Turbomachinery

ME 101: Lecture 12

Md Ashiqur Rahman, Ph.D.

BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1
 Last Class: Turbomachinery
 Definition
 Classification
 Fluid Movers
 Classification
 Pumps
 Application
 Classification

ME 101: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 2

PUMPS
CLASSIFICATION: PUMPS
Kinetic Displacement

Positive-Displacement Rotodynamic
Pumps Pumps

Reciprocating Pump Rotary Pump

Vane
Diaphragm Lobe
Piston Gear
Screw
Plunger
Spur
Internal
ME 101: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 3
 PUMPS
CLASSIFICATION:
o Pumps are divided into two fundamental types based on the manner in which they
transmit energy to the pumped media:
o Kinetic Displacement (Rotodynamic pump)
o Positive displacement (Positive displacement pump)

o In kinetic displacement, centrifugal force of a rotating element, called an impeller,

imparts kinetic energy to the fluid, moving the fluid from pump suction (inlet) to
the discharge (outlet).
o Positive displacement uses the reciprocating action of one or several pistons, or a
squeezing action of meshing gears, or other moving bodies, to displace the fluid
from one area into another.
4
PUMPS
CLASSIFICATION:

Tire pump Human heart Centrifugal pump

5
PUMPS
COMPARISON:
Rotodynamic and Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotodynamic pumps (RP) generally provide a higher and steadier flow rate
(discharge) than Positive displacement pumps (PDP).
A RP can provide very high flow rates (up to 300,000 gal/min) but usually
with moderate pressure rises (a few atm.). In contrast, a PDP can operate
up to very high pressures (300 atm.) but typically produces low flow rates
(100 gal/min).
RPs are NOT effective in handling high-viscosity liquids.
RPs generally need priming; i.e., if they are filled with gas, they cannot suck
up a liquid from below into their inlet. The PDP, on the other hand, is self-
priming for most applications.
6
 ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS
o Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are
a type of pump in which kinetic energy is added
to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity by
using a revolving wheel or rotor or impeller.
o Therefore, it is essentially a turbine in reverse.

o This increase in kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy by utilizing the

Bernoulli’s Principle.

o Typical examples of Rotodynamic pumps include Centrifugal pump,

Turbine pump and Submersible pump.
7
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 Converts kinetic energy to pressure
energy employing centrifugal effects.
 These pumps are in use for more than a
century.

 Because of certain inherent advantages, such

as compactness, smooth and uniform flow,
low initial cost and high efficiency, centrifugal
pumps are used in almost all pumping
systems.

ME 101: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 8

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
o The impeller is attached to a shaft
which is mounted on bearings and
is coupled to a motor.
o The fluid enters the pump impeller
along or near to the rotating axis
through a hole called impeller eye.
o The kinetic energy of the impeller is
transmitted to the fluid and its
velocity increases.

9
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
o So, the fluid is accelerated by the
impeller rotation. Fluid flows radially
outward into a diffuser or volute
chamber.
o By the virtue of its shape, the volute
casing converts the kinetic energy of
the fluid to pressure energy.
o The high pressure fluid is delivered
through the delivery pipe (discharge
side).

10
ME 101: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
WORKING PRINCIPLE

11
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

COMPONENTS:

12
ME 101: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
COMPONENTS:
IMPELLER
o The rotating part of the centrifugal pump is called impeller. It is a rotating
solid disk with curved blades. Impellers can be open, semi-open, or closed.

Open Semi - Open Closed

o The curve of the blade can be of different kind, such as Forward curved,
Backward curved, and Radial curved, depending on fluid type and
application. 13
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
CASING/ VOLUTE CHAMBER
o Casing (volute chamber) is an airtight passage
surrounding the impeller which converts the
kinetic energy of the fluid into pressure energy.
o Water can be raised from one level to a
higher level in two ways -
o High pressure
o High velocity

o High velocity method is very inefficient since the friction increases

proportionallly to the square of the velocity.
o High pressure method is efficient because of low velocity and friction.
14
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

 Positive displacement uses the reciprocating action of one or several

pistons, or a squeezing action of meshing gears, or other moving bodies, to
displace the fluid from one area into another
 The positive-displacement family of pumps is so named because there is a
direct connection between pump action and liquid motion, with NO
reliance on an uncertain conversion between kinetic energy and pressure.
 Kinetic energy plays, at most, a subsidiary role in the action of these
devices.
o Reciprocating pumps: the chamber is stationary cylinder that contains a
piston or plunger.
o Rotary pumps: Gear pump, Lobe pump, Screw pump etc.

ME 101: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 15

Positive Displacement Pumps
Piston Pump:

o When the handle is pushed down, air is compressed down the tube and then into the
tire through a valve
o When the handle is pulled up again, the valve closes automatically so that the air cannot
escape from the tire and new air is forced back into the cylinder.
ME 101: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 16
Positive Displacement Pumps
Gear Pump:
 Gear pumps are primarily used for high-
viscosity liquids. Two or more gears trap
liquid in the space between the gear teeth
and the casing wall and convey it from inlet
to outlet.
o Intermeshing gears rotate with close
clearance inside the casing.
o Liquid entering the suction line is caught in
the spaces between the teeth and the casing
and is carried around to the other end of the
casing and forced out the discharge.
ME 101: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 17
Positive Displacement Pumps
Gear Pump:

ME 101: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 18

Positive Displacement Pumps
Screw Pump:

ME 101: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 19