കപ്പിംഗ് തെറാപ്പി

തെറാപ്പി ചുപ്പിന്ഗ് ഒരു രൂപമാണ് സമാന്തര മെഡിക്കൽ ഒരു പ്രാദേശിക ഈന്വല്

ചൂടായ പാനപാത്രങ്ങളും അപേക്ഷയോടൊപ്പം ത്വക്കിൽ സൃഷ്ടിക്കപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നത്.
ഇതിന്റെ സമ്പ്രദായം പ്രധാനമായും ഏഷ്യയിൽ മാത്രമല്ല കിഴക്കൻ യൂറോപ്പ്, മിഡിൽ
ഈസ്റ്റ് , ലാറ്റിൻ അമേരിക്ക എന്നിവിടങ്ങളിലും നടക്കുന്നു . [1] [2] എല്ലാ ബദൽ
വൈദ്യശാസ്ത്രത്തെയും പോലെ, കപ്പിംഗ് ഒരു കപടശാസ്ത്രമായും അതിന്റെ
സമ്പ്രദായം തന്ത്രപരമായും വിശേഷിപ്പിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു . [3] [4]

കപ്പിംഗ് തെറാപ്പി

ചുപ്പിന്ഗ് ആൻഡ് വിനാശത്തിനും ലണ്ടൻ, ഇംഗ്ലണ്ട്, 1860-1875 മുതൽ ഡേറ്റിംഗ് നിന്നും, സെറ്റ്

ഇതര തെറാപ്പി

പനി, വിട്ടുമാറാത്ത നടുവേദന , മോശം വിശപ്പ് , ദഹനക്കേട് , ഉയർന്ന രക്തസമ്മർദ്ദം ,

മുഖക്കുരു , അറ്റോപിക് ഡെർമറ്റൈറ്റിസ് , സോറിയാസിസ് , അനീമിയ , സ്ട്രോക്ക്
പുനരധിവാസം, മൂക്കിലെ തിരക്ക്, വന്ധ്യത , ആർത്തവവിരാമം എന്നിവയുൾപ്പെടെയുള്ള
വിവിധ രോഗാവസ്ഥകൾക്ക് കപ്പിംഗ് തെറാപ്പി ഉപയോഗിക്കാൻ കപ്പിംഗ്
പ്രാക്ടീഷണർമാർ ശ്രമിക്കുന്നു. കാലഘട്ടത്തിലെ മലബന്ധം . [1] [2]
Despite the numerous ailments for which practitioners claim cupping therapy is useful, there
is insufficient evidence it has any health benefits, and there are some risks of harm,
especially from wet cupping and fire cupping.[1] Bruising and skin discoloration are among
the adverse effects of cupping and are sometimes mistaken for child abuse.[2] In rare
instances, the presence of these marks on children has led to legal action against parents
who had their children receive cupping therapy.[2]

Scientific evaluation

The American Cancer Society notes that "available scientific evidence does not support
claims that cupping has any health benefits" and also that the treatment carries a small risk
of burns.[5] A review of literature in 2011 determined that "the effectiveness of cupping is
currently not well-documented for most conditions", and that systematic reviews showing
efficacy for the treatment of pain "were based mostly on poor quality primary studies."[6] This
was further supported by a review in 2014 which demonstrated that previous evidence
supporting cupping has resulted from "unreasonable design and poor research quality".[7]
There is a lack of evidence to support the use of cupping therapy for acne.[8] Additionally,
cupping is often practiced along with other acupuncture therapies[2][9] and therefore cannot
exclusively account for resultant positive benefits. Many reviews suggest that there is
insufficient scientific evidence to support the use of cupping techniques to combat relevant
diseases and chronic pain.[10] Cupping has been characterized as quackery.[4]

The lack of apparent benefits of cupping treatments are discussed by Simon Singh and
Edzard Ernst in their 2008 book Trick or Treatment.[11]

As a pseudoscientific detoxification ritual, proponents of cupping falsely claim that it can

remove unspecified toxins from the body.[12][13] Proponents also falsely claim that cupping
"improves blood flow" to help sore muscles.[14] James Hamblin notes that a bruise caused by
cupping "is a blood clot, though, and clotted blood is definitionally not flowing."[15]

Many critics of alternative medicine have spoken out against traditional treatments such as
cupping therapy. Harriet Hall and Mark Crislip have characterized cupping as "pseudoscience
nonsense", "a celebrity fad", and "gibberish", and observed that there is no evidence that
cupping works any better than a placebo.[16][17] Pharmacologist David Colquhoun writes that
cupping is "laughable... and utterly implausible."[18] Practicing surgeon David Gorski observes,
"...it’s all risk for no benefit. It has no place in modern medicine, or at least shouldn’t."[19]

Safety
In 2016, the Cambodian Ministry of Health warned that cupping could be a health risk and
particularly dangerous for people with high blood pressure or heart problems. According to
the NCCIH "Cupping can cause side effects such as persistent skin discoloration, scars,
burns, and infections, and may worsen eczema or psoriasis".[20]

Cupping may cause breaks in the capillaries (small blood vessels) in the papillary dermis
layer of the skin, resulting in the appearance of petechiae and purpura.[1] These marks are
sometimes mistaken for signs of child abuse when cupping is performed on children.[1]

Cupping therapy adverse events can be divided into local and systemic adverse events. The
local adverse events may include scar formation, burns, linear bruising or streaks (wet
cupping), skin ulcers, undesired darkening of the skin, panniculitis, erythema ab igne,
induction of the Koebner phenomenon in susceptible individuals with psoriasis, and pain at
the cupping site.[1][2] A theoretical risk of infection exists but there are no reports of this as of
2012.[2]

Methods

Cupping practitioners use cupping therapy for a wide array of medical conditions including
fevers, pain, poor appetite, indigestion, high blood pressure, acne, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis,
anemia, stroke rehabilitation, nasal congestion, infertility, and dysmenorrhea.[1] Proponents
claim cupping has a therapeutic effect and removes unspecified "toxins", stagnant blood, or
"vital energy" when used over acupuncture points with the goal of improving blood
circulation.[1][2] Modern suction devices are sometimes used instead of the traditional cups.[2]

While details vary between practitioners, societies, and cultures, the practice consists of
drawing tissue into a cap placed on the targeted area by creating a partial vacuum – either by
the heating and subsequent cooling of the air in the cup, or via a mechanical pump.[21] The
cup is usually left in place for somewhere between five and fifteen minutes.

Cupping therapy types can be classified using four distinct methods of categorization. The
first system of categorization relates to "technical types" including: dry, wet, massage, and
flash cupping therapy. The second categorization relates to "the power of suction related
types" including: light, medium, and strong cupping therapy. The third categorization relates
to "the method of suction related types" including: fire, manual suction, and electrical suction
cupping therapy. The fourth categorization relates to "materials inside cups" including: herbal
products, water, ozone, moxa, needle, and magnetic cupping therapy.[22]

Further categories of cupping were developed later. The fifth relates to area treated including:
facial, abdominal, female, male, and orthopedic cupping therapy. The sixth relates to "other
cupping types" that include sports and aquatic cupping.

Cups of various materials

Glass

Plastic
Bamboo

Horn/copper
 Bronze

Dry cupping

Dry cupping involves the application of a heated cup on the skin of the back, chest, abdomen,
or buttocks.[1] The cooling of the air is then thought to create a suction effect. Bamboo and
other materials are sometimes used as alternatives to glass cups.[1]

Fire cupping

A person receiving fire cupping

Fire cupping involves soaking a cotton ball in almost pure alcohol. The cotton is clamped by
a pair of forceps and lit via match or lighter, and, in one motion, placed into the cup and
quickly removed, while the cup is placed on the skin. The fire uses up all the oxygen in the
cup which creates a negative pressure inside the cup. The cup is then quickly placed onto the
body and the negative pressure "sucks" the skin up. Massage oil may be applied to create a
better seal as well as allow the cups to glide over muscle groups (e.g. trapezius, erectors,
latissimus dorsi, etc.) in an act called "gliding cupping" or "sliding cupping". Dark circles may
appear where the cups were placed because of capillary rupture just under the skin. There
are documented cases of burns caused by fire cupping.[23][24]

Wet cupping

Wet cupping is also known as Hijama (Arabic: ‫حجامة‬‎lit. "sucking") or medicinal bleeding,
where blood is drawn by local suction from a small skin incision.[25]

The first reported usages are found in the Islamic hadith, sayings attributed to or describing
the actions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[26][27] Hadith from Muhammad al-Bukhari,
Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri and Ahmad ibn Hanbal support its recommendation and use
by Muhammad.[28] As a result, wet cupping has remained a popular remedy practiced in
many parts of the Muslim world.[29]

In Finland, wet cupping has been done at least since the 15th century, and it is done
traditionally in saunas. The cupping cups were made of cattle horns with a valve mechanism
in it to create a partial vacuum by sucking the air out.[30] Cupping is still practiced in Finland
as part of relaxing and/or health regimens.[31]
 A person receiving wet cupping

Blood drawn by wet cupping

Traditional Chinese medicine

Woman receiving fire cupping at a roadside business in Haikou, Hainan, China

In Chinese, cupping is known as "pulling-up jars" (Chinese: 拔罐; pinyin: báguàn). According to
traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), cupping is done to dispel stagnation (stagnant blood
and lymph), thereby improving qi flow,[32] in order to treat respiratory diseases such as the
common cold, pneumonia and bronchitis. Cupping also is used on back, neck, shoulder and
other musculoskeletal conditions. Its advocates claim it has other applications as well.[32]
Cupping is not advised, in TCM, over skin ulcers or to the abdominal or sacral regions of
pregnant women.[33]

Society and culture

Cupping has gained publicity in modern times due to its use by American sport celebrities
including National Football League player DeMarcus Ware and Olympians Alexander
Naddour, Natalie Coughlin, and Michael Phelps.[34] Medical doctor Brad McKay wrote that
Team USA was doing a great disservice to their fans who might "follow their lead", calling
cupping an "ancient (but useless) traditional therapy."[35] Steven Novella noted "It is
unfortunate that elite athletics, including the Olympics, is such a hot bed for
pseudoscience."[36]

There is a description of cupping in George Orwell's essay "How the Poor Die", where he was
surprised to find it practiced in a Paris hospital.[37] In the 1964 Hollywood film, Zorba the
Greek cupping is depicted with the character Zorba, played by Anthony Quayle, performing it
on the character played by Lila Kedrova.

Perceived benefits of cupping have often been perpetuated by celebrities and athletes who
use these therapeutic interventions in their daily lives. Professional swimmer Michael Phelps
received publicity during the 2016 Olympics for the purple bruises evident on his back
resulting from cupping. He has been known to "do it before every meet he goes to" in order to
"speed up recovery".[38] Celebrity endorsements similar to Michael Phelps may create biases
in individuals who report the benefits or their experiences with therapies such as cupping.

History
An illustration from the medical textbook Exercitationes practicae, published in 1694, shows a man undergoing
cupping on his buttocks

The origin of cupping is unclear. Iranian traditional medicine uses wet-cupping practices, with
the belief that cupping with scarification may eliminate scar tissue, and cupping without
scarification would cleanse the body through the organs.[39]

In ancient Greece, Hippocrates (c. 400 BC) used cupping for internal disease and structural
problems. The method was highly recommended by Muhammad[27] and hence well-practiced
by Muslim scientists who elaborated and developed the method further. Consecutively, this
method in its multiple forms spread into medicine throughout Asian and European
civilizations. In China, the earliest use of cupping that is recorded is from the famous Taoist
alchemist and herbalist, Ge Hong (281–341 AD).[40] Cupping was also mentioned in
Maimonides' book on health and was used within the Eastern European Jewish
community.[41] William Osler recommended its use for pneumonia and acute myelitis in the
early twentieth century.[2]

The practice has been used in hospitals in China since the 1950s as a traditional Chinese
medicine modality.[42] As of 2012 cupping was most popular in China.

See also

Bloodletting

Gua sha

List of ineffective cancer treatments

Ear candling
 References

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15. Hamblin, James (9 August 2016). "Please, Michael Phelps, Stop Cupping" (https://www.theatlantic.co
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17. Hall, Harriet (31 July 2012). "Therapy or Injury? Your Tax Dollars at Work" (https://www.sciencebased
medicine.org/therapy-or-injury-your-tax-dollars-at-work/) . Science-Based Medicine. Retrieved
8 August 2016.

18. Online Editors (8 August 2016). "Revealed – Why some Olympic athletes have those little red marks
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have-those-little-red-marks-on-them-34947356.html) . Irish Independent.

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23. Iblher, N.; Stark, B. (2007). "Cupping treatment and associated burn risk: a plastic surgeon's
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1884-8.

27. Qayyim Al-Jauziyah (2003). Abdullah, Abdul Rahman (formerly Raymond J. Manderola) (ed.). Healing
with the Medicine of the Prophet. ISBN 978-9960892917. "Indeed, the best of remedies you have is
hijama, and if there was something excellent to be used as a remedy then it is hijama."

28. Sunan Abu Dawood, 11:2097 (https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/reli

gious-texts/hadith/abudawud/011-sat.php#011.2097) , 28:3848 (https://web.archive.org/web/1970
0101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/028-sat.php#028.3848) , Sahih
Muslim, 26:5467 (https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/
hadith/muslim/026-smt.php#026.5467) , 10:3830 (https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/
http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/010-smt.php#010.3830) , Sahih al-Bukhari,
7:71:584 (https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/
bukhari/071-sbt.php#007.071.584) , 7:71:602 (https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/htt
p://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/071-sbt.php#007.071.602)

29. El-Wakil, Ahmed (9 December 2011). "Observations of the popularity and religious significance of
blood-cupping (al-ḥijāma) as an Islamic medicine". Contemporary Islamic Studies. Hamad bin Khalifa
University Press. 2. doi:10.5339/cis.2011.2 (https://doi.org/10.5339%2Fcis.2011.2) .

30. Kaups, Matti (1976). "A Finish Savusauna in Minnesota" (http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMaga

zine/articles/45/v45i01p011-020.pdf) (PDF). Minnesota History. Minnesota Historical Society
(Spring): 11–20.

31. "...a cupping session – a recently revived, if archaic procedure, during which a therapist uses a
cupping hatchet to make small cuts in your back and places glass cups fitted with bulb syringes over
the cuts to draw out 'bad blood' and release 'feel-good' endorphins. Cupping is considered perfectly
safe and aficionados say the procedure energizes them, but it’s definitely not for germophobes or the
squeamish." : From "Finland's magnificent obsession" (http://travelsquire.com/finlands-magnificent-o
bsession/) , Travelsquire

32. State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Advanced Textbook on
Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, Volume IV, 1997 New World Press, Beijing

33. Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion (Revised Edition), Xingnong, Foreign Languages Press, Beijing,
China, 1987, p. 370.

34. Reynolds, Gretchen; Crouse, Karen (August 8, 2016). "What Are the Purple Dots on Michael Phelps?
Cupping Has an Olympic Moment" (http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/08/08/what-are-the-purple-d
ots-on-michael-phelps-cupping-has-an-olympic-moment/?_r=0) . Well. The New York Times.
Retrieved 8 August 2016.
35. McKay, Brad (August 9, 2016). "Why Team USA's use of cupping therapy really sucks" (http://www.ne
ws.com.au/lifestyle/health/why-team-usas-use-of-cupping-therapy-really-sucks/news-story/39e6da4
72eba56e564139cc17e38ee5b) . News.com.au — Australia's Leading News Site. News.com.au.
Retrieved 9 August 2016.

36. Novella, Steven (August 10, 2016). "Cupping – Olympic Pseudoscience" (https://sciencebasedmedici
ne.org/cupping-olympic-pseudoscience/) . Science Based Medicine.

37. Orwell, George (November 1946). "How the Poor Die" (http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300011h.h
tml#part39) . Now. Retrieved 10 August 2016. "As I lay down I saw on a bed nearly opposite me a
small, round-shouldered, sandy-haired man sitting half naked while a doctor and a student performed
some strange operation on him. First the doctor produced from his black bag a dozen small glasses
like wine glasses, then the student burned a match inside each glass to exhaust the air, then the glass
was popped on to the man's back or chest and the vacuum drew up a huge yellow blister. Only after
some moments did I realize what they were doing to him. It was something called cupping, a
treatment which you can read about in old medical text-books but which till then I had vaguely
thought of as one of those things they do to horses."

38. Reynolds, Gretchen; Crouse, Karen (8 August 2016). "What Are the Purple Dots on Michael Phelps?
Cupping Has an Olympic Moment" (https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/08/08/what-are-the-purple-
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External links

Dunning, Brian (April 23, 2013). "Skeptoid #359: Cupping for the Cure" (https://skeptoid.co
m/episodes/4359) . Skeptoid.
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Cupping_therapy&oldid=1058848858"

Last edited 16 days ago by VdSV9