BIOLOGY

Third Quarter
Science 10
 MELC
Explain how protein is
made using information
from DNA
 PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS AND
MUTATION
 Nucleic Acid
• chemical compounds that
serves as the primary
information-carrying molecules
in cells and make up the
genetic materials
 Nucleotide
• Basic building block of
nucleic acids (DNA and
RNA)
Each nucleotide
consists of:
• Nitrogenous base
• Five carbon sugar
molecule
• Phosphate molecule
 Polynucleotide
• Backbone of a nucleotide
chain
• 2 or more nucleotides linked
together in a straight chain
 Chromosomes
• Thread-like structures
made up of DNA coiled
around proteins
 Genes
• Sequences of DNA that
code for a molecule that
act as instruction to make
proteins
 Amino Acids
• Proteins are made up of
organic compounds called
amino acids
• Building blocks of protein
 Peptide bonds
• A chain of amino acids is
linked together by peptide
bonds
• Polypeptide
 Proteins
• One or more polypeptides
make up a protein
• Long chains of amino acids held
together by peptide bonds
DNA vs
RNA
 DNA RNA
Meaning
Pentose Sugar
Base Composition
Number of Strands
Base Pairing
Location
Function
Structure
 DNA RNA
Pentose Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose
Base Composition A, G, C, T A, G, C, U
Number of Strands Double stranded (forms Single stranded
a double helix)
Base Pairing A and T A and U
G and C G and C
Location Nucleus or mitochondria Nucleus or cytoplasm

Function Stores genetic Translates genetic

information information into proteins
Structure Long nucleotide chain Short nucleotide chain
with two with one strand only
complementary strands
Central Dogma
of Molecular
Genetics
• Proposed by Crick in
1958 that the sequence
involved in the
expression of hereditary
characteristics is from
DNA to RNA to protein.
• Protein synthesis has
three steps:
replication,
transcription and
translation
 1.DNA
Replication:
DNA to DNA
 Helicase
• Unzipping enzyme
• Unzips/separate the double
helix by breaking the hydrogen
bonds between
complementary bases
 Primase
• The initializer
• Synthesizes short RNA
sequences called primers that
serves as the starting point for
DNA synthesis
 Polymerase
• The builder
• Replicates DNA to
build new strand
 Ligase
• The gluer
• Connects two strands
of DNA together
• Before DNA can be
replicated, the double
stranded molecule must
be “unzipped” into two
single strands by an
enzyme called DNA
helicase
• DNA replication
occurs, where the old
strand acts as a
template to produce
the complementary
new strand
• Complementary base
pairing
• Adenine (A) and Thymine
(T)
• Guanine (G) and Cytosine
(C)
• Once completed,
each DNA molecule
consists of one old
strand and one new
strand
 DNA
coding CCC TCA ATC GAG AAA GGT
strand:
DNA
template
strand:
 DNA
coding ATG GCC TGG ACT TCA GGT
strand:
DNA
template
strand:
 DNA
coding GGG TGA GCT TTC CCG TTA
strand:
DNA
template
strand:
 2.
Transcription:
DNA to RNA
 Types of RNA
Messenger Ribosomal Transfer RNA
RNA (mRNA) RNA (rRNA) (tRNA)
Carries Hold tightly into Transfer amino
genetic codes the mRNA using acids during
its information to
from DNA protein
assemble the
(nucleus) to synthesis
amino acids in
ribosomes correct order
• RNA polymerase is the
main transcription
enzyme that uses of the
DNA strands as a
template to make a
new, complementary
RNA molecule
• It occurs the same
way as DNA
replication, except
that thymine (T) in
DNA is replaced by
uracil (U) in RNA
• Complementary base
pairing
• Adenine (A) and Uracil (U)
• Guanine (G) and Cytosine
(C)
• The product of
transcription is a
single strand of
nucleotides called
mRNA
 DNA
coding CCC TCA ATC GAG AAA GGT
strand:
DNA
template GGG AGT TAG CTC TTT CCA
strand:
mRNA:
 DNA
coding ATG GCC TGG ACT TCA GGT
strand:
DNA
template TAC CGG ACC TGA AGT CCA
strand:
mRNA:
 DNA
coding GGG TGA GCT TTC CCG TTA
strand:
DNA
template CCC ACT AAG GGC AAT
strand:
mRNA:
3. Translation:
RNA to Protein
• The mRNA goes to
the ribosome and
reads the code to
produce the amino
acid chain
• The ribosome reads the
mRNA three nucleotides
at a time called codon
• Each codon is read by an
anticodon, the
complementary
sequence to codon trio
• The anticodon allows
the tRNA to deliver the
corresponding amino
acid, adding onto the
chain
• rRNA ensures that the
mRNA, tRNA and the
ribosomes are properly
aligned for protein
synthesis
• Codon = one amino acid
 DNA
coding CCC TCA ATC GAG AAA GGT
strand:
DNA
template GGG AGT TAG CTC TTT CCA
strand:
mRNA: CCC UCA AUC GAG AAA GGU
Anticodon:
Amino
Acids:
 DNA
coding ATG GCC TGG ACT TCA GGT
strand:
DNA
template TAC CGG ACC TGA AGT CCA
strand:
mRNA: AUG GCC UGG ACU UCA GGU
Anticodon:
Amino
Acids:
 DNA
coding GGG TGA GCT TTC CCG TTA
strand:
DNA
template CCC ACT AAG GGC AAT
strand:
mRNA: GGG UGA UUC CCG UUA
Anticodon:
Amino
Acids:
LEARNING
TASK
Copy and answer
the following on a
1 whole sheet of
paper.
1. ATG CTT TAG CGC TAG
2. ATG CCG GTA GTC CGT
3. ATG CCC GGA TAT GCG
 DNA
coding
strand:
DNA
template
strand:
mRNA:
tRNA:
Amino
Acids:
CHROMOSOMES
• Humans have 46
chromosomes or 23 pairs
• They are paired as one
comes from the father
(sperm cell) and the
mother (egg cell)
• The first 22 pairs are
called autosomes
and the 23 pair are
rd

the sex
chromosomes
• Two XX chromosomes
represents females,
while XY chromosomes
represents males
MUTATIONS
• Changes or alterations
in DNA sequences that
manifest on our
physical characteristics
Types of
Mutations
1. Hereditary/Germline
• Inherited from parents
• Present in almost all cells
in bodies because they
are inherited
 2. Acquired/Somatic
• Occurs because of lifestyle or
environmental factors
• Can also occur due to errors
during cell division
• Can be inherited
 A.
Chromosomal
Mutations
 1. Duplication
• An extra copy
or a gene is
repeated
 Pallister Killian syndrome
• Extra chromosome 12
 2. Inversion
• A segment is
broken off
and inverted
 Hemophilia A
• Inversion in the X chromosome
 3. Deletion
• A segment
is lost
 Cri-du-chat syndrome
• A part of chromosome 5p is
deleted
 4. Insertion
• Extra pairs
are inserted
into a new
place
 Huntington's disease
• A repeated codon is inserted in
the protein
 5. Translocation
• Part of one
chromosomes
attaches to
another
chromosome
 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
• Translocation
between
chromosomes
9 and 22
LEARNING
TASK
1. 2. 3.

4. 5.
 B. Point
Mutations
• Occur in a change in a
single nucleotide
• Can include deletions,
insertions or
substitutions of one
nucleotide in a gene
 1. Silent
• Has no effect on the protein
sequence
AGC GTA CCC TAC AGC GTT CCC TAC
Ser Val Pro Tyr Ser Val Pro Tyr
 Laron
dwarfism
 2. Missense
• Result in an amino acid
substitution
AGC GTA CCC TAC AGC GTA ACC TAC
Ser Val Pro Tyr Ser Val Thr Tyr
 3. Nonsense
• Substitutes a stop codon for
an amino acid
AGC GTA CCC TAC AGC GTA CCC TAG
Ser Val Pro Tyr Ser Val Pro STOP
Duchenne’s
Muscular
Dystrophy
LEARNING
TASK
 2.
1.

3.
C. Frameshift
Mutations
• DNA is divided into
codons
• A deletion or insertion of
one or more nucleotides
will change the reading
frame of the coding
strand
Genetic
Disorder
• Read page 289-290
about Genetic
Disorders and
complete the table
that follows.
 Genetic Disorder Mutation Symptoms
occurred
1. Cri-du-chat
syndrome
2. Down syndrome
3. Edward’s syndrome
4. Jacobsen syndrome
5. Klinefelter syndrome
6. Turner syndrome
 Cri-du-chat
• A part of
chromosome
5p is
deleted
 Down Syndrome
• Trisomy 21
• Extra copy of
chromosome
21
Edward’s Syndrome
• Trisomy 18
• Extra copy of
chromosome
18
Jacobsen Syndrome
• Terminal 11q
deletion
disorder
 Klinefelter’s
Syndrome
• XXY
• where boys and
men are born with
an extra X
chromosome
 Turner’s Syndrome
• X
• when one of the X
chromosomes is
missing or partially
missing.
Learning Task 5
1. Copy and fill in the table
2. Refer to the Genetic Code table to
identify the amino acid.
3. To determine the order of bases in the
first column (DNA), second column
(codon) and third column (anticodon),
consider the complementary base pairs in
DNA, adenine pairs with thymine and
guanine pairs with cytosine.
4. To identify the amino acid. Look at
the bases in the mRNA codon.
Example, AUG using the Genetic Code
Table. Look for the first letter of the
mRNA codon on the left side of the
genetic code table (A). The second
letter of the mRNA on the second letter
column (U) and the third letter on the
right-side column (G). AUG codes for
the amino acid methionine.
5. Do the same with the
other codons in the
chart.
 DNA –
mRNA – CAG
tRNA –
A. Central
Dogma
 Order or Order of Order of Amino acid
bases in DNA bases in bases in RNA coded into
mRNA Proteins
(codon)
TAG AUC 1. 2.

CAT 3. 4. 5.

6. GCA 7. 8.

9. CCA 10. 11.

12. 13. UAC Methionine

14. 16. Valine
15.
B. Mutation
1. How many chromosomes do normal
humans have?
2. What does the 23rd pair of
chromosomes determine?
3. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are
homologous in a normal person. Is that
“always true” for the 23rd pair of
chromosomes? Explain your answer.
 4. What is the sex of the baby on
the picture?
5. If the set of chromosomes has an
abnormality, what is the disorder
your baby has?
6. Describe the disorder of your
baby including its symptoms.