Sample Study Material: IIT-JAM Mathematics

Sample Study Material
IIT-JAM Mathematics
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Unit-03 Power Series
1. Power Series

Definition 1 : A series of the form a n x n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... + anxn + .......
n 0
where a0, a1, a2, ..... are constant, is called a power series in x.
Definition 2 : A constant R  0 such that an(x  x0)n converges for | x - x0| < R and diverges for | x - x0 | > R
is called the radius of convergence of the series.
Interval (domain) of Convergence
The interval | x | < R or – R < x < R is called the interval (domain) of convergence.
Example :
xn
1.  2 converges when | x |  1 and diverges when | x | > 1.
n
Radius of Convergence
The radius of convergence is a number R such that the series
an(x  x0)n
converges absolutely for |x  x0| < R and diverges for |x  x0|  R
Series Series Series
Diverges Converges Diverges
x
x0 – R x0 x0 + R
Series may
converge OR diverge
at |x – x0 | = R
Fig. : Radius of Convergence
Note that :
 If the series converges ONLY at x = x0, R = 0.
 If the series converges for ALL values of x, R is said to be infinite
Formula for The Radius of Convergence

a n 1 1
If the power series anxn is such that an  0 for all n and nlim  , then an xn is convergent (absolutely
 an R
convergent) for | x | < R and divergent for | x | > R.
OR
n
The radius of convergence R of a power series an x may be determined by the following
an
R  lim  1  lim sup | a n |1/ n
n  a n 1 n 
R = , when lim | an |1/n = 0

R = 0, when lim | an |1/n = 
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Power Series

n 1
Example : Find the radius of convergence of  nx
n 1
.
an n
Solution : Here lim  lim  1.
n  a n 1 n  n  1
Hence the radius of convergence = 1.
Example : Find the radius of convergence of the series

1! 2 2! 3 3! 4
x x  3 x  4 x  ...
22 3 4
(n  1)! n!
Solution : an = , a n 1 
nn (n  1)n 1
an (n  1)! (n  1) n 1
 R  lim  lim
n a n 1 n   n! nn
n 1 n
 n 1  1  1
 lim    lim  1    1    e
n
 n  n 
 n  n
Hence the radius of convergence = e.
Example : Find the radius of convergence and the exact interval of convergence of the following power series :
(n  1) (n!) 2 x 2n
(i)  xn , (ii) 
(n  2)(n  3) (2n)!
Solution :
(n  1) (n  2)
(i) an = , a n 1  .
(n  2)(n  3) (n  3)(n  4)
an (n  1)(n  4)
 R  lim   1.
n a n 1 (n  2) 2
Thus the given series converges for | x | < 1 and diverges for | x | > 1. We now check at the end points x = 1, –1.
For x = 1, the nth term of the series is
(n  1) n 1
un = ~ 2  , which diverges.
(n  2)(n  3) n n
However for x = –1, the given series is an alternating series for which un+1 < un  n and lim u n  0 .
n 
Thus, by Leibnitz’s test, the series converges for x = –1. Hence the interval of convergence is [–1, 1[.
(n!) 2 x 2n
(ii) Given  (2n)!
Let x2 = y
then power series reduces to
(n!) 2 y n
 (2n)!
(n!)2 [(n  1)]2
We have an = , a =
(2n)! n+1 (2n  2)!

Power Series
an (n!) 2

a n 1 (2n)!
((n  1)!) 2
((2(n  1))!)
an (n!) 2 (2n  2)!
 
a n 1 2n! ((n  1)!) 2
(n!) 2 (2n  2)  (2n  1)  (2n)!
 
2n! (n  1) 2 (n!)2
(2n  2)  (2n  1)

(n  1) 2
an (2n  2)(2n  1)
R  lim  lim
n  a n 1 n  (n  1)2
 2  1
n  2   .n  2  
n n
 lim   
2

n 
 1 
n 2 1  
 n
 2  1
 2   2  
n  n
 lim  2
n 
 1
1  
 n
= 4
So the power series converges for | y | < 4 i.e. | x |2 < 4  | x | < 2 and diverges for | y | > 4. i.e. | x |2 > 4.
So the interval of convergence is | x | < 2 i.e. (– 2, 2). And Radius of convergence is 2.
Example : Prove that the power series

a.b a(a  1) b(b  1) 2
1 x x  ...
1.c 1.2c (c  1)
has unit radius of convergence.
Solution :
a(a  1) ... (a  n  1) b(b  1) ... (b  n  1)
an = (omitting the first term)
1.2... n c(c  1)...(c  n  1)
a(a  1)...(a  n) (b  1) ... (b  n)
a n 1 
1.2....(n  1) c(c  1).....(c  n)
an (n  1)(c  n)
 R  lim  lim
n a n 1 n   (a  n)(b  n)
(1  1 / n)(1  c / n)
 lim  1.
n (1  a / n)(1  b / n)
Example : Find the domain of convergence of the series
xn ( 1)n (x  1)n
(i)  3 , (ii)  n
n 2 (3n  1)
Solution :

Power Series
1 1
(i) an = , an+1 = so that
n3 (n  1)3
3
a  n 1
lim n  lim   = 1. Thus R = 1.
n a
n 1
n
 n 
1
For x = 1, the given power series is n 3 , which is convergent.
1 1 1
For x = –1, the given power series is 1  3
 3  3  ....
2 3 4
which is convergent, by Leibnitz’s Test.
Hence the domain for convergence is [–1, 1].
(ii) The given power series is about the point x = 1.
an 2n 1 (3n  2)
We have nlim  lim n = 2.
 a n 1 n   2 (3n  1)
Thus R = 2.
The domain of convergence of the given power series is
– 2 + 1 < x < 2 + 1 or –1 < x < 3.
(1) n
For x = 3, given power series is  3n  1 , which is convergent by Leibnitz’s Test.
Hence the domain of convergence of the given power series is –1 < x  3.
Example : Determine the interval of convergence of
n x 2n 1 (1)n 1
(i)  (1) (ii)  (x  1)n
(2n  1) n
n!(x  2) n
(iii)  nn
Solution :
(i) an is coefficient of xn. Thus an = 1/(2n+1) is wrong. Actually a2n+1 = 1/(2n+1) and an = 0 whenever n is even. Thus,
1
we apply R = 1  limsup a n n .
1
1
1 2n 1
lim sup a n n  lim 1
2n  1
Hence, R = 1.
The interval of convergence is (–1, 1).
For x = 1, the series becomes
1 1
1 –  – ..., which is convergent by Leibnitz’s test.
3 5
For x = –1, the series becomes
1 1
–1 +  + ..., which is again convergent.
3 5
Hence the Exact interval of convergence is [–1, 1].
an n
(ii) nlim  lim  1.
 a n 1 n   n 1

Power Series
 R = 1.
Since the given power series is about the point x = 1, the interval of convergence is –1 + 1  x < 1 + 1 or 0 < x
< 2.
(1) n 1
For x = 2, the given series is  n , which is convergent by Leibnitz’s Test.
Hence the exact interval of convergence is (0, 2].
(iii) The given power series is about the point x = –2.
n
an n! (n  1) n 1  n 1
lim  lim n  lim  
n a n n (n  1)!
n 1
n  
 n 
n
 1
 lim  1    e.
n
 n 
 R = e and the interval of convergence is (– 2 – e, –2 + e).
Theorems of Power Series

Theorem : If a power series an xn converges for x = x0, then
(i) it is absolutely convergent in the interval | x | < | x0 |
(ii) it is uniformly convergent in the interval | x |  | x1 |, where | x1 | < | x0 |.
Proof :
(i) Since  an x0n converges, so nlim


anx0n = 0.
Consequently there exists a positive integer m such that
1
|anx0n – 0| < 1  n  m or | an |  n  m ...(1)
| x 0 |n
| x |n
 | anxn | = | an | | x |n <  n  m, by (1)
| x 0 |n
n
n
|x| 
 | an x | <    n  n.
| x 0 | 
The series on the R.H.S. converges for | x | < | x0 | (being a geometric series with common ratio < 1), it follows
by the comparison test that  | anxn | is convergent for | x | < | x0 |.
Hence  an xn is absolutely convergent for | x | < | x0 |.
| x1 |n
(ii) Let Mn = . Then  Mn converges, since | x1 |  | x0 | (being a geometric series with common ratio < 1).
| x 0 |n
Using (1), we obtain
| x |n | x1 |n
| a n x n |  | a n | | x |n   ,
| x 0 |n | x 0 |n
 | anxn | < Mn  n  m, where  Mn converges.
By the Weierstrass M-test, anxn is uniformly convergent in | x | < | x1 |.
Note : If a power series whose radius of convergence is 1, then it converges absolutely (– 1, 1) and uniformly in
[– k, k], | k | < 1.
Theorem : If a power series anxn converges for | x | < R, then it converges uniformly on [– R +  R – ], for
each  > 0.

Power Series
Proof : Let x0 = R –  < R so that anx0n converges absolutely.

For | x | < x0, | anxn |  | an | x0n.
Since anx0n converges absolutely, therefore, by Weierstrass’s M-test, the series anxn converges uniformly on
[–x0, x0] = [–R + , R – ].
Hence the theorem.
Theorem : Suppose a power series  an xn converges for | x | < R and that f(x) =  an xn. Then
(i) f(x) is continuous in (–R, R).
(ii) an xn can be integrated term by term on (–R, R) and the integrated series has the same radius of convergence
as  an xn.
(iii)  anxn can be differentiated term and term on (–R, R) and f(x) = n anxn–1, | x | < R. Further the differential
series has the same radius of convergence as  anxn.
Proof :
(i) Since each term of the power series anxn is continuous in (–R, R) and the series is uniformly convergent
on (–R, R), so the sum f(x) of the given series is continuous in (–R, R)
(ii) Since each term of  anxn is continuous in (–R, R) and  anxn converges uniformly to f(x) in (–R, R), so
a n n+1
 an xn can be integrated term by term in (–R, R) and the integrated series is  x .
n 1
un  n  2 an  an a n x n 1
Further nlim  lim    nlim  R, which shows that a xn and  n  1 have the same
 u n 1 n 
 n  1 a n 1    a n 1 n
radius of convergence.
(iii) We know each term of  an xn is continuous, has continuous derivative in (–R, R) and  anxn is uniformly
convergent in (–R, R). Thus the series obtained by differentiating the power series an xn is n an xn–1.
un n an a
Further nlim  lim  lim n  R.
 u n 1 n   (n  1)a n 1 n  a n 1
Hence the differentiated series n anxn–1 is also a power series which has the same radius of convergence as
an xn.
Note : If f(x) = anxn, then f(x) is called the sum function of the series.
Abel’s Theorem : If a power series converges at an end point of its interval of convergence, then the power series
is uniformly convergent in the interval which includes this end point.
Remarks : If a power series with interval of convergence (–R, R) converges at both the end-points – R and R, then
the power series is uniformly convergent in [– R, R].
Theorem : If a power series converges at the end-point x = R of the interval of convergence (–R, R), then it is
uniformly convergent in (–R, R] or [–R + , R] where  > 0. In particular, the series is uniformly convergent in [0,
R].
Abel’s Limit Theorem : Let an xn be a power series with finite radius of convergence R such that f(x) = an xn
– R < x < R. If the series an Rn converges, then xlim f (x)  a n R n
R 
Theorem : (Cauchy’s product of two power series)

  
Two power series a n x n and b x n

n
can be multiple to obtain the power series c x n
n
, where
n 0 n 0 n 0

Power Series
cn = a0 bn + a1 bn-1 + a2 bn-2 + ..... + an bn

the result being valid for each x within the common interval of convergence.
Example : Show that the series xn/n2 is uniformly convergent in [–1, 1].
1 1
Solution : We have an = 2 , an+1 = so that
n (n  1)2
2
an (n  1)2  1
lim  lim 2
 lim  1    1
n a n 1 n   n n  
 n
The radius of convergence is R = 1 and so the given series is uniformly convergent in (–1, 1).
1
For x = 1, given series is n 2 , which is convergent.
1 1 1
For x = –1, given series becomes 1  2
 2  2  ...
2 3 4
1
This is an alternating series for which un+1  un  n and nlim u n  lim 0
 n n2
So by Leibnitz’s test, the series to convergent for x = –1. Hence by Abel’s Theorem, given power series is uniformly
convergent in [–1, 1].
x x 2 x3
Example : Show that the series 1     ... is uniformly convergent in [–1, k], 0 < k < 1.
2 3 4
an  n 1  1
Solution : We have nlim  lim    nlim  1    1.
 a n 1 n 
 n  
 n
The radius of convergence is R = 1 and so the given series is absolutely convergent in ]–1, 1[.
1
For x = 1, given series n , which is divergent.
1 1 1
However for x = 1, given series becomes 1 –   + ..., which is convergent by Leibnitz’s Test. Hence by Abel’ss
2 3 4
Theorem, given power series is uniformly convergent [–1, 1[ or [–1, k], where 0 < k < 1.
1 x 3 1.3 x 5 1.3.5 x 7
Example : Show that the following series x     ... is uniformly convergent in [–1, 1].
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
Solution : Ignoring the first term, we have
1.3.5.....(2n  1) 1.3.5......(2n  1)(2n  1)
an  , a n 1 
2.4.6.....2n(2n  1) 2.4.6......2n(2n  2)(2n  3)
an (2n  2)(2n  3)
 nlim  lim  1.
 a n 1 n  (2n  1) 2
Since the radius of convergence is R = 1, given power series is absolutely convergent in (–1, 1). For x = 1, we see
that the D’Alembert’s ratio test fails.
 a  n(6n  5) 6
Now nlim n  n  1  lim   1.

 a n 1  n  (2n  1) 2 5
By Raabe’s test, the series is convergent for x = 1.
Again for x = –1, the series is convergent. ( an is convergent  – an is convergent)
Hence the given power series is uniformly convergent in [–1, 1] (Abel’s Theorem).
Power Series

1.3.5......(2n  1) n
Example : Prove that  x is uniformly convergent in [–1, 1).
n 1 2.4.6......2n
Solution : Both the series given on the R.H.S. of (1) and (2) absolutely convergent in (–1, 1), so their Cauchy’s
product converge to (1 – x)–1 log (1 – x). Thus
  1 2  1 1 2 
(1 – x)–1 log (1 – x) = –  x   1   x   1    x  ... ; – 1 < x < 1
  2  2 3 
1 2 x2  1  3  1 1  x4
Integrating, we get [log(1  x)]    1   x   1     ... 1  x  1
2 2  2  2 3 4
where the constant of integration vanishes.
Since the series on the right converges at x = –1, so by Abel’s theorem, the above Expansion is valid for –1 < x < 1.
Example : Show that
x3 x5 x7
(i) tan–1 x = x –   + ..., –1  x  1
3 5 7
 1 1 1
(ii)  1     ....
4 3 5 7
1 x 2 x 4  1  x6  1 1 
(iii) (tan 1 x) 2    1     1     ...., 1  x  1,
2 2 4  3 6  3 5
Solution :
(i) We have (1 + x2)–1 = 1 – x2 + x4 – x6 + ..., | x | < 1. ...(1)
an
Radius of convergence is R  lim  1.
n a n 1
Thus the series is convergent absolutely for all x such that | x | < 1, and is uniformly convergent in [–k, k], | k | < 1.
The integrated series is also convergent absolutely in (–1, 0) and uniformly in [–k, k], | k | < 1.
Integrating (1), we get
 x3 x5 x7 
tan 1 x   x     ....   C, | x |  1
 3 5 7 
where C is constant of integration.
Putting x = 0, we get C = 0 and so
x3 x5 x7
tan 1 x  x     ....., | x |  1.
3 5 7
x3 x5 x7
Now the series x –   +..... is convergent at x = ±1.
3 5 7
1 1 1
[ for x = 1, 1 –   ....... is an alternating series which converges, by Leibnitz’s test. Similarly it is convergent
3 5 7
for x = –1].
By Abel’s theorem, it is uniformly convergent in [–1, 1].
x3 x5 x7
Hence tan –1
x = x –   +...., –1  x  1.
3 5 7
(ii) Putting x = 1, by Abel’s limit theorem,
 1 1 1
 tan 1 1  lim tan 1 x  1     ....
4 x  1  0 3 5 7

Power Series
x3 x5 x7
(iii) We have tan 1 x  x     ...,  1  x  1
3 5 7
and (1 + x2)–1 = 1 – x2 + x4 – x6 +..., –1 < x < 1.
By part (i), both the series are absolutely convergent in (–1, 1), so they can be multiplied and their Cauchy’s product
will be equal to
2 1  1  1 1
1  x  tan 1 x  x   1   x 2   1    x 5  .....  1  x  1.
 3  3 5
integrating, we get
1 x2 x4  1  x6  1 1 
(tan 1 x)2   1    1     ....  1  x  1
2 2 4  3 6  3 5
Here is the constant of integration vanishes on taking x = 0.
By Leibnitz’s test, the series on the R.H.S. converges for x = 1. Hence the above expansion is valid for –1 < x < 1.
1 x 3 1.3 x 5 1.3.5 x 7
Example : Show that sin 1 x  x     .....,  1  x  1.
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
 1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
Deduce that 1 .  .  .  .....
2 2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
Solution :
1
(i) We know that  (1  x 2 ) 1/ 2
2
1 x
1 2 1.3 4 1.3.5 5
1 x  x  x  ..., | x |  1
2 2.4 2.4.6
The series on the R.H.S. is a power series with radius of convergence 1 and so it is absolutely convergent in(–1, 1)
and uniformly convergent for [–k, k], | k | < 1. The integrated series is also convergent in (–1, 1) and uniformly
convergent for [–k , k], | k | < 1. integrating, we get
1 x 3 1.3 x 5 1.3.5 x 7
sin 1 x  c  x  .  .  .  ....,| x |  1
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
Putting x = 0, we get c = 0.
1 x 3 1.3 x 5 1.3.5 x 7
 sin –1
x = x + .  .  . + ..., –1 < x < 1 ...(1)
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
For x = 1, the nth term of the series on the R.H.S. of (1) is
1.3.5....(2n  1)
un  ,
2.4.6.....2n (2n  1)
1.3.5....(2n  1)
u n 1  .
2.4.6.....(2n  2)(2n  3)
un (2n  2)(2n  3)  un  6n 2  5
  , n   1 
u n 1 (2n  1) 2  u n 1  (2n  1)
2
 u  3
lim n  n  1   1.
n
 u n 1  2
So by Raabe’s test, the series is convergent for x = 1.
1 x 3 1.3 x 5 1.3.5 x 7
Hence sin–1 x = x + .   + ....,
2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7

Power Series
(ii) At x = 1, by Abel’s limit theorem

 1 1 1.3 1 1.3.5 1
 lim sin 1 x  1  .  .  .  ...
2 x 1 2 3 2.4 5 2.4.6 7
x dt x n 1 x (2n 1)
Example : Prove that   x    .....,  1  x  1, x  0.
0 1  tn n  1 2n  1
Solution : For n > 0, we have (1 + tn)–1 = 1 – tn + t2n – t3n +....
It is clear that the series on the right has its radius of convergence R = 1.
By Theorem this series can be integrated term by term on (–1, 1) and the integrated series will also have the radius
of convergence as unity.
x dt x n 1 x 2n 1
Thus  n
x   ......, 1  x  1. ...(1)
0 1 t n  1 2n  1
At x = 1, the series on the right is convergent, by Leibnitz’s test.
Hence (1) is true for –1 < x  1.
Theorem (Differentiation of Power Series)


n
Let a power series  a (x  c)
n 1
n

n
have non-zero radius of convergence R and f (x)   a n (x  c) , x  (c – R, c + R)
n 1
Then, the following holds :


d
The function f is differentiable on the interval (c – R, c + R). Further the series  dx (a n (x  c) n ) also has radius
n 1

d
of convergence R and f (x)   (a n (x  c) n ) , x  (c – R, c + R).
n 1 dx

dk
The function f has derivatives of all orders and f (k ) (x)   k
(a n (x  c) n ) , x  (c – R, c + R).
n 1 dx
Theorem (Integration of Power Series)

 
n
Let a n (x  c) be a power series with non-zero radius of convergence R and let f (x)   a n (x  c) n , x  (c –
n 1 n 1
R, c + R)
Then

a n (x  c) n 1
(i) The function f has an anti derivative F(x) given by F(x)   f (x)dx    C , where C is an
n 1 n 1
arbitrary constant and the series on the right hand side has radius of convergence R.
 
(ii) For [, ]  (c – R, c + R),   a (x  c) n dx  , where the series on the right hand side is
 f (x)dx     n
n 1 

absolutely convergent.
Example : Consider the power series


xn
 n!
n 0

Power Series
By the ratio test, for every x
x n 1 n! |x|
lim  lim 0
n  (n  1)! x n n  n  1
Hence, the series is absolutely convergent for every x.


xn
Let f (x)   , x  R
n  0 n!
Then, f is differentiable by theorem and


d  xn   xn
f '(x)      f (x)
n  0 dx  n!  n  0 n!
Some Important Power Series

Consider the following power series :
x x 2 x3 xn
ex  1     ...   ...
1! 2! 3! n!
x2 x4 x 2n
cos x  1    ...  (1) n  ...
2! 4! (2n)!
x3 x5 x 2n  1
sin x  x    ...  (1) n  ...
3! 5! (2n  1)!
an (n  1)!
For the first series, nlim  lim  lim (n + 1) = .
 a n 1 n  n! n 
Theorem : Define cosine and sine functions as sums of power series. Prove that
(i) S(x + y) = S(x)C(y) + C(x)S(y),
(ii) C(x + y) = C(x)C(y) – S(x)S(y),
where C, S denote cosine and sine respectively.
Proof : The cosine function is defined as
x2 x4 x 2n
C(x) = 1 –  – ... + (–1) n
+ ...  x  R ...(1)
2! 4! (2n)!
The sine function is defined as
x3 x5 x 2n 1
n
S(x) = x –  – ... + (–1) + ...  x  R ...(2)
3! 5! (2n  1)!
These two power series are uniformly convergent  x  R and consequently, the functions C(x) and S(x) are
continuous  x  R
Differentiating term by term the convergent series (2),
x2 x4
S(x)  1    ...
2! 4!
which gives us the uniformly convergent series (1),
Thus S(x) is derivable,  x  R and S’(x) = C(x). ...(3)
Similarly, C’(x) = –S(x). ...(4)
From (1) and (2); S(0) = 0 and C(0) = 1. ...(5)
Let y be any arbitrary but fixed real number. We write
f(x) = S(x + y) – S(x)C(y) – C(x)S(y), ...(6)

Power Series
g(x) = C(x + y) – C(x)C(y) + S(x)S(y). ...(7)

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we obtain
f’(x) = C(x + y) – C(x)C(y) + S(x)S(y) = g(x),
g’(x) = –S(x + y) + S(x)C(y) + C(x)S(y) = –f(x). [Using (3), (4)]
d 2
Now [f (x) + g2(x)] = 2f(x)f’(x) + 2g(x)g’(x)
dx
= 2f(x)g(x) – 2g(x)f(x) = 0  x  R
It follows that f2(x) + g2(x) is a constant  x  R
 f2(x) + g2(x) = f2(0) + g2(0)  x  R
= [S(y) – S(0)C(y) – C(0)S(y)]2 + [C(y) – C(0)C(y) + S(0)S(y)]2
= 0 [Using (5)],
2 2
 f (x) + g (x) = 0,  x  R implies that f(x) = 0 and g(x) = 0.
Hence (6) and (7) yield
S(x + y) = S(x)C(y) + C(x)S(y),
C(x + y) = C(x)C(y) – C(x)S(y).
Corollary 1 :
S(–x) = –S(x) ; C(–x) = C(x)  x  R
( x)3 ( x)5
We have S(–x) = – x –  – ...
3! 5!
 x3 x5 
  x    ...  S(x).
 3! 5! 
Similarly we can prove the second part.
Corollary 2 :
S(x – y) = S(x)C(y) – C(x)S(y),
C(x – y) = C(x)C(y) + S(x)S(y).
Replacing y by – y in (i) and (ii) of Theorem
S(x – y) = S(x)C(–y) + C(x)S(–y),
C(x – y) = C(x)C(–y) – S(x)S(–y).
The desired results follow by Corollary 1.
Corollary 3 :
C2(x) + S2(x) = 1 or cos2x + sin2 x = 1  x  R
We have 1 = C(0) = C(x – x)
= C(x)C(–x) – S(x)S(–x)
= C2(x) + S2(x), by Corollary 1
Hence cos2 x + sin2 x = 1  x  R
Corollary 4 :
| C(x) |  1, | S(x) |  1.  x  R
| cos x |  1, | sin2 x |  1 ;  x  R
This follows by Corollary 3.
Corollary 5 :
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x, cos 2x = cos2 x – sin2 x.

Power Series
Replacing y by x in (i) and (ii) of Theorem we obtain

S(2x) = 2S(x) C(x), C(2x) = C2(x) – S2(x)
Hence the results follows.
Remark : It may be noted that the above properties of C(x) and S(x) are similar to those of the trigonometric
functions cos x and sin x respectively. Thus we have
C(x)  cos x
and S(x)  sin x.
Theorem : Define cos x as a power series and determine its domain. Prove that there exists a least positive number
1 
 such that cos    = 0
2 
Proof : cos x is defined as the sum of the power series
x2 x4 x 2n
1   ...  ( 1) n  ....
2! 4! (2n)!
Its radius of convergence is
an (2n  2)!
R  lim  lim  lim (2n  2)  .
n  a n 1 n  (2n  1)! n 
Thus this power series is convergent for  x  R and so the domain of cos x is R.
x 2 x 4 x 6 x8
cos x = 1 –    + ...  x  R ...(1)
2! 4! 6! 8!
 cos 0 = 1 > 0 and
22 24 26 28
cos 2 = 1 –    +...
2! 4! 6! 8!
22  22  26  28 
= 1 –  1     1   – ...
2!  3.4  6!  7.8 
Since the brackets are all positive, therefore
22  22  1
cos 2 < 1 – 1     and so cos 2 < 0.
2!  3.4  3
Thus we see that cos x is a continuous function in the closed interval [0, 2], where cos 0 and cos 2 are of opposite
signs. By Intermediate value theorem, there exist at least one number  ]0, 2[ such that cos  = 0. We now proceed
to show that  is unique.
Let, if possible,   (0, 2) satisfy cos  = 0 so that
cos  = cos  = 0, 0 < ,  < 2.
By Rolle’s theorem, there exists some number ,  <  < , such that – sin  = 0.
 sin  = 0, 0 <  < 2. ...(2)
x3 x5 x7
By definition, sin x = x –   +.....  x  R
3! 5! 7!
  2  5  2 
 sin  =  1     1   + ... > 0, for 0 <  < 2.
1!  2.3  5!  6.7 
This contradicts (2).

Power Series
Thus there exists one and only one root of the equation cos x = 0 lying between 0 and 2. i.e., cos  = 0, 0 < 
< 2.
1 1 1 
We denote  as . Hence  is the least positive root of the equation cos x = 0 i.e., cos    = 0.
2 2 2 
1
Also, therefore, we have cos x > 0 when 0  x < 2 .
Theorem : Define Exponential function E(x) as the sum of a power series. Show that the domain is the set of all
real numbers. Prove that
E(x + y) = E(x)E(y) for all x, y  R.
If e denote E(1), prove that E(x) = Ex for all real x.
Proof : The Exponential function E(x) is defined as the sum of the power series
x x2 xn
E(x)  1    ...   .... ...(1)
1! 2 ! n!
an (n  1)!
We have R = nlim  lim  lim (n  1)  .
 a n 1 n  n! n 
Thus the radius of convergence of the above power series is R =  so that the power series is everywhere convergent
i.e., E(x) is defined  x  R. This shows that the domain of the Exponential function is R.
It is clear that the function E(x), defined by (1), is continuous and has derivatives of all orders, for each x  R.
Differentiating (1), we get
E’(x) = E(x) and so E”(x) = E(x), E”’(x) = E(x) etc.
in fact E(n)(x) = E(x)  n  N.
By Taylor’s Theorem, for all real values t and x
E(x) E (x)
E(t) = E(x) + (t – x) + (t – x)2 + ....
1! 2!
E(x) E(x)
or E(t) = E(x) + (t – x) + (t – x)2 + ....
1! 2!
Replacing t by x + y, we get
 y y2 
E(x  y)  E(x) 1    ....  E(x) E(y).
 1! 2 ! 
Thus E(x + y) = E(x) E(y)  x, y  R. ...(2)
1 1 1
From (1), E(1) = 1 +   ...  + ....
1! 2 ! n!
The above series on the right converges to a number which lies between 2 and 3.
We denote this number by e so that E(1) = e.
The property (2) can be Extended as
E(x1 + x2 +... + xn) = E(x1) E(x2) ... E(xn) ...(3)
for any positive integer n and  x  R.
Taking x1 = x2 = ... = xn = x in (3), we obtain
E(nx) = {E(x)}n  x  R,  n  N. ...(4)
For x = 1, we obtain
E(n) = en  n  N ( E(1) = e) ...(5)
Taking x = m/n (m and n being positive integers) in (4),

Power Series
E(m) = {E(m/n)}n or em = {E(m/n)}n, by (5)

 E(m/n) = (em)1/n = em/n.
Thus E(q) = eq for all positive rationals q. ...(6)
Let x be any positive irrational number. Then there always exists a sequence {xn} of positive rational numbers such
that xn  x.
x
Using (6), E(xn) = e n  n  N.
Since xn  x as n   and E is a continuous function  x  R, therefore
E(x) = ex for all positive irrationals. ...(7)
From (6) and (7), we conclude that
E(x) = Ex for all positive reals. ...(8)
Taking y = – x in (2), we get
E(0) = E(x)E(–x) or 1 = E(x) E(–x) (x  0) [ E(0) = 1, by (1)]
1 1
or E( x)   x  e  x , using (8)
E(x) e
Hence E(x) = Ex  x  R.
Theorem : Let f be a continuous function on R such that

f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  x, y  R. ...(1)
Show that f(x) = cx for some constant c and  x  R.
Proof : Putting y = x in (1), f(2x) = 2f(x).
In fact f(nx) = nf(x)  x  R,  n  N.
Replacing x by x/n, we get
f(x) = nf(x/n) or f(x/n) = (1/n) f(x)  x  R.
For any integers p and p(q > 0), it follows that
p  p
f  x   f (x).  x  R.
q  q
Thus f(rx) = r f(x), for any rational number r. ...(2)
Let us write f(1) = e. Taking x = 1 in (2), we get
f(x) = cr, for every rational number r. ...(3)
Let a be any irrational number. Then there exists a sequence {rn} of rational numbers such that rn  a
 f(rn)  f(a), by continuity of f
 f(a) = lim f(rn) = lim crn = c lim rn = ca, using (3).
Hence f(x) = cx  x  R.
Theorem : Let f be a non-zero continuous function on R such that

f(x + y) = f(x) f(y)  x, y  R. ...(1)
Show that f(x) = ecx, for some constant c  0.
Proof : It is given that f(x)  0  x  R. From (1),
1  1 
f(x) = f  x  f  x 
2  2 
2
  1 
or f(x) = f  x   > 0  x  R.
  2 

Power Series
Let g(x) = loge f(x)  x  R.

Then by (1), g(x + y) = g(x) + g(y)  x, y  R. ...(2)
Now g, being the composition of two continuous functions f(x) and loge x, is itself continuous on R and g satisfies (2).
By Theorem, it follows that
g(x) = cx  x  R, c being a constant
 logef(x) = cx  f(x) = ecx  x  R.
Theorem : Let f be a non-zero function continuous on R+ such that

f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  x, y > 0 ...(1)
+
Show that f(x) = loga x, x  R (a > 0, a  1).
Proof : For x > 0, let us take t = loge x  x = et, t  R ...(2)
t
Let g(t) = f(e )  t  R. Then g is continuous on R and
g(t + s) = f(et+s) = f(etes) + f(es) by (1)
or g(t + s) = g(t) + g(s).
Here t, s  R. By Theorem g(t) = ct,  t  R, c being a constant.
Thus f(x) = c loge x  x  R+, where c  0 as f is non-zero.
Let a = e1/s. Then f(x) = loga x  x  R+ (a > 0, a  1).
Taylor Series and Maclaurin Series

Definition : Let f : l = (a – , a + )  R be a function which has derivation of all order in l. Then the power series

f (n ) (a)
 (x  a) n , is called the Taylor series for f at x = a. We say f has Taylor series Expansion at x = a, if its Taylor
n 0 (n)!
series is convergent for x  l and its sum is f(x). For a = 0, the Taylor series for f is called the Maclaurin Series
for f at x = 0.
1
Example : For the function f (x)  , x  0, its derivatives of all order exist in domain
x
l = (– , 0)  (0, )
For a = 1, since
f(n) (x) = (– 1)n n!x–(n+1)
we have f(n) (1) = (– 1)n n!,  n  1

n
Thus  (1) (x  1) n
n 0
is its Taylor series at x = 1. Since it is a geometric series, it will be convergent if

| x – 1 | < 1 i.e., 0 < x < 2.
1 1
Further, its sum is 
1  (x  1) x
1
Hence, f(x) = has Taylor series Expansion
x
1  n n
   1  x  1 , 0 < x < 2.
x n 0

Mathematics (MSP)
Mathematics (MA)
Model Solved Paper
Duration : 180 minutes Maximum Marks : 100
Read the following instructions carefully.
1. This test paper has a total of 60 questions carrying 100 marks. The entire question paper is divided into Three
Sections A, B and C. All sections are compulsory. Questions in each section are of different types.
2. Section – A contains Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ). Each MCQ type question has four choices out
of which only one choice is the correct answer. This section has 30 Questions and carry a total of 50 marks.
Q.1 – Q.10 carry 1 mark each and Questions Q.11 – Q.30 carry 2 marks each.
3. Section – B contains Multiple Select Questions (MSQ). Each MSQ type question is similar to MCQ but
with a difference that there may be one or more than one choice(s) that are correct out of the four given
choices. The candidate gets full credit if he/she selects all the correct choices only and no wrong choices.
This section has 10 Questions and carry 2 marks each with a total of 20 marks.
4. Section – C contains Numerical Answer Type Questions (NAT). For these NAT type questions, the answer
is a real number which needs to be entered using the virtual numerical keypad on the monitor. No choices
will be shown for these type of questions. This section has 20 Questions and carry a total of 30 marks. Q.1
– Q.10 carry 1 mark each and Questions Q.11 – Q.20 carry 2 marks each.
5. In all sections, questions not attempted will result in zero mark. In Section – A (MCQ), wrong answer will
result in NEGATIVE marks. For all 1 mark questions, 1/3 marks will be deducted for each wrong answer.
For all 2 marks questions, 2/3 marks will be deducted for each wrong answer. In Section – B (MSQ), there
is NO NEGATIVE and NO PARTIAL marking provisions. There is NO NEGATIVE marking in
Section – C (NAT) as well.
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Mathematics (MSP)
Section-(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)
1. If ƒ(x, y) = x2 + y2 – 6x + 6y on the disk of radius 2, centered at the origin then which of the following holds?
(A) f is maximum at ( 2,  2) (B) f is minimum at ( 2,  2)
(C) f is minimum at (  2, 2) (D) None of these

n
2. The interval of convergence of the series  (1) n 2 x n is
n 1
(A) (–1, 1) (B) (1,2)
(C) ( , 1)  (1,  ) (D) none of these
 2 1 0  x1 1 
    1/ 2
3. Let A   0 2 1  , x  t    x 2  t   and | x  t  |   x12  t   x 22  t   x 32  t   . Then any solution of the first order
 0 0 2   x 3  t  
x '  t   Ax  t  
system of the ordinary differential equation  satisfies
x  0   x 0 
(A) lim
t 
| x  t  | 0 (B) lim
t 
| x  t  | 
(C) lim
t 
| x  t  | 2 (D) lim
t 
| x  t  | 12
4. The equation y2 + 2xy = 2x – 4x2 defines an implicit function y(x) then which of the following is true ?
1
(A) y   is a local minimum. (B) ymin = 0
2
1
(C) y   is a local maximum. (D) ymax = 3
2
1 x
5. The value of the integral   y 2 cos(xy) dy dx is
0 x
(A) 2(sin 1) + (cos 1) – 1 (B) (sin 1) – 2(cos 1) – 1

(C) 2(sin 1) – (cos 1) – 1 (D) 2(sin 1) – (cos 1) + 1
6. Let P : R  R be a polynomial of the form P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2, with a0, a1, a2  R and a2  0.
1 1
Let E1   P(x)dx  (P(0)  P(1))
0 2
1 1
E 2   P(x)dx  P  
0
2
If |x| is the absolute value of x  R, then
(A) |E1| > |E2| (B) |E2| > |E1|
(C) |E2| = |E1| (D) |E2| = 2|E1|

Mathematics (MSP)
7. Let p1, p2, …, pn be distinct positive primes then (p1 p2 … pn) + 1 is divisible by which of the following prime.
(A) p1 (B) p6
(C) p9 (D) None of these
8. The area between the curves y = 1/x and y = 1/(x + 1) to the right of the line x = 1.
(A) ln 3 (B) ln 5
(C) 1 (D) ln 2

n3
9. The radius of convergence of the power series 3 n
(x  1)n is
n 1
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C)  (D) 3
10. The volume of the region of 3 bounded by the paraboloid z = x2 + y2 and by the planes z = 0, x = –a, x = a,
y = –a and y = a.
8a 3 8a 4
(A) (B)
3 3
4a 4 a4
(C) (D)
3 3
11. Let a, b be elements of a group G. Assume that a has order 5 and a3b = ba3. then which of the following is
correct ?
(A) ab = ba (B) ab  ba
2
(C) a b = ba (D) none of these
/2  2 y sin x     sin x 

12. The value of the integral   y dx  dy     dx  dy is
0
 x   / 2
 y x 
(A) 1 (B) 4
(C) 46 (D) 78
 2, when n is even
13. The sequence Sn   has limit point
lowest prime factor ( 1) of n, when n is odd
(A) 2 (B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...
(C) Countable in number (D) Uncountable in number
14. Suppose that ƒ : (–1, 1)   has n derivatives and that is nth derivative ƒ(n) is bounded. Moreover, given that
ƒ(0) = ƒ’(0) = … ƒ(n–1) = 0. then for all x in (–1, 1), there is M > 0 such that
(A) |ƒ(x)|  M|x|n (B) |ƒ(x)|  M|x|n
(C) |ƒ(x)|  M|x|n (D) None of these
2 n
x  0.2  x  0.2   x  0.2 
15. The radius of convergence of the series   .....  is
1 2 n
(A)  (B) zero
(C) 1 (D) None of these

Mathematics (MSP)
16. Which at the following is correct ?
 1   1
(A) (n + 1) log  1    0 as n   (B) (n + 1) log  1    1 as n  
 n 1  n
 1  1 
(C) n2 log  1    0 as n   (D) n log  1  2   as n  
 n   n 
17. A sequence {an} satisfying |an+2 – an+1|  C|an+1 – an| for all n  N for some constant C, 0 < C < 1, is said to
be a contraction. Which of the following is true ?
(A) Every contraction is a Cauchy sequence (B) Every contraction is divergent for all n  
(C) Every contraction is not a Cauchy sequence (D) None of these
18. Which of the following is correct?

 
1 1
(A)  dt is conditionally convergent (B)  ln(t) dt is conditionally convergent
3
1 1 t 2
1
1
(C)  sin  t  dt is convergent (D) Both B & C
0
sin(x 2  y 2 ) x 2  y2
19. Let if possible,   lim  ,   lim . Then
( x, y)  (0,0) x 2  y2 (x ,y)  (0,0) x 2  y 2
(A)  exists but  does not exists. (B)  does not exist but  exists.
(C) ,  do not exists. (D) Both ,  exists.
20. Consider the function ƒ(x, y): = 4xy – 2x2 – y4 , then which of the following is true ?
(A) fmax = 3 (B) fmin = 1
(C) it has no maximum (D) None of these
21. Which of the following is incorrect ?

(A) In a Skew-Hermitian matrix, the element on the Principle diagonal must be purely imaginary.
(B) If A is Hermitian matrix, then iA is Skew-Hermitian.
(C) If A is any square matrix, then A – A is Skew-Hermitian matrix.
(D) All of the above
x 2 y2
22. Let ƒ(x, y) : = for (x, y)  (0, 0). Then which of the following is true ?
x y  (x 2  y 2 ) 2
2 2
(A) lim lim ƒ(x, y) = lim lim ƒ(x, y) (B) lim lim ƒ(x, y)  lim lim ƒ(x, y)
x 0 y 0 y 0 x 0 x 0 y 0 y 0 x 0
(C) lim ƒ(x, y) exist. (D) None of these

( x, y)  (0, 0)
23. Let f(x + y) = f(x).f(y) for all x and y and f(5) = –2 and f’(0) = 3. What is the value of f’(5) ?
(A) 3 (B) 1
(C) –6 (D) 6

Mathematics (MSP)
P P12 
24. All the four entries of the 2 × 2 matrix P   11 are non-zero, and one of its eigen values is zero. Which
 P21 P22 
one of the following statement is true ?
(A) P11P22 – P12P22 = 1 (B) P11P22 – P12P22 = –1
(C) P11P22 – P12P21 = 0 (D) P11P22 + P12P22 = 0
25. Let (ƒk) be the sequence in X defined by ƒk (x) = (1 – x)xk for x  [0, 1] and k  1. Which of the following
is true ?
(A) (ƒk) is convergent in X. (B) (ƒk) is divergent in X.
(C) (ƒk) is converges to a non-zero function in X. (D) None of these
26. For p, q  , the cubic x3 + px + q has three distinct real roots if and only if
(A) 4p3 + 27q2 > 0 (B) 4p3 + 27q2 = 0
(C) 4p3 + 27q2 < 0 (D) 4p3 + 27q2  0
27. Let T be a linear transformation on V such that T3 – T2 – T + 1 = 0. Then T–1 is

(A) I – T – T2 (B) I + T – T2
(C) I + T + T2 (D) None of these
 Z4  Z6 
28. Let G = Z4 × Z6 be a group of H = <0, 1> be the cyclic of Z4 × Z6 generated by (0, 1). Then O   is
 H 
equal to
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 6 (D) 8
29. The primitive of the differential equation (2xy4 ey + 2xy3 + y)dx + (x2y4 ex – x2y2 – 3x)dy = 0 is
(A) x2ey + (x2/y) + (x/y3) = c (B) x2ey – (x2/y) + (x/y3) = c
(C) x2ey + (x2/y) – (x/y3) = c (D) x2ey – (x2/y) – (x/y3) = c
30. Let f(x) = xn|x| for real x, then f(x) is differentiable at origin, if n is equal to which one of the following?
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) any real no (D) any positive integer
Section-(B) Multiple Select Questions (MSQ)
1. Which of the following(s) is/are correct ?

(A) The sequence Sn = {1 + (–1)n} has limit point 0 to 2.
(B) The sequence Sn = {1 + (–1)n has countable number of limit point.
(C) The range of set of sequence Sn = {1 + (–1)n} has limit point 0 and 2.
(D) The range set of sequence Sn = {1 + (–1)n} has no limit point.

Mathematics (MSP)
n

10n
2. Which of the following options are true for the series  (1) (x  10) n ?
n 1 n!
(A) interval of convergence is  (B) Radius of convergence is 
(C) interval of convergence is \{0} (D) Radius of convergence is 
 2 1
 x sin   , if x  0
3. Given the function f (x)   x
 0, if x  0

(A) differentiable at x = 0. (B) f’(0–) = 0
(C) f’(0+) = 0 (D) f’(0–)  f’(0+)
4. Let a and b two integers. If a|b and b|a, then which of the following is/are true ?
(A) a = – 8b (B) a = 2b
(C) a = – b (D) a = b
1 dx
5. For what values of p 
0 (1  x) p is convergent ?
(A) 0 (B) 5
(C) 2 (D) 6
6. Which of the following set of vectors x = (x1, x2, x3) in R3 is/are not subspace of R3 ?
(A) All x such that x1 = 0 or x2 = 0. (B) All x such that x1 + 2x2 = 1.
(C) All x such that x1 = x2  0. (D) All x such that x1 + 2x2  1.
7. Given some variables of x : sinx, cosx, sin 2x, then

(A) the wronskian of given variables is 3 sin 2x. (B) the wronskian of given variables is zero.
(C) the variables are linearly Independent. (D) the variables are linearly dependent.
8. Let (xn) be a sequence of positive real numbers. Which of the following are incorrect ?
(A) If xn+1 – xn  0 then (xn) converges.
(B) If |xn+2 – xn+1| < |xn+1 – xn| for all n   then (xn) converges.
(C) If (xn) satisfies the Cauchy criterion, then there exists an    such that 0 <  < 1
and |xn+1 – xn|  |xn – xn–1| for all n  .
(D) All of the above

n x
9. Let I = x e
1
dx
(A) I is convergent at n > 0 (B) I is convergent at n < 0

(C) I is convergent at n = 0 (D) I is convergent at n  

Mathematics (MSP)
x2 y
10. Let ƒ : 2   be given by ƒ(x, y) : = if (x, y)  (0, 0) and ƒ(0, 0) = 0 then which of the following
x  y2
2
are correct ?
(A) ƒ is continuous at (0, 0)
(B) ƒ is differentiable at (0, 0)
(C) the directional derivative Duƒ(0, 0) exists for all u  2
(D) only (A) and (B) are correct
Section-(C) Numerical Answer Type Questions (NAT)
1  3 i
1. Let A be a 3 × 3 real orthogonal matrix with det(A) = 1. If are the two eigenvalues of A, then the third
2
eigenvalue of A is _________.

2n
2. The radius of convergence of the power series n 2
(x  3)n is _______.
n 1
3. If there are integers a, b, s, and t such that, the sum at + bs = 1, then gcd(a, b) equals to _______.
4. Let v be a vector space of 2 × 2 matrices over R. Let T be the linear mapping T : V  V such that
 2 1
T(A) = AB – BA, B =   , then the Nullity of T is ________.
 0 3
5. Suppose A1, A2, A3, ..., A30 are thirty sets each having 5 elements and B1, B2, B3, ..., Bn are n sets each with 3
30 n
elements. Let A  Bi j  S and each elements of S belongs to exactly 10 of the A, S and exactly 9 of the B, S.
i 1 j1
Then, n is equal to_________.

n 1
6. Let the interval of convergence of the power series  (1) (x  2) n is (a,b] then the value of b is __________.
n 1 n10n
7. Let f(x) = (x – 2)5/2, then value of ‘’ when f is expanded near x = 2 is ________.
1
8. Let ƒ :    be twice differentiable at 0. If ƒ   = 0 for each n  , then ƒ”(0) equals to _______.
n
0 0 J 
 
9. Let J denote the matrix of order n × n with all entries 1 and let B be a (3n) × (3n) matrix given by B  0 J 0 .
 J 0 0
 
Then the rank of B is _________.
x
10. Find the arc length of the graph of ƒ(x) =  cos(2t) dt, 0  x  /4.
0

Mathematics (MSP)
11. Let ƒ : [a, b]   be continuous and differentiable on (a, b). If ƒ(a) = a and ƒ(b) = b then there exists distinct
c1, c2  (a, b) such that ƒ’(c1) + ƒ’(c2) equals to _______.
2 0 10 
12. Let A  0 7  x 3 then A is invertible for all values of x except for x equals to _______.

 
 0 4 x 
 2x, if x is rational
13. Let ƒ :    be such that f (x) :   then ƒ is continuous only at c equals to _______.
1  x, if x is irrational.
14. If p is an odd prime, then number of groups with exactly p elements of order p is/are _______.
15. Let G be a finite group of order 217 then the number of generators of G are _______.
 1   4   0   3 
16. Let T : 2  2 be a linear transformation such that T        , T        and the matrix A is such that
 1  1   1    2 
2
T(x) = Ax for every x   , then the rank of T is _______.
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 
17. The number of non-real eigenvalues of the matrix A   is equal to _________.
0 0 0 1
 
1 0 0 0
1  1  0 
18. Let V1  2 , V2  a , V3   4  be vectors in 3 so that the set of vectors {V1, V2, V3} is linearly dependent then
   
     
 0   5   b 
the condition on the scalars a, b such that b(a – 2) is equal to _______.
19. The largest possible order of a permutation in S10 is _________.
20. Suppose that A is 2 × 2 matrix that has eigenvalues –1 and 3. Then for each positive integer n, an and bn are such
1
that An+1 = anA + bnI, where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix. If An = ((–1)n + 3n+1) A + k ((–1)n–1 + 3n)I then the value
4
of k is ______.

Mathematics (MSP)
Answer Key

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B A A A C A D D D B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A A C B C B A A A D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
D A C C A C B B A D

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A,B,D A,B A,B,C C,D B,C,D A,B,C,D A,C A,B,D A,B,C A,C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 0.5 1 1 45 10 0.28 0 3 1
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2 –3 or –4 0.33 0 180 2 2 20 30 0.75

Mathematics (MSP)
Solutions
1. (B) The set M can be described as M = {(x, y)  2; x2 + y2 }. To find the global extrema we first look at
what is happening inside, that is, we check on stationary points of ƒ:
ƒ 
 0
x  2x  6  0 
    x  3, y  3.
ƒ 2y  6  0 
 0
y 
However, the point (3, –3) is not in M and therefore we ignored it.
Next, we have to check on the boundary, i.e. we have to find extrema of ƒ given the condition x2 + y2 = 4. we will
use Lagrange multipliers:
ƒ g 
 
x x 2x  6  .2x  x  3  x ...(i)
 
ƒ g  2y  6  .2y   y  3  y ...(ii)
 
y y  x 2  y 2  4  x 2  y 2  4 ...(iii)

g4 
Now we would like to eliminate  from the first two equations. x  0. since the first equation implies that –3 = 0,
which is not possible; similarly we have y  0. Thus we can express  from the first equation, substitute into the
second and eventually obtain y = –x. Putting this into the constraint equation i.e. third equation, we get x = ± 2 .
Thus there are two points, ( 2,  2) and (  2, 2) . We put them into ƒ: ƒ( 2,  2) = 4 –12 2 , ƒ( 2, 2)
= 4 + 12 2 , so it seems that ( 2,  2) is the minimum and (  2, 2) is the maximum.
2. (A) Notice that an+1 = (–1)n+1 (n + 1)2 xn+1.
a n 1 (n  1) 2 | x |n 1 n 2  2n  1 2n  2 2
Then lim  lim 2 n
 lim | x | 2
 | x | lim  | x | lim  | x | ,
n  an n  n |x| n  n n  2n n  2
So this series converges absolutely for –1 < x < 1.
 
n
Notice when x = 1, we have  (1) n 2 1n   ( 1) n n 2 which diverges by the term test.
n 1 n 1
  
n
Similarly, when x = –1, we have  (1) n 2 ( 1) n   ( 1) 2n n 2   n 2 which diverges by the nth term test.
n 1 n 1 n 1
Hence, the interval of convergence is: (–1, 1)
3. (A) As eigenvalue of the matrix A are –2, –2, –2 there is term e–2t outside of the solution
 lim x  t   0
t 
4. (A) Remember that also y is function of x:

[y2 + 2xy]’ = [2x – 4x2]’  2yy’ + 2y + 2xy’ = 2 – 8x (*)
2  8x  2y
 y '  .
2y  2x
To find critical points put y’(x) = 0:
2  8x  2y
y' 
2y  2x = 0  2 – 8x – 2y = 0  y = 1 – 4x.

Mathematics (MSP)
The critical points also have to satisfy the given equation (they lie on the curve), so we put this new condition into
the curve equation:
(1 – 4x)2 + 2x(1 – 4x) = 2x – 4x2
 12x2 – 8x + 1 = 0
1 1
 x , .
2 6
1 1 1
We get x = , y = –1; and x = , y = .
2 6 3
To classify them we need the second derivative, so we differentiate the equation (*):
2y’y’ + 2yy” + 2y’ + 2y’ + 2xy” = –8
2y ' (y ') 2  4
 y" 
yx
1 1 1
We substitute the first point, i.e. x  , y = – 1 and y’ = 0, to get y”   = 8 > 0. Thus y   = –1 is a local
2 2 2
minimum.
1 1 1 1 1
We plug in the second point, i.e, x  , y  and y’ = 0, to get y”   = –8 < 0. Thus y   = is a local
6 3 6 6 3
maximum.
1 x
5. (C) I =  y2 cos(xy) dy dx
0 x
y
y=x
x
O
y=–x
y' x=1
Changing the order of integration, the integral becomes
2 1 2 1
0  y sin (xy)  1  y sin (xy) 
   dy     dy
1
 y  x  y 0
 y xy
0 1
2 2

1
 y sin y  y sin( y )  dy   y sin y  ysin(y )dy
0
1 0 1
  y sin ydy    ysin( y 2 )dy    y sin(y 2 )dy
1 1 0
I = I1 + I2 + I3
1 1
Now I1 =  y sin ydy = 2  y sin y dy
1 0
Integration by parts u = y
v = sin y
1 1
= 2  ( y cos y)    cos y dy 
 y 0 0 

Mathematics (MSP)
= 2   cos1  ( sin y |1y  0 ) 
= 2   cos1  sin 1
0 1
I 2    ysin( y 2 )dy   y sin(  y 2 )dy
1 0
put –y2 = u  –2ydy = du

1
1 du  cos u 
   sin u  
u 0 2  2  u  0
cos 1  1

2
1 (cos1)  1
Similarly, I3 =   y sin(y 2 )dy 
0 2
putting values of I1, I2 and I3, we get
I = –2cos1 + 2sin1 + cos1 – 1 = 2(sin1)  (cos1)  1
1 1
6. (A) E1   P(x)dx  (P(0)  P(1))
0 2
a a 1 a
 a 0  1  2  (2a 0  a1  a 2 )   2
2 3 2 6
1 1
E 2   P(x)dx  P  
0
2
a1 a 2  1 1  a
 a0     a 0  a1  a 2   2
2 3  2 4  12
a2 a2
E1   ; E2 
6 12
E1  E 2
7. (D) Assume that there exists a prime say pi where i  n such that pi divides p1 p2 … pn + 1. Then clearly pi|p1p2
… pn and pi|p1p2, … pn + 1 implies that pi|1 = (p1 … pn + 1) – (p1 … pn) implies that pi = 1, which is impossible
as pi  2. Hence none of the pi’s divides p1 … pn + 1.
8. (D) The area

 1 1  v 1 1 
A    dx  vlim     dx  vlim (In | x |  In | x  1|)]1v
1
 x x 1  1
 x x 1 
v
= lim In = –(–In 2) = In 2
v  v 1
y
1
y
1 x
y
x 1
1
x
x=1
Mathematics (MSP)
9. (D) Notice that

(n  1)3
an+1 = (x + 1)n+1.
3n 1
a n 1 (n  1)3 | x  1|n 1 3n 1 (n  1)3

Then lim  lim .  | x  1| lim
n  an n  3n 1 n 3 | x  1|n 3 n  n3
3
1  1 1
 x  1 lim  1    x  1 ,
3 n 
 n 3
| x  1|
which, after a few applications of L’Hospital's Rule, is , so this series converges absolutely when |x + 1| < 3
3
or for –4 < x < 2.

n3 
Notice when x = –4, we have  n
(3) n   ( 1)n n 3 , which diverges by the nth term test.
n 1 3 n 1

n3 
Similarly, when x = 2, we have 3 n
3n   n 3 which diverges by the nth term test.
n 1 n 1
Hence, the interval of convergence is: (–4, 2) and the radius convergence is: R = 3.
10. (B) Let S be the 3D region bounded by the paraboloid and the planes.
z
a
–a
–a a
region R
x
Then,
volume(S) =  (x 2  y 2  0) dA
R
where R is the projection os S in the xy-plane, i.e.

R : –a  x  a
–a  y  a.
a a
Then, volume(S) =  x 2  y 2 dA    x 2  y 2 dy dx
R a a
a a a  2 y3  a
 4  x 2  y 2 dy dx  4 0  x y   dx
0 0 30
a a3  x 3a a 3 x  a
 4 x 2 a  dx  4   
0 3  3 3  0
 2a 4  8a 4
 4  .
 3  3
11. (A) We have

a5 = e and a3b = ba3.
Applying a3 to the second equation we obtain
a3(a3b) = a3(ba3) = (a3b)a3 = (ba3)a3
and hence a6b = ba6.
As a6 = a5.a = ea = a we obtain ab = ba.
Mathematics (MSP)
 2 y sin x 
/2    sin x 
12. (A)  y  dx  dy     dx  dy
 x0
  /2
 y x 
we cannot integrate it directly
y

x=y
x=
/2
x = 2y
x
O /2 
So change the order of integration
 x sin x  sin x  x
 x dy dx    x   dx
0
2 x 0 x  2
 sin x
 dx
0 2
1 
   cos x x 0
2
1
 (1  1)
2
= 1
13. (C) Clearly 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ... are limit point of the sequence Sn, which are countable in numbers.
14. (B) Since ƒ(n) is bounded, there is M > 0 such that |ƒ(n) (t)|  M for all t  (–1, 1).
Let x  (–1, 1). Then, by Taylor’s theorem, there is t between 0 and x such that
ƒ '(0) ƒ"(0) 2 ƒ (n 1) (0) n ƒ (n ) (t) n

ƒ(x) = ƒ(0) + x x  x  x
1! 2! (n  1)! n!
| ƒ (n ) (t) | M
Thus, |ƒ(x)| = |x|n  |x|n.
n! n!
Hence |ƒ(x)|  M|x|n for x  (–1, 1).
1
15. (C) Here, x0 = 0.2 and an =
n
a n 1 1 n n 1
  .  
an n 1 1 n 1 1 1
n
1
 L = lim 1
n  1
1
n
and the Radius of convergence.
1
R 1
L

Mathematics (MSP)
16. (B) Use the following expansion.

x 2 x3 x4
log(1 + x) = x –    ...
2 3 4
Option (A)
 1 
(n  1) log  1  
 n 1
 1 1 1 1 
 (n  1)   2
 3
 4
 ...
 (n  1) 2(n  1) 3(n  1) 4(n  1) 
 1 1 1 
 1   2
 3
 ...
 2(n  1) 3(n  1) 4(n  1) 
 1 
Now as n   (n  1) log  1   1
 n 1
So option (A) is incorrect.
Option (B)
 1
(n  1) log  1  
 n
1 1 1 1 
 (n  1)   2  3  4  ...
 n 2n 3n 4n 
 1  1  1 1  1  1 1  1 1 1  
  1      2    2  3    3  4   ...
 n  2  n n  3  n n  4  n n  
 1
Now as n   , (n  1) log  1    1
 n
So option (B) is correct.
Option (C)
 1
n 2 log  1  
 n
1 1 1 1 
 n 2   2  3  4  ...
 n 2n 3n 4n 
 1 1 1 
 n    2  ...
 2 3n 4n 
 1
Now n   n 2 , we get log  1    
 n
So option (C) is incorrect.
Option (D)
 1 
n 2 log 1  2 
 n 
1 1 1 1 
 n  2  4  6  8  ...
n 2n 3n 4n 
1 1 1 1 
   3  5  7  ...
 n 2n 3n 4n 
 1 
Now as n   , n log  1  2   0
 n 
So option (D) is incorrect.

Mathematics (MSP)
17. (A) Suppose {an} is a contraction. Then

|an+2 – an+1|  C|an+1 – an|  C2|an – an–1|  C3 |an–1 – an–2|  ...  Cn|a2 – a1|. ...(1)
For integer m, n, m > n, the triangle inequality implies
|am – an|  |am – am–1| + |am–1 – am–2| + … + |an+1 – an| ...(2)
Then, combining (1) and (2), leads to
m  n 1
 
|am – an|  [Cm–2 + Cm–3 + … + Cn–1] |a2 – a1| = c n 1  Ck  |a2 – a1| ...(3)
 k 0 
N
k 1  C N 1
For 0 < C < 1, C
k 0

1 C
,
and combining this with (3) gives the result that for all integers m, n, m > n,
 n 1 1  C N 1  Cn 1
|am – an|   C  |a – a1|  1  C |a2 – a1| ...(4)
 1 C  2
Since 0 < C < 1, Cn–1 tends to zero as n tends to infinity. Then for any  > 0, there exists an integer v such that
Cn 1
|a – a1| <  for n > v
1 C 2
and this, in turn, implies |am – an|   for m > n > v. Thus every contraction is a Cauchy sequence. Since a Cauchy
sequence is convergent, we can let m tend to infinity in (4) to get
Cn 1
|L – an|  |a – a1| for all n  N,
1 C 2
where we have denoted the limit of the sequence by L.
1 1
18. (D) (a)  and use comparison test
1 t 3 t 3/ 2

1
  is absolutely convergent.
1 1  t3
1 1
(b) Take f(t) = & g(t) = then use comparison test
ln t t

1
  ln t is conditionally convergent.
2
1 1
1
(c)  sin     1 dt
0 t 0
1
1
Thus by comparison test  sin  t  is convergent.
0
sin(x 2  y 2 )
19. (A)  = lim 
( x, y)  (0,0) x 2  y2
Put x2 + y2 = t,
 (x, y)  (0, 0)  t = 0
sin t
 lim
t0 t
= 1
  exist
x 2  y2
Now  = lim
( x ,y)  (0,0) x 2  y 2

Mathematics (MSP)
Let us approaches along y = mx, which is passing through (0, 0). Hence
x 2  m2  x2
  lim
x 0 x 2  m 2 ·x 2
1  m2
 lim
x 0 1  m 2
Which depends on m. Hence,  does not exist.
20. (D) Solving ƒx = 4y – 4x = 0 and ƒy = 4x – 4y3 = 0

we obtain the critical points (0, 0), (1, 1) and (–1, –1).
We have
ƒxx = –4, ƒyy = –12y2 and ƒxy = 4.
This shows that
D = ƒxx ƒyy – fxy2 = 48y2 – 16.
At (0, 0) D < 0 therefore (0, 0) is a saddle point.
At (1, 1) and (–1, –1) we have ƒxx < 0 and D > 0. Hence ƒ has local maximum there.
The maximum value of ƒ is given by ƒ(1, 1) = ƒ(–1, –1) = 1.
21. (D) Option (A)

We have,
a ij  a ij
On putting j = i, we get
a ij  a ij
 a ij  a ij  0
 Real part of aij = 0
 aij is purely imaginary.
Hence, the element on the principal diagonal of a skew Hermitian matrix are purely imaginary. It is correct.
(B) Since, (iA)  iA   iA
Hence, iA is Skew-Hermitian Matrix. It is correct.
(C) Since (A – A) = A – (A)
= A – A
= –(A – A)
Hence, A – A is Skew-Hermitian matrix. It is correct.
Therefore Option (D) is incorrect
0
22. (A) We have limx  0 limy  0 ƒ(x, y) = limx  0 = 0 and limy  0 limx  0 ƒ(x, y) =
x4
0
limy  0 = 0. Thus the iterated limits exist and are equal.
y4
Now considering the limit along the path y = mx, we have
m2
lim ƒ(x, mx) 
x 0 m  (1  m 2 ) 2
2
which shows that lim(x, y)  (0, 0) ƒ(x, y) does not exist.

Mathematics (MSP)
f (0  h)  f (0)
23. (C) f’(0) = 3  lim = 3, h > 0
h 0 h
 f (h)  1 
 lim  3 [ f(5 + 0) = f(5)·f(0) f(0) = 1]
h 0
 h 
Now we have
f (5  h)  f (5)
f’(5) = lim
h 0 h
f (5) f (h)  f (5)
 lim
h 0 h
 f (h)  1 
 f (5) lim  
h 0
 h 
= f(5)·3
= –2 × 3 = –6
24. (C) All entries of given matrix are non-zero, then |P| = 0 ( |P| = product of eigen values and one of the eigen
value is zero )
P11 P12
or P 0
21 P22
 P11P22 – P21P12 = 0
25. (A) We have lim ƒk(x) = (1 – x)xk = 0 for all x  [0, 1], i.e., (ƒn) converges to the zero function pointwise.
k 
Further, fk' (x) = xk–1 [k – (k – 1)x] = 0  x = 0 or x = k/(k + 1). Thus, ƒk assumes maximum value at
x = k/(k + 1).
Consequently,
 

k 
 k  k   1   k 
||ƒk –0|| =  1   
   k
 k  1  k  1   k  1   1  
 1   
 k 
1
Thus, ||ƒk – 0||  0. = 0 as k  . Hence, ƒn  ƒ uniformly to the zero function on [0, 1], i.e., (ƒn) converges
e
to the zero function in X.
26. (C) Given cubic equation

x3 + px + q = 0 ...(1)
Let us define a function
C(x) = x3 + px + q
Consider the following cases.
3
x + px + q = 0
I: p  0 II: p < 0
A: q = 0 B: q < 0 C: q > 0
Case I : p  0
If p = 0, then C(x) = x3 + q, so (1) has one real root, namely, – q1/3. Otherwise, C'(x)  0 for all x, so C is monotone
increasing and, hence, (1) again has one real root.

Mathematics (MSP)
Case II A : p < 0 and q = 0

Then C(x) = x3 + px, so (1) has three distinct real roots : – (–p)1/2, 0 and (–p)1/2.
For the next two cases, we note that the critical points of C are
1/ 2 1/ 2
 p   p 
x     and x   
 3   3 
and that the second derivative test implies that C(x–) is a local maximum and C(x+) is a local minimum.
Case II B : p < 0 and q < 0
Then C(0) < 0. This gives three possibilities for the graph of y = C(x); see fig. (a). It follows that (b) has one real
root if and only if C(x–) < 0; two distinct real roots if and only if C(x–) = 0; and three distinct real roots if and only
if C(x–) > 0.
x+
x– x+ x– x+ x–
(a) C(x+) > 0 (b) C(x+) = 0 (c) C(x+) < 0

Fig. (a) : Case II B : p < 0 and q < 0.
First suppose that C(x–) < 0. Using
1/ 2 1/ 2 3/ 2
 p   p   p 
p    ( p)2/ 2    3  ,
 3   3   3 
we find that
3/ 2 1/ 2 3/ 2
 p   p   p 
C(x  )      p   q  2  q
 3   3   3 
Thus, C(x–) < 0 if and only if
3/ 2
q  p 
  
2  3 
Since both sides of this are negative, squaring yields the equivalent inequality
3
q 2  p 
 
4  3 
which is equivalent to
q 2 p3
 0
4 27
Therefore, (b) has one real root if and only if q2/4 + p3/27 > 0.
Next suppose that C(x–) = 0 or C(x–) > 0. A similar analysis show that (b) has two distinct real roots if an only if
q2/4 + p3/27 = 0, and three distinct real roots if and only if q2/4 + p3/27 < 0.
Case II C : p < 0 and q > 0
Then C(0) > 0. This again gives three possibilities for the graph of y = C(x); see fig. (b). Now it follows that (b)
has one real root if and only if C(x+) > 0; two distinct real roots if and only if C(x+) = 0; and three distinct real roots
if and only if C(x+) < 0.

Mathematics (MSP)
x+
x– x+ x– x+ x–
(a) C(x+) > 0 (b) C(x+) = 0 (c) C(x+) < 0

Fig. (b) : Case II C : p < 0 and q > 0
Following the analysis of case II B, we find that (b) has one real root if and only if q2/4 + p3/27 = 0; and three distinct
real roots if and only if q2/4 + p3/27 < 0.
27. (B) Let T be a linear transformation on V such that

T3 – T2 – T + I = 0
We Need to find the T–1
Since T3 – T2 – T + I = 0
or equivalently
I = T + T2 – T3 = T(1 + T – T2)
Now (I + T – T2)T = T + T2 – T3 = I
Therefore,
T–1 = I + T – T2
Hence, Option (B) is correct.
28. (B) H = {(0, 0) (0, 1) (0, 2) (0, 3) (0, 4) (0, 5)}  Z4 × Z6 has 24 elements and H has 6 elements.
Z 4  Z6
Thus all cosets of H must have 6 elements & must have order 4.
H
(Z4  Z6 )
So Z4 × Z6 is abelian and So is .
H
The cosets of H are
H = (0, 0) + H(1, 0) + H(2, 0) + H and (3, 0) + H,
(Z4  Z6 )
Clearly is isomorphic to Z4
H
 Z4  Z6 
Therefore, O   is equal to 4
 H 
Hence, option (B) is correct.
29. (A) Dividing throughout by y4, we have

{(2xey + (2x/y) + (1/y3)}dx + {(x2ex – (x2/y2) – (3x/y4)}dy = 0
 2xdx x 2 dy   dx 3xdy 
 (2xey dx + x2 ey dy) +   2  3  4 0
 y y  y y 
2 x 2 3
or d(x e ) + d(x /y) + d(x/y ) = 0
Integrating, we get
x2ex + (x2/y) + (x/y3) = c

Mathematics (MSP)
 x n 1 , x  0
n
30. (D) Given that f(x) = x |x| =  n 1
 x , x  0
Since, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0, therefore we have
f (0  h)  f (0)
Rf’(0) = lim
h 0 h
h n 1  0
= lim = lim (h n ) = 0 if n is any positive integer..
h 0 h h 0
1. (A,B,D)
Clearly the sequence
Sn = {1 + (–1)n}
has two limit points 0 and 2 which are countable in number. Now, the range of the sequence Sn = {1 + (–1)n} is
{0, 2} which has no limit point.
2. (A,B)

n 10n
Consider  (1) (x  10) n
n 1 n!
Notice that
10n 1
an+1 = (–1)n+1 (x – 10)n+1. Then
(n  1)!
1 a 10n 1 | x  10 |n 1 n!
 lim n 11  lim . n
R n  a n n  (x  1)! 10 | x  10 |n
10
= |x – 10| lim = 0
n 1
n 
Since 0<1 (the limit does not depend on the value of x), the series converges for all x.
1
Hence the interval of convergence is (–, ) and  0  R = .
R
3. (A,B,C)
f (0  x)  f (0)
f (0 )  lim
x  0 x
(0  x)2 sin[1 / (0  x)]  0
 lim
x  0 x
 (x) 2  1 
 lim  sin  
x  0
 x  x  
 1 
 lim (x) sin  
x  0  x 
= 0 × (a finite quantity between –1 and +1)
= 0
f ((0)  x))  f (0)
f’(0–) = lim
x  0 x

Mathematics (MSP)
(x)2 sin(1 / x)

 lim
x  0 x
 1 
 lim x sin  
x  0  x 
= 0 × (a finite quantity between –1 and +1)
= 0
Since, f’(0+) = f’(0–)
Hence, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0.
4. (C,D)
If a|b, then b = ka for some integer k.if b|a, then a=b for some integer . Hence b = ka = kb, then we obtain
b – kb = 0.
This implies b(1 – k) = 0 or k = 1. If b = 0, then a = 0 and hence a = ±b and we are done.
If k = 1,then either k = – 1 and  = –1 or k = 1 and  = 1. In the first case b = –a, in the second case b = a.
Hence b = ±a.
5. (B,C,D)
Let u = 1 – x, du = –dx.
1 dx 0 du
Then  p
  p .
0 (1  x) 1 u
It converges only when p > 1. Since it is a p-series.
6. (A,B,C,D)
Since (0, 0, 0) is not in (B), (C).
(0, 1, 0) and (0, 1, 0) are in (A) but their sum isn’t.
(0, 2, 0) and (1, –2, 0) are in (D) but their sum isn’t.
7. (A,C)
The wronskian of the given variables, is
sin x cos x sin 2x
W(x)  cos x  sin x 2 cos 2x
 sin x  cos x 4sin 2x
 sin x 2cos 2x cos x sin 2x cos x sin 2x

 sin x  cos x  sin x
 cos x 4sin 2x  cos x 4sin 2x  sin x 2 cos 2x
= sin x(4 sin 2x sinx + 2 cos 2x cosx) – cos(–4 sin 2x cosx + sin 2x cosx) – sin x(2 cosx cos2x + sinx sin 2x)
= 3 sin2 x sin 2x + 3 cos2x sin 2x + 2 sin x cosx cos 2x – 2 sin 2x cosx cos2x.
= 3 sin 2x  0
Since, the wronskian is not zero, they are linear Independent.
8. (A,B,D)
1
(A) False. Choose xn = n and observe that xn+1 – xn =  0 but xn diverges.
n 1  n
1
(B) False. For xn = n , |xn+2 – xn+1| = | n  2  n  1 |   | x n 1  x n | but xn diverges.
n 1  n
Mathematics (MSP)
(C) True. Take m > n. |xm – xn|  |xm – xm–1| + |xm–1 – xm–2| +....+ |xn+1 – xn|  cm|x2 – x1| + cm–1|x2 – x1| +....cm–n |x2
cm  n
– x 1|  |x – x1|  0 as n  .
1 c 2
Hence, the sequence is Cauchy. Thus, convergent.
9. (A,B,C)
Let f(x) = xn e–x
1
g(x) =
x2
f x
lim 0n
x  gx
So by comparison test, I is convergent at n  .
10. (A,C)
We have |ƒ(x, y) – ƒ(0, 0)| = |x2y|/(x2 + y2)  |x|(x2 + y2)/(x2 + y2)/(x2 + y2) =|x|  0 as (x, y)  0. Hence ƒ is
continuous.
ƒ(0  tu)  ƒ(0)
Let u be a unit vector, that is, ||u|| = 1. Then Duƒ(0, 0) = limt0 = limt0 u12 u2 = u12 u2. Hence
t
Duƒ(0, 0) exists for all nonzero unit u and Duƒ(0, 0) = u12 u2.
We have ƒx(0, 0) = 0 = ƒy(0, 0). Hence Duƒ(0, 0). Hence Duƒ(0, 0)  ƒ (0, 0) u. Therefore ƒ is not differentiable.
1. 1
1  3 i 1  3 i
Since A is a real matrix and is a complex eigenvalue, its conjugate is also an eigenvalue of A.
2 2
As A is a 3 × 3 matrix, it has one more eigenvalue .
Note that the product of all eigenvalue of A is the determinant of A.
Thus, we have
1  3 i 1  3 i
. . = det(A) = 1.
2 2
Solving this, we obtain  = 1.
Therefore, the eigenvalues of A are
1  3 i 1  3 i
, , 1.
2 2
2. 0.5
n n 1
Notice that an+1 = (x – 3)n+1.
(n  1)2
a n 1 2 n 1 | x  3 |n 1 n2
Then lim  lim 2
. n = lim |x – 3|.2.
n  an n  (n  1) 2 | x  3 |n n 
n 2  2n  1 2n  2 2
2 = 2|x – 3| lim = 2|x – 3| nlim = 2|x – 3|,
n n  2n  2
1 5 7
So this series converges absolutely when |x – 3| < , or for < x < .
2 2 2
Mathematics (MSP)
5 
2n 1 n  (1) n
Notice when x = , we have  2
( )   2 .
2 n 1 n 2 n 1 n

1
Thus, since n 2 is a convergent p-series, the original series converges absolutely..
n 1
7 
2n 1 n  (1) n 
1
Similarly, when x = , we have n 2
( )   2   2 , which is a convergent p series.
2 n 1 2 n 1 n n 1 n
5 7 1
Hence, the interval of convergence is:  ,  and the radius convergence is: R = .
2 2 2
3. 1
We have, at + bs = 1
Assume that gcd(a, b) = n. Then by definition n|a and n|b and if there exists m|a and m|b, then m|n.
Since n|a we have n|at and n|bs Hence n|at + bs. This implies n|1.
i.e., n = 1. Hence gcd(a, b) = 1
4. 1
Here, linear mapping is T : V  V, such that
T(A) = AB – BA, where
 2 1
B =  0 3
 
a b 
Let A =  c d 
 
a b   2 1
Then, AB =  c d   0 3
  
 2a a  3b 
 
 2c c  3d 
 2a  c 2b  d 
and BA =  3c 3d 

Hence, T(A) = AB – BA
 2a a  3b   2a  c 2b  d 
 
 2 c  3b   3c 3d 
 c a  b  d 
T(A) =  c c 
 
Here, rank of T = 1
Hence, nullity of T = 2 – 1 = 1.
5. 45
 30  1
O(S) = O   Ai   (5 × 30) = 15.
 i  1  10
Since, elements in the union 5 belongs to 10 of A’s.
 30  3n n n
Also, O(S) = O   B j   9  3  = 15  n = 45.
 j1  3

Mathematics (MSP)
6. 10
1
Notice that an+1 = (–1)n+1 (n  1)10n 1 (x – 2)n+1.
a n 1 | x  2 |n 1 n10 n 1 n 1
Then lim  lim n 1
. n
= |x – 2| lim  |x – 2|,
n  an n  (n  1)10 
|x 2| 10 n  n  1 10
So this series converges absolutely when |x – 2| < 10 or for –8 < x < 12.

n 1 
1 
1
Notice when x = –8, we have  (1) n
(10) n   (1) n (1)n   , which diverges since it is the harmonic
n 1 n10 n 1 n n 1 n
series.
1  
n 1
Similarly, when x = 100, we have   (1)n
 (1)
n
which converges by the Alternating Series Test.
n 1 n10 n 1 n
Hence, the interval of convergence is: (–8, 10] and the radius convergence is: R = 10.
7. 0.28
h2
f(2 + h) = f(2) + hf’(2) + f’’(2 + h)
2
h2 5 3
(h)5/2 = 0 + h.0 +   (h)1/2
2 2 2
15 5/ 2 64
h5/2 = h     =  0.28
8 225
8. 0
1
Since ƒ is continuous, ƒ(0) = lim ƒ    0 .
n 
n
1
ƒ    ƒ(0)
n
Since ƒ’(0) exists, ƒ’(0) = lim  0.
n  1
n
1
Since ƒ”(0) exists, there is  > 0 such that ƒ’(x) exists for x  (–,). Choose n0   such that < . Let n 
n0
1 1
n0. Then, ƒ(0) = ƒ = ( ) = 0. By Rolle’s theorem, there is xn  (0, ) such that ƒ’(xn) = 0. Then xn  0, and because
n n
1
ƒ '    ƒ '(0)
n
ƒ”(0) exists, we have ƒ”(0) = lim   = 0.
n  xn
9. 3
Let J be 1 × 1 matrix with all entries ‘1’
J = [1]
B is 3 × 3 given by
0 0 J  0 0 1 
B   0 J 0    0 1 0 
 J 0 0  1 0 0 
(B) = 3

Mathematics (MSP)
10. 1
The required arc length
x/4 x /4
 1  (ƒ(x) ') 2 dx   1  cos(2x)dx
0 0
/ 4
 2 | cos x | dx  1
0
11. 2
 a  b a  b 
Applying MVT on  a,  and  , b  we have
 2   2 
ab a b
ƒ a b  ƒ 
2   2 
ƒ’(c1) =  , and ƒ’(c2) = ,
ba ba
2 2
 ba ba 
for some c1   a,  and c2   , b  . Adding above results, we get ƒ’(c1) + ƒ’(c2) = 2.
 2   2 
12. –3 or –4
A matrix is invertible if and only if its determinant is non-zero.
So we first calculate the determinant of the matrix A.
By the first column cofactor expansion, we have
7  x 3
det(A) = 2 4 x
= 2((7 + x)x –(–3)4) = 2(x2 + 7x + 12)
= 2(x + 3) (x + 4).
Thus the determinant of A is zero if and only if x = –3 or x = –4.
Therefore the matrix A is invertible for all x except x = –3 and x = –4.
13. 0.33
Let c  . First, we show that if ƒ is continuous at c then c must be equal to 1/3, that is, c = 1/3. Suppose that
ƒ is continuous at c. Choose sequence (xn) and (yn) of rational and irrational numbers, respectively, both converging
to c. Now ƒ(xn) = 2xn  2c and ƒ(yn) = 1 – yn  1 – c. Since ƒ is continuous at c, we must have 2c = 1 – c.
This shows that c = 1/3.
14. 0
Let p be an odd prime. Let G be a group with exactly p elements of order p. Let g be one of those elements. Then
the cyclic subgroup generated by g has p – 1 generators, named as, g, g2, … gp–1 each of which has order p.
Thus there exists one more element in G of order p, say x, such the x is not a power of g but then x, x2 … xp–1
all have order p, and all generate the same subgroup < x > observe that the sets {g, g2, …, gp–1} and {x, x2, …, xp–
1
} are disjoint So, G must have at least 2 p – 2 many elements of order p.
Since p is an odd prime. 2 p – 2 > p, a contradiction.
Hence, there is no such group with exactly p elements of order p if p is an odd prime.

Mathematics (MSP)
15. 180
O(G) = 217 = 7 x 31
We will first prove that G is a cyclic group.
Note the prime factorization 217 = 7 x 31
We first determine the number np of Sylow p-group for p = 7,31.
Recall from Sylow’s theorem that
np = 1(mod p)
np divides n/p.
Thus, n7 could be 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, ... and n7 needs to divide 217/7 = 31.
Hence the only possible value for n7 is n7 = 1.
So there is unique Sylow 7-subgroup P7 of G.
By Sylow’s theorem, the unique Sylow 7-subgroup must be a normal subgroup of G.
Similarly, n31 = 1, 32, ... and n31 must divide 217/31 = 7, and hence we must have n31 = 1.
Thus G has a unique normal Sylow 31-subgroup P31.
Note that these Sylow subgroup have prime order and hence they are isomorphic to cyclic groups :
P7  /7 and P31  /31.
It is also straightforward to see that P7  P31 = {e}, where e is the identity element in G.
In summary, we have
1. P7, P31 are normal subgroups of G.
2. P7  P31 = {e}.
3. |P7P31| = |G|.
These yields that G is a direct product of P7 and P31 and we obtain
G = P7 × P31  /7 × /31  /217.
Hence G is a cyclic group.
The number of generators of a cyclic group of order n is equal to the number of integers between 1 and n that are
relatively prime to n.
Namely, the number of generators is equal to (n), where  is the Euler totient function.
We know that G is a cyclic group of order 217.
(217) = (7)(31) = 6.30 = 180.
16. 2
A = [T(e1), T(e2)],
1  0 
where e1 =  0  , e2 = 1  are standard basis of 2.
   
Since the vector T(e2) is given, it remains to find T(e1).
By inspection, we obtain the linear combination
1  1  0 
 0   1  1 
    
Thus, we have
 1 0  
T(e1) = T  1  1  
   

Mathematics (MSP)
 1   0  
= T  1   T  1   by linearity of T
    
4 3
= 1    2 
   
1
=  1 .
 
It follows that the matrix A is given by
 1 3
A 
 1 2 
The rank and nullity of T are the same as the rank and nullity of A.
We reduced the matrix A by elementary row operations as follows:
R 2  R1 1 3 15 R 2 1 3 R1  3R 2  1 0 
A         .
 0 5 0 1 0 1 
Hence the rank of A is 2 (because there are two zero rows). The nullity of A is determined by the rank nullity theorem
rank of A + nullity of A = 2 (the number of columns of A).
Hence the nullity of A is 0.
In a few words, the rank of T is 2, and the nullity of T is 0.
17. 2
We compute the characteristic polynomial p(t) of the matrix A as follows.
We have
p(t) = det(A – tI)
t 1 0 0 
 0 t 1 0 
 
 0 0 t 1 
 
 1 0 0 t 
t 1 0  0 1 0 
  t  0  t 1    0  t 1 
 
...(*)
 0 0  t  1 0  t 
by the first row cofactor expansion.
The left determinant of the 3 × 3 matrix in (*) is (–t)3 since it is diagonal matrix.
We apply the first column cofactor expansion to the right determinant in (*) and obtain
0 1 0 
 0  t 1    1 0   1.
   t 1
1 0  t   
It follows from (*) that

p(t) = (-t)(-t)3 - 1 = t4 - 1.
The eigenvalues of A are the roots of the characteristics polynomial p(t).
Solving t4 – 1 = 0, we obtain the eigenvalues
±1, ±i,
where i = 1 .
Note that the t4 – 1 = (t – 1) (t + 1) (t – i) (t + i).

Mathematics (MSP)
18. 20
Consider the equation
x1v1 + x2v2 + x3v3 = 0,
where 0 is the three-dimensional zero vector.
Our goals is to find a condition on a, b so that the above equation has a nontrivial solution x1, x2, x3.
This equation is equivalent to the 3 × 3 homogeneous system of linear equations
 1 1 0   x1 
 2 a 4   x   0.
   2
 0 5 b   x 3 
We solve the system by Gauss-Jordan elimination.
The augmented matrix of the system is
1 1 0 0 
 
2 a 4 0
 0 5 b 0 
Applying elementary row operations, we have
1 1 0 0  1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
  R 2  R1   5 R3   R 2  R3  
 2 a 4 0    0 a  2 4 0    0 a  2 4 0    0 1 b / 5 0
 0 5 b 0   0 5 b 0   0 1 b / 5 0   0 a  2 4 0 
 
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
  R2  R3   R 3  (a  2)R 2  
0 a  2 4 0    0 1 b / 5 0    0 1 b / 5 0
 0 1 b / 5 0  0 a  2 4 0   b(a  2) 
0 0 4  0
 5 
b(a  2) b(a  2)
If the (3, 3) entry 4 – of the last matrix is 4 — is zero, then we obtain a matrix in echelon form
5 5
1 1 0 0
 
0 1 b / 5 0 
 0 0 0 0 
This implies that x3 is a free variable, hence the homogeneous system has a nonzero solution x1, x2, x3. Hence in this
case the set {v1, v2, v3} is linearly dependent.
b(a  2)
On the other hand. if 4 –  0, we divide the third row by this number and obtain
5
1 1 0 0
 
0 1 b / 5 0  ,
 0 0 1 0 
and from this we see that the solution is x1 = x2 = x3 = 0.

b(a  2)
Thus in this case the set {V1, V2, V3} is linearly dependent if and only if 4 – = 0.
5
b(a – 2) = 20.

Mathematics (MSP)
19. 30
If   S10, we can express  as a product of disjoint cycles 1 ... t of lengths k1, k2, ..., kt (ki  2) where
k1 + ... kt  10. The order of  is then lcm(k1, ..., kt). Thus we have to find the maximum value of lcm(k1 + ...
kt) over all sets of integers {k1, ..., kt} satisfying ki  2 and k1 + ... + kt  10.
We may as well assume that ki’s are distinct from each other (since repeating one of them doesn’t alter the lcm). This
narrows the search considerably. We list the possibilities for k1 + ... kt and the corresponding lcm :
2 + 3 + 4, lcm (2, 3, 4) = 12
2 + 3 + 5, lcm (2, 3, 5) = 30
2 + 4, lcm (2, 4) = 4
2 + 5, lcm (2, 5) = 4
2 + 6, lcm (2, 6) = 6
2 + 7, lcm (2, 7) = 14
2 + 8, lcm (2, 8) = 8
3 + 4, lcm (3, 4) = 12
3 + 5, lcm (3, 5) = 15
3 + 6, lcm (3, 6) = 6
3 + 7, lcm (3, 7) = 21
4 + 5, lcm (4, 5) = 20
4 + 6, lcm (4, 6) = 12
We see that the highest possible order is 30 and this is achieved by the product of a 2-cycle, a 3-cycle and a 5-cycle;
e.g. (12)(345)(678910).
20. 0.75
Since –1, 3 are eigenvalues of the matrix A, the characteristic polynomial of A is
(t + 1) (t – 3) = t2 – 2t – 3.
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have
A2 – 2A – 3I = O,
where O is the 2 × 2 zero matrix.
Thus we have
A2 = 2A + 3I ...(*)
and hence a1 = 2, b1 = 3.
Multiplying (*) by A, we have
A3 = AA2 = 2A2 + 3A
= 2(2A + 3I) + 3A
= 7A + 6I.
Thus, a2 = 7, b2 = 6.
In general, we have
An+2 = AAn+1
= A(anA + bnI)
= a n A2 + b n A
= a n A2 + b n A
= an(2A + 3I) + bnA
= (2an + bn)A +(3an)I.

Mathematics (MSP)
Thus we obtain
an+1 = 2an + bn
bn+1 = 3an.
This yields the linear recurrence relation
an+2 = 2an+1 + 3an
with initial values a1 = 2,a2 = 7.

The general term an of the sequence (a n )i  n is obtained as a recurrence relation
1
an = ((–1)n + 3n+1).
4
Then we also have
3
bn = 3an–1 = ((-1)n–1 + 3n).
4
In conclusion, we have obtained
1 3
An = ((–1)n + 3n+1) A + ((–1)n–1 + 3n)I
4 4

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Formula for The Radius of Convergence

R = , when lim | an |1/n = 0

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Hence the radius of convergence = 1.

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Example : Prove that the power series

Example : Find the domain of convergence of the series

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Hence the domain of convergence of the given power series is –1 < x  3.

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Theorems of Power Series

(i) Since  an x0n converges, so nlim

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Proof : Let x0 = R –  < R so that anx0n converges absolutely.

Theorem : (Cauchy’s product of two power series)

Two power series a n x n and b x n

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cn = a0 bn + a1 bn-1 + a2 bn-2 + ..... + an bn

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(ii) At x = 1, by Abel’s limit theorem

Theorem (Differentiation of Power Series)

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Theorem (Integration of Power Series)

Example : Consider the power series

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By the ratio test, for every x

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Some Important Power Series

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g(x) = C(x + y) – C(x)C(y) + S(x)S(y). ...(7)

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Replacing y by x in (i) and (ii) of Theorem we obtain

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E(m) = {E(m/n)}n or em = {E(m/n)}n, by (5)

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Theorem : Let f be a non-zero continuous function on R such that

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Let g(x) = loge f(x)  x  R.

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Taylor Series and Maclaurin Series

is its Taylor series at x = 1. Since it is a geometric series, it will be convergent if

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Duration : 180 minutes Maximum Marks : 100

Read the following instructions carefully.

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Section-(A) Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)

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/2  2 y sin x     sin x 