ANIMAL ORGAN SYSTEM

An organ system is a group of organs that work

together to perform a certain function in an organism's
body
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM functions of
Digestive System
Digestion
Breaking food down to molecules that the
body can absorbto nourish its cells

Absorption
Passage of the molecules into the body's
interior and their passage throughout the
body

Elimination
Removal of undigested food and wastes
 Mechanical Digestion
Principal Processes
Involved in Digestion
Biting, cutting, tearing, grinding and mashing
large bits of food into a fine mixture

Chemical Digestion
Changing of food into more soluble form
through the action of digestive enzymes
Human Digestive Part
Mouth and Pharynx
Mechanical breakdown of food

Stomach
holds the food and mixes it with acid and enzymes that
continue to break the food down into a liquid or paste.

Liver
To make and secrete bile and to process and purify the
blood containing newly absorbed nutrients that are
coming from the small intestine
Human digestive system, system used in the
human body for the process of digestion. The
human digestive system consists primarily of
the digestive tract, or the series of structures
and organs through which food and liquids
pass during their processing into forms
absorbable into the bloodstream.
Pancreas
pancreas makes pancreatic juices called
enzymes.

Small Intestine
helps to further digest food coming from
the stomach

Large Intestine
absorbs water and changes the waste from
liquid into stool.
Body Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Main source of energy

Proteins
Supply the raw materials for growth
and repair

Lipids
Reduced to fatty acids and glyceriner
Vitamins
Organic molecules that aid in the regulation of
body processes

Water
Transport of substances around the body, and
to regulate body temperature
Vertebrates Digestive
System
The vertebrates digestive system is a complete one starting
at the mouth and ends after rectum

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Monogastric Animals
Have a single stomach that secretes enzymes to
break down food into smaller particles

Avian
Digestive system has a mouth (beak), crop (for food storage), and gizzard
(for breakdown), as well as two-chambered stomach consistin of the
proventriculus which releases enzymes, and the true stomach, which finishes
the breakdown.

Ruminants
Those animals that have four (4) stomachs; they eat plants and
have symbiotic bacterialiving within their stomachsto help
digest cellulose
Pseudo-Ruminants

Similar to Ruminants, but have a three-

chambered stomachs; the symbiotic bacteria
that help them to break down cellulose is
found in the cecum, a chamber close to the
large intestine
Invertebrates Digestive
System
Invertebrates can be classified as those that use
Intracellular digeston and those with extracellular
digestion

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Intracellular Digestion
The simplest example of digestion which takes
place into gastrovascular cavity with only one
(1) opening, which serves as both a "mouth" and
an "Anus"

Extracellular Digestion
The Alimentary Canal is amore advanced
Digestive system than a gastrovascular
cavity and carries out extracellular
Digestion
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
Distribute materials to and from all regions of the body and plays a
role in regulating temperature
Parts of Circulatory System
Blood
Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues

Four (4) components of blood

1. Plasma- The matrix in which blood cells and platelets are
suspended
2. Erythrocytes- Also known as "Red Blood Cells"
3. Leukocytes- Also known as "White Blood Cells"
4. Platelets- Cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells
in the bone marrow
It distributes materials to and from
all the regions in the body and plays
Blood Vessels a role in regulating temperature. It
also gets rid of metabolic waste such
Transport blood throughout the human body ascarbon dioxide and nitrogenous
that consist of arteries, veins, and capillaries compound.
Heart
Contracts in a rhythmic pattern to pump
blood

Variety of Forms
Chambered Hearts
Tubular Heart
Aortic Arches
Two (2) Types of Circulatory System
Open Circulatory System
Pump blood into hemocoel with the blood defusing back
to the circulatory system between cells

Closed Circulatory System

Closed Circulatory system have the blood closed at all times
within vessels of different sizes and wall thickness
Blood Transportation
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
the process of removing metabolic wastes from the body
Parts of Excretory System
Urinary System
Consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra,
is responsible for eliminating the majority of metabolic wastes
(such as urea) from the body

Kidneys
Excrete the majority of metabolic waste product from the body

Excretory system assist in the

regulation of salt and water balance
while removing the toxic waste product
Excretory System
Excretory System of Others Animals
All Vertebrates have paired Kidneys

Sponges and Cnidarians do not need an excretory system since metabolic wastes diffuse from
cells into the surrounding water, but most other invertebrates use a filtration mechanism to
cleanse bodily fluid

Flatworms utilize flame cells that filter interstitial fluid within the mesoderm

Annelids, many mollusk, and crustaceans utilize a filtration system composed of metanephridia

Insects have different kinds of excretory organ that utilizes secretion rather than filtration

Many invertebrates such as flatworms use a nephridium as their excretory organ

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
carries out respiration or the process of exchanging of carbon
dioxide and oxygen between body cells, blood and the air of the
lungs
Gas Exchange Organ
Cell Membrane
single-celled organisms exchange gases directly
across their cell membrane. These animals are
rather small in size

Body Surface
Flatworms and annelids uses their outer surface as
gas exchange surfaces. While amphibians use their
skin as respiratory surfaces

Gills
Gills greatly increase the surface area for gas
exchange Respiration takes place in different
ways for different types of animals
Tracheal System
Tracheae- Tubes that carry air directly to cells
Spiracles- Opening at the body surfacethat lead o tracheae
Tracheoles- Smaller tubes from tracheae

Lungs
Ingrowths of the body wall and connect to the outside by a
series of tubes and small openings
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
Protects the body from the loss of water or abrasion from
outside
Parts of Integumentary System

Skin
It is the largest organ in human body, makes up 12-15% of

body weight and with a surface area of 1-2 meters. It main

fucntion is protection.
Epidermes
The basal part of the epidermis is

made up of cells that undergo

frequent mitosis.
Dermis
This is the innermost layer of the skin

composed of living cells. This layer

contains blood vessels, nerves, sense

receptors, hair follicles and smooth

muscle.
Subcutaneous Layer

It is found beneath the epidermis and

Dermis. It is made up of connective

tissue (mostly fat), which helps

insulate, store and protect the body

 Hair

The sebaceous gland,

capillary bed, nerve ending,

and small muscle are

Hair
associated with each hair

follicle.
Nails

This consists of highly keratinized,

modified epidermal cells and grow from an

area of rapidly dividing cells known as nail

matrix or nail.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Functions
It supports and give shape to the body.

It aids in movement by giving muscles something to

firm to work againts.

It protect vital organs such as the brain, spinal cord,

heart, and lungs.

It stores vitamins and minerals (especially calcium and

phosphorus) and houses red bone marrow, which
produces blood cells.
 Three (3) Types of Skeletal Sysems

Hydrostatic Skeletons

Hydrostatic Skeletons consist of fluid-filled

closed chambers. Internal pressures

generated by muscle contractions cause

movement as well as maintain the shape of

the animals, such as the sea anemone and

worms.

Exoskeletons
Exoskeletons are characteristics of arthropods (e.g. crabs and
spiders). Exoskeletons are hard segments that cover the
muscles and visceral organs
 Endoskeletons

Vertebrates have developed an internal and

mineralized (in most cases) endoskeleton
composed of bone and/or cartilage.
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The human skeleton forms a sturdy internal framework of 206 bones and
associated tissues (cartilage, tendons, and ligaments). Other tissues
associated with the bone are the cartilage, tendon and ligament.

Cartilage is composed of closely packed collagenous substance called

chondrin. It provides support for certain structures in adult human (bone ends,
nose, trachea, and ears).

Tendon connects muscle to bone. It transmits force which the muscle

exerts.

Ligament connects bone to bone or cartilage. It supports and strengthens

joints.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
This organ system is greatly associated with the skeletal system. The
function of this system is:

To produce movement and give shape and form to the body

To protect some vital organs from injury

To produce heat to maintain the body temperature
Joint stability
Posture
Contractility - ability to become shorter and thicker and shorter

Extensibility - ability to stretch

Elasticity - ablity to return to their original form.

Excitability - responds to stimuli

Three (3) Types of Muscles

Skeletal muscle

This type of muscle is attached to the skeleton with the tendon.

Smooth muscle

It surrounds hollow internal structures, including stomach, intestines, arteries,

and veins.

Cardiac muscle

It is found only in the walls of the heart.

 NERVOUS SYSTEM
The most important feature of the vertebrates is the well-developed brain covered by the
bony structure called skull

Neuron, also known as nerve cells, are the cells that constitute the brain, and spinal cord,
and nerves.

The connecting space between neurons is called a synapse. Neurotransmitters at the

synapse must be activated for the impulse to continue to the next neutron.
 Functions
It coordinates the bodys response to
changes in the internal and external
environments.
Nervous System of Invertebrates

Invertebrates have played an important role in discoveries about how the

nervous system works. Invertebrates are useful animals to study because
their nervous systems work the same way as that vertebrates.

Sponges are the only multicellular animals without a nervous system.

Flatworms have eyespots called "ocelli". The ocelli are sensitive to light

and are connected to the cerebral ganglia. Generally, the flarworms avoid

light.
The nervous system is characterized
by six (6) ganglia
Some snails have chemosensors called "osphradia"
in the mantle cavity.

The crab has a condensed central nervous system consisting

of several ganglia.

The lobster has a brain connected to a first ventral ganglion.

The grasshopper has a brain located between its eyes, just above the esophagus
 Insects have a compound eye containing

many different units called "ommatidia"

The octopus has the most

complicated brain of all the

invertebrates.
 a. Exocrine glands - Salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary
glands. They secrete saliva, sweat, and milk, respectively.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

b. Endocrine glands - It is a group of cells or organ that

produces secretation for use elsewhere in the body, or in a
body cavity.
Endocrine Gland
Hypothalamus - coordinates activities of the nervous and endocrine systems

and produces hormones to regulate the pituitary gland.

Pituitary - produces hormones that direct the activities of other

endocrine glands.

Thyroid - produces hormones that regulate metabolism and

development.

Parathyroid - helps maintain appropriate calcium levels.

Thymus - involved with immune development
during childhood.

Adrenal - regulates the bodys stress response (epinephrine,

norepinephrine, cortisol, aldosterone)

Ovary - secretes estrogen and progesterone to regulate

reproduction.

Testes - produces testosterone to control formation of

sperm and sexual behavior.
 The cells involved are white blood cells, or leukocytes, which come in two (2)
basic types that combine to seek out and destroy disease-causing organisms or
substances.

The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work
together to protect the body.
 Basic Types of Types of Leukocytes

Phagocytes
- cells that chew up invading organisms

Lymphocytes - cells that allow the body to remember and help the
body destroy them.
Organs and tissues of the Immune System
Lymph nodes
They are small, bean-shaped structures which contains lymph (the
clear fluid).

Bone marrow
The yellow tissue in the center of the bones produces white blood cells.

Spleen
It is on your left side, under your ribs and above your stomach.

Thymus
This small organ is where T-cells mature.
How Immune
System
Works???
Through a series of steps called the immune response, the

immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade

body systems and cause disease.

Antibodies also can neutralize toxins (poisonous or damaging

substances) produced by different organisms. Lastly, antibodies

can activate a group of proteins called "complement" that are also

part of the immune system. Complement assists in killing bacteria,

viruses, or infected cells.

The Immune System of Invertebrates

Circulating (free cells are the main mediators of

immunity in invertebrates, carrying out the phagocytic,
encapsulating and microbicidal responses that enable these
animals to protect themselves againstinfection without a
specific adaptive immune system.

Immunity in invertebrates
is confined to nonspecific
n

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