1. What are the elements of a mechatronics system and discuss each elements?

A mechatronics system is a combination of mechanical, electrical, and

computer engineering technologies that work together to create a functional
system. The elements of a mechatronics system are:
1. Mechanical Components: These are the physical parts of the system that
perform mechanical functions such as movement, force transmission, and
energy conversion. Examples include motors, gears, bearings, and actuators.
2. Electrical Components: These are the parts of the system that control and
distribute electrical power to the mechanical components. Examples include
sensors, switches, relays, and power supplies.
3. Electronic Components: These are the parts of the system that process and
control signals from sensors and other electronic devices. Examples include
microcontrollers, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and digital signal
processors (DSPs).
4. Software: This is the programming code that controls the operation of the
mechatronics system. It includes both low-level firmware for controlling
hardware components as well as high-level software for user interfaces and
data analysis.
5. Communication Networks: These are the channels through which different
components of the mechatronics system communicate with each other.
Examples include wired or wireless networks such as Ethernet or Bluetooth.
6. Control Algorithms: These are mathematical models that govern how
different components of the mechatronics system interact with each other to
achieve a desired outcome. They can be simple or complex depending on the
complexity of the system.
7. Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs): These are user interfaces that allow
humans to interact with and control mechatronics systems. Examples include
touchscreens, buttons, joysticks, and voice recognition systems.
Each element plays an important role in creating a functional mechatronics
system by enabling communication between different components and
controlling their behavior to achieve a desired outcome.

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2. With a suitable example compare open and closed loop control system?
Open loop control system:

An open loop control system is a type of control system in which the output is
not fed back to the input for comparison. In other words, the output is not used
to adjust or modify the input. This type of system relies on a predetermined set
of instructions to achieve its desired output.

Example: A washing machine is an example of an open loop control system.

Once you set the washing cycle and press start, the machine will run through
its predetermined cycle without any feedback from sensors or other inputs.
The machine will continue to run until it completes its cycle, regardless of
whether or not the clothes are actually clean.

Closed loop control system:

A closed loop control system is a type of control system in which the output is
fed back to the input for comparison and adjustment. This type of system uses
sensors and other inputs to monitor and adjust its output based on changes in
its environment.
Example: A thermostat is an example of a closed loop control system. When
you set a desired temperature, the thermostat will use sensors to monitor the
current temperature and adjust its output (i.e., turn on or off) based on changes
in temperature until it reaches your desired setting. The thermostat will
continue to monitor and adjust its output as needed to maintain your desired
temperature setting.

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 3. Discuss the working principle of the following mechatronics systems that are
used in vehicles and identify the type of sensors/ actuators.
a. Air bag
b. Cruise control
c. Powered side mirrors
d. Anti-lock braking System or ABS
e. Electrically controlled fuel injection system
f. Gear box controls
a. Air bag: The airbag system in vehicles works on the principle of collision detection.
When a collision occurs, sensors in the vehicle detect the impact and send a signal to
the airbag control unit. The control unit then activates the airbag inflator, which fills
the airbag with gas and deploys it to protect the occupants of the vehicle. The sensors
used in this system are typically accelerometers or pressure sensors.

b. Cruise control: Cruise control is a system that allows drivers to maintain a constant
speed without having to constantly adjust their throttle position. The system works by
using a speed sensor to measure the vehicle's speed and an actuator to adjust the
throttle position accordingly. When the driver sets a desired speed, the cruise control
system maintains that speed by adjusting the throttle position as necessary.

c. Powered side mirrors: Powered side mirrors are controlled by an electric motor that
adjusts their position based on input from a switch inside the vehicle. The switch
sends a signal to a controller, which activates the motor and moves the mirror into
position. Some systems may also include sensors that detect obstacles or other
vehicles and automatically adjust the mirrors accordingly.

d. Anti-lock braking System or ABS: ABS is a safety system that prevents wheels
from locking up during hard braking, allowing drivers to maintain steering control of
their vehicle. The system uses wheel speed sensors to detect when one or more wheels
are about to lock up and then modulates brake pressure to prevent this from happening.
The actuators used in this system are typically solenoid valves that regulate brake
fluid pressure.

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e. Electrically controlled fuel injection system: Modern fuel injection systems use
electronic controls to precisely meter fuel delivery based on engine load and other
factors. These systems typically use various sensors such as oxygen sensors, mass
airflow sensors, and throttle position sensors to measure engine parameters and adjust
fuel delivery accordingly.

f. Gearbox controls: Gearbox controls allow drivers to shift gears in a manual

transmission or automatically in an automatic transmission. In a manual transmission,
the driver uses a shifter to manually engage different gears, while in an automatic
transmission, the system uses various sensors and actuators to automatically shift
gears based on engine load and other factors. The sensors used in these systems may
include speed sensors, throttle position sensors, and gear position sensors. The
actuators used may include solenoid valves or hydraulic actuators that engage
different gears.
4. Write the difference between anti-lock braking system and electronic stability
control system?
Anti-lock braking system (ABS) and electronic stability control system (ESC) are two
different safety features in a vehicle that work to prevent accidents. The main
difference between these two systems is their function and the type of technology they
use.

Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety feature that prevents the wheels from
locking up during sudden braking. It uses sensors to detect when a wheel is about to
lock up and then releases the brake pressure on that wheel, allowing it to rotate again.
This helps the driver maintain control of the vehicle during emergency braking
situations, reducing the risk of skidding or sliding.

Electronic stability control system (ESC), on the other hand, is a more advanced
safety feature that helps prevent loss of control during sudden maneuvers or in
slippery conditions. It uses sensors to detect when the vehicle is starting to lose
traction or stability, and then applies individual brakes to specific wheels and reduces
engine power to help keep the vehicle on its intended path.

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In summary, ABS prevents wheels from locking up during sudden braking while ESC
helps prevent loss of control during sudden maneuvers or in slippery conditions. Both
systems work together to improve overall vehicle safety and reduce accidents on the
road.
5. Identify all the mechatronics components used in the following devices and draw
block diagram
a. Modern washing
b. Machine Servo-driven
c. Industrial robots
d. Automated entry door
e. Soap dispenser
a. Modern washing machine:
- Microcontroller
- Sensors (temperature, water level, load weight)
- Actuators (motor for drum rotation, solenoid valves for water inlet and drain)
- HMI (touchscreen or buttons)

Block diagram:
Input signals from sensors -> Microcontroller -> Output signals to actuators ->
Feedback signals from sensors to microcontroller -> HMI for user interaction

b. Machine Servo-driven:
- Servo motor
- Encoder
- Controller (PID or other)

Block diagram:
Reference signal from controller -> Error signal from encoder -> Controller calculates
output signal to servo motor -> Servo motor rotates and provides feedback signal to
encoder

c. Industrial robots:
- Motors (servo or stepper)
- Encoders

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- Controllers (motion control, PLC)
- Sensors (proximity, vision)
- End effectors (grippers, welders)

Block diagram:
Reference signal from controller -> Error signal from encoders and sensors ->
Controller calculates output signals to motors and end effectors -> End effector
performs task and provides feedback signal to sensors

d. Automated entry door:

- Motor
- Sensors (motion, proximity)
- Controller

Block diagram:
Input signals from sensors -> Controller calculates output signal to motor based on
sensor input -> Motor rotates door and provides feedback signal to sensors

e. Soap dispenser:
- Motor
- Sensor (proximity or touch)
- Controller

Block diagram:
Input signal from sensor -> Controller calculates output signal to motor based on
sensor input -> Motor rotates dispenser mechanism and provides feedback signal to
controller

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6. Illustrate a measurement system and explain its constituents?
A measurement system is a set of instruments, procedures, and standards used
to quantify physical quantities such as length, mass, time, temperature, and
electric current. The constituents of a measurement system are:

1. Instrumentation: This includes the devices used to measure the physical

quantity being studied. For example, a ruler is an instrument used to measure
length.

2. Calibration: Calibration is the process of adjusting an instrument to ensure

that it provides accurate measurements. This is done by comparing the
readings of the instrument with those of a known standard.

3. Units: Units are standardized measures used to express physical quantities.

For example, meters are used to measure length and kilograms are used to
measure mass.

4. Standards: Standards are reference materials or devices that provide a

known value for a physical quantity. They are used for calibration and quality
control purposes.

5. Procedures: Procedures are the steps taken to perform a measurement

accurately and consistently. These may include instructions for using an
instrument or guidelines for interpreting results.

6. Data analysis: Data analysis involves processing and interpreting the

measurements obtained from the instrumentation using statistical methods or
other techniques.

Together, these constituents form a comprehensive measurement system that

ensures accurate and reliable measurements of physical quantities in various
fields such as science, engineering, medicine, and manufacturing.

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