Senior High School

General Biology 1
Quarter 2 - Module 1:
Energy Transformation

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 Module 1
Energy Transformation

What This Module is About

This module focuses on respiration and photosynthetic process as reactions

that complement each other to enable living organisms to survive. It will enhance
your understanding of major features and events involved such as important steps
in Calvin cycle, glycolysis, and Krebs cycle. At the end of this module, you will be
able to have a deeper understanding on the importance of photosynthesis and
cellular respiration to all forms of living things.
In this module, you will study the important process of energy
transformation that occurs at the cellular level of plants, animals, and microbial
cells. This reaction is intervened by the energy known as adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) using the mitochondria and the chloroplasts as the main cell organelles for
the majority of cell types.

This module has three (3) lessons:

 Lesson 1- ATP-ADP Cycle
 Lesson 2- Photosynthesis
 Lesson 3- Cellular Respiration

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role of ATP in energy
coupling and transfer.
2. Explain the importance of chlorophyll and other pigments.
3. Describe the patterns of electron flow through light reaction events.
4. Describe the significant events of the Calvin Cycle
5. Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration
6. Explain the major features and sequence of the chemical events of cellular
respiration.
7. Distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
system, and chemiosmosis.
8. Describe reactions that produce and consume ATP.
9. Describe the role of oxygen in respiration and describe pathways of electron
flow in the absence of oxygen.
10. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation and aerobic
respiration.

1
 What I Know (PRE-ASSESSMENT)

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Majority of the CO2 is released during
A. Glycolysis C. Electron transport chain
B. Citric acid cycle D. Oxidative phosphorylation

2. Cellular respiration processes that do not use O2 are called

A. Heterotrophic organism C. Aerobic respiration
B. Anaerobic respiration D. Anabolism

3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during
cellular respiration eventually combine with _______ ion to form _________.
A. another hydrogen, a gas C. an oxygen, water
B. a carbon, carbon dioxide D. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid

4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are
biochemical pathways performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
A. Nucleus B. Ribosome C. Chloroplast D. Mitochondrion

5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an

organic molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
A. Fermentation B. Reduction C. Krebs cycle D. Electron pumps

6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the

compound ________, which causes muscle soreness.
A. Pyruvic acid B. Malic acid C. Carbon dioxide D. Lactic acid

7. Each molecule of fat can release ___ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose.
A. smaller amounts C. larger amount
B. the same amount D. only twice the amount

8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, a total of

____ATPs: ____from the ETC, ____from glycolysis, and ____ from the Krebs cycle.
A. 36, 32, 2, 2 B. 38, 34, 2, 2 C. 36, 30, 2, 4 D. 38, 30, 4, 4

9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose
being
A. Reduced B. oxidized C. phosphorylated D. hydrolysed

10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
A. includes the preparatory reaction
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis
C. occurs in the mitochondria
D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis

2
Lesson
ATP – ADP Cycle
1

What I Need to Know

 Performance Standards:

Prepare simple fermentation setup using common fruits to produce wine or

vinegar via microorganisms.

 Introduction:

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency used throughout

the cell. ATP provides energy for the cell to do work, such as mechanical work,
transport substances across the membrane, and perform various chemical
reactions. ATP is composed of phosphate groups, a ribose and adenine. In the
structure of ATP, there are three phosphate groups attached to adenosine. The
last two bonds on the phosphate groups contain especially high energy and
are therefore very useful for doing work within living cells. The bonds that hold
phosphate groups are easily broken by hydrolysis which results in the release
of energy.

Fig. 1a. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) transformation

3
 What I Know

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A structure that composed of sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a chain of
3-phosphate groups.
a. ADP b. ATP c. NADH+ d. Nucleus

2. The process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups; this
happens when a water molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
a. Hydrolysis of ATP c. Oxidation
b. Phosphorylation d. Reduction

3. A separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures based on

the differences in their structure and/or composition.
a. Phosphorylation c. Hydrolysis
b. Dephosphorylation d. Chromatography

4. Are substances that absorb visible light; different pigments absorb light of
different wavelengths.
a. Chlorophyll b. Photon c. Pigments d. Light energy

5. The greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of
a plant cell.
a. Light energy b. Chlorophyll c. Photon d. Pigments

What’s In

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

 Structure composed of: sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a chain of 3
phosphate groups
 Mediates most energy coupling in cells
 Powers cellular work
 3 main kinds of work of a cell: chemical work, transport work and mechanical
work.
These are possible through energy coupling, where the cells use and exergonic
process to drive an endergonic reaction.
 chemical work: synthesis of polymers from monomers (pushing of endergonic
reactions)
 transport work: pumping of substances across membranes (against the direction
of spontaneous movement)
 mechanical work: beating of cilia, contraction of muscles
 also used to make RNA (since ATP is used as one of the nucleoside triphosphate

4
Hydrolysis of ATP
• process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups
• this happens when a water molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
• HOPO32-, abbreviated Pi (inorganic phosphate) leaves ATP
• Forming Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
• Energy is released. This comes from the chemical change of the system state of
lower free energy and NOT from the phosphate bonds.
• Hydrolysis releases so much energy because of the negative charges of the
phosphate groups. These charges are crowded together and their mutual
repulsion contributes to the instability of that region of the ATP. The energy
equivalent of the triphosphate tail of ATP is compared to a compressed spring.

Fig. 1.b. The Hydrolysis of ATP

How the Hydrolysis of ATP Perform Work

 Proof that ATP releases heat: in a test set up, the hydrolysis of ATP releases
energy in the form of heat in the surrounding water.
 Most of the time when an animal is exposed in a cold environment, the reaction
of the body is through shivering. In this reaction of the organism, shivering uses
ATP during muscle contraction to warm the body. Since it will also be a
disadvantage for organisms to generate heat during ATP hydrolysis, in order to
maintain the living conditions inside the cell, the energy released during ATP
hydrolysis is used by proteins to perform work: chemical, transport and
mechanical
 Hydrolysis of ATP leads to change in the shape of protein and in its ability to
bind to another molecule. Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylating
(ATP to ADP) promote crucial protein shape changes during important cellular
process.

5
Fig. 1.c. Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylation (ATP to ADP)

The Regeneration of ATP

 ATP is renewable. It can be regenerated by the addition of phosphate to ADP

 Catabolism (exergonic) provides the free energy to phosphorylate ADP.
 ATP formation is not spontaneous, so there is a need to use free energy for
the process to work.
 ATP cycle is the shuttling of inorganic phosphate and energy.
 It couples the cell‘s energy yielding processes (exergonic) to energy consuming
process (endergonic)
 ATP regeneration happens very fast (10M molecules of ATP used ad
regenerated per second)
 If ATP could not be regenerated by phosphorylation of ADP, HUMANS would
use nearly their body weight in ATP each day.

6
Fig. 1.d. The ATP cycle

The Importance of Chlorophyll and Other Pigments

Terminology:

Chromatography
 is a separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures
based on the differences in their structure and/or composition.

Pigments
 are substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb light of
different wavelengths.

Light, as it encounters an object, is either reflected, transmitted, or absorbed. Visible

light, with a wavelength of 380–750nm, is the segment in the entire range of
electromagnetic spectrum that is most important to life on earth. It is detected as
various colors by the human eye. The color that is not absorbed by pigments of
objects is transmitted or reflected and that is the color of the object that we see.

7
Fig. 1.e. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Pigments are the means by which plants capture sun‘s energy to be used in
photosynthesis. However, since each pigment absorbs only a narrow range of
wavelength, there is usually a need to produce several kinds of pigments of different
colors to capture more of sun‘s energy.

Chlorophyll
 is the greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the
chloroplast of a plant cell.

Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while it transmits and reflects green light.
This is why leaves appear green.

There are several kinds of chlorophyll. Among these, chlorophyll a plays the most
important role in photosynthesis. It directly participates in converting solar energy to
chemical energy.

Other pigments in the chloroplast play the part of accessory pigments. These
pigments can absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a. One of these
accessory pigments is chlorophyll b. Some carotenoids also contribute energy to
chlorophyll a. Other carotenoids, however, serve as protection for chlorophyll by
dissipating excessive energy that will otherwise be destructive to chlorophyll.

Structure of chlorophyll • Head—a flat hydrophilic head called porphyrin ring. It has
a magnesium atom at its center. Different chlorophylls differ on the side groups
attached to the porphyrin. • Tail—a lipid-soluble hydrocarbon tail.

8
How does photoexcitation of chlorophyll happen?
1. A chlorophyll molecule absorbs photon or light energy.
2. An electron of the molecule in its normal orbital, said to be in its ground state,
will be elevated to an orbital of a higher energy. The molecule is now in an
excited state. The molecule only absorbs photon that has the energy that is
equal to the energy needed for it to be able to elevate from the ground state to
the excited state.
3. The excited state is unstable. Hence, excited electrons drop back down to the
ground state immediately after, releasing energy in the form of heat and photon.
This happens in isolated chlorophyll molecules. However, chlorophyll molecule
that is found in its natural environment in the thylakoid membrane forms a
photosystem together with proteins and other organic molecules to prevent the
loss of energy from the electrons.

Fig. 1.f. The Photoexcitation of Chlorophyll

Photosystem

A photosystem is an aggregate of pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membrane

responsible for the absorption of photons and the transfer of energy and electrons. It
is composed of:

 Light-harvesting complex – is also called the ‗antenna‘ complex and is consists of

several different pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids)
bounded with proteins. When a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, energy is
passed on from one pigment molecule to another pigment molecule until the
energy reaches the reaction center.

 Reaction-center complex – is composed of a pair of chlorophyll a and a primary

electron acceptor. The primary electron acceptor is a specialized molecule that is
able to accept electrons from the pair of chlorophyll a. The pair of chlorophyll a
in the reaction-center is also specialized because they are capable of transferring
an electron to the primary electron acceptor and not just boosting the electron to
a higher energy level.

9
There are two types of photosystem:
 Photosystem II—was discovered later after the discovery of Photosystem I, but
functions first in the light reaction of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll a in the
reaction center of Photosystem II effectively absorbs light with a wavelength of
680nm and thus called P680.
 Photosystem I—was discovered first. Its reaction-center has a chlorophyll a
called P700 because it is effective in absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm.

What’s New

Visual and Listening Activity:

1. Research videos on the Forms of Energy, Transformation of Energy, Free energy

and metabolism, and ATP- structure and function.
2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to recognize and relate to
each attributes of the energy transformation.
3. Reflect on your life experiences and relate them to the lesson in the video so that
you will be able to make an analogy relating the concepts under ATP.
4. Write your answer on a bond paper.

What Is It

Q & A Activity:

1. What are the different forms of energy?

2. What are the laws of energy transformation and cite examples?
3. How does the cell go about the continuous release of heat during ATP hydrolysis?
4. Write your answers on a bond paper.

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 What’s More

Q and A Activity:

1. How do plants cope with the change in season? Give a detailed description and
explanation.
2. How do plants capture the sun‘s energy?
3. What happens to light when it hits an object?

What Have I Learned

Learning Process Activity:

Provide the best answer.

1. What wavelength of light is most important to life on earth?

2. What color/s of light does chlorophyll absorb? What color does it reflect?
3. What composes a photosystem?
4. In what part of the photosystem does the first step of light reaction take place?
5. Differentiate the two types of photosystem.

What I Can Do

Performance Activity:

1. Construct a final draft sketch on the photoexcitation of Chlorophyll.

2. Write your sketch on a bond paper.

11
 Lesson
Photosynthesis
2

What I Need to Know

Introduction:

Autotrophic organisms use the pigment chlorophyll to harvest solar energy to

produce the stored energy as chemical bonds of ATP and carbohydrates. In
eukaryotes, chlorophyll is associated with thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
Photosynthesis in eukaryotes involves three essential processes:

1. Energy absorption from sunlight via pigments during light-dependent

reaction.
2. Reactivation of reaction center.
3. Carbohydrates production by carbon fixation during dark reaction.

Fig. 2a. Chemical reaction for photosynthesis

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 What I Know

Chemical reactions for photosynthesis:

 Which groups participate in the reaction?
 Which groups are released?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6+ 6 O2

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms

1. Light reactions
2. Noncyclic electron flow
3. Cyclic electron flow
4. Plastoquinone (Pq)
5. Plastocyanin (Pc)
6. ATP
7. Photophosphorylation
8. Ferredoxin
9. NADP+
10. NADPH
11. Chemiosmosis

What’s In

During PHOTOSYNTHESIS:

 Energy from sunlight is harvested and used to drive the synthesis of glucose
from CO2 and H2O. By converting the energy of sunlight to a usable form of
potential chemical energy, photosynthesis is the ultimate source of metabolic
energy for all biological systems.

13
 Photosynthesis takes place in two distinct stages. (A) In the light reactions,
energy from sunlight drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, coupled to the
formation of O2 from H2O. (B) In the dark reactions (named because they do not
require sunlight), the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions drive
glucose synthesis.

 In eukaryotic cells, both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis occur
within chloroplasts—the light reactions in the thylakoid membrane and the dark
reactions within the stroma.

The two stages of photosynthesis:

 Light reactions – use sunlight to initiate electron transfer, thereby reducing

NADP+ to NADPH and splitting water to give off oxygen as a by-product.
 form ATP through phosphorylation
 take place in the thylakoids of the chloroplast

 Calvin Cycle—sometimes referred to as ‗dark reactions‘ because it does not

require light energy for its processes to take place
 incorporates CO2 into organic molecules through carbon fixation
 uses NADPH and ATP to produce carbohydrate from the fixed carbon
 takes place in the stroma of chloroplast
 returns ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NADP+ to the light reactions

Fig. 2.b. The Light Reactions

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Light Reactions Events

1. Light energy or photon is absorbed by a pigment molecule of the light-harvesting

complex of Photosystem II and is passed on to other pigment molecules nearby
until the energy makes it to the reaction center. In the reaction center, it is
absorbed by the P680 pair of chlorophyll a.

2. The electron in this pair of chlorophyll a is raised to an excited state and is

transferred to the primary electron acceptor. P680 loses its electron and
becomes positively charged (P680+).
3. The positively charged molecule attracts electrons from a water molecule,
resulting to the splitting up of H20 into two electrons, two hydrogen ions (H+),
and an oxygen atom with the provision of light energy. The oxygen atom
immediately combines with another oxygen atom to form an oxygen molecule (O 2)
which is then released outside the leaf through the stomata.

4. The excited electrons are then passed on from the primary electron acceptor to
the electron carrier molecules through the electron transport chain until they
reach Photosystem I. The electron carrier molecules involved here are
plastoquinone (Pq), a cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin (Pc).

5. At each transfer, the electrons release small amounts of energy. This energy is
used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. The splitting up of water
molecules results to an uneven distribution of hydrogen ions in the stroma and
the lumen. The H+ ions tries to equalize their distribution by moving from the
lumen to the stroma through the aid of a membrane protein called ATP synthase.
This is referred to as chemiosmosis. The movement of hydrogen ions through the
ATP synthase channel triggers the synthesis of ATP from ADP. The ATP contains
high-energy phosphate bonds.

6. Meanwhile, photon is also absorbed and energy is passed on from one pigment
molecule to another until the energy reaches the reaction center complex of
Photosystem I. The energy excites the electron present in the pair of P700
chlorophyll a located here. The excited electron is then transferred to a primary
electron acceptor, making the P700 positively charged and now seeking electrons
to fill up the missing ones. This is filled up by the electrons from Photosystem II
that are passed on through the electron transport chain.

7. The photo-excited electron from the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem I

enters another electron transfer chain, passing the electron to an iron-containing
protein called ferredoxin (Fd).

8. An enzyme, the NADP+ reductase, then transfers the electron to NADP+ and
stabilizes it by adding a proton (H+) to form NADPH. NADPH is then released to
the stroma and becomes part of the Calvin Cycle.

15
Cyclic Electron Flow Aside from the usual route of electron flow as described in the
events of the light reactions (i.e., noncyclic or linear electron flow), photo-excited
electrons may take a short-circuited route which utilizes Photosystem I but not
Photosystem II. The ferrodoxin goes back to the cycle and passes the electron to the
cytochrome complex and to the Pc until it reaches P700 chlorophyll instead of
transferring the electron to NADP+reductase. Due to this event, no NADPH is
produced but ATP is still synthesized.

Fig. 2.c. Cyclic Electron Flow

 also referred to as light-independent reactions or ―dark reactions‖

 takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast
 second stage of photosynthesis that is involved in the formation of sugar from
CO2 using chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH, the products of light
reactions

The Calvin Cycle

Important points to know:

 The sugar that is produced in the Calvin Cycle is not the six-carbon glucose that
we are familiar with. This is formed later on. What is produced in the Calvin
Cycle is a three-carbon sugar known as G3P or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
 The Calvin Cycle needs to ‗spin‘ three times to make one molecule of G3P from
three molecules of CO2.

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Three Phases of Calvin Cycle:
Carbon Fixation

 Carbon fixation is a process of incorporating an inorganic carbon molecule, CO 2,

into an organic material.
 In this phase, the CO2 molecule is attached to a five-carbon sugar molecule
named ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) aided by an enzyme named rubisco or RuBP
carboxylase. Rubisco is believed to be the most abundant protein in the
chloroplast and maybe on Earth.
 The resulting product, a six-carbon sugar, is extremely unstable and immediately
splits in half. The split forms two molecules of a 3-phosphoglycerate (3-carbon).

Reduction

 A phosphate group (from ATP) is then attached to each 3-phosphoglycerate by an

enzyme, forming 1,3-phosphoglycerate.
 NADPH swoops in and reduces 1,3-biphosphogycerate to G3P.
 For every six G3Ps produced by the Calvin Cycle, five are recycled to regenerate
three molecules of RuBP. Only one G3P leaves the cycle to be packaged for use
by the cell.
 It will take two molecules of G3P to make one molecule of glucose.
 The ADP and NADP+ that is formed during the Calvin Cycle will be transported
back to the thylakoid membrane and will enter the light reactions. Here, they will
be ‗recharged‘ with energy and become ATP and NADPH.

Regeneration of RuBP

 Five molecules of G3P undergo a series of complex enzymatic reactions to form

three molecules of RuBP. This costs the cell another three molecules of AT, but
also provides another set of RuBP to continue the cycle.

What happens to G3P after its release from the cycle?

 Two G3Ps can combine together to form either glucose or fructose which are
both are six-carbon sugar.
 Glucose and fructose can be combined to form sucrose.
 Glucose can be connected in chains to form starch.
 G3Ps can also be used in lipid and protein synthesis.

The cost of making carbohydrate:

To make one molecule of G3P, the chloroplast needs:
 3 molecules of CO2
 9 molecules of ATP
 6 molecules of NADPH

17
 What’s New

Visual and Listening Activity:

1. You can draw pictures of photosynthesis in a bond paper. You can also go to
computer/printing shop by watching videos or sample pictures of Overview of
Photosynthesis, Overview of the Stages of the Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis and
make these pictures into tarpaulin type for long use.

What Is It

Q & A Activity:
1. What are the two kinds of reactions in photosynthesis?
2. What are the basic stages of the Calvin cycle?
3. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
4. Write your answers on a bond paper.

What’s More

Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of
photosynthesis. The option table is given for you to answer the needed materials and
end products of photosynthesis.

NEEDED
REACTION SERIES END PRODUCTS
MATERIALS
1. Light-dependent reactions (take
place in the thylakoid membrane)

a. Photochemical reactions

b. Electron transport

c. Chemiosmosis

2. Carbon fixation reactions (take

place in stroma)

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Available Choices
c. Light Energy;
a. Electrons b. NADPH, O2 pigments d. ATP
(Chlorophyll)
e. Electrons, f. Proton h. Ribulose
NADP+, H2O, gradient, g. Carbohydrates, biphosphate, CO2,
Electron ADP+P, ATP ADP+P, NADP+ ATP, NADPH,
acceptors synthase necessary enzymes

What Have I Learned

Learning Process Activity:

Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

1. In photosynthesis, water is oxidized and oxygen is released.
2. Has electron transport chain located within the ribosomes, where ATP is
produced by chemiosmosis.
3. Has enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the semi-fluid interior.
4. Water is reduced to a carbohydrate.
5. In photosynthesis, oxygen is reduced to water.

What I Can Do

Performance Task:

For this activity, you have to gather materials that will help build a three-
dimensional model that represents the events or phases of the Calvin cycle. You may
use clay, Styrofoam balls, beads, or recyclable materials. The outputs will be
presented to the teacher.

19
 Lesson
Cellular Respiration
3

What I Need to Know

Cellular Respiration
In cellular respiration, glucose is converted to pyruvic acid which can enter
either through aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration.
In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid molecules enter the mitochondria and
through a series of chemical reactions known as the citric acid cycle (Kreb‘s cycle) via
electron transport chain. In the Kreb‘s cycle, the pyruvic acid is converted to carbon
dioxide. The electron transport chain accepts the electron from the breakdown
products of the Kreb‘s cycle and glycolysis via the NADH and FADH2. At the end of
the chain, the electrons are combined with hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen to
form water. This process can produce ATP. During this process, the glucose molecule
is broken down and the carbon atoms released from glucose are combined with
oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.
In anaerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. There is a
production of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule.

Fig. 3.a. Courtesy: Enger, Eldon D. et al., (2012). Concepts in Biology 14th Edition.
USA: McGraw-Hill (Retrieved August 13, 2015)

20
 What I Know

Chemical reactions for cellular respiration:

 Which groups in the cellular respiration equation go in?
 Which groups are released?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms

1. Aerobic respiration
2. Anaerobic respiration
3. Pyruvic acid
4. Fermentation
5. Glycolysis
6. Krebs cycle
7. Electron transport chain

What’s In

In Cellular respiration:
 Oxygen is reduced to water
 Has electron transport chain located within the cristae of the mitochondria,
where ATP is produced by chemiosmosis
 Has enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the semi-fluid interior
 A carbohydrate is oxidized to carbon dioxide

Glycolysis – means ―sugar-splitting‖ that occurs in the cytosol of the cell. It does not
require oxygen to breakdown glucose into pyruvate.

Krebs cycle – completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and
produces 2 ATP.

Oxidative phosphorylation – a process occurring in mitochondria and accounts for

majority of the ATP production.

Electron Transport Chain – contains the chain members (carrier and protein
complexes, ATP synthase complex and ATP channel protein. These membrane
proteins shuttle electrons during the redox reactions. The electrons will be used to
produce ATP by chemiosmosis.

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NADH and FADH2 – these are electron acceptor molecules that contain high-energy
electrons. They transport the electrons to ETC to produce many more ATPs by
oxidative phosphorylation.

ATP synthase – is an enzyme that is responsible for the great production of ATPs.
This happens when it uses the energy coming from H+ ions to bind ADP and
phosphate group together to produce ATP.

Fig. 3.b. The diagram below shows the total energy produced from the complete
breakdown of glucose by aerobic respiration.

22
Summary of Cellular Respiration

SOME SOME
STAGE SUMMARY STARTING END
MATERIALS PRODUCTS

Series of reactions in which

glucose is degraded to pyruvate; Glucose,
1. Glycolysis Pyruvate,
net profit of 2 ATPs; hydrogen ATP, NAD+,
(in cytosol) ATP, NADH
atoms are transferred to carriers; Pi
can proceed anaerobically.
Pyruvate is degraded and
2. Formation of combined with coenzyme A to Pyruvate,
Acetyl CoA,
acetyl CoA (in form acetyl CoA; Hydrogen atoms Coenzyme A,
CO2, NADH
mitochondria) are transferred to carriers; CO2 is NAD+
released.
Series of reaction in which the
Acetyl CoA,
acetyl portion of Acetyl CoA is
3. Citric acid cycle H2O, NAD+, CO2, NADH,
degraded to CO2; hydrogen
(in mitochondria)) FAD, ADP, FADH2, ATP
atoms are transferred to carriers;
Pi
ATP is synthesized
Chain of several electron
transport molecules; electrons
4. Electron are passed along chain; released
NADH,
Transport and energy is used to form a proton ATP, H2O,
FADH2,O2,
chemiosmosis (in gradient; ATP is synthesized as NAD+, FAD
ADP, Pi
mitochondria) protons diffuse down the
gradient; oxygen is final electron
acceptor

23
Differences and Similarities of Aerobic, Anaerobic and Fermenting Organisms

Differences Similarities
Aerobic, Anaerobic
Aerobic Anaerobic Fermenting
and Fermenting
Organisms Organisms Organisms
Organisms
Use Oxygen Do not use oxygen Do not use oxygen ATP is produced
Lactate (Lactate
H2O and Potassium fermentation) or ethyl
H2O is the by- CO2 is the waste
nitrate are the by- alcohol (alcoholic
product product
products fermentation) is the by-
product
Final acceptors of
Electron
electrons are pyruvate Electrons are
acceptor is O2 With electron
reduced to lactate, and transferred from
and is reduced transport chain
acetaldehyde reduced glucose to NADH
to water
to ethyl alcohol
With electron
Electron acceptor is No electron transport
transport
nitrate and sulfate chain
chain
Occur in
Occur in prokaryotes
prokaryotes and Occur in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes
eukaryotes
Simple and faster
Requires no special
alternative to cellular
organelles
respiration
Requires no special
organelles
Glycolysis and waste
product formation are
two sets of reactions
that occur

What’s New

Procedure: Refine your knowledge on cellular respiration by doing the sample

graphic organizer below. Fill-out the table and distinguish how the two types of
respiration are alike and different. Then write your conclusion based on the
similarities and differences you have listed.

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 Comparing Graphic Organizer

AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

How alike?

AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

How different?

Summary and Conclusion:

What Is It

Directions: Accomplish the table below by comparing aerobic and anaerobic

respiration.

Factors Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

Main function
Site of reaction
Production of ATP
Sustainability
Production of lactic acid
Oxygen requirement
Recycling of NADH
Participating cells

Directions: Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration by accomplishing the Venn

diagram below.
Venn Diagram of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic

Similarity

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 What’s More

Directions: Compare fermentation with anaerobic and aerobic respiration by

analyzing the diagram below.

Molecular
Energy
Source

Aerobic Anaerobic

Anaerobic

Hydrogen e- Hydrogen e- Acceptor Hydrogen e- Acceptor

Acceptor: O2 Organic (e.g., pyruvate) Organic (e.g., pyruvate)

ATP + CO2 + reduced acceptor ATP + CO2 + reduced organic

ATP + CO2 + H2O
(i.e. NO2-) (i.e. Alcohol)

1. What are the three kinds of enzyme-controlled reactions so that the chemical-
bond energy from a certain nutrient is released to the cell in the form of ATP?
2. What are the hydrogen electron acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic respiration
as well as in fermentation?
3. These are the by-products of aerobic respiration that are considered low-energy
molecules.
4. What are the outputs produced by anaerobic respiration? What about in
fermentation?
5. What are two general metabolic mechanisms by which certain cells can oxidize
organic fuel and generate ATP without the use of oxygen?

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Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of cellular
respiration. The option table is given for you to answer the needed materials and
end products of cellular respiration.

Major Events and Features of Cellular Respiration

STAGE STARTING MATERIALS END PRODUCTS

1. Glycolysis (in cytosol)

2. Preparatory reaction

3. Citric acid cycle

4. Electron Transport
and chemiosmosis

Available Choices

d. Pyruvate,
a. Pyruvate, ATP, b. NADH, FADH2, c. Glucose, ATP,
Coenzyme A,
NADH O2, ADP Pi NAD+, ADP Pi
NAD+
e. Acetyl CoA,
f. Acetyl CoA, g. CO2, NADH, h. ATP, H2O,
H2O, NAD+,
CO2, NADH FADH2, ATP NAD+, FAD
FAD, ADP Pi

What I Have Learned

A. Learning Process Activity:

Directions: This is a modified TRUE or FALSE activity. Write the word TRUE if the
underlined word/phrase being referred to is correct. If it is FALSE, change the
word/phrase to make the whole statement correct based on the concept of cellular
respiration. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable the cells to produce ATP

without the use of oxygen.
2. The term cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes.
3. Fermentation is a complete degradation of sugars or other fuel that occurs
without the use of oxygen.

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4. An electron transport system consists of a number of molecules, majority are
proteins, located in the matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the
plasma membrane of aerobic prokaryotes.
5. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation: electron
transport chain and chemiosmosis are the metabolic stages reserved for
cellular respiration.
6. The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed in the electron
transport chain.
7. ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes the bulk of the ATP from ADP and Pi by
chemiosmosis.
8. ATP synthase uses the energy of an existing hydrogen ion gradient to power
ATP synthesis.
9. Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores at least 14.6 kcal per molecule of
ATP.
10. Citric acid cycle generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present or not, whether
the conditions are aerobic or anaerobic.

B. Learning Process Activity:

Directions: Arrange the following to get the right energy flow sequence in aerobic
respiration.

NADH Electron Transport Chain Glucose ATP

C. Learning Process Activity:

Directions: Identify the following statements as photosynthesis or cellular

respiration.

1. Energy-releasing pathways
2. Energy-acquiring pathways

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 What I Can Do

Performance Task:
Homemade Virgin Coconut Oil and Fermentation/Modified Natural Vinegar
Fermentation Method. A video link is provided:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGK8z3DXw7E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUu7SF25tXM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh0wWMdNkv4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-wE7pbXaXY
This can be done at home with precautionary measures. Document your
output and submit it via YouTube or Facebook. Just click the video link on how to
make the homemade virgin coconut oil and natural vinegar fermentation method.
Choose only one for your performance task.

Key Concepts:

Fermentation refers to the addition of yeast or a specific microorganisms or

enzyme to a raw material to produce a desired product. But for the so-called
natural fermentation method, we will produce VCO that does not require any
addition of microorganisms or substance. When the coconut milk mixture is
allowed to stand for at least 10 hours, the VCO will naturally separate from water
and protein. Several theories say that the separation of these substances is due to
the presence of airborne acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter aceti). A. aceti breaks the
protein bonds in the coconut milk causing the mixture to separate distinctively.

Another theory says that the enzyme present in the coconut makes the
separation of substances to occur. The so-called ‗fermentation method‘ happens
when after 16 to 24 hours of settling, the water smells and tastes sour. The so-
called ‗natural‘ explains that there is no addition of any other substance or
microorganism in fermenting the virgin coconut oil. Also the ‗virgin‘ in the virgin
coconut oil implies that there is no substance added to make the oil.

On the other hand, vinegar is a sour-tasting condiment and preservative. It

can be prepared by two successive microbial processes. The first phase is done
through alcoholic fermentation by a eukaryotic organism called yeast. The second
phase is by oxidation of alcohol by a prokaryotic organism called Acetobacter aceti.
This bacterium is responsible for converting the alcohol in wine to acetic acid or
vinegar. Since coconut is abundant in our country, use this example to show the
principle of fermentation process involving microorganisms and the series of
reactions that take place as coconut water is converted into vinegar.

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 Post-Assessment

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Majority of the CO2 is released during
A. Glycolysis C. Electron transport chain
B. Citric acid cycle D. Oxidative phosphorylation

2. Cellular respiration processes that do not use O2 are called

A. Heterotrophic organism C. Aerobic respiration
B. Anaerobic respiration D. Anabolism

3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during
cellular respiration eventually combine with _______ ion to form _________.
A. another hydrogen, a gas C. an oxygen, water
B. a carbon, carbon dioxide D. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid

4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are
biochemical pathways performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
A. Nucleus B. Ribosome C. Chloroplast D. Mitochondrion

5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an

organic molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
A. Fermentation B. Reduction C. Krebs cycle D. Electron pumps

6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the

compound ________, which causes muscle soreness.
A. Pyruvic acid B. Malic acid C. Carbon dioxide D. Lactic acid

7. Each molecule of fat can release ___ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose.
A. smaller amounts C. larger amount
B. the same amount D. only twice the amount

8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, a total of

____ATPs: ____from the ETC, ____from glycolysis, and ____ from the Krebs cycle.
A. 36, 32, 2, 2 B. 38, 34, 2, 2 C. 36, 30, 2, 4 D. 38, 30, 4, 4

9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose
being
A. Reduced B. oxidized C. phosphorylated D. hydrolysed

10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
A. includes the preparatory reaction
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis
C. occurs in the mitochondria
D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis

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