A2 Chemistry 9701

IONIC EQUILIBRIA (Partition coefficient) Worksheet # 04

Q1. (a) A number of analytical and separation techniques rely on substances having different
partition coefficients.

State what is meant by the term partition coefficient.

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(b) The partition coeffi cient of X between ethoxyethane and water is 40.0.

A solution contains 4.00 g of X dissolved in 0.500 dm3 of water.

Calculate the mass of X that can be extracted from this aqueous solution by shaking it with

(i) 0.050 dm3 of ethoxyethane,

(ii) two successive portions of 0.025 dm3 of ethoxyethane.

[4]

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A2 Chemistry / Topic: Ionic Equilibria / Worksheet # 04 / partition coefficient
Q2. (a) Explain what is meant by the term partition coefficient.

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............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) When 20 cm3 of ethoxyethane were shaken with 75 cm3 of an aqueous solution containing
5.00 g of an organic compound, J, in 75 cm3 of water, it was found that 2.14 g of J were extracted
into the ethoxyethane.

Calculate the partition coefficient, Kpartition, of J between ethoxyethane and water.

Kpartition = ........................... [2]

(c) In a new experiment

 10 cm3 of ethoxyethane were shaken with 75 cm3 of an aqueous solution containing 5.00 g
of J and the layers were separated.
 The aqueous layer was shaken with a second 10 cm3 portion of ethoxyethane and the layers
were separated.
 The two organic layers were combined.

Use the value of Kpartition you calculated in (b) to calculate the total mass of J extracted by this
procedure.

total mass of J = .......................... [2]

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A2 Chemistry / Topic: Ionic Equilibria / Worksheet # 04 / partition coefficient
Q3. (i) Explain what is meant by a partition coefficient.

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(ii) The partition coefficient of a particular pesticide between hexane and water is 6.0.

A solution contains 0.0042 g of the pesticide dissolved in 25 cm3 of water. The solution is shaken
with 25 cm3 of hexane.

Calculate the mass of pesticide that will be dissolved in the hexane layer at equilibrium.

[2]

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A2 Chemistry / Topic: Ionic Equilibria / Worksheet # 04 / partition coefficient
Q4. Nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2, can be reduced to phenylamine, C6H5NH2, in acid solution in a two
step process.

C6H5NO2 + 6e– + 6H+  C6H5NH2 + 2H2O

The reducing agent normally used is granulated tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid.

In the first step, the reduction of nitrobenzene to phenylammonium chloride can be represented by
the equation shown.

2C6H5NO2 + 14HCl + 3Sn  2C6H5NH3Cl + 3SnCl4 + 4H2O

(a) When 5.0 g of nitrobenzene was reduced in this reaction, 4.2 g of phenylammonium chloride,
C6H5NH3Cl, was produced.

Calculate the percentage yield.

percentage yield of phenylammonium chloride = ........................ % [2]

(b) Following the reaction in (a), an excess of NaOH(aq) was added to liberate phenylamine from
phenylammonium chloride.

(i) Calculate the mass of phenylamine, C6H5NH2, produced when 4.20 g of phenylammonium
chloride reacts with an excess of NaOH(aq).

mass of phenylamine = ....................... g [1]

The final volume of the alkaline solution of phenylamine in (i) was 25.0 cm3. The phenylamine
was extracted by addition of 50 cm3 of dichloromethane. After the extraction, the dichloromethane
layer contained 2.68 g of phenylamine.

(ii) Use the data to calculate the partition coefficient, Kpartition, of phenylamine between
dichloromethane and water.

Kpartition = .......................... [2]

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A2 Chemistry / Topic: Ionic Equilibria / Worksheet # 04 / partition coefficient
Q5. Oleocanthal, Q,, is a natural compound found in olive oil. It has antioxidant and anti
anti-
inflammatory properties and is thought to have a protective effect against Alzheimer’s disease.

(a) Q shows optical and cis-trans

trans isomerism.

On the structure of Q above, circle the functional group that shows cis-trans
trans isomerism and
indicate with an asterisk (*) the chiral carbon atom. [1]

(b) Q can be isolated from olive oil by partitioning between two solvents.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term partition coefficient.

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............................... [2]

(ii) When 40.0 cm3 of hexane was shaken with 10.0 cm3 of a solution containing 0.25 g of Q in
10.0 cm3 of methanol, it was found that 0.060 g of Q was extracted into the hexane.

Calculate the partition coefficient,

cient, Kpartition, of Q between hexane and methanol.

Kpartition = ..........................
........................ [2]

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A2 Chemistry / Topic: Ionic Equilibria
libria / Worksheet # 04 / partition coefficient
Q6. (i) State what is meant by the term partition coefficient.

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Ammonia is soluble in both water and organic solvents.

An aqueous solution of ammonia is shaken with the immiscible organic solvent trichloromethane.
The mixture is left to reach equilibrium.

Samples are taken from each layer and titrated with dilute hydrochloric acid.

 A 25.0 cm3 sample from the trichloromethane layer requires 13.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3
HCl to reach the end-point.
 A 10.0 cm3 sample from the aqueous layer requires 12.5 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 HCl to reach
the end-point.

(ii) Calculate the partition coefficient, Kpartition, of ammonia between trichloromethane and water.

Kpartition = ........................... [2]

(iii) Butylamine, C4H9NH2, is also soluble in both water and organic solvents.

Suggest how the value of Kpartition of butylamine between trichloromethane and water would
compare to the value of Kpartition calculated in (ii). Explain your answer.

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............................................................................................................................................... [2]

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A2 Chemistry / Topic: Ionic Equilibria / Worksheet # 04 / partition coefficient
Q7. (i) Explain what is meant by the term partition coefficient, Kpartition.

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(ii) The partition coefficient of organic compound H between dichloromethane and water is 4.75.

 2.50 g of compound H was dissolved in water and made up to 100 cm3 in a volumetric flask.
 50 cm3 of this aqueous solution were shaken with 10 cm3 of dichloromethane.

Calculate the mass of compound H that was extracted into the dichloromethane.

mass of compound H extracted = ............................. g [2]

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A2 Chemistry / Topic: Ionic Equilibria / Worksheet # 04 / partition coefficient
Answer Key: Ionic Equilibria (partition coefficient) (s11-w19) Worksheet # 04

Q1. (w13/41)

(a) Ratio of concentration of a solute in each of two (immiscible) solvents or

Equilibrium constant representing the distribution of a solute between two solvents or

PC = [X]a / [Y]b (at a constant temperature) 1

(b) (i) Kpc = [Z in ether] / [Z in H2O] (allow reverse ratio) (1)

40 = (x/0.05) / ((4 – x) / 0.5) = 3.2 g (1)

(ii) First extraction:

40 = (x/0.025) / ((4 – x) / 0.5) = 2.67 g (1)

(iii) Second extraction: (1.33 g remain in the solution)

40 = (y/0.025) / ((1.33 – y) / 0.5) = 0.887 g

Mass extracted = 2.67 + 0.89 = 3.56 or 3.6 g (1) 4

Q2. (w14/43)

(a) (ratio of) the concentrations / distribution / amount / mass of solute in two
(immiscible) solvents (1)

at equilibrium OR equilibrium constant OR includes expression with K (1) 2

(b) Kpc = [J in ether]/[J in H2O] (1)

= (2.14/20)/(5 - 2.14/75) =2.81 OR 2.82 (1) 2

(c) 1st extraction: 2.81 =(x/10)/(5.0 - x)/75

2.81(5 - x) = 7.5x => x = 1.36 g (1)

2nd extraction: 2.81 =(y/10)/(3.64 - y)/75

2.81(3.64 - y) = 7.5 y => y= 0.99 g (1) 2

Q3. (s15/41)

(i) equilibrium constant (for the solution) of a solute between two (immiscible) solvents or
ratio of the concentration of the solute in (each of the) two solvents or ratio of the solubility
of the solute in (each of the) two solvents 1

(ii) x / (25 / 1000)

(0.0042 - x)/(25 / 1000) (1)

x = 0.0252 - 6x

x = 0.0036 g (1) 2

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A2 Chemistry / Topic: Ionic Equilibria / Worksheet # 04 / partition coefficient
Q4. (s16/41)

(a) (Mr values: C6H5NO2 = 123 C6H5NH3Cl = 129.5)

theoretical yield = 5.0 × 129.5/123 = 5.26 g (1)

percentage yield = 100 × 4.2/5.26 = 79.8% (80%) (1) 2

(b) (i) C6H5NH2 = 93

yield of phenylamine = 4.2 × 93/129.5 = 3.016 g 1

(ii) mass left in water = 3.016 – 2.68 = 0.336 g (1)

Kpart = (2.68/50) / (0.336/25) = 3.99 (1) 2

Q5. (w16/42)

(a)

(b)(i) ratio of the concentration of a solute in the (two immiscible) solvents / liquids (1)

at equilibrium (1) 2

(ii) Kpartition = (0.06 / 40) / (0.25 – 0.06 / 10) or

reversed ratio: Kpartition = (0.25 – 0.06 / 10) / (0.06 / 40) (1)

Kpartition = 0.079 (0.0789) or Kpartition = 12.7/13.0 (1) 2

Q6. (m18/42)

(i) (ratio of the) concentrations of a solute in two solvents / liquids at equilibrium 1

(ii) [NH3]aq = 0.1 × 12.5 / 10 = 0.125 mol dm–3

[NH3]CHCl3 = 0.1 × 13 / 25 = 0.052 mol dm–3

ratio = Kpartition = 0.052 / 0.125 = 0.416 2

(iii) Kpartition will be larger for butylamine than for ammonia

butylamine contains a hydrophobic / non

non-polar (C4) group 2

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A2 Chemistry / Topic: Ionic Equilibria
libria / Worksheet # 04 / partition coefficient
Q7. (w18/41)

(i) M1 ratio of the concentrations of solute in two (immiscible) solvents (1)

M2 at equilibrium (1) 2

(ii) Kpartition = (x/10)/(1.25 - x/50) (1)

4.75(1.25 - x) = 5x

x = 5.9375/9.75 = 0.61 g (1) correct answer scores (2) 2

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A2 Chemistry / Topic: Ionic Equilibria / Worksheet # 04 / partition coefficient