—s 4.1.1 (Classification of drugs and medicines Trak Ahan Use of chemicals for treatment of diseases is called chemotherapy We HEMIDSTRY IN) EVERYDAY LIE Glee uF = Drugs and Medicines + Chemicals in Food & Soaps and Delergents DRUGS AND MEDICINES Substances of low molecular masses of about 100 to SO0u that interact with macro-molecular targets to produce biological response are called drugs. Biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, ete., react with drugs. These are the chemicals that a Drugs are used for modifying physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the receipient. Drugs that produce biological response therapeutically and that are useful in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases are called medicines. Use of chemicals for therapeu drug has t satisfy the following conditions ‘action is called chemotherapy. An ideal 4) It must act efficiently at the expected site, that is, it should be localised. b) It should not be toxic and should not injure the host tissues and cells, ©} Tt should have tolerable side effects Chemotherapy is the branch of science in which chemical substane: used for treatement of diseases. Drugs are classifi effect mol ‘on the basis of pharmacologic gets, chemical structure and on the basis of drug action. Drugs ate classified based on pharmacological effect of the drugs. It is useful available for the for doctors because it provides them the whole range of dr treatment of a particular type of problem. For example, analgesics have pain killing effect, amtiseptics kill or arrest the growth of microorganisms, Drugs are classified based on molecular targets. Drugs usually interact with biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. These are e common structural called target molecules or drug targets. Drugs possessing son features may have the same mechanism of action on targets. The classification based on molecular targets is the most classifi jon for medicinal chemists On the basis of chemical structure, drugs are classified as glycosides, enols, amines, alcohols, amino acids, ete, Drugs with sim ar structural features have same mechanism of action and exert similar activity. (On the basis of drug action or therapeutic action, drugs are divided as followsEQ PEQ GE c drugs. They cause depression of Drug producing Antipyre biological response that is uused in diagnosis is called Anti medicine A act as strong analgesics. ental nervous Syst reducers in fever condition. arials ics are body temperatu are malarial fever reducing substances, Antimicrobials kill or stop the growth of microorganisms that cause disease. eptics kill microorganisms or prevent the growth of microorganisms. Antibiotics are microorganism killing substances. ‘Tranguilizers are medicines used in the management of psychoses and neuroses Antihistamines interact with natural aetion of histamine and prevent acidity [Antacids remove the excess acid in stomach and maintain the normal pH. a Drug-target_ Enzymes as drug targets: Proteins which peeionn the role of biological interaction in the body are called enzymes. For understanding th 1 betw. and an enzyme, it is important to know how enzymes catalyses the reaction. na drug Catalylic action of enzymes : In the catalylic activity, enzymes perform wo najor functions, The first function of an enzyme is to hold the substrate for a ch reaction, Active sites of enzymes hold the substrate molecule in a suitable position, so that it can be attacked by reagent effectively. Substrates bind to the active site of the enzyme through a variety of interactions such as ionic bonding, hydrogen sraction as shown in Fig 4. 9 Dodecyl benzene Dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid cuyeny Soni Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate Anionic detergents are mostly used for household purpose. They are also used n toothpastes. Soap when reacts with slightly acidic solution gives a precipitate of fatty acid Detergent in slightly acidic solution gives soluble alkyl hydrogen sulphate, Cationic detergents : Cationic detergents are mostly acetates or chlorides or bromides of quaternary amines. eg Cety trimethyl ammonium bromide, formula : CH,-{CH: ys-N(CH3)$ Be Cationic detergents are more expensive than anionic detergents. So, ¢: detergents are limited in use. Cationic detergents have germicidal properties they are useful germicides, Cetylrimethy! ammonium bromide is a popular cationic detergent and is used in hair conditioners Non-ionie detergents : Liquid dish washing deter detergents. The reaction of stearic acid with polyethylene glycol called non-ionic detergent. Polyethylene glycol is obtained from ethylene glycol and ethylene oxide. HO-CH,-CI -OH + n HO-CH,-CH,-OH >> wofcneno tccu.on CH= (CH) p=COOH + HOF. CH.CHLO f-CHLCHOK > Swear 7 Polyetilenelyol CH= (CH) .-CO0 4cH.CH,0-LcH,CH.0H The hydrocarbons used earlier for the manufacture of detergents were highly branched, When detergent molecules are associated, branched hydro- carbon chains stop bacteria from attacking and breaking the chains. The slow degradation and hence over accumulation of detergents in rivers and waterways causes pollution Detergents with straight chain of hydrocarbons are preferred over branched chain, This is because the branched chain deteregents are non-biodegradable. Now a days the branching was kept minimum in the manufacture of detergents. So, the unbranched chains of the detergent are readily attacked by bacteri jon of the detergent This results in id prevents pollution in waterways, easy bio-degraEi GEQ WE What are synthetic detergents ? How many types are these detergen Synthetic detergents are the salts of fatty sylphonic acids, Cleaning ation of synthetic detergent ‘snotaffecied with hand wateras detergent anion does not precipitate wth calcium o joms present in hand water. magnesium Symthetic detergents are mainly classified into three types (a) anionic detergents (b) Cationic detergents (¢) non-ionic detergents Solution Detergents are advantageous over natural soaps. Explain, Naturally occuring water contains dissolved rials, especially ionic substances, The presence ‘of Ca and Mg? ions in water causes hardness to water, These ions of hard water produce a ccurdy white precipitate with soap, ‘This precipitate adhers to cloth and the ability of soap to remove grease and oil from fabric is decreased. However, if detergent is used, its anions are not precipitated by Ca2* and Mg ions of hand water, So, cleaning action of detergent isnot influenced by hardwater. For this reason, detergents are advantageous than soaps. ran Solution ‘The detergents used in olden days caused pollution in rivers and waterways. Comment, Earlier used detergents have great deal of branching in their hydrocarbon tails, The detergent molecules associate with branched chain hydrocarbon tails. These side chains stop bacteria from attacking and breaking. ‘This results in slow degradation of detergent molecules and leads to the accumulation of detergent molecule. This causes pollution in rivers and waterways. Stright chain of a hydrocarbon is preferred over branched chain as a detergent. Why ? Branched chain detergents are non-biodegradable. Unbranched hydrocarbon chain of a detergent is readily attacked by bacteria and hence is preferred. EXERCISE - 4.1.3 What are soaps chemically? Name different types of soaps. Write suitable examples ‘What are soft soaps? How are they prepared? Write the differences between soapes and detergents What are synthetic detergents? How are they better than soupes Can we use a detergent with hard water for the purpose of cleaning? Explain with suitable example ‘What are the types of detergents? How are they prepared? What are biodegradable detergents? Branched chain detergents are non-biodegradable. Why?1. Chemotherapy is the branch of science in which chemical substances are used for treatment of diseases. 2. On the basis of chemical strucutre, drugs are classified as glycosides, enols, amines, alcohols, amino acids, ete. 3. Analgesics are body pain relievers. Antibiotics are microorganism Killing substances. Antacids remove the excess acid in stomach and maintain the normal pH. 4. Nareotic drugs are most potent and clinically useful agents that cause depression of central nervous system. These are strong analgesics, 5. _ Aspirin is used as antiinflammatory medicine, analgesic and also as antipyretic 6. Drugs that exert a quieting effect accompanied by relaxation and rest are called sedatives. 7. The derivatives of barbiturie acid are called barbitura cerebrospinal axis, 's. They exert a depressant action on the: 8. Valium is a tranquiliser. Serotonin and dopamine are very important neurotransmitters, Amphetamine is a powerful stimulant 9. Class of chemicals used for the treatment of stress are called tranguilisers, 10. Antibiotics are chemical compounds derived from a living organism that are capable of destroying the life of microorganisms. 11. Compounds when applied to kill microorganisms in living tissues are called antiseptics. However When applied to inanimate objects like floors and drainage systems they are called disinfectants, 12, Formaldehyde is highly soluble in water. Its 40% aqueous solution is called formalin, It is a preservative for biological specimens. 13. Histamine is a potent vasodilator and stimulates the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Antihistamines stop the natural action of histamine. 14. Steroids are antifertility agents and are used asoral contraceptives in birth control. 15. Chemicals that retard the action of oxygen on food and preserve the food are called antioxidants, BHT, BHA, sulphite and sulphur dioxide are common on antioxidants, 16. The food preservatives prevent the spoiling of food due to microbial growth. Sodium benzoate is a familiar food preservative. 17,__The colours used for food are essentially dyes. Tetrazine is a widely used food dye 18, Chemicals used in food in place of sugar or sucrose are called artificial sweeteners. 19, Soap is sodium salt of higher organic acids like stearic acid, 20. Synthetic detergents are very similar to the salts of fatty a anionic, cationic and non-ionic detergents. ids. Detergents are classified intoMEQ VER QE EXERCISE - 4.2 Z ind insecticide. Suggest examples and give structures of antiseptic, anuesthet Name three different classes of chemicals that can be called antimicrobials. What are antidepressants? Give examples Weite the structure of the antferility drug that is used as ‘morning after pill” in many counties. Suggest two medicines that are both antacids and antihistamines. Write the IUPAC name of the non-opiate drug that has antipyretic and analgesic propertes. Give its preparation, Write the sequence of reagents required to prepare paracetamol from benzene Write the semisynthetic modifications of penicillin Al hypnot What are pathogens? What is the harm caused by them in our body? Suggest remedy for the cause cs need not be barbiturates. Comment Write the characteristic properties of antibiotics, Write the structural formula of three narcotic analgesies, Discuss the role played by adrenaline and not-adrenatine What is the difference between the antacids metal hydroxides and cimetidine How the action of oxygen on food is reduced? Differentiate between soap and detergent Distinguish between ionic and non-ionic detergents. What are antioxidants? Give examples. What are the characteristics of artificial sweeteners? Write examples. Write the characteristics and examples of food preservatives and edible colours, What is the use of BHT and BHA? Write their structural formulae. What is saponification? Give one example along with equation, What are non-biodegradable detergents? Write the consequences of using these detergents oy {O)-orcncHoncrci.0H, Identify the functional groups present in it 5 to 10 is a non-ionic detergent molecule.