COURSE OUTLINE – Fund Math

Topics Subtopic Week

Review of Polynomials 1

Addition of Polynomials 2

Subtraction of Polynomials 3

Multiplication of Polynomials 4-5

1.0
Division of Polynomials
POLYNOMIALS
- Simplify Method
6-8
- Long Division Method
Quiz 1 / Quiz 2 3 / 5

Test 1 8

Assignment 1 8
 COURSE OUTLINE – Fund Math
Topics Subtopic Week
Introduction to Matrices
- Notation and Dimension 9
- Types of Matrices

Algebra of Matrices
10
- Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
- Multiplication of Matrices
11-13
2.0 Inversed Matrix
MATRICES - Matrix Determinants 14-15
- Cramer’s Rule 16-17
Quiz 3 13

Test 2 18

Assignment 2 18
POLYNOMIALS
by Pn. Mariam Binti Mohamed
POLYNOMIALS
• Review of Polynomials
• Addition of Polynomials
• Subtraction of Polynomials
• Multiplication of Polynomials
• Division of Polynomials
Review of Polynomials
• an expression consisting of constants, variables and
exponents
▪ constants : 5, 4 and -8
▪ variables : b, r and a
5𝑏𝑟 2 + 4𝑎4 − 8
▪ exponents : 2 and 4
(must single digit and ≥ 0)

• have one or more terms

• involves only the operations
Review of Polynomials
• an expression consisting of constants, variables and
exponents
5𝑏𝑟 2 + 4𝑎4 − 8
• have one or more terms
▪ like terms
(have same variable)
▪ not like terms
Like terms Not like terms
• involves only the operations 7𝑎 + 𝑎 − 2𝑎 + 𝜋𝑎 2𝑑 + 2𝑑 3 − 2𝑑𝑐
𝑓 − 3𝑓 𝑗 − 6𝑘
−6 2 1
𝑔 + 4𝑔
5 𝑘
Review of Polynomials
• an expression consisting of constants, variables and exponents
▪ constants : 5, 4 and -8
▪ variables : b, r and a
A Polynomial Not Polynomials
▪ exponents : 2 and 4
(must single digit and ≥ 0) 3𝑎 5𝑓𝑔−2

• have one or more terms 𝑓−3 3

𝑓−3
• involves only the operations 1
−6 2
▪ addition + 5
𝑔 + 4𝑎
𝑘
▪ subtraction −
15 𝑝
▪ multiplication 
▪ division 
(not division by a variable )
Addition of Polynomials
STEPS :
Example 2.3:
1. Define like terms Given polynomials 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5, 𝑔 𝑥 =
2. Form a table ( number of column 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 4 and ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 , find in the
refers to number of like terms) simplest form each of the polynomials.
3. Fill up the table (refer questions) a. 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 b. 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 + ℎ 𝑥
4. Add or subtract each like term
5. Write answer
Solution
a.
+3 +2 −4 +5 𝑓 𝑥

+2 +3 −4 𝑔 𝑥

+5 +2 −1 +1

***Please do try @ use other method ∴ 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 5𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1

Subtraction of Polynomials
STEPS : Example 2.3:
1. Define like terms Given polynomials 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5, 𝑔 𝑥 =
2. Form a table ( number of column 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 4 and ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 , find in the
refers to number of like terms) simplest form each of the polynomials.
3. Fill up the table (refer questions)
a. 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 b. 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 + ℎ 𝑥
4. Add or subtract each like term
5. Write answer
Solution
b.

𝑓 𝑥
+3 +2 −4 +5
𝑔 𝑥
+2 +3 −4

+1 +2 −7 +9
ℎ 𝑥
+1 −3 +2

+1 −2 +4 −7 +9

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 9
***Please do try @ use other method
Multiplication of Polynomials
𝟏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 × 𝟏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎
HINT :
• number × number
• variable × variable
2𝑥𝑦 4𝑦 = 8𝑥𝑦 2

𝟏 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 × 𝟐 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 or vise versa

HINT :
• multiply each term of one
polynomial by each term of the 2𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑥 = 2𝑥 +𝑥 + 2𝑥 +3𝑦𝑥
other polynomial (number × = 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦
number and variable × variable)

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3𝑦 = 3𝑦 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 3𝑦 +𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 −𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦

***Please do try @ use other method

Multiplication of Polynomials
𝟐 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 × 𝟐 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔
HINT :
• multiply each term of one
polynomial by each term of the
other polynomial (number ×
2𝑥 + 3 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑎 = 2𝑥 +𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑥 −𝑎 + 3 +𝑥𝑧 + 3 −𝑎
number and variable × variable)
= 2𝑥 2 𝑧 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑧 − 3𝑎
• add those answer together and
simplify if needed

𝟐 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 × 𝟑 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 or vise versa

HINT :
• multiply each term of one
polynomial by each term of the
𝑥 + 𝑎 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5
other polynomial (number ×
number and variable × variable)
• add those answer together and
simplify if needed
= 𝑥 +2𝑥 + 𝑥 +3𝑦 + 𝑥 −5 + 𝑎 +2𝑥 + 𝑎 +3𝑦 + 𝑎 −5
= 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑎𝑦 − 5𝑎
***Please do try @ use other method
Multiplication of Polynomials
HINT : Example 2.4:
• multiply each term of one
polynomial by each term of the
Given two polynomials 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 − 1 and
other polynomial (number × g 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3 , find in the simplest form
number and variable × variable) for each of the polynomials.
• add those answer together and a. 2 𝑓 𝑥 b. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
simplify if needed
Solution:
a. 2 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 − 1
= 6𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 − 2

b. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
= 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 − 1 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3
= 3𝑥 4 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3 + 𝑥 2 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3
−1 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3
= 6𝑥 7 + 12𝑥 6 + 9𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3
−4𝑥 2 − 3
= 6𝑥 7 + 12𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 5 + 13𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3

***Please do try @ use other method

Division of Polynomials
DIVISION
HINT : 2 1
• divide a polynomial by splitting it 6𝑎 − 3 6𝑎 3
at the ‘+’ and ‘-’ signs. 3
= − = 2𝑎 − 1
3 3
1 1

HINT : 3 4
• divide a polynomial by splitting it 9𝑏2 + 12𝑏 + 1 b9𝑏 2 12𝑏 1 1
at the ‘+’ and ‘-’ signs. = + + = 3𝑏 + 4 +
3𝑏 3𝑏 3𝑏 3𝑏 3𝑏
1 1

HINT :
• rearrange the top polynomial 1
2
• divide a polynomial by splitting it
2𝑐 + 2𝑐 2𝑐 𝑐 + 1
= = 2𝑐
at the ‘+’ and ‘-’ signs. 𝑐+1 𝑐+1
1

HINT :
• cannot rearrange the top
𝑓 2 + 2𝑓 − 7
polynomial = LONG DIVISION METHOD
• cannot divide a polynomial 𝑓−2
directly
Division of Polynomials
LONG DIVISION METHOD
𝑓 2 + 2𝑓 − 7
𝑁𝑈𝑀𝐸𝑅𝐴𝑇𝑂𝑅
𝑓−2
𝐷𝐸𝑁𝑂𝑀𝐼𝑁𝐴𝑇𝑂𝑅
QUOTIENT
𝑓−2 𝑓 2 + 2𝑓 − 7

___________
REMINDER

In general, a polynomial 𝐹 𝑥 divided by a polynomial 𝐷 𝑥 can be written as

𝐹 𝑥 𝑅 𝑥
𝐷 𝑥
=𝑄 𝑥 +𝐷 𝑥
where ;
𝐷 𝑥 - Divisor
Q 𝑥 - Quotient
R 𝑥 - Remainder

Note that degree of D 𝑥 ≤ degree of 𝐹 𝑥 and degree of R 𝑥 < degree of D 𝑥

Division of Polynomials
LONG DIVISION METHOD
STEPS : Example 2.5:
• divide the first term of the
numerator by the first term of the
Find the quotient and the remainder when the
denominator, and put that in the polynomial 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 6 is divided by 𝑥 − 1.
answer
• multiply the denominator by that Solution: 𝑥2 +
answer, put that below the 𝑥 −3
numerator 𝑥−1
• subtract to create a new 𝑥3 − 4𝑥 + 6
polynomial
3 2
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6
𝑥2 − 𝑥
− 3𝑥 + 6
− 3𝑥 + 3
3
Divisor : 𝑥−1
Quotient : 2
𝑥 +𝑥 −3
Remainder : 3

𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 6 3
∴ = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 3 +
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
Division of Polynomials
LONG DIVISION METHOD
STEPS : Example 2.5:
• divide the first term of the
numerator by the first term of the
Find the quotient and the remainder when the
denominator, and put that in the polynomial 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 6 is divided by 𝑥 − 1.
answer
• multiply the denominator by that Solution: 𝑥2 +
answer, put that below the 𝑥 −3
numerator 𝑥−1
• subtract to create a new 𝑥3 − 4𝑥 + 6
polynomial
3 2
𝑥 −𝑥
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6
𝑥2 − 𝑥
− 3𝑥 + 6
− 3𝑥 + 3
3
Divisor : 𝑥−1
Quotient : 2
𝑥 +𝑥 −3
Remainder : 3

𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 6 3
∴ = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 3 +
𝑥−1 𝑥−1