Multiphase Flow Calculations Phase Diagram - Typical

Dense Phase
Region
Include:
Criconden Bar Critical Point

Thermodynamics Liquid Vapour

Phase behaviour of HC Liquid & Gas Region Region

P/L Inlet
and
Criconden

Multiphase “Correlations” A Therm

Pressure drop & liquid Hold-up

P/L Outlet

B
Temperature
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Phase Envelope - Example (2) Phase Envelope - Example (3)

Hydrate Curve
200 200

0 % Liquid 0 % Liquid
Liquid percentages
1 % Liquid
1 % Liquid
150 2 % Liquid 150
2 % Liquid
3 % Liquid

Pressure (bar)
Pressure (bar)

5 % Liquid 3 % Liquid

10 % Liquid 5 % Liquid
100 100
20 % Liquid 10 % Liquid
50 % Liquid 20 % Liquid
5% 3% 100 % Liquid
50 % Liquid
P&T - 6 mmNm3/d
50 50
P&T - 4 mmNm3/d 100 % Liquid

P&T - 2 mmNm3/d Hydrate Curve

- all in Mol % - all in Mol %

0 0
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

Temperature (DegC) Temperature (DegC)

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 Multiphase Transport Concept Two-Phase Parameters – Total Pipeline Hold-up

Total hold-up

Total liquid contained in the pipeline at any given time

Gas is normally the demand variable

Annular dispersed

Gas flow - determined by pressure drop

Liquid flows - as result of gas/liquid

Stratified wavy interface forces
Σ HL = Total Pipeline Hold-up (m3)

Less gas flow Note:

 more liquid stays behind in pipeline • Normally calculated at steady state, but takes time to accumulate
Slug / Intermittent flow
 increase in hold-up
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Two-Phase Parameters - αL Two-Phase Parameters - λ

Liquid volume fraction - λ (liquid fraction of total fluid flowing)

Liquid hold-up (fraction) – αL (Area of pipe segment filled with liquid)

Varies along the pipe with changing P & T

Fractional Hold-up is normally more than the Liquid Volume Fraction

Liquid Volume Fraction is normally less than the fractional Hold-up

Due to liquid friction losses & elevation effects (on top of P & T)

No liquid friction losses & elevation effects (on top of P & T)

Varies along the pipeline

Determined by Thermodynamic Equilibrium of the HC stream

Fluid dynamics in addition to Thermodynamics
- No influence from Fluid dynamics

A
L =H QG = Flowing volume, actual m3/s of gas
L
AL A
QL = Flowing volume, actual m3/s of liquid
- In general Vl < Vg
- For homogeneous fluids (Vl = Vg) -> hold-up = λ

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