pollutants can be solids, liquids, or
gases. Pollutants are everywhere in the air, in water ways, and in the soil.
► is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment.
► is any undesirable change that takes place in the environment which is harmful to
both living and non-living things.
► Pollutants are the harmful chemicals and substances that cause pollution. For
example, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon monoxide, pesticides etc.
The main sources of pollution:
1. Household activities
2. Factories
3. Agriculture
4. Transport.
The five (5) major types of pollution:
► Air pollution
► Water pollution
► Soil pollution
► Light pollution
► Noise pollution.

Air pollution - is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air.
Effects of Air pollution

⮚ Respiratory and Heart Problems. The effects of air pollution are alarming

⮚ Child Health Problems. Air pollution is detrimental to your health even before you
take your first breath.

⮚ Global Warming

⮚ Acid Rain

⮚ Eutrophication

⮚ Effect on Wildlife

⮚ Depletion of the Ozone Layer

⮚ High levels of air pollution can cause an increased risk of heart attack, wheezing,
coughing, and breathing problems, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Air
pollution can also cause worsening of existing heart problems, asthma, and other
lung complications.
Water pollution - is the release of substances into bodies of
water that makes water unsafe for human
use and disrupts aquatic ecosystems.
Effects of Water Pollution:
► It causes typhoid, cholera, hepatitis and various other diseases.
 ► Destruction of Ecosystems: Ecosystems are extremely dynamic and
respond to even small changes in the environment. Water pollution can
cause an entire ecosystem to collapse

Soil pollution - is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants)

in soil, in high enough concentrations to pose a risk to human health and or the
ecosystem.

EFFECTS on Soil pollution:

⮚ Soil pollution can cause neuromuscular blockage as well as depression of the

central nervous system, headaches, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation and skin
diseases
• It can also go beyond the loss of fertile land. It has led to increased pollution and
sedimentation in streams and rivers, clogging the waterways and causing
declines in fish and other species. And degraded lands are also often less able to
hold onto water, which can worsen flooding.

Light pollution - is the presence of anthropogenic artificial

light in otherwise dark conditions.
EFFECTS of Light pollution:
Light pollution can increase the incidence of headache, migration, stress
and anxiety and decrease melatonin production in the body, which low melatonin
levels can increase the risk of specific cancers.
Noise pollution - is generally defined as regular exposure to elevated sound levels that
may lead to adverse affects in humans or other living organisms

EFFECTS of Noise pollution:

⮚ The most common health problem it causes is Noise Induced Hearing Loss
(NIHL). Exposure to loud noise can also cause high blood pressure, heart
disease, sleep disturbances, and stress. These health problems can affect all age
groups, especially children.

⮚ In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey

detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and
contribute to permanent hearing loss.
CLASSIFICATION AND SOURCES OF POLLUTION
Air Pollution
► Is defined as physical and chemical altercation of the properties of air, which is
harmful to human health, vegetation and animals.
► The problem of air pollution has become a worldwide phenomenon. If left
unabated it can cause major health problem and even death. In metro manila air
pollution has reached alarming levels with a total of suspended particles (TSP) as
much as five times greater than the World Health Organization (WHO) standards
of particulate matters of 10 microns (PM 10) and the lead levels even higher as
two times than the guidelines.
Major Types of Air Pollution
► Outdoor Pollution
Is a type of pollution derived from the mixture or collection of additional loads of
chemicals produced by natural components of the atmosphere, thereby, producing
harmful effects of living system.
► Indoor Air Pollution
Is a type of pollution derived from the accumulation or build up of chemicals inside the
office, buildings, houses, schools, commercial store and harmful to health.
The following are the major sources of Outdoor Pollution:
► Burning of fossil fuels for power consumption
► Photochemical and industrial smog
► Volcanic eruptions which emit sulfur dioxide and suspended particulates
► Forest fire, “ kaingin” or the Fire and Lightning
► Evaporation of volatile organic compounds from decaying organic matters
► Natural radioactive 222-gas from uranium deposits.
Effects of Air Pollution
► Air pollution is responsible for major health effects. Every year, the health of
countless people is ruined or endangered by air pollution.
Damage of Human Health
► Overloading and degrading of the body’s defense mechanism
► Chronic bronchitis
► Emphysema (rapture of lung air sacs)
► Lung cancer
► Damage of plants that lead to dehydration and inhibition of photosynthesis
► Damage to materials e.g. discoloration of clothing materials and cars
► Depletion of ozone layer
► Increase global warming caused by “green house effect”
Air Pollution- Solutions
► Air pollution because of its disastrous effects need to be curbed. In order to
accomplish this, government, scientist and environmentalist are using or testing a
variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution.
two main types of air pollution control:
► Input control- involves preventing a problem before it occurs, or at least limiting
the effects the process will produce. There are five major input control methods
that are useful.
1. Restrict pollution growth
2. Use less energy
3. Improve energy deficiency
4. Reduce waste
5. Move to non-polluting renewable forms of energy production
 ► Output control- this method of control seeks to fix the problems caused by air
pollution. This means cleaning up an area that has been damaged by pollution.
This is more expensive than the input control.
The Clean Air Act
Republic Act no. 8749, otherwise known as the Philippine clean air act, is a
comprehensive air quality management policy program that aims to achieve and
maintain healthy air for all Filipinos. The guiding principles of clean air act (CAA) provide
that the state shall:
► Protect and advance the right of the people to balanced and healthful ecology in
accord with rhythm and harmony nature;
► Promote and protect the global environment while recognizing the primary
responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems;
► Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is
primarily area-based;
► Recognize that the clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and
should, therefore, be the concern of all.
Coverage of the CAA
► All potential source of air pollution (mobile, point area sources) must be within the
air quality standards
► Mobile sources refer to vehicles like cars, trucks, buses, jeepneys, tricycles,
motorcycles and vans
► Point sources refer to stationary sources such as industrial firms and the smoke
stacks of power plants, hostels and other establishments
► Area sources- refers to sources of emissions other than the above mentioned.
These includes smoking, burning of garbage, and form sonctrusction, unpaved ground
etc.
What the CWTS students can do to help clean the air
► The CWTS students can conduct information campaign related to the “clean air
act”, informing the community people on how to help clean the air.
For vehicle owners/motorist:
► Maintain vehicle by changing oil regularly (every 5,000 kilometer)
► Keep the engine well-tuned based on the owner’s manual
► Keep tires properly inflated
► Remove unnecessary things from the trunk. Don’t overload and travel only at
speed required by traffic regulations and road conditions
For commuters:
► Try talking to the jeep/bus/tricycle driver about the high health risks of poor
vehicle maintenance and improve driving practices
► Patronize the mass transit such as bus, train (MRT,LRT)
For office workers:
► Reduce use of air conditioners
► Make sure that lights are energy efficient
► Use company vehicle wisely
► Use natural lightning by opening window curtains at daytime
At home:
► Use low watt bulbs or energy saving light
► Limit the use of air-conditioning units a few degree higher
► Don’t burn garbage
► Avoid using aerosols
► Properly dispose refrigeration, equipment and use coolant
For everyone:
► Talk to people on what they can do about pollution
► Report smoke belchers to LTO, MMDA and/or the appropriate local government
units
► Stop burning of garbage in community
► Plant trees
► Don’t smoke in public places
Water pollution
► It is defined as the physical or chemical change in the surface and ground of
water caused by pollutants that affect living organisms. Water pollution is
intensified by the increasing population;
Major sources of water pollution
► Point source- a source of pollution that discharges pollutants into bodies of water
to specific location.
► Non-point source- a source of pollution that are widely scattered and discharges
pollutants over a large sea.
water pollution causes
► The dumping of sewage, sludge, garbage and even toxic waste/pollutants from
houses, industries and even government into water makes it polluted, yet the
government does not care or give attention to it. This problem has arisen from the
very beginning and, still continuous. If this goes on and on, many living species
as well as human being will be killed and ecosystem will be destroyed.
c. Water pollution effects
► Both government and non-government projects are implemented and carried out
to clean up the water like the “clean water act”, industries are beginning to reduce
waste disposal from water and making of degradable products.
Solid waste/land pollution
► This type of pollution refers to the presence of any solid waste in the land that is
injurious to the health of human beings, animals and other living organisms. Solid
waste takes up space and produces unpleasant smells.
d. causes of garbage
► Effects of “thrown-away and disposable society”
► Overpopulation
► Overproduction
► Medical waste
► Household waste
4. solid waste and its disposal
► Landfills- designed to reduce the amount of waste that leaks out into the
environment.
► Incineration- the process of reducing solid waste by burning it first. This causes
fly, ash, gases, and particular matter in the air.
► Ocean dumping- discharge of waste into the ocean.
Effective ways of recycling and reducing non-biodegradable and degradable wastes
► Commercial products in the market are utilized non-biodegradable products
which contribute to the growing amount of environment waste if not properly
disposed.
► Ecological Waste Management through zero-waste concept is primarily
concerned with maximizing opportunities and mobilizing school resources to
achieve the vision and goals of sustainable earth and society through the low-
technology approach concept.
a. Nature of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes
1. Biodegradable wastes
They are compostable and can be reused as feeds, fermentable, fuel and fertilizers.
Examples: rotten vegetables and fruits, dried leaves, left over foods, etc.
2. Non-biodegradable wastes
They are factory returnable and can serve as potential sources of livelihood projects.
Example: metals, plastic, glass and etc.
The 4r’s waste management-guiding principle
1.reduce- avoid wasteful consumption goods.
2.reuse- reuse items that are useful instead of throwing them away
3.recycle- the process whereby portions of these wastes are sorted out and used for
something of benefit.
4.repair- repair reusable items to make them functionable rather than throwing them.
Simple and effective ways of the 4r’s (Personal Waste Management)
► Avoid over-packed goods
► Avoid disposable goods such as throw-away razors, pens, papers, and lately
even disposable cameras
► Buy food in bulk and patronize products whose contents are refillable.
► Buy durable products
► Practice composing (e.g. yard clipping and leaves)
► Patronize recycled and recyclable goods. There are different kinds of plastics.
Avoid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers, often used as cooking oil and salad
dressing bottles. Avoid containers made from multiple layers of plastics such as
squeezable bottles. These are virtually non-recyclable. chlorinated polyethylene
plastics are highly recommended instead.
► Patronize products that are made from renewable, rather than, non renewable
resources.
When buying products such as shampoos and other toiletries, choose those with as little
packaging as possible. Avoid products which use numerous and unnecessary layers of
plastics, cardboard and Styrofoam as they will only add to garbage you throw out.
Choose products with reusable or recyclable containers. Jars and tin cans can be
reused at home instead being thrown away as garbage.
Recycle paper. It is one way of saving our trees. Use backsides of used paper as
scratch pad. You can also send all your used paper to recycling centers.

Ecosystem in the Philippines

1. Agricultural Ecosystem
• Agriculture is said to be the “backbone” of our country’s economy since most
Filipinos depend on farming.
• They depend on agriculture for sustenance and survivals.
• Natural farming and tilling of the land or soil is more recommendable than using
high yielding varieties because it can preserve the environmental ecosystem.
2. Coral Reef Ecosystem
• Philippines has some of the richest and most diverse coral reefs in the world. The
reef provides recreation and tourism opportunities due to its magnificent beauty.
• Taking good care of the coral reef ecosystem is essential.
3. Freshwater Ecosystem
• Water is life
• All living creatures depend on it
• Clean water means clean ecosystem as a whole
• Once a body of water is polluted, the living things within will die and those which
or who depend on them will also be affected.
Eventually, human beings will also suffer because their life depends on water; drinking,
bathing, washing clothes and other cleaning activities.
4. Forest Ecosystem
• A healthy forest ecosystem is “productive”.
Productivity means efficient use of the natural resources of materials available in the
ecosystem without external inputs.
• Forest also prevent flood. Absorbed water from existing trees, Supply water to
the creeks and streams so that they never run dry.
The Importance of Forest Ecosystem:
1. They are habitats for diverse for pharmaceutical products.
2. Provide raw materials for pharmaceutical products.
3. Provide raw materials for breeding higher-yielding strains. (banana, avocado,
cacao, cashew, palm oil, rubber, coffee, etc.)
5. Marginal Ecosystem
• Are people-induced ecosystem. Usually occurring in the circumference of other
ecosystem. These are converted system of forest, cropland, and coastal areas.
6. Mangrove Ecosystem
• Located in saltish water and muddy portions of the coastline where the
freshwater from rivers and sealine water from seas meet.
 • This ecosystem also provide food and shelter to various marine organisms from
its prop roots. (umbrella like structures.)
• Also mangrove species provide physical barrier from storm. They prevent soil
erosion and pollutants.
7. Seagrass Ecosystem
• Sea grass Ecosystem are called the Meadows of the sea.
• They are the source of food for plant-eating animals such as seacows or dugong,
sea urchins, turtle, and other fishes. In this manner, the energy produced by the
seagrass from photosynthesis is passed on to other organism.
• The shady effect of seagrass protects the organism from strong sunlight and
temperature and salinity fluctuation. Seagrass acts as nurseries for the very
young fishes and ensure the sustainability of fish production.

8. Soft bottom Ecosystem

• This Ecosystem is found in the open seas beyond light penetration a depth of 50
meters up to more than 10,000 meters deep
9. Urban Ecosystem
• Refers to the location of human activities.
• Population is one indicator of urban ecosystem.
• As the population increase, poverty rate also increase.
• Since the consumption of natural resources is increased, the system’s capacity to
produce supplies is also reduced.