Kinship- refers to the relation formed REFFERED MARRIAGE AND

between members of the society. ARRANGED MARRIAGE

Descent- refers to the origin of a person.  Referred- finds his partners

through his/her friends or
PRINCIPLE OF DESCENT
relatives.
Unilineal Descent- traced through a  Arranged- fixed marriage
single bond.
TYPES OF ARRANGE MARRIAGE
Matrilineal Descent- group of relatives
 Child Marriage- children
in mother side.
are Beth rode to each
Patrilineal Descent- group of relatives in other.
father side.  Exchange Marriage-
exchange of spouses
Bilateral Descent- both ancestral lines of between two groups like
mother and father. nations or tribes.
 Diplomatic Marriage-
TYPES OF KINSHIP
arranged by political
1. Consanguineal Kinship- most reasons.
basic and general form of  Modern Arranged
relations. Marriage- your parents
2. Affinal Kinship- relationship gives you choices to
achieved by blood. choose who they think is
the best for you.
TYPES OF RELATIONS
POST MARITAL RESIDENCY
 Endogamy- refers to the RULES
marriage within the clan.
 Exogamy- refers to the marriage  Patrilocal Residence-
outside the clan. when married couple
stays at husbands
MONOGAMY AND POLYGAMY family.
 Monogamy- refers to a marriage  Matrilocal Residence-
where an individual has only one when married couple
spouse at a time. stays at wifes family.
 Polygamy- refers to the marriage  Biolocal Residence-
where an individual has a more when married couple
than one spouse at a time. stays with their
husbands
POLYGYNY- 1 man multiple wife  Neolocal Residence-
when married couple
POLYANDRY-1 woman multiple
builds home
husband
independently.
  Avuncolocal STATE AND NATIONS
Residence- when
 Nations- people shared language,
married couple stays
traditions.
near the family of the
 State- has the highest form of
groom.
political organization.
KINSHIP BY RITUAL
CONCEPT OF NATION-STATE
Compadrazgo- translated as Godparents
 Nation- has a full political
FAMILY AND THE HOUSHOLD sovereignty.
 State- has no question about
 Family- basic unit of social political sovereignty.
organization
 Nuclear family- family that is POLITICAL LEGITIMACY AND
made up of married couple. AUTHORITY
 Extended Family- composed of
Authority- is the right to command.
two or more nuclear families in a
household. - Is more than power.
 Blended Family- where both the
parents have children from Legitimacy- value whereby someone is
previous family. recognized and accepted as right and
 Conditionally Separated Family- proper.
when a member of a family is Source of Traditional Charismatic Legal-
separated due to military power Rational
services, Legitimized Legitimized Legitimized
from well- from the from formal
 Translational Family- family who established charisma of rules.
lives in more than one country. customs. an
individual.
KINSHIP OF POLITICS Leadershi Historic Dynamic Bureaucrati
p style Personality Personality c
 Political Alliances- parties tend Examples Monarchial Religious Governme
rules Leaders nt officials.
to align or agree to cooperate to
eachother.
Bank- lends money in public and private
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION/ organizations.
AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY
Corporation- group of people
 Band- usually small, formed by authorized to act as a single entity.
several families living together.
 Tribe- more complex and larger Cooperative- refers to and autonomous
than a band. association.
 Chiefdom- fulltime leader with
TRADE UNION OR LABOR UNION
real authority to make decisions.
 Main objective is to protect
the welfare of its members.
TRANSLATIONAL ADVOCACY
 Their goal is to give the
powerless a voice.
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
 These agencies are present in
developing countries challenged
by security.
EXAMPLES
 United States agency for
international
Development(USAID)
 Australian agency for
international development.
(AusAID)
 Japan International Cooperation
Agency. (JICA)
GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS
 They operate by giving loans or
grants to other countries.
EXAMPLES
 World Bank (WB)
 International Monetary Bank
(IMB)
 Asian Development Bank ( ADB)
2 MAIN TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS.
 International Non-
governmental Organizations (
INGO)- operate international
committee.
 International Governmental
Organizations (IGOs)- made
up of primarily of members
states.
EDUCATION- Social institution that
formally socializes members of the
society.
 Formal Education- usually takes
place in a classroom.
Elementary Education- includes the first
six years of compulsory education from
grade 1-6.
Secondary Education- four years of JHS
and two years of SHS.
Tertiary Education- offered by private
and public coleges.
Vocational Education- programs offered
vary in duration from a few weeks to 2
years, like TESDA.
Special Education ( SPED)- socially
different from so-called “normal”
individuals.
Non-Formal Education- educational
activity that takes placed outside a
formal set-up, like ALS.
Informal Education- a lifelong process of
learning.
FUNCTION OF EDUCATION IN THE
SOCIETY.
1. Give training in specific skills.
2. Prepare individuals for job
3. Preserving culture from
generation to generation
4. Encouraging democratic
participation through verbal
skills.
5. Develop the person’s ability to
think logically.
 6. Enriching life by enabling the
students to expand his/her
intellectual horizons.
SOCIAL DISERABLE/ SOCIAL MOBILITY
SYSTEM
Differentation- the method of relating
people in terms of certain social
characteristics.
Social Stratification- society’s
catergorization of people into
socioeconomic strata.
THREE SOCIAL CLASSES
 UPPER CLASS- consist of the elite
or wealthy families.
 MIDDLE CLASS- mostly
professional people like lawyes,
doctors etc.
 LOWER CLASS- these are the
office and derical workers,
skilled and unskilled.
Status- individuals position in the social
structure.
Social Desirables- rational individual
will always aspire for things that give
wealth and power.
Ascribed Statuses- given by society of
some fixed category like family, sex.
Achieved Statuses- earned by the
individual like honors received in
schools.
PRESTIGE AND ESTEEM
Prestige- refers to the evaluation of
status like being a senior students.
Esteem- refers to the assessment of our
role behavior.
Political Stratification- extent to which
inequalities are encapsulated.
Social Mobility Structure- moving from
one social statues to another.
Open class system- individuals can
change their social class.
Close Class system- people can do little
or nothing to change their social
standing,
Horizontal Movement- movement of a
person with a social class level.
Vertical Mobility- movement of a person
between social class and another class.
Social Inequality- refers to the existence
of uneven opportunities.
GENDER AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION
 Women are regarded as placed
lower class status compared to
men.
 Similar situation is also
experienced by the LGBT.
Ethnic Minorities- usually call them
taga-bukid.
Persons with Disabilities- also victims of
inequality and deprived.
Minorities in the social structure-
members of the society that have more
power than others.
DOMINANT MEMBERS- set the
standards in the society.
DISCRIMINATION AND PREJUDICE
 Prejudice- negative attitude
toward the members of a group.
  Discrimination- is an act or
action.
Stereotyping- refers to our tendency to
picture of members with same qualities.
Ethnocentrism- belief that our nation is
better than others.
Scapegoating- when people encounter
problems that they do not know how to
solve it.
Racism- belief that a person has the
right to control others.
GLOBAL INEQUALITY
CASE OF INEQUALITY
 Where countries with superior
military competence are able to
bully the weaker ones.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
CHANGE
 Social Change- modification or
alteration in the lifestyle of a
society.
 Cultural Change- Refers to
changes made in cultural
elements.
 Political Change- when there is a
significant disruption in a
government.
CAUSE OF SOCIAL CHANGE
 Technology
 Social Institutions
 Population
 Environment
 Modernization
INNOVATION
 Refers to changing or creating
more effective processes and
ideas.
CULTURAL DIFFUSION
 Spread of culture including
aspects such as clothing and
food.
ACCULTURATION
 Process where a minority adopts
the cultural aspects the majority.
ASSIMILATION
 Process whereby people of a
culture learn to adopt to the
ways of the majority culture.
TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTRADITIONS
AND TENSIONS
INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICT
 Armed conflict between different
ethnic groups.
POLITICAL VIOLENCE
 Result of ethnic conflict but also
of class conflict.
REVOLUTION
 Involves a public seizure of the
state.
TERRORISM
 Occurs when non-state actors
use violence against civilians.
UNICEF ON GENDER EQUALITY
 Does not require that girls and
boys be treated exactly alike.