GAZI UNIVERSITY

Engineering Faculty CHEM-151 General Chemistry Laboratory

DETERMINATION OF MOLAR MASS FROM FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
Report Form

NAME-SURNAME: Mete Alp Yıldırım DATE: 28.11.2020

ID: 191132039 SECTION:1

PURPOSE: Observing the freezing point of the naphthalene when we dissolve the sulfur element that we
have added to the naphthalene that we have recorded and observed the freezing point, and to estimate
the molecular weights with these observation results.

PROCEDURE AND THEORY:

THEORY:
Some of the physical properties of solutions are independent of the nature of the solute and depend only upon
the solute amount. These properties are called “colligative properties”. Vapor pressure lowering, Boiling point
elevation, Freezing-point depression and osmotic pressure are colligative properties. Those effects introduced
above are familiar to us in our daily life. In this experiment, freezing point depression property will be used.
That’s why it is better to give examples or explanations related with this property.
Anti-freeze solution is used for lowering the freezing point of water in automobiles. (This solution is made by
mixing water and ethylene glycol or water and methanol or water and another one.) When something is added to
water, freezing point of water decreases automatically. The increasing addition amount decreases the freezing
point more. Another example is pouring salt onto the snow on the roads to prevent freezing in winter days.
When salt is added to water, the resulting solution has lower freezing point (and also higher boiling point).
Increasing the amount of salt decreases the freezing point more.

The temperature at which the solid and liquid of a substance are in equilibrium is called the melting
point of that substance. While all pure substances pass from solid state to plaster, their temperature
remains constant, their temperature continues to change after the state changes occur. There is no
temperature difference between the melting and freezing points of pure substances. However, the
melting and freezing points of impurities are different.
As the temperature of liquids increases, the average kinetic energy of molecules increases. This
situation continues until it reaches the boiling point and the temperature rise stops at the boiling point.
Because the heat taken from outside at the boiling point and used to increase the temperature will now
be used for the boiling process. Boiling liquid evaporates into gas.
 FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION: The addition of a solute to a solvent will decrease the freezing point
(temperature) of the solvent. The decrease in freezing point, ∆ Tf, when a nonvolatile, nonionizing
(nondissociating) solute is dissolved in a solvent is proportional to the molal concentration, m, of the solute
present in the solution.

ΔTf = i*Kf*m

• ΔTf is the freezing point depression,

• i is the Van’t Hoff factor,
• Kf is the cryoscopic constant, and
• m is the molality.
For naphthalene, the solvent used in this experiment, the molal freezing constant (Kf) has a value of 6.90 °C/m.

PROCEDURE:

A) Freezing Point Determination of Naphthalene

1-) Put clean paper the balance in the scale.

2-) Add 5 g of Naphthalene on the paper.

3-) Note the weight of Naphthalene with significant figure.

4-) Add this napthalane into the test tube.

5-) Close the cap of the tube.

6-) Stirring rod attach the cap.

7-) Place the thermometer in the the test tube carefully.

8-) Test tube fixed by clamp place to the water bath for heating.

9-) Remove the test tube when napthalene totally melted.

10-) Attach the test tube to the clamp.

11-) Measure the temperature for every 30 seconds until temperature reach to 70°C

B)Freezing Point Determination of Solution of Sulfur and Naphthalene

1-) 1 g of Sulfur weighted.

2-) The grams of sulfur note with significant figüre

3-) 1 gr of Sulfur add the test tube which is containing 5 g Naphthalene remaining from the first part.

4-) Close the test tube cap.

5-) Place the thermometer into the test tube.

6-) The test tube placed to the water bath for heating Naphthalene .

7-) By using stirring rod mix the ingredients.

8-) After the homogeneous solution is formed, you can remove the test tube with water bath

9-) Measure the temperature for every 30 sec until temperature reach to 70 °C
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS:
(Please support your results by showing your calculations)

1. Weight of naphtalene (solvent) W2 =5.0890 ...... g

2. Weight of sulfur (solute) W1 =1.0568 ...... g

3. Cooling Curve data for pure naphthalene and solution of sulfur in naphthalene

Time (s) Temperature (°C) (Pure Naphthalene) Temperature (°C) (Sulfur in Naphthalene)
0 82 84
30 80 80
60 79 76
90 78 74
120 78 74
150 78 74
180 78 73
210 78 72
240 76 70
270 74
300 72
330 70

4. Temperature/t graphs for naphthalene and solution of sulfur in naphthalene

Time and Temperature Graph of Pure Naphthalene

84

82

80

78
Temperature( °C )

76

74

72

70

68

66

64
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
Time(s)
 Sulfur and Naphthalene Graph
90

85

80
TEMPERATURE( °C )

75

70

65

60
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
TİME( SECOND)

5. Freezing point for pure naphthalene T1 = …78…… oC

6. Freezing point for solution T2 = …74…… oC

7. Freezing point depression ΔT = -4 o

C
8. Molality of solution m= 6.476

9. Molecular weight of sulfur MW = 353.03 g/mol

10. Molecular formula of sulfur S8

11. Percent error in MW 37.9
DISCUSSION:
In this experiment, the freezing point of naphthalene was examined when we added sulfur to
naphthalene.Then we understood with the help of graphics that when sulfur was added to pure
naphthalene, the freezing point fell 4 degrees. The reason why the freezing temperature decreases as the
amount of solute in a solution increases; It can be explained by the decrease of the distance between the
solvent molecules and the increase of the interaction. As a result of the experiment, there was a very high
percentage of error between the calculations and the result we reached theoretically. I think the result of
this is a false observation. From another point of view, we can attribute the high error rate in the
experiment to the impurity content of the naphthalene used. Also; When analyzing the freezing point, it
may be that the person conducting the experiment has received a wrong note. As a result, the experiment
was successfully observed and its logic understood.
When we consider the effects of this experiment on our daily life, we can say that it is actually a very
important experiment. For example, I understood why lakes and waterfalls with fresh water freeze in
extreme cold weather, whereas why salty seas do not freeze. I could understand that the freezing point is
lower than pure water, thanks to the salt and many minerals in the salt water.

QUESTIONS:

1) In a freezing point depression experiment, 6 g naphthalene was weighed. Naphthalene was heated until
its melting point and completely turned into liquid, then allowed to cool. Until all of the naphthalene
freezes, temperature was measured for every 30 second to plot a curve. As a result of the measurement,
it was shown that naphthalene melts at 74oC. Then 1 g of sulfur was added on naphthalene, and the
experiment was repeated. The mixture was melted at 69oC. If the freezing point depression constant (Kf)
for naphthalene is 6.8oC / m, calculate the molar mass of sulfur and find % error by mass.
S=32 g/mol (Note: A sulfur molecule has a molecular formula S8)

2) 0.1 mole of sulfur is dissolved in 50 g of pure naphthalene. What is the freezing point of the prepared
solution of naphthalene and sulfur? (for naphthalene Kf: 6.9°C/m, Tf : 85°C)

a) 71.0°C b) 78.1°C c) 71.2°C d) 64.3°C e) 98.8°C

3) In an experiment, 5 g of naphthalene is weighed into a dry, clean and wide-mouth test tube. It is heated
in a water bath until the naphthalene dissolves. As a result of the measurement, it was observed that
naphthalene froze at 72°C. Then it is seen that when 1 g X solid is added on the frozen naphthalene, the
mixture freezes at 67°C. Since the Kf value of naphthalene is 6.8°C/m, calculate the molecular mass of
X?
REFERENCES:
https://socratic.org/questions/5a25a719b72cff1f8d006523