Lesson # 3 - BREATHING EMERGENCIES

Breathing Emergency

 is any respiratory problem that can threaten a person’s life.

 occurs when a person is having trouble breathing or cannot breathe at all.
 pathway from the mouth and nose to the lungs is called the airway.

Causes of A Breathing emergency

 Injury
 Illness
 disease.

Example of Breathing emergency

 Respiratory distress
 Respiratory arrest
 Choking

Respiratory Distress

 is a condition in which breathing becomes difficult.

 It is the most common breathing emergency.
 Respiratory distress can lead to respiratory arrest, which occurs when breathing has stopped.

Respiratory Arrest

 Occurs when breathing has stopped.

Normal breathing

 Regular, quiet and effortless.

 A person does not appear to be working hard or struggling when breathing normally.
  This means that the person is not making noise when breathing, breaths are not fast and breathing does not cause discomfort or pain.

Observing

Listening to the person’s breathing and actions.

Asking the person how he or she feels.

Adequate Breathing

 May be determined by observing rate, rhythm & quality

✓ 12 to 20 breaths / minute for Adult

✓ 15 to 30 breaths/ per minute for Child

✓ 25 to 50 breaths/ per minute Infant

✓ Rhythm usually regular

✓ Breath sounds normally present and equal

Asthma

 The inflammation of the air passages that results in a temporary narrowing of the airways that carry oxygen to the lungs.
 Triggered by excessive exercise, cold air, allergens or other irritants, causes the airway to swell and narrow.

WHEEZING
  Having a hoarse whistling sound that he or she makes while exhaling.

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

 COPD causes a person to have trouble breathing because of damage to the lungs.
 The lungs lose their ability to fill with air because the air sac is partly blocked.

Causes of COPD

 Cigarette
 Pollution
 Dust
 Asbestos
 Chemicals

EMPHYSEMA

 Emphysema is a type of COPD.

 Emphysema is a disease that involves damage to the air sacs in the lungs.
 It is a chronic (long-lasting or frequently recurring) disease that worsens over time.
 The most common signal of emphysema is shortness of breath.
 Exhaling is extremely difficult.

BRONCHITIS

 is an inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs.

 It can be acute (short- lasting) or chronic.

Chronic bronchitis

 is a type of COPD.
 Chronic bronchitis is a type of COPD. Must have a cough with mucus on most days of the month for at least 3 months.

Acute bronchitis
  is not a type of COPD;
 it develops after a person has had a viral respiratory infection.

Hyperventilation

 often results from fear or anxiety and usually occurs in people who are tense and nervous.
 A person’s breathing is faster and more shallow than normal. When this happens, the body does not take in enough oxygen to meet its demands.
 Feel as if they cannot get enough air.
 Afraid and anxious or seem confused.
 Feel dizzy Fingers and toes feel numb and tingly.
 Fear or anxiety
 Tense and nervous.
 Hyperventilation is the body’s way of compensating when there is a lack of enough oxygen.

ALLERGIC REACTIONS

 The response of the immune system to a foreign substance that enters the body.
 Brings Breathing problems

Appearance

 Rash
 Thingness in the chest and throat
 Life threatening

Common Allergens

 bee or insect venom,

 antibiotics,
 pollen
 animal dander,
 Sulfa (Sulfonamides)
 some foods such as nuts, peanuts, shellfish, strawberries and coconut oils.
  Anaphylaxis a severe allergic reaction that can cause a condition also known as anaphylactic shock.
 Look for any medical identification (ID) tag, bracelet or necklace.

Croup

 A harsh, repetitive cough that most commonly affects children younger than 5 years.
 The airway constricts, limiting the passage of air, which causes the child to produce an unusual-sounding cough that can range from a high-pitched
wheeze to a barking cough.
 Croup mostly occurs during the evening and night time.
 Most children with croup can be cared for at home using mist treatment or cool air.

EPIGLOTTITIS

 The epiglottis is a piece of cartilage at the back of the tongue.

 Usually caused by infection with Hemophilus influenzae bacteria.
 The signals of epiglottitis may be similar to croup, but it is a more serious illness and can result in death if the airway is blocked completely.
 Begin with a high fever and sore throat. Other signals include drooling, difficulty swallowing, voice changes, chills, shaking and fever.
 This condition is a medical emergency.

CHOKING

 Occurs when the person’s airway is partially or completely blocked.

 The airway of the choking person is blocked by a FBAO (Foreign Body Airway Obstruction )

Causes of choking in adult

 Trying to swallow large pieces of poorly chewed food.

 Drinking alcohol before or during meals.
 Wearing dentures.
 Eating while talking excitedly or laughing, or eating too fast.
 Walking, playing or running with food or objects in the mouth.

Food is the most common responsible for children

  Round, firm food such as hot dogs and carrot sticks.
 Hard, gooey or sticky candy.
 Grapes.
 Popcorn.
 Chewing gum.
 Vitamins. other nonfood that can cause choking
 Baby powder.
 Objects from the trash including eggshells and pop-tops from beverage cans.
 Safety pins.
 Coins.
 Marbles.
 Pen and marker caps.
 Small button-type batteries.

What to do until help arrives?

1. Give 5 back blows.

2. Give 5 quick, upward abdominal thrusts.
3. Continue sets of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts
 until the Object is forced out.
 Person or Infant can cough forcefully or breathe.
 Person or Infant becomes unconscious.
Lesson # 4 - SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Soft tissue injuries

 happen to children and adults of all ages.

Accidental Falls

Traumatic injuries

 The result of a wide variety of blunt, penetrating and burn mechanisms.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

MINOR SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

 Example: Scrapes, bruises and mild sunburns.

SERIOUS SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

 Example: Large cuts that require stitches and partial thickness burns.

LIFE-THREATENING SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

 Example: Stab wounds to the abdomen, lacerations that cause serious bleeding and full thickness burns.
SOFT TISSUE INJURY (STI)

 The damage of muscles, ligaments and tendons throughout the body.

 Common soft tissue injuries:
a. sprain
b. strain
 a one-off blow resulting in a contusion
 over use of a particular part of the body.

WOUNDS

 An injury to the soft tissue

 Any time the soft tissue is damaged or torn, the body is threatened.
 Severe bleeding can occur at the skin’s surface or beneath, where it is harder to detect.
 Classified as closed or open.
 Closed wound - The soft tissue damage occurs beneath the surface of the skin and leaves the outer skin layer intact.
 Contusion - The least severe type of closed wound is a bruise.

COMMON TYPES OF OPEN WOUNDS

ABRASIONS

 The most common type of open wound.

 Abrasions do not bleed much. Any bleeding that occurs comes from capillaries (tiny blood vessels)
 Other terms for an abrasion include a scrape, a rug burn, a road rash or a strawberry.
  Abrasions usually are painful because scraping of the outer skin layers exposes sensitive nerve endings

LACERATION

 A cut in the skin, which commonly is caused by a sharp object, such as a knife, scissors or broken glass.
 A laceration also can occur when a blunt force splits the skin.
 Deep lacerations may cut layers of fat and muscle, damaging both nerves and blood vessels.

AVULSION

 A serious soft tissue injury.

 It happens when a portion of the skin, and sometimes other soft tissue, is partially or completely torn away.
 This type of injury often damages deeper tissues, causing significant bleeding.
 This is known as an amputation.

PUNCTURES

 Usually occur when a pointed object, such as a nail, pierces the skin.
 Puncture wounds do not bleed much unless a blood vessel has been injured.
 If the object remains in the wound, it is called an embedded object.

PREVENTING INFECTION

Infection are Germs that enter the body through the wound.

 The area may feel warm or throb with pain.

 Some wounds discharge pus.
 Serious infections may cause a person to develop a fever and feel ill.
 Red streaks may develop that progress from the wound toward the heart. If this happens, the infected person should

CARE FOR A MAJOR OPEN WOUND

1. Use Personal Protective Equipment

2. Cover with a dressing and firmly press until the bleeding stops.
3. Apply a pressure bandage over the dressing to maintain pressure on the wound and to hold the dressing in place
 4. If blood soaks through the bandage, do not remove the blood-soaked bandages. Instead, add more dressings and bandages and apply more direct
pressure.

CONTROLLING FOR EXTERNAL BLEEDING

 Left Head – Temporal

 Full head - Carotid
 Nose - Facial
 Half Right Hand – Brachial
 Left Foot – Femoral
 1 Right Hand – Radial ulnar
 Full Right hand – Subclavian

TOURNIQUET

 is a tight band placed around an arm or leg to constrict blood vessels in order to stop blood flow to a wound.
 Last Resort

HEMOSTATIC AGENTS

 generally, are substances that speed clot formation by absorbing the excess moisture caused by the bleeding.

Forms
 Treated sponge or gauze pads
 Powder or granular forms.
NOSE BLEED

 Nosebleeds aren't usually a sign of anything serious.

 They're common, particularly in children, and most can be easily treated at home.

SPECIAL SITUATION

 Severed body parts

 Embedded objects
 Injury to the Nose
 Injury to the mouth, lip & tooth
 Injury in the chest
 Injury in the abdomen.

BURNS

 are a special type of soft tissue injury.

 are classified by depth.
 The deeper the burn, the more serious it is.

Classification of Burns

A. 1st Degree or Superficial Burn

B. 2nd Degree or Partial-Thickness Burn
C. 3rd Degree or Full -Thickness Burn

CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS BY SOURCE

1. Thermal
2. Chemical
3. Electrical
4. Radiation
  Critical burns are potentially life threatening, disabling or disfiguring.

CARE FOR BURN / TRUE OR FALSE

1. You should put butter on a burn to soothe the pain? FALSE

2. You should not remove any pieces of clothing that stick to the burned area? TRUE
3. You should put ice or ice water on a burn? FALSE
4. The first step in caring for a thermal burn is to cool the burn with large amounts of cold running water? FALSE
5. When caring for a chemical burn, you should brush off any dry chemicals before flushing with tap water? TRUE
6. If the eye is burned by a chemical, loosely cover it with a gloved hand or sterile dressing until EMS personnel take over? FALSE
7. You should have the person remove items of clothing that may be contaminated with chemicals when you care for a person with a chemical burn?
TRUE
8. If you encounter a person with an electrical burn, your first step should be to tap the person on the shoulder and shout, “Are you okay?” FALSE
9. An electrical burn can cause cardiac and respiratory emergencies? TRUE
10. 10. You should care for a radiation burn as you would for a thermal burn? TRUE

Lesson 5 - Injuries to Muscles Bones and Joints

Muscles and Bones Injuries

 Painful and make life difficult
 Seldom to be a life threatening.
 Can cause serious problems.
 Can cause lifelong disability, or even death

Back Ground

 The body’s skeleton is made up of bones, muscles, and the tendons and ligaments that connect them.
 They give the body shape and stability.
 Bones and muscles give the body shape and mobility. Tendons and ligaments connect to muscle and bones, giving support.
 They all work together to allow the body to move.
MUSCLES

 are soft tissues.

 The body has over 600 muscles, most of which are attached to bones by strong tissues called tendons
 ELECTRICAL IMPULSES a tiny jolt of electricity that travel through the nerves to the muscles.
 PARALYSIS are Injuries to the brain, spinal cord or nerves can affect muscle control.

BONES

 Approximately 200 bones in various sizes and shapes form the skeleton
 Hard and dense.
 Have a rich supply of blood and nerves.
 Bone injuries can bleed and usually are painful.
 Children have more flexible bones than adults; their bones break less easily.

GROWTH PLATES

 Are areas of developing cartilage near the ends of long bones

WHAT HAPPEN WHEN A PERSON GOT OLDER? - Bones weaken with age.

OSTEOPOROSIS

 the gradual weakening of bones.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

1. SUPPORT - Bones, the “steel girders” and “reinforced concrete” of the body, form the internal framework that supports the body and cradle its
soft organs;
2. PROTECTION - Bones protect soft body organs;
3. MOVEMENT - Skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts.
 4. STORAGE - Fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones; bone itself serves as a storehouse for minerals, the most important of which are calcium
and phosphorus;
5. BLOOD CELL FORMATION - Blood cell formation, or hematopoiesis, occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones.

TYPES OF BONES

1. COMPACT BONE is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous.

2. SPONGY BONE is composed of long, needle-like pieces of bone and lots of open space.

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

•LONG BONES - Long bones are typically longer than they are wide; as a rule, they have a shaft with heads at both ends, and are mostly compact bone.

•SHORT BONES - Short bones are generally cube-shaped and mostly contains spongy bone; sesamoid bones, which form within tendons, are a special
type of short bone.

•FLAT BONES - Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved; they have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone
between them.

•IRREGULAR BONES - Bones that do not fit one of the preceding categories are called irregular bones.

JOINTS

 The ends of two or more bones coming together at one place.

 Joints also called as ARTICULATIONS.

2 functions:
  hold the bones together securely,
 give the rigid skeleton mobility.

LIGAMENTS - Strong, tough bands that hold the bones at a joint together.

TYPES OF INJURIES

The four basic types of injuries to muscles, bones and joints are fractures, dislocations, sprains and strains.

FRACTURES

 A complete break, a chip or a crack in a bone.

 OPEN FRACTURE - involves an open wound. It occurs when the end of a bone tears through the skin.
 CLOSED FRACTURES - are more common and skin is not broken.

DISLOCATIONS

 The movement of a bone at a joint away from its normal.

 When a bone is moved out of place, the joint no longer functions.
 The displaced end of the bone often forms a bump, a ridge or a hollow that does not normally exist.

SPRAINS

 The tearing of ligaments at a joint.

 Mild sprains may swell but usually heal quickly.
 Severe sprain also can involve a fracture or dislocation of the bones at the joint.
STRAINS

 The stretching and tearing of muscles or tendons.

 Strains often are caused by lifting something heavy or working a muscle too hard.
 Some strains can reoccur, especially in the neck and back.

WHAT TO DO UNTIL HELP ARRIVES?

 Rest - Do not move or straighten the injured area.

 Immobilize - Stabilize the injured area in the position it was found.
 Cold - Fill a plastic bag with ice and water or wrap ice with a damp cloth and apply ice to the injured area for periods of about 10 minutes.
 Elevate - Elevate the injured part only if it does not cause more pain.

SPLINTING AN INJURY

 SPLINTING is a method of immobilizing an injured part to minimize movement and prevent further injury
 Splint an injury in the position in which you find it.
 Splinting materials should be soft or padded for comfort.
 Check for circulation (feeling, warmth and color) before and after splinting to make sure that the splint is not too tight.

METHODS OF SPLINTING

 Anatomic splints
 Soft splints
 Rigid splints
 The ground

CONCUSSION

 A Concussion is a type of brain injury that involves a temporary loss of brain function resulting from a blow to the head.

PELVIC INJURIES
  The large, heavy bones of the hip make up the pelvis.
 Like the chest, injury to the pelvic bones can range from simple to life threatening.

TRIAGE

 Came from French word, "trier" means "To Sort"

 A SORTING PROCESS that when applied creates a situation that allows for "doing the greatest good for the greatest number"
 Triage is not to be considered with finality
 the 1st stage in establishing order in casualty management sorting of a large number of injured personnel.
 sets the stage for treatment and eventuates in transport of the injured.

TRIAGE CATEGORIES CHANGE BASED UPON THE FF:

• Number of injured
• Available resources
• Nature and extent of injuries(s)
• State of hostile threat

CATEGORIES

1. Immediate
• Threat to life/limb
• A lightly injured is immediate if he can be returned to duty with immediate simple management
2. Urgent

3. Delayed
•Patient is at risk if treatment or transportation is delayed unreasonably

4. Minor
• No risk to life or consequence if more definitive care is not rendered quickly

5. Dead
• No chance of surviving
 • No vital signs/ no life

START - TRIAGE TECHNIQUE

(Simple treat, Triage And Rapid Transport)

TAGGING

• Complements Triage
• Rapid Identification of patient
• Color Coded / Bar Coded system
• Plastic “bands” can substitute tags

Red – Immediate Care

Yellow – Delay Care

Green – Walking wounded

Black – Dead

START SYSTEM

• Created in the 1980’s by Hoag Hospital and the Newport Beach CA Fire Department
• Allows rapid assessment of victims
• It should not take more than 15 sec/ Pt
• Once victim is in treatment area more detailed assessment should be made

Classification is based on three items

 • Respiratory
• Perfusión
• Mental status evaluation

RECOGNIZING AN EMERGENCY
An emergency can happen to anyone
Recognize an emergency by STAYING ALERT
STAYING ALERT
Use all your senses when observing others in and around the water.
Keep in mind that the signals of an emergency might be what you do not see or hear.
They spend their energy just trying to keep their heads above water to get a breath.
The more alert you are, the faster you can respond to an emergency and potentially save a life.
IDENTIFYING WHEN A PERSON NEEDS HELP
A person who needs help may be drowning, or he may be swimming but in distress. It is essential to identify what is going on so you can respond
appropriately.
TYPES OF DROWNING VICTIM
Active drowning victim is in a vertical position but unable to move forward or tread water.
Passive drowning victim is not moving and will be floating face-down on the bottom or near the surface of the water.
SWIMMER IN DISTRESS May be too tired to get to shore, the side of the pool or a boat, but is still afloat and able to breathe.
• May be calling for help and/or floating, treading water or clinging to a line for support.
• Someone who is trying to swim but making little or no forward progress may be in distress.
CHAIN OF DROWNING SURVIVAL: Recognize, Rescue, Call, Begin, Use,
RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENCY
CHECK
Decide to act
CALL
Call emergency medical services (EMS) personnel for help.
CARE
Give assistance consistent with your knowledge and training until EMS personnel arrive and take over.
DECIDE TO ACT
CHECK THE SCENE
Be on the lookout for other victims, and for signals that the scene is unsafe.
Look for clues as to what happened.
Look for bystanders who may be able to help you.
Never rush into a dangerous situation, or you risk becoming a victim yourself.
CHECK THE PERSON
If the victim is out of the water
Help the victim get out of the water
Stay safe
Do not enter the water unless you are trained to do so.
Determine and Check for Dangers
Look for any other victims.
Look for bystanders who can help give first aid or call for help.
CALL FOR HELP
WHEN TO CALL EMS?
Any drowning or nonfatal submersion (near drowning) situation.
Injury to the head, neck or back.
Trouble breathing.
Persistent chest or abdominal pain or pressure
Unconsciousness.
Severe bleeding, vomiting blood or passing blood.
Seizure, severe headache or slurred speech.
Poisoning.
Possible broken bones.
Multiple injuries
HOW TO CALL EMS?
The location of the emergency (exact address, city or town, nearby intersections or landmarks, name of the facility).
The telephone number of the phone being used.
The caller’s name
What happened.
The number of victims.
The type of help being given so far
CARE (GIVING ASSISTANCE)
Give care according to the conditions that you find and your level of knowledge and training.
Learn LIFE SAVING SKILLS
Make the person comfortable until EMS personnel arrive and take over.
BASIC WATER RESCUE
Helping Yourself in an Aquatic Emergency
Cramping or fatigue
Boating accident
Mechanical malfunction or rough water can cause the craft to capsize tossing its occupants into the water.
Self-Rescue Muscle Cramps SELF- RESCUE MUSCLE CRAMPS
Muscle cramps
- Can occur when muscles become tired or cold from swimming or other activity.
- A cramp is an involuntary muscle contraction, usually in the arm, foot or calf.
Muscle cramp in shallow water
Try to relax the muscle by stopping the activity and begin floating or changing the swimming stroke.
Change the position of the limb to stretch the cramped muscle and massage the area to help relieve the cramp.
Muscle cramp in deep water
Take a deep breath, roll forward face-down and float.
Extend the leg and flex the ankle or toes.
Massage the cramp.
Abdominal cramps, although rare, can happen if a person is tired and cold.
SELF RESCUE WITH CLOTHES
Once filled with air, articles of clothing such as a shirt, jacket or pants can aid floating.
If shoes are light enough to allow swimming comfortably, leave them on.
But if your shoes are too heavy or if you intend to use your pants as a flotation device, assume a jellyfish float position and remove them.
METHODS FOR SELF RESCUE WITH CLOTHES
 • Shirt or Jacket: Blowing Air Method
• Shirt or Jacket: Striking Air Method
• Pants: Striking Air Method
SELF RESCUE IN WARM WATER
Decide to Swim or Float
Long distance swimming is the LAST RESORT.
Use survival Swimming Stroke to conserve energy
If it is not possible to reach safety and you must wait for help, use survival floating alone.
SELF RESCUE IN COLD WATER
Float to Survive
Consider swimming ability and body insulation
50oC (10oF) Only attempt to swim if you can reach the shore in a few strokes.
Do not to underestimate the distance to shore.
Use a stroke with an underwater arm recovery to help maintain heat.
HELP AND HUDDLE POSITION
The HELP and the huddle positions can increase the chances of survival when floating in cold water by reducing the amount of body surface area that is
directly exposed.
SELF-RESCUE: FALLING INTO MOVING WATER
Do not stand up
Float downstream on your back feet first to fend off obstacles and avoid entrapment of your feet and legs.
Use your arms to back-paddle to slow down and steer out of the main current.
Swim or wade toward the shore when you are out of the main current, or as soon as it is safe to do so.
SELF RESCUE: SINKING VEHICLE
Stay calm and know what to do.
Value Time (30 seconds to 2minutes)
Leave and unfasten your seatbelt
Open or break the window.
 Exit through the window as soon as you have opened or broken it.

BASIC WATER RESCUE:

Helping Others in an Aquatic Emergency
Safety Water Basic Water Rescue Principle: Reach, Throw, Row, Go
Reaching Assists REACHING ASSISTS
If the person is close enough, use a reaching assist to help him or her out of the water.
To do a reaching assist, use any available object that will extend your reach and give something for the person to grab so you can pull the person in.
REACHING ASSIST WITH EQUIPMENT
Brace yourself
Extend the object
Tell person to grasps the object
Slowly and carefully pull the person to safety.
REACHING ASSIST WIHOUT EQUIPMENT
1. Brace yourself on the pool deck or pier surface.
2. Extend your arm and grasp the person.
3. Pull the person to safety
REACHING ASSIST W/OUT EQUIPMENT FROM A POSITION IN THE WATER
1. Hold onto a secure object (such as a pool ladder, gutter or piling) with one hand.
2. Extend a free hand or one leg to the person.
3. Pull the person to safety
THROWING ASSIST
A throwing assist involves throwing an object that the person can grasp so you can pull him or her to safety.
STEPS
• Position
• Aim
• Grasp
• Tell
• Pull
Types of Throws
• Overhead/ Football Throw
• Side Throw
• Under Hand Throw
WADING ASSISTS
If a throwing assist does not work and the water is shallow enough for wading (that is, less than chest deep).
A wading assist involves wading into the water and using a reaching assist to help pull the person to safety.
SLOPED ENTRY ASSISTS
Sloped entry assists are used to remove a person from the water in areas where there is a gently sloping entry and exit point.
Example: Walking Assist, Beach Drag: One and Two Responders
MANUAL IN-LINE STABILIZATION
Manual in-line stabilization technique support the person at the hips and shoulders to keep the face out of the water and minimize movement of
the head, neck and spine.
 • Hips and shoulders
• Head Splint
• Head Splint: Face-Up Victim
• Head Splint: Face-Down Victim
TWO-PERSON REMOVAL FROM THE WATER USING A BACKBOARD
BACKBOARD is the standard piece of equipment used by lifeguards to remove a person from the water when the person is unable to exit the water on his
or her own or when the person has a possible injury to the head, neck or spine. Parts are Head Immobilizer, Strap, Back board or Spine Board.
MANUAL IN-LINE STABILIZATION
Manual in-line stabilization is a technique used to minimize movement of a person’s head, neck and spine when a head, neck or spinal injury is present or
suspected.
Recognizing Head, Neck and Spinal Injuries
• Entering head-first into shallow water
• Falling from greater than standing height
• Entering the water from a height, such as a diving board, waterslide, embankment, cliff or tower
• Striking a submerged or floating object
• Receiving a blow to the head
• Colliding with another swimmer
• Striking the water with high impact, such as falling while water skiing or surfing
HIP AND SHOULDER SUPPORT
This technique supports the person at the hips and shoulders to keep the face out of the water and minimize movement of the head, neck and
spine.
Use it for a person who is face- up.
HEAD SPLINT
This manual in-line stabilization technique provides better stabilization than the hip and shoulder support.
Use it for a person who is face-up or face-down.

SUMMARY
 Know how to recognize and respond to an aquatic emergency.
 Learn the basic skills for self-rescue and for helping someone who is in trouble in the water.
 Preventing aquatic emergencies.