CHAPTER 1: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
The result was a form
SOCIETY
science and technology - evolved from
ancient times to the present. It shows how
man was able to develop crude technological
tools and eventually improve them through
time.
Science Technology and Society- is an
Interdisciplinary course designed to examine
ways that science and technology shape ,
and are shape by, our society, politics, and
culture.
Science – that based in theoretical
expositions and experimental and empirical
activities that generates the universal truths.
Technology- Application of science and
creation of systems, processes and objects
designed to help humans in their daily
activities.
Society- the sum total of our interactions as
humans.
Ancient Times to 600 BC – the ancient
Egyptians already had reasonably
sophisticated medical practices.
 Most historians agree that the
heart of Egyptian medicine
was trial and error.
Papayrus -First Egyptians Inventions, it is
an ancient form of paper, made from the
papayrus plant , a reed which grows in the
marshy areas around the Nile River.
 Egyptians took thin slices of
the stem of the
papyrus plant, laid them
crosswise on top of
each other, moistened them,
and then pressed and dried
them.
of paper
that was reasonably easy to
write on and store.
The Advent of Science (600 BC To 500
AD) –
Ancient Greeks were the early thinkers and
as far as historians can tell , they were the
first true scientists. Collecting facts and
observations and then used those
observations to explain the natural world.
Scientific revolution – a period of
drastic change in scientific thought that took
place during the 16th 17th centuries.
This period produced substantial advances in
scientific knowledge, specially in anatomy,
zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography,
mathematics and Astronomy.
ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE – this period is
traditionally understood to have
begun during the reign of the abbasid
caliph harum al-rashid (786 to 809 .
Where scholars from various parts of the
world with different cultural
backgrounds were mandated to
gather and translate all of the world’s
classical knowledge into the Arabic
language. During the Islamic golden
ages the work of AL-
KHAWARIZMI,AVICENNA
AND JAMSHID AL KASHI that
led to advanced in algebra ,
trigonometry, geometry and Arabic
numerals.
Science Technology in Ancient China –
Ancient chine gave the world the
four great inventions that include the
compass , gunpowder, papermaking
 and printing. These were considered
as among the most important
technological advances during the
end of the middle ages.
According to KARL MARX -
Gunpowder , the compass and the
printing press were the three great
inventions which ushered in
bourgeois society.
The Renaissance (1300AD -1600AD) -
14 century was the beginning of the
cultural movement of the
Renaissance, which was considered
by the Renaissance period, great
advances occurred in geoprahy,
astronomy, chemistry, physics,
mathematics, anatomy,
manufacturing, and Engineering.
the most important technological advance of
all in this period was the
development of printing.
Johannes Gutenburg – is usually called its
inventor, but in fact many people and
many steps were involved.
Block printing - on wood came to the West
From china between 1250 and 1350.
Peter Dear – has argued for a two phase
model of early modern science.
Focused on restoration of the natural
knowledge of the ancients. Scientific
Revolution of the 17th century,
when scientists shifted from
recovery to innovation.
Enlightenment Period of the Age of
Reason – was characterized by the
radical reorientation in science,
which emphasized reason over
superstition and science over blind
faith..
This period produced numerous books,
essays, inventions, scientific
discoveries, laws, wars and
Revolutions
Philosophers of the Scientific revolution
 Galileo Gallilei
 Johanse Kepler
 Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz.
Isaac Newton - published his “Principia
Mathematica” (1686)
John Locke his “Essay Concerning Human
Understanding (1689). <-This are the two
works that provided the scientific ,
mathematical and philosophical toolkit for
the Enlightenment’s major advances.
Principia Mathematica – described the
universe as fixed, with earth and other
heavenly bodies moving harmoniously in
accordance with mathematical laws.
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
- is a work by John Locke concerning the
foundation of human knowledge and
understanding. It first appeared in 1689.
Industrial Revolution (1760 -1840) –
 the main features involved in the
Industrial Revolution were
Technological, Socioeconomic, and
cultural.
 Use of new basic materials , chief
iron and steel.
 The use of new energy sources,
including both fuels and motive
power, such as coal, the steam
engine, electricity, petroleum and
internal combustion engine.
 Development of transportation
 20th Century Science : Physics and
Information Age –
These age gave proof of the
revolutionary changes in many areas
of the sciences -particular in
physics, biology, astronomy,
chemistry, neurosciences and earth
and Environmental sciences
20th century was strongly mark by
Einstein’s formulation of the theory
of relativity (1905) including the
unifying concept of energy related
to mass and the speed of light :
E=mc squared
The year 1953 was an important
landmark for biology with the
description by Crick and Wartson
– structure of DNA,
Physics – has enabled us to understand the
basic components of matter .
Science and Technological in the Fourth
Industrial Revolution - is a way of
describing the blurring of boundaries
between the physical, digital and biological
worlds. Advances in artificial intelligence
(AI), robotics, the internet of things (IoT)
3D painting.
 This revolution focusing on the
technologies driving it.
 Ex. Computers that think like a
human.
CHAPTER 2: INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED
SOCIETY
Intellectual Revolution - period where
paradigm shifts occurred and scientific
beliefs that have been widely embraced and
accepted by the people were challenged and
opposed.
Nicolas Copernicus -was a polish scholar
working at the university of Padua in
Northern Italy. His solution was basically
geometric. By placing the sun at the center
of the universe and having the earth orbit it,
he reduced the unwieldy number of
epicycles from 80 to 34. His book”
Concerning the Revolution of the Celestial
Worlds, published in 1543.
Tycho Brahe – using only naked eye,
traked the entire orbits of the various stars
and planet.
Johannes Kepler – successor of Tycho
Brahe, kepler was a brilliant mathematician
who had a mystical vision of the
mathematical perfection of the universe. His
calculation showed that those orbits were
Elliptical.
Galileo - invention “telescope” which
would further shatter the old theory and
lead the way to a new one. He also saw four
moons orbiting Jupiter. In his book “ The
Starry Messenger (1611). He reported these
disturbing findings and spread the news
across the Europe.
Starry Messnger (2022) is about a way of
looking at the world called the cosmic
perspective.
Isaac Newton – had invented a whole new
branch of math, calculus, for figuring out
rates of motion and change. The genius of
Newton in Physics, as well as William
Harvey in medicine and Mendeleev in
chemistry,
The Darwinian Revolution
The publication in 1859 of the Origin of Species
by Charles Darwin ushered in a new era in the
intellectual history of humanity.
Darwin is Deservedly given credit for the
theory of biological evolution.
William Paley in his Natural Theory
(1802) –
Elaborated the argument from design as
forceful demonstration of the existence of
the creator.
Natural Theory – a program of inquiry into
the existence and attributes of God without
referring or appealing to any divine
revelation.
Freudian Revolution
Sigmund freud - was born in 1856, before
the advent of telephones, radios ,
automobiles, airplanes , death 1939. Was the
father of psychoanalysis , a method for
treating mental illness and he explain
human behavior.
Mesoamerican civilization - isolated from
the accumulated scientific knowledge of
Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Maya civilization – most advanced
Mesoamerican civilization that was well on
its way to develop true science.
Maya Hieroglyphs – they knew how to
make paper and had pictorial script that
allowed them to record all knowledge on
long strips of paper folded harmonica- style
into books .
Dresden Codex - contains predictions of
solar eclipses for centuries
Tlachtli – a game played by meso-
American civilizations from earliest times.
Rubber - the Manufacturer of rubber was
one of the earliest Inventions.
American people were gifted
horticulturalists and cultivated crop plants
from the earliest times.
Japan – is probably the most notable
country in Asia in terms of scientific and
technological achievement, particularly in
terms of its electronics and automobile
products.
Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China
together produce a staggering 90% of the
world’s digital gadgets.
Egyptians - excelled in such applied
sciences as medicine , engineering and
surveying
Mesopotamia – greater progress was made
in astronomy and mathematics.
Alphabet - the greatest invention of the
middle east.
Nubian Builders - Calculated the volumes
of the masonry and buildings materials, as
well as the slopes of Pyramids, for
construction purposes.
UNDER OF Medicine examples yung ,
hydrotherapy, heat, therapy, spinal
manipulation , quarantine, bone- setting and
surgery.
The various metal products served as wide
range of purposes, including
ARMOR . – as in some northern Nigerian
City-states.
Jewerly - of gold, silver, iron copper and
brass.
Information Revolution - might prove as
significant to the lives of people .This
Revolution led us to the age of the internet.
Computer Technology - is the root of this
change , and continuing advancements in that
technology.
CHAPTER 3: SCIENCE, TECHOLOGY AND
NATION BUILDING
Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
is tasked to oversee and manage national
technology development and acquisition,
undertake technological and scientific research
and promote public consciousness of science
and technology.
A. The Philippine Government Science and
Technology Agenda
Science for the People thru Administrative
Order No. 003 s. 2017- This is in response to the
government’s call to address inequity in
developments within and among countries and
is aligned with the national goals and plans.
- It aims to make science and technology more
relevant to the conditions, needs and
opportunities for contributing to regional
development while keeping abreast with the
trends and development in the country and in
the world
Seven outcomes that the agency strives to
achieve. These are as follows:
1. Innovation and stimulus
2. Technology and adoption promoted and
accelerated
3. Critical mass of globally competitive STI
human resources developed
4. Productivity and efficiency of communities
and the production sector, particularly MSMEs
improved
5. Resiliency to disaster risks and climate
change ensured
6. Inequality in STI capacities and opportunities
reduced
7. Effective STI governance achieved
The strategies to attain these outcomes are
embodied in the DOST Eleven Point Agenda as
follows:
1. Pursue R&D to address pressing national
problems.
2. Conduct R&D to enhance productivity and
improve management of resources.
3. Engage in R&D to generate and apply new
knowledge and technologies across sectors.
4. Strengthen and utilize regional R&D
capabilities.
5. Maximize utilization of R&D results through
technology transfer and commercialization.
7. Upgrade STI facilities and capacities to
advance R&D activities and expand S&T
services.
8. Expand STI assistance to communities and
the production sector, particularly MSMEs.
(Ministry of Micro, small & Medium
Enterprises.)
9. Provide STI-based solutions for disaster risks
and climate change adaptation and mitigation.
10. Strengthen industry-academe-government
and international STI collaboration.
11. Enhance effectiveness of STI governance.
In Focus: Batangas State University KIST Park
Batangas State University- made history as it
officially launched the country’s first
Knowledge, Innovation and Science
Technology (KIST) Park on July 20, 2020. This
milestone placed Batangas State University at
the forefront of national development.
BatStateU KIST Park was designated as a Special
Economic Zone under Presidential Proclamation
No. 947, s. 2020. The theme of the launching
event was “Towards a New Frontier of
Knowledge-building and Innovation in Science
and Technology.”
B. Major Development Programs and
Personalities in Science and Technology in the
Philippines
Major Development Programs in Science and
Technology
The Science for Change Program (S4CP) was
created by the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) to accelerate STI in the
country in order to keep up with the
developments in our time wherein technology
and innovation are game changers. Through the
Science for Change Program (S4CP), the DOST
can significantly accelerate STI in the country
and create a massive.
Major Development Programs in Science and
Technology
S4CP focuses on Accelerated R&D Program for
Capacity Building of R&D Institutions and
Industrial Competitiveness which is composed
of four (4) programs namely: (1) Niche Centers
in the Regions for R&D (NICER) Program, 
(2) R&D Leadership (RDLead) Program, 
(3) Collaborative R&D to Leverage PH Economy
(CRADLE) for RDIs and Industry Program,
(4) Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for
Industry Program.
Major Development Programs in Science and
Technology
NICER Program- capacitates Higher Education
Institutions (HEIs) in the regions to make
significant improvement in regional research by
integrating its development needs with the
existing R&D capabilities and resources.  research and development institutes (RDI) to
- It provides institutional grants for HEIs in the
regions for R&D capacity building to improve
their S&T infrastructure.
Major Development Programs in Science and
Technology
R&D Leadership Program- complements the
establishment of R&D Centers thru the NICER
Program. RDLead provides the mechanism to
bring in experts and highly skilled professionals
with strong leadership, management and
innovative policy-making proficiencies to be in
charge of strengthening the research
capabilities of the HEIs, National Government
Agencies (NGAs) and Research Development
Institutions (RDIs) in the regions.
Major Development Programs in Science and
Technology
Collaborative Research and Development to
Leverage Philippine Economy (CRADLE)-
Program is specifically designed to foster
collaboration between academe and local
companies to improve competitiveness and
catalyze innovation. 
- It aims to improve the country’s innovation
ecosystem by facilitating the smooth transition
of new technologies from universities and
industries - from lab to market.
Business Innovation through S&T (BIST)- for
Industry Program aims to level-up the
innovation capacity of the Philippine Industrial
Sector through R&D by helping private
companies and industries acquire novel and
strategic technologies, such as state- of-the-art
equipment and machinery, technology licenses
and patent rights among others. 
A Steering committee for CRADLE and BIST
Programs was created through the DOST
Special Order No. 0276 which was approved on
02 April 2018. 
The Steering Committee is headed by Dr.
Rowena Cristina L. Guevara, Undersecretary
for R&D, and the members including:  
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), 
Federation of Philippine Industries (FPI),
Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry electrolytes, the SALt lamp uses saline solution,
(PCCI),  making it harmless and non-toxic.
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and SALt have won several awards including KOTRA
Natural Resources Research and Development Top 5 Best Global Startup at Startup Nations
(PCAARRD), Summit 2014, People's Choice at Startup
Nations Summit 2014 and recognized by the
Philippine Council for Health Research and ASEAN Corporate Sustainability Summit and
Development (PCHRD) and  Awards 2015 giving them the SME Sustainability
Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Commitment Category.
Emerging Technology Research and One of Mijano’s career highlights was when she
Development (PCIEERD) was invited as an APEC CEO Summit panel
The committee performs the following member together with ex-President Barack
functions:  Obama and Alibaba CEO Jack Ma. Looking
forward, she wishes to distribute more lanterns
(1) Review/formulate policies relating to the to communities across the Philippines and
implementation of CRADLE and BIST Program;  possibly throughout South East Asia.
(2) Provide advice and guidance in the Ramon C. Barba- He is a Filipino scientist,
management and administration of the inventor and horticulturist who is known for his
projects; and (3) Other functions necessary for successful experiment on the inducement of
the successful implementation of CRADLE and flowering of mango trees by spraying them
BIST Programs.  with ethrel and potassium nitrate.
Since the implementation of the S4CP in 2017, - He developed a process that caused the
the DOST has spent a total of Php flowering and fruiting of mango trees three
407,585,946.60 to the four programs. times a year, instead on once a year, so
Aisa Mijeno- To light up the rest of the dramatically improving yields.
Philippines sustainably was the vision of Filipina Apart from the mango producers themselves,
scientist Aisa Mijeno when she made the other business sectors such as the producers of
Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp. the pest control chemicals, harvesters, sellers,
- The product concept was formed after living and all the other smaller groups of workers
with the Butbut tribe for weeks relying only on related to mango industry have benefitted from
kerosene lamps and moonlight to do evening his invention. This technology has also been
chores.  successfully applied on other fruit trees
including cashew.
SALt Lamp- is an environment-friendly and
sustainable alternative light source that runs on Barba also developed a tissue culture procedure
saltwater, making it suitable to those who live for the banana plant and sugar cane which
in coastal areas. It can also function well in enabled production of large quantities of
remote barrios. With just two table spoons of planting materials that were robust and
salt and one glass of tap water, this ecologically disease-free. 
designed lamp can run for eight hours. With his research team, Barba devised micro
- The idea behind the SALt lamp is the chemical propagation protocols for more than 40
conversion of energy. It utilizes the scientific important species of fruit crops, ornamental
process behind the Galvanic cell, but instead of plants, plantation crops, aquarium plants, and
forest trees. 
In 2013, Ramon C. Barba was conferred the
rank and title of National Scientist in the
Philippines for his distinguished achievements
in the field of plant physiology.
Fe V. del Mundo- She is known as the Mother
of Philippine Pediatrics, a very great scientist
and a symbol of female empowerment in
medicine, both in the Philippines and abroad. 
The first Asian woman admitted into Harvard,
she pursued graduate degrees in America after
receiving her medical degree from the
University of the Philippines.
Del Mundo pioneered numerous inventions
throughout her more than 70-year medical
career. She revolutionized Philippine medicine,
making major breakthroughs in immunization
and in the treatment of jaundice, and providing
healthcare to thousands of poor families.
She is credited with studies that led to the
invention of the incubator and a jaundice
relieving device.
Her methods, like the BRAT diet for curing
diarrhea, have spread throughout the world and
saved millions. Del Mundo’s field of natural
science and the field of public health was
something she was actively involved in.
During her lifetime, del Mundo won numerous
awards and recognition for her outstanding
work. Among these was the Ramon Magsaysay
Award for Public Service, which she received in
1977.
She became the Philippines’ first female
National Scientist in 1980, in recognition of her
work in Pediatrics. 
The rank of National Scientist is awarded to
science practitioners with “distinguished
individual or collaborative achievement in
science and technology.”
In 2010, del Mundo was awarded the Order of
Lakandula, rank of Bayani, as a Filipina who
lived a life “worthy of emulation.”
Posthumously, she was conferred the Grand
Collar of the Order of the Golden Heart Award
in 2011, by President Benigno Aquino III.
Maria Y. Orosa- Advances in modern Filipino
food technology owe a great deal to the
creative researches and salutary inventiveness
of a woman chemist and pharmacist from
Batangas – Maria Y. Orosa. 
The now-commercially available thirst
quencher, the calamansi juice, is just one of the
popular native food products in whose
preparation and preservation she had a hand. 
She produced the “calamansi nip,” the
desiccated and powdered form of the fruit
which could be made into juice. 
The most notable of her food inventions, is
“Soyalac,” a powdered preparation of soya--
beans, which helped save the lives of thousands
of Filipinos, Americans, and other nationals who
ever held prisoners in different Japanese
concentration camps during World War II. It
became known to them as the “magic food.”
She is also credited with the making of the
banana ketchup; wines from native fruits, like
casuy and guava; vinegar from pineapples;
banana starch; soyamilk; banana flour; cassava
flour; jelly from guava, santol, mango, and other
fruits, as well as the invention of rice cookies,
known as ricebran or darak, which is effective
in the treatment of patients with beri-beri. 
Aside from making food preparations, Miss
Orosa taught Filipinos how to preserve such
native delicacies as the adobo, dinuguan,
kilawen and escabeche. 
Together with her associates in the Bureau of
Plant Industry, she invented “Oroval” and
“Clarosa.”
In 1923, she helped organize the food
preservation division under the Bureau of
Science. 
On June 3, 1927, she became the acting division
head. Orosa also tried her hand in improving
household wares. She invented the “Orosa
Palayok Oven” for cooking various dishes. 
She was one of the 19 scientists who were
conferred awards on the occasion of the 65th
anniversary of the Institute of Science and
Technology. 
On November 29, 1983, the National Historical
Institute installed a marker in her honor at the
Bureau of Plant Industry in San Andres, Manila.
Angel Alcala- He is a Filipino scientist whose
biological contributions to the environment and
ecosystems have made him a hero for natural
sciences.  education.
During his 30 years of experience as a biologist,
Alcala made major contributions to marine
biology research efforts in the Philippines and
authored over 160 scientific papers as well as
books.
Alcala was the first Filipino scientist to engage in
comprehensive studies concerning Philippine
reptiles and amphibians and minor studies on
mammals and birds.
From the 400 already known species of reptiles
and amphibians, 50 more species were
identified due to his efforts. Because of his
work, conservation programs in the Philippines
are now well established.
Alcala also made a highly valuable and
groundbreaking contribution to marine
ecosystems when he established the first
artificial reef around the coastline of the
Philippines, greatly boosting the ecosystem's
health and viability.
In 1994, he was given the Field Museum
Founders’ Council Award of Merit for
contributions to environmental biology.
 He is a recipient of the Magsaysay Award for
Public Service. In September 2011 he received
the Gregorio Y. Zara Award for Basic Science
from the Philippine Association for the
Advancement of Science Inc. 
In 2014, he was proclaimed National
Scientist by President Benigno S. Aquino III
through Presidential Decree 782 on June 6,
2014.
C. Science Education in the Philippines
The general benefits of science have greatly
challenged education of the Philippines. While
the country might have been a beneficiary of
the methods of science even before the
program of formal education, it was during the
American period that brought about a most
significant and essential change in the nature of
 
There has been a corresponding increase in
knowledge and understanding of natural and
social phenomena covered by all the disciplines
of science available now.
 It is this education that has been largely
credited for the development of science in the
Philippines.
Early Efforts to Improve Science Education- As
early as the decade of the 1950s, scientists were
concerned with the state of science education
in the schools. Leading scientists made
Philippine authorities aware that the teaching
of science from grade school level to college
levels in both public and private schools was
very inadequate.
In 1957, the Philippine government made the
teaching of science compulsory in all
elementary and secondary schools. 
A National Committee for Science Education
was set up in 1958 to formulate objectives for
the teaching of science education at all levels
and to recommend steps that would upgrade
the teaching of science.
The BSCS Adaptation Project- In 1959,
biological sciences curriculum study (BSCS)
project was launched by American Institute of
Biological Science, university of Colorado in
order to improve biology education in
secondary schools. A steering committee of
biological scientists, teachers and educators was
constituted. The project was financed by
National Science Foundation, USA.
The BSCS project was started to design high
school biology course with the objectives to:
provide recent and latest knowledge in
biological sciences; develop understanding of
the conceptual structure of biological sciences;
develop skills and processes of biology among
the students; create an opportunity to use
inquiry approach in teaching and learning of
biology; prepare rich supplementary or support
materials to enrich learning experiences in
biological sciences and present current status of
biological sciences
These were the total efforts of SEP TO improve
science education in the Philippines. 
First, the dissemination of improved curricula,
teaching techniques and approaches in science
and mathematics on basic levels of education
through the introduction of new curriculum and
the application of new teaching techniques and
approaches by the returned Master of Arts in
Teaching trainees and the teachers that they
teach. 
On the other hand, these institutions
disseminated many of the curriculum materials
by the UP Science Education Center. 
Second, quality science and math education
programs in the recipient-sponsor institutions
through new and/or improved course offerings
and a generally improved teacher education
program.