A Report On The "3-Phase Line Fault Detector" Ee344 Minor Project - I

A
Report on the
“3-Phase line fault detector”
ee344 minor project - i
Semester: 5th
Bachelor of Technology
In ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
By
PATEL DHRUV K. (D21EE023)
M&V Patel Department of Electrical Engineering

C.S. Patel Institute of Technology
Faculty of technology and engineering
Charotar University of science &technology, changa
November 2022
1|Page
Faculty of Technology and Engineering
CharotarUniversity of Science &Technology - Changa
Certificate
This is to certify that the report for EE344 Minor Project – I on “3-PHASE LINE
FAULT DETECTOR SYSTEM”being submitted by Mr. PATEL DHRUV K.
(D21EE023) to the M&V Patel Department of Electrical Engineering, C.S. Patel
Institute of Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India for the award of the Degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Electrical Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried out by him
under my guidance and supervision in the academic year ending November 2022-2023.
Mr. Pratik K. Mochi Dr. NILAY A PATEL

Asst. Professor Head Of the Department
M&V Patel Department of Electrical M&V Patel Department of Electrical
Engineering, Engineering,
C.S. Patel Institute of Technology C.S. Patel Institute of Technology
Faculty of Technology and Engineering Faculty of Technology and Engineering
Charotar University of Science Charotar University of Science
&Technology - Changa &Technology - Changa
2|Page
Certificate
FAULT DETECTOR SYSTEM”being submitted by Mr. PANDYA MEET P. (20EE006)
to the M&V Patel Department of Electrical Engineering, C.S. Patel Institute of
Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electrical Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance
and supervision in the academic year ending November 2022-2023.

3|Page
Certificate
FAULT DETECTOR SYSTEM”being submitted by Mr. PATEL URVA N (20EE012)
to the M&V Patel Department of Electrical Engineering, C.S. Patel Institute of
Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electrical Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance
and supervision in the academic year ending November 2022-2023.

4|Page
Acknowledgement
We would like to express our gratitude to Prof. Pratik K. Mochi for his guidance throughout the
survey. Under his supervision we were able to work confidently. He would alums resolve all of our
doubts regarding the project whenever we went to ask him. Me motivated us to understand the
components and working of the product and to gain in depth Knowledge about it.
(Pandya Meet P.)
(Patel Urva N.)
(Patel Dhruv K.)
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Abstract
This project provide automatic tripping mechanisms for the three phase supply system for
prevention from damage due to faults.
In case of temporary fault: the output resets automatically after a brief interruption.
In case of permanent fault: the output remains in tripped condition.
Faults like LG, LL, LLL and so on can be sensed and automatically disconnects the supply
to avoid large scale damages to the equipment connected.
Step down transformer bring down the voltage from 230v to 12v, the concept of low
voltage testing of fault condition is followed.
A set of switches are used to create faults and Relays and Arduino are used to handle
short and long duration fault condition.
7|Page
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES 06
LIST OF TABLES 07
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 08
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 09
1.1. Introduction 09
Chapter 2 LITRETURE SURVEY 10
2.1 literature survey 10
Chapter 3 IMPLEMENTATION 11
3.1 Introduction 11
3.2 Fault analysis 11
3.3 Different types of faults 12
Chapter 4 Working 13
4.1 Working 13
4.2 Components 15
4.3 Code 23
Chapter 5 Applications & Advantages 28
5.1 Applications 28
5.2 Advantages
28
Outcome of the Project 29
Bibliography
30
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List of Figures
1 Type of fault
2 final model of project
3 circuit diagram
4 Transformers
4 Capacitor & diode
5 Potentiometer and MOSFET
6 Arduino and Display
7 Relays
8 Resistor and thermal sensors
9 Buzzer, bulbs and push buttons
10 Wires
9|Page
List of Tables
1 Components Used in project 15
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DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
AIM; - The main aim of this project is to make transmission line more
reliable and clearing the fault
This project provides automatic tripping mechanisms for the three-phase
supply system for
prevention from damage due to faults.
In case of temporary fault: the output resets automatically after a brief
interruption.
In case of permanent fault: the output remains in tripped condition.
Faults like LG, LL, LLL and so on can be sensed and automatically
disconnects the supply
to avoid large scale damages to the equipment connected.
Step down transformer bring down the voltage from 230v to 12v, the
concept of low
voltage testing of fault condition is followed.
A set of switches are used to create faults and Relays and Arduino are used
to handle
short and long duration fault condition.
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CH-1 INTRODUCTION
[1.1]. PROBLEM SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION:
Generally we are transmitting power from the generating station
through the transmission line. Mainly, there are two type of transmission lines.
1 Overhead transmission lines
2 Underground transmission lines
As from the latest research 70% to 90% of faults are occurred in overhead
transmission line which are transient. There are many fault due to some kind of
error or natural error.
Mainly there are three types of faults as following way.
A transient fault, such as an insulator flashover.
Different type of fault in 3 phase is:
1. L-L fault (line to line fault)
2. L-G fault (line to ground fault)
3. 2L-G fault (double line to ground fault)
Is a fault which is cleared by the immediate tripping of one or more circuit
breakers to isolate the fault, and which does not recur when the line is
reenergized?
Faults tend to be less transient (near the 80% range) at lower, distribution
voltages and more transient (near the 90% range) at higher, sub transmission and
transmission voltages.
Lightning is the most common cause of transient faults, partially resulting from
insulator flashover from the high transient voltages induced by the lightning.
Other possible causes are swinging wires and temporary contact with foreign
objects.
Thus, transient faults can be cleared by momentarily de -energizing the line, in
order to allow the fault to clear. Auto reclosing can then restore service to the
line that’s why we make this made this project.
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CH-2 LITRETURE SURVEY
2.1 Literature survey
“Automatic Fault Detection and Location of Electric Transmission Lines with the help of
internet of things” Sajal Menon. The method is provided us in low cost and very high
reliable way to locate which is the faults in the electric transmission lines and also supports
data storage. Hence this method can be implemented to detect the faults and retrieve the
corresponding data anytime
“Electric Transmission Line and Fault Monitoring and also Identification System by Using
Internet of Things”- S. Suresh. In this Paper we had studied that to IOT is How to Work and
they are how to use in our Project.”
“This TPLFD gives the fault location and immediately isolates the faulty part from the
healthy part of the network. The circuit installed in power line this faulty area creates
messages of location provided to it and will transmit itdirectly to the area in-charge
technician rather than to electricity board. At each and every pole the RYB indicators are
placed which gives ease of access of faulty phase up to the fault location. According to our
survey the cost of one Distance relay is 65 times higher than our TPLFDcircuit, so it is also
economically beneficial. It can be used for Distribution (400V to 11kV) as well as
Transmission (33kV to 765kV) line by replacing the C.T according to the required ratio.
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CH-3 IMPLEMENTATION
[3.1] INTODUCTION TO THREE PHASE FAULT:

Six numbers of steps down transformers are used for forming star and delta
secondary‟s at low voltage output. Fault condition is created with a set of
switches to input LL, LG, 3L fault the circuit. This triggers a 555 timer in
monostable to reset after fault clearance in a short duration temporary fault or
permanently trip the output in case of prolonged fault. We know that if the fault
accurse then it creates many problems to the load. Many times load is damaged.
So it is very important to protect the system again the faults.
Different type of fault in 3 phase is:
1. L-L fault (line to line fault)
2. L-G fault (line to ground fault)
3. 2L-G fault (double line to ground fault)
[3.2] FAULT ANALYSIS:
Faults are classified into two parts, Active and Passive Fault.
ACTIVE FAULT:
When current passing from one phase to another phase or phase to ground is
known as Active fault. This fault must be cleared as quickly as possible otherwise its
damages to the conductor or line or the equipment.
PASSIVE FAULT:
Passive faults are stressing the system beyond its design and long duration fault
which ultimately results in active fault.
Examples are:
Overloading – When load increased its results in voltage increased and insulation is
overheating.
Overvoltage – Voltage is increased to its rated voltage and stressed to
the insulation.
Under frequency – Frequency goes below to its rated frequency it results in plant
to behave incorrectly.
Power swings – generators outage and loss of synchronism.
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[3.3] TYPES OF FAULTS ON 3 PHASE SYSTEM:
Faults occurred on a three phase A.C. system shown in fig – 1 are as follows:
A) Single line to ground fault

B) Phase-to-phase fault
C) Phase-to-phase-to-earth fault
D) Three phase fault
E) Three phase-to-earth fault
Figure:.1 Types of faults

Single line to ground fault:
The single line-to-ground fault is usually referred as “short circuit” fault and
occurs when one conductor falls to ground or makes contact with the neutral
wire.
Line-to-Line Fault :
A line-to-line fault may take place either on an overhead and/or underground
transmission system and occurs when two conductors are short-circuited. One
of the characteristic of this type of fault is that its fault impedance magnitude
could vary over a wide range making very hard to predict its upper and
lower limits. It is when the fault impedance is zero that the highest asymmetry
at the line-to-line fault occurs.
TRANSIENT AND PERMENENT FAULT:
Transient faults are didn‟t damage the insulation of wire and there are small
in time duration and after that period circuit is re-energized. These faults are occur on
outdoor equipment because the air is main medium to take place the transient fault.
Example of transient fault are insulator flashover and lightning stroke, when it
happen the circuit is de-energized or open by circuit breaker and after a brief
interval it will reclose. Permanent fault as name suggest it is the permanent fault, which
damage permanently to the insulation. In this period line will permanent de-energized
and repaired.
SYMMETRICAL AND ASYMMETRICAL FAULT:
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A symmetrical fault is a balanced fault which are occurred on three phase. These three
phase has same value of fault current. Magnitude of all fault current is same. These
faults are same in three line or three line to ground fault. An asymmetrical fault has a
D.C. offset, transient in nature and unbalanced fault. They are occur on single line,
double line or single line to ground or double line to ground.
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CH-4 WORKINGS
4.1 WORKING
This Fault detector system can identify the 4 main types of fault
• Line breaking
• Line to Line
• Line to ground
• Fire detector
The power system is divided in three section like generation, distribution and
Transmission. Various types of fault is occur in transmission and distribution
system so it should isolate. In this module we include the Arduino UNO, 1 & 4
ch Relay to drive the relay, Resistor, LCD display, Push buttons to create fault.
As per the Programming of Arduino UNO when we create the fault across any
line LCD displayed the output as ,”Fault occurred in that particular line(i.e.
R,Y,B) at the distance(1km,2km,3km,4km)”. The output which shows displayed
on the LCD display is depends on where we create a fault and in which line.
17 | P a g e
As shown in circuit diagram.
First matrix is used for create line to line fault and second one is used for create line to
ground fault
So both are connected in 4-ch relay, so relay will sense the value of resistor which will
uploaded in code and if the fault will occur then it will show in display
With the detail of at which length fault is occurred.
This connection is also for three line to line fault and line to line fault.
In addition, this system will also sense the line breaking fault so second 4-ch relay is used
for sensing line to line fault. If line will break then the sensor value will be 0 and the system
will turn off the interrupted lines lamp and will blow the buzzer of that line.
And we also added one thermal sensor which sense the flame of the line and if it senses the
flame then it will turn of the line.
18 | P a g e
4.2 Components
Sr Component name Ratings Qnty.
No.
1 Arduino Uno 12 v DC 1
2 4-ch-relay 5V 2
3 1-ch-relay 5V 10
4 16*2 lcd 12V 1
5 Potentiometer 10kohm 1
6 7805 MOSFET 5v 3
7 Resistor 10kohm 32
8 Transformers 230-5v 3
9 Capacitor 25v 5
10 Diode - 12
11 Thermal sensor 5v 1
12 Buzzer 5v 3
13 Push button - 24
14 bulbs 0.5wtt 3
15 Jumper Wire - -
16 Wires - -
1 Transformer
• A transformer is an electrical device that uses the principle of electromagnetic
induction to transfer energy from one electric circuit to another. It is designed
to either increase or decrease AC voltage between the circuits while
maintaining the frequency of the current.
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2 capacitors
• capacitor, device for storing electrical energy, consisting of two conductors in
close proximity and insulated from each other. A simple example of such a
storage device is the parallel-plate capacitor.
3 diodes
• A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for
current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts
current from flowing in the opposite direction.
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4 Potentiometer
• A potentiometer is a type of position sensor. They are used to measure
displacement in any direction. Linear potentiometers linearly measure
displacement and rotary potentiometers measure rotational displacement.
5 7805 MOSFET
• The LM7805 is a voltage regulator that outputs +5 volts. Like most other
regulators in the market, it is a three-pin IC; input pin for accepting incoming
DC voltage, ground pin for establishing ground for the regulator, and output
pin that supplies the positive 5 volts. Product Features: 3-Terminal Regulators.
21 | P a g e
6 Arduino UNO
• Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware
and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger
on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a
motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.
7 16*2 Display
• A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters
per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in
5x7 pixel matrix.
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8 4-ch relay
• The 4 Channel Relay Module is a convenient board which can be used to control
high voltage, high current load such as motor, solenoid valves, lamps and AC load.
It is designed to interface with microcontroller such as Arduino, PIC and etc
9 1-ch relay
• The Single Channel Relay Module is a convenient board which can be used to control
high voltage, high current load such as motor, solenoid valves, lamps and AC load.
It is designed to interface with microcontroller such as Arduino, PIC and etc.
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11 resistors
• A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical
current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific
voltage for an active device such as a transistor.
12 thermal sensors
Thermal sensors are construction elements to measure temperature and engage
functional dependence of a particular physical property of the sensory material on the
temperature,
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13 buzzers
• A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and
beepers include alarm devices.
14 push buttons
• A push button switch is a mechanical device used to control an electrical circuit in
which the operator manually presses a button to actuate an internal switching
mechanism.
15 Bulbs
we use the bulbs for the identify the line, means which line is red blue and yellow
25 | P a g e
15 Jumper wires
• A jumper wire is an electric wire that connects remote electric circuits used for
printed circuit boards. By attaching a jumper wire on the circuit, it can be short-
circuited and short-cut (jump) to the electric circuit.
16 Wires
• We have used 1.5 sq.mm wires for the basic connections of the system.
They would carry the current to the system’s different components.
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Code used for project
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
int sensorPin = A0; // select the input pin for ldr

int sensorValue = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor
void setup() {
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);
pinMode(10, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
Serial.begin(9600); //sets serial port for communication
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print("LtoL & LtoG");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("FAULT LOCATOR");
delay(1000);
delay(1000);
}
void loop()
{
lcd.clear();
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delay(200);
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor

Serial.println(sensorValue); //prints the values coming from the sensor on the screen
if( (sensorValue >= 1000) )

{
lcd.print("R - NF,") ;
Serial.print("R - NF,") ;
else if( (sensorValue >= 963) && (sensorValue <= 976) )

{
Serial.print("R - 2KM,") ;
lcd.print("R - 2KM,") ;
}
{
}
{
}
{
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}
delay(800);
delay(200);


{
Serial.print("Y - NF") ;
lcd.print(" Y - NF,") ;

{
Serial.print("Y - 2KM,") ;
lcd.print(" Y - 2KM,") ;
}
{

{
}
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{
}
delay(800);
delay(200);


{
Serial.println("B - NF") ;
lcd.print("B - NF") ;

{
Serial.println("B - 2KM") ;
lcd.print("B - 2KM") ;
}
{

{
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}
{
}
delay(800);
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Ch-5 Applications & Advantages of the fault detector system
5.1 Applications
• In substations for Distribution lines
• And also, for Transmission lines
5.2 Advantages
• This system will sense the fault with the exact location
So, it will save the time.
• It can also sense the faults by the natural disasters
• It will make our transmission line reliable.
• It will make repairing and fault locating processes faster
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Outcome of the Project
In this project we first of all learned basic things about 3-phase
transmission line system and about the fault occurs in system. We then
understood about the components such as relay module and Arduino UNO
and their role in the system.
By learning the advantages and applications, we understood how
helpful this system. And it can Make our transmission line and also
Distribution line reliable.
33 | P a g e
Bibliography
https://ijari.org/assets/papers/5/2/IJARI-EE-17-06-102
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A

“3-Phase line fault detector”

ee344 minor project - i

PATEL DHRUV K. (D21EE023)

M&V Patel Department of Electrical Engineering

Mr. Pratik K. Mochi Dr. NILAY A PATEL

Mr. Pratik K. Mochi Dr. NILAY A PATEL

Mr. Pratik K. Mochi Dr. NILAY A PATEL

(Pandya Meet P.)

(Patel Urva N.)

(Patel Dhruv K.)

1 Components Used in project 15

[3.1] INTODUCTION TO THREE PHASE FAULT:

A) Single line to ground fault

Figure:.1 Types of faults

int sensorPin = A0; // select the input pin for ldr

Serial.begin(9600); //sets serial port for communication

sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor

if( (sensorValue >= 1000) )

else if( (sensorValue >= 963) && (sensorValue <= 976) )

sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor

if( (sensorValue >= 1000) )

else if( (sensorValue >= 955) && (sensorValue <= 970) )

else if( (sensorValue >= 900) && (sensorValue <= 915) )

sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor

if( (sensorValue >= 1000) )

else if( (sensorValue >= 955) && (sensorValue <= 970) )

else if( (sensorValue >= 900) && (sensorValue <= 915) )

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