– AI IA1 QB Answers –

Q.1 For the following agents, develop a PEAS description of the task environment.
Ans.

Q.3 Give state space representation for the water jug problem.
Ans.

Q.5 List and explain the components of AI.

Ans.

AI is a vast field of research and it has got applications in almost all possible domains. By
keeping this in mind, research in AI has focussed mainly on the following components of AI:
1. Learning
2. Reasoning
3. Problem-Solving
4. Perception
5. Knowledge representation
6. Language understanding

Learning:
Learning is a very essential part of AI and it happens in a number of different forms. The
simplest form of learning is by trial and error. In this form, the program remembers the section
that has given the desired output and discards the other trial actions, and learns by itself.

Reasoning:
Reasoning is also called logic or generating judgments from a given set of facts. The reasoning
is carried out based on a strict rule of validity to perform a specified task. Reasoning can be of
two types, deductive and inductive.
Deductive reasoning is in which the truth of the premise guarantees the truth of the conclusion
while, in the case of inductive reasoning, the truth of the premises supports the conclusion but it
cannot be fully dependent on the premises. In programming logic generally, deductive
inferences are used. Reasoning involves drawing inferences that are relevant to the given
problem or situation.

Problem-Solving:
AI addresses a huge variety of problems. For example, finding out winning moves on the board
games, planning actions in order to achieve the defined task, identifying various objects from
given images, etc. Problem-solving methods are mainly divided into two types special-purpose
and general-purpose methods. General purpose methods are applicable to a wide range of
problems one used in AI is means-end analysis, which involves the step-by-step reduction of
the difference between the current state and the goal state. Special-purpose methods are
customized to solve a particular type of problem.
Perception:
In order to work in the environment, intelligent agents need to scan the environment and the
various objects in it by means of different sense organs, real or artificial. The agent scans the
environment using sense organs like a camera, temperature sensor, etc. This is called
perception. After capturing various scenes, the perceiver analyses the different objects in it and
extracts their features and relationships among them.

Knowledge Representation:
The information obtained from the environment through sensors may not be in the format
required by the system. Hence, it needs to be represented in standard formats for further
processing like learning various patterns, deducing inference, comparing with past objects, etc.
There are various knowledge representation techniques like Prepositional logic and First-order
logic.

Language Understanding:
Natural Language Processing, involves machines or robots understanding and processing the
language that human speaks, and inferring knowledge from the speech input. It also involves
the active participation from a machine in the form of dialog i.e. NLP aims at the text or verbal
output from the machine or robot. The input and output of an NLP system can be spoken and
written text respectively.

Q.6 Explain different approaches to AI

Ans.

Q.7 Define Agent. List types of agents

Ans.

In artificial intelligence, an agent is a program or system that is capable of perceiving its

environment, making decisions or taking actions to achieve a goal, and learning from
experience to improve its performance over time. The concept of an agent is central to the field
of artificial intelligence, as it provides a framework for building intelligent systems that can
interact with and adapt to their environment.
Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of perceived intelligence and
capability :

1. Simple Reflex Agents

2. Model-Based Reflex Agents
3. Goal-Based Agents
4. Utility-Based Agents
5. Learning Agent
Q.8 Explain the Properties of Environment.
Ans.

Q.9 Explain Depth Limited Search with a suitable example

Ans.

A Depth-limited search algorithm is similar to a Depth-first search with a predetermined limit.

Depth-limited search can solve the drawback of the infinite path in the Depth-first search. In this
algorithm, the node at the depth limit will treat as if it has no successor nodes further.

Depth-limited search can be terminated with two Conditions of failure:

● Standard failure value: It indicates that the problem does not have any solution.
● Cutoff failure value: It defines no solution for the problem within a given depth limit.

Eg:

– Any small DLS example with steps–

Q.10 Compare Model-based Agent with Utility-based Agent
Ans.
Q.11 Explain Learning agent
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A learning agent in AI is the type of agent that can learn from its past experiences or it has
learning capabilities. It starts to act with basic knowledge and then is able to act and adapt
automatically through learning.
A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:

1. Learning Element:
- It is responsible for making improvements by learning from the environment

2. Critic:
- The learning element takes feedback from critics which describes how well the
agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance standard.

3. Performance Element:
- It is responsible for selecting external action

4. Problem Generator:
- This component is responsible for suggesting actions that will lead to new and
informative experiences.

–Learning Agent Diagram–

Q.12 Explain Goal-based agent

Ans.

A Goal-Based reflex agent has a goal and a strategy to reach that goal. All actions are taken to
reach this goal.
More precisely, from a set of possible actions, it selects the one that improves the progress
toward the goal
The goal-based agent has an agenda. Unlike a simple reflex agent that makes decisions based
solely on the current environment, a goal-based agent is capable of thinking beyond the present
moment to decide the best course of action to achieve the goal.
These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions, before deciding
whether the goal is achieved or not.
A goal-based agent uses searching and planning to act in the most efficient solution to chive the
goal.
Q.17 Define Agent and Rational Agent. Draw a simple agent environment.
Ans.

In artificial intelligence, an agent is a program or system that is capable of perceiving its

environment, making decisions or taking actions to achieve a goal, and learning from
experience to improve its performance over time. The concept of an agent is central to the field
of artificial intelligence, as it provides a framework for building intelligent systems that can
interact with and adapt to their environment.

Rational Agent:
A rational Agent in AI is an agent which has a clear preference, models uncertainty, and acts in
a way to maximize its performance measure with all possible actions. AI is about creating
Rational Agents to use for some theory for various real-world phenomena.

Simple Agent Environment Design: