Seminar3

Ex.1
1. Culture (культура) - the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group
of people, but different for each individual, communicated from one generation to the
next.
2. culture universal (Культурні універсалі )- universal views on culture accepted by all
scholars.
3. Value (цінність) - The meaning of a word or other linguistic unit.
4. belief (віра) - An acceptance that something exists or is true, especially one without
proof.
5. Norm (норма) - A standard or pattern, especially of social behaviour, that is typical or
expected.
6. Symbol (символ) - A mark or character used as a conventional representation of an
object, function, or process, e.g. the letter or letters standing for a chemical element or a
character in musical notation
7. Artefact (артефакт) - An object made by a human being, typically one of cultural or
historical interest
8. Tradition (традиція) - The transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to
generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way.
9. Custom (звичай) - A traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing
something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time.
10. ‘big’ culture - s the whole complex of traditional behavior which has been developed by
the human race and is successively learnt by each generation.
11. ‘little’ culture - the forms of traditional behavior which are characteristic of a given
society or group of societies, or of a certain race, area, or period of time.
12. dimension of culture ( аспект культури)- an idea that expands over many professional
and academic categories.
13. high-context culture - the rules of communication are primarily transmitted through the
use of contextual elements (i.e., body language, a person's status, and tone of voice) and
are not explicitly stated.
14. low-context culture - information is communicated primarily through language and rules
are explicitly spelled out.
15. close space culture -
16. distant space culture
17. polychronic culture - time is a more fluid, free-flowing thing which changes according to
the situation.
18. monochronic culture - prefer to focus on one thing at a time and without distractions or
interruptions.
19. low-power distance culture - has lower levels of inequality and less acceptance of
inequality.
20. high-power distance culture - one in which power inequality is pronounced and common,
and people accept that without question.
21. individualistic culture - focuses on human independence and freedom.
22. collectivistic culture -  characterized by prioritizing group solidarity over individual
goals.
 23. high uncertainty avoidance culture - the extent to which a society, organization, or group
relies on social norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate the unpredictability of future
events :
(Use formality in interactions with others.
Are orderly and keep meticulous records.
Rely on formalized policies and procedures.
Take moderate, carefully calculated risks.
Show strong resistance to change)
24. low uncertainty avoidance culture:
Use informality in interactions with others.
Are less orderly and keep fewer records.
Rely on informal norms for most matters.
Are less calculating when taking risks.
Show only moderate resistance to change.
25. masculine culture - men are expected to be assertive, competitive, and focused on
material success. Women are expected to be nurturing and focused on people and quality
of life.
26. feminine culture - gender roles are more fluid.
27. long-term orientation culture - a cultural orientation that deals with time—past, present,
and future—to foster virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular perseverance
and thrift.
28. short-term orientation culture - focuses on the present or past, prioritizing these over the
future.
29. cultural iceberg – analogy of culture, where if a society was the iceberg, than there are
some aspects visible, above the water, but there is a larger portion hidden beneath the
surface.
Ex. 2
1. Done
2. TED ( Technology, Entertainment, Design) - an American media organization that posts
talks online for free distribution. Their task is to present the ideas in the most innovative and
engaging ways the speakers can. And the special is that the speakers are given a maximum of
18 minutes.
3. Lera Borodistky is a cognitive scientist, psychologist and professor. Her research focuses on
the complex differences in human communication. Boroditsky is regarded as one of the key
authors of the theory of linguistic relativity. The scientist has developed her career in world-
class institutions such as the MIT or Standford University.  She is currently professor
of cognitive science at University of California, San Diego, and is chief editor of Frontiers in
Cultural Psychology. 
4.
to transmit thoughts to one another
to make tones, hisses and puffs
to hit eardrums
to craft reality
bizarre new idea
scientific data
to get an agreement
cognitive ability
to be locked in a landscape
to keep track of exact quantities
to divide up the colour spectrum
to put boundaries between colours
to perceptually discriminate colours
to shift slowly
categorical distinction
gender (feminine, masculine, neuter)
Consequences
might be less/more likely to remember
profoundly shape
lay out space and time
perceptual decision
blame and punishment
ingenious and flexible
narrow and biased
Передавати думки один одному
Створювати тони, шипіння та видихи
Зачіпляти барабанні перетинки
Формувати реальність
Ділитись новими ідеями
Наукові дані
Досягнути погодження
Пізнавальні (когнітивні) можливості
Залежить від ландшафту
відстежувати точну кількість
Поділяти колірний спектр
Проводити межі між кольорами
Розрізняти кольори
Плавно змінити
категоріальна відмінність
Гендер ( жіночий, чоловічий, середній)
наслідки
Меншою мірою/краще пам’ятатимуть
Глибоко впливати
Сприймати простір і час
Перцептивні оцінки
звинувачення та покарання
Геніальний і гнучкий
Вузький та упереджений

5.
1. The main function of language – we can transmit complicated thoughts to one another, to
transmit our ideas across vast switches of space and time.
2. Juliet said: “What’s in a name? A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Lera
used these quotations to compare some thought about language understanding. She said:
“That suggest that language doesn’t craft reality”.
3. Kuuk Thaayorre people – an aboriginal community in Australia, they live in Pomparau at
the very West edge of Cape York, they don’t use words “left and right” – the use “north,
south, east, west”. “hello” is “Which way are you going?” and u must answer: “Nort
Northeast in the far distance, how about u?”
4. The experiment with the audience prove that this is a big difference In cognitive ability
across languages. Children in Pomparau know stay oriented in space better than most people
present at the talk because they speak only with directions.
5. English people will organize their time from left to right. Arabic will do it in opposite
direction. Kuuk Thaayorre people would do it from left to right IF we sat them facing south,
and right to left IF we sat them north etc.
6. They can’t count because some languages don’t have exact number words.
7. Different languages divide up the colour spectrum, so some languages have only a couple
words “light, dark”, and, for instance, in English we say “blue”, but in Ukrainian we can say
“blakitniy” for light and “siniy” for dark. It works also for Russian.
8. A lot of languages have grammatical gender, and every noun gets assigned a gender
“masculine or feminine”. But there are some differences between usage in different
languages: “Sun” in Germain is feminine, but in Spanish is Masculine. It works with word
“Moon” in reverse.
 9. If we ask German and Spanish speakers to describe a bridge, so the bridge happens to be
grammatically feminine in German and masculine in Spanish. The German are likely say
“Bridges are beautiful, elegant” (because these are feminine words); Spanish people will be
likely to say “Strong, long” (because these words are masculine).
10. Linguistic diversity increases nowadays, because all the time we’re losing ab. one
language a week.
11. The main effects of languages are big, deep, early, broad, and weighty.
12. A lot of speakers of different languages think differently and it’s about how we think and
how the language shapes the way we think.

6.
1) Edward Sapir and his pupil Benjamin Lee Whorf developed the hypothesis that language
influences thought rather than the reverse. The strong form of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis
claims that people from different cultures think differently because of differences in their
languages.
2) The theory of linguistic relativity is known in two versions: the strong hypothesis (=
linguistic determinism) and the weak hypothesis (= linguistic relativity). It is necessary to
clarify that the words “strong” and “weak” are not related to the strength of the scholarly
argumentation, but rather to the degree to which language is assumed to influence our
thought and behaviour. According to the strong version, the language we speak
determines/constraints the way we think and view the real world. According to the weak
version, the language does influence to some extent the way we think and view the real
world, however, does not fully determine or constraint it.
3) Linguistic determinism is viewed as the stronger form—because language is viewed as a
complete barrier, a person is stuck with the perspective that the language enforces—while
linguistic relativity is perceived as a weaker form of the theory because language is discussed
as a lens through which life can be focused through, but the lens can be changed, and
perspectives can be changed along with it.
Ex. 3
№ Dimension Figures from the map How does it influence people’s
behaviour
1. Individualism 33-41% Individualism describes cultures in which
the ties between individuals are loose.
2. Power Distance 96-104% It’s the extent to which the less powerful
members of institutions and
organizations within a country expect
and accept that power is distributed
unequally.
3. Masculinity 36-42% It pertains to cultures in which social
gender roles are early distinct.
4. Uncertainty 89-96% It’s the extent to which the members of a
Avoidance culture feel threatened by uncertain or
unknown situations.
5. Long-term 1-96% The culture believes the world is in flux
Orientation and laud anything that contributes to
progress.
6. Indulgence 1-94% Allowing gratification of basic drives
related to enjoying life and having fun.
Ex. 4
1) Simple vs. complex cultures:
Simple: occurs in places where little technological advancement is present (in farming villages,
fishing towns). In cases where simple culture is more prevalent, a higher amount of the original
folk culture can be seen – and less popular culture is present;
Complex: develops in more advanced countries or cities where technology usually plays a big
role. In these cases, not a lot of the folk culture may remain.
2) Microculture/macroculture:
Microculture: refers to the specialized subgroups, marked with their own languages, ethos and
rule expectations, that permeate differentiated industrial societies;
Macroculture: culture that all humans share in a general way – crosses local boundaries and
may exist among groups nationally, or internationally.
3) Tight vs. loose cultures:
Tight Culture: many rules, norms, and standards for correct behaviors (There are strict rules
about how to smile or bow)
Losse Culture: few rules, norms, and standards.
4) Neutral vs. affective cultures:
Neutral: incorrect to show one’s feeling openly, control of feelings, lack of emotional tone, hide
emotion and communicate in a more subtle way and avoid physical contact which sometimes
makes it difficult for members of other culture to read between the lines and get the message.
Affective: display emotions, reactions are shown immediately verbally and non-verbally by
gestured in the form of body signals. They don’t avoid physical contact.

Ex. 5
2.
1) D
2) C
3) B
4) E
5) A
3.
1) Someone who attracts attention in a group for being different is liable to be criticized, re
proache, or otherwise brought into conformity with the others.
2) Americans often communicate very directly. This means that they will ask many
questions or describe what they’re thinking in a way that is clear and specific. If you’re
from a country that values indirect communication, defined as polite discussion that
relies on context clues to be understood, you could interpret Americans’ directness as
rudeness, though that's not the case.
3) Hidden agendaс- A secret goal or an ulterior motive.
To play one’s cards too close to the chest - To keep one's plans, intentions, or tactics
secret from other people. Refers to holding one's playing cards close to one's chest in a
card game, so as not to allow other players to see one's hand.
4) In other cultures change is perceived as inevitable, the natural evolution of people and
society.
5) We need to improve our intercultural communication skills for two reasons. First, world
markets and economies are becoming increasingly intertwined. This trend means that
Americans at home and abroad will be doing business with more people from other
 countries. A second, equally important factor, however, is that America's own population
and workforce are rapidly becoming more ethnically diverse.
4.
Ukraine North America
extremely generous and hospitable No one like to wait in line, and they’re easily
frustrated.
value their time together Value their privacy a lot. Don’t just show up at
someone’s house without first calling and
making an appointment.
In Ukrainian communication, the feedback is In a conversation, u should give continuous
normally elicited by eye contact, nods or feedback to the other person, or at least nod
emphatic gestures, equally by such verbal continuously. In absence of that, the other
means as reiterative questions, such as the person might think u aren’t really interested or
Ukrainian Chuyesh? ("Do you hear confused.
me?"), Rozumiyesh? ("You
see?"), Uyavlyayesh? ("Can you imagine
this?")

Ex. 6
1) One of the most important steps of using the cultural iceberg theory is to identify the
beliefs, values, attitudes, and expectations that drive a particular culture. Most people
tend to subconsciously learn their values, beliefs, and attitudes from their culture and
community.
2) Punk subculture:

Rudeness;
clothes;
appearance;
behavior.
No religion;
freedom;
initiation
rites;
personality;
protests;
music.

Ex. 7
1) O. Chahrour describes a term or a word as ‘culture specific’ when it denotes a
phenomenon (such as a piece of clothes, a belief, a social habit, etc.) typical of the
studied/source culture. M. Baker speaks about ‘culture specific concepts’ as items, which
are common in the studied culture while being alien in other cultures/languages. P.
Newmark used a broader term, ‘cultural words’ referring to culturally specific features,
also categorizing such words into groups.
2) P. Newmark used a broader term, ‘cultural words’ referring to culturally specific features,
also categorizing such words into groups. Newmark divided it into the following
categories (examples are from the selected texts):
 1) Ecology – flora, fauna, winds, plains, hills
2) Material culture (artifacts)
a) Food (samosas, chapati, roti, tikka masala, momos, paratha)
b) Clothes (sari, mundu, dhoti)
c) Houses and towns (haveli, gompa)
d) Transport (rikshaw, tonga)
3) Social culture – work and leisure (ayah, paan)
4) Organisations, customs, activities, procedures, concepts
a) Political and administrative (ICS, Muslim League, rani)
b) Religious (bhajan, puja)
c) Artistic (thangkhas)
5) Gestures and habits (namaste, namaskar)
3) Culture-specific texts are concepts that are specific for a certain culture. These concepts
can refer to domains such as flora, fauna, food, clothes, housing, work, leisure, politics,
law, and religion among others. For example, words like koala, espresso and sari are all
culturespecific items that exist in a certain culture and not in others.
4) Idiom - a construction or expression of one language whose parts correspond to elements
in another language but whose total structure or meaning is not matched in the same way
in the second language.
5) to bury the hatchet:
a. To place (a corpse) in a grave, a tomb, or the sea; inter.
b. To dispose of (a corpse) ritualistically by means other than interment or cremation.
low man on the totem pole:
The person (not necessarily a man) with the least amount of experience, authority, and/or 
influence in a social or corporate hierarchy.
fool’s gold:
a. A mineral that resemble golds, such as pyrite
b. By extension, something that seems more promising than it really is.
John Hancock:
One's signature. John Hancock, an influential figure in the American Revolution, is know
n for his especially large and legible signature on the Declaration of Independence.
6) a people person — Someone who is particularly gregarious, affable, or outgoing;
someone with great interpersonal communication skills.
also-ran - Someone who is unimportant or unsuccessful. The phrase originated in horse
racing.
Mute as a fish (breathe a word to anyone. ) (Німий як риба) - Someone that says very
little or nothing (often in order to keep a secret); reserved, uncommunicative.
Like two drops of water (two peas in a pod. ) (Як дві краплі води) - To bear a very close
resemblance; to be exactly alike.