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    2015.62695.archeological Survey of India Vol Ii

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    Satish S Nayak

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ARCHROLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. FOUR REPORTS MADE DURING THE YEARS 1862—63_64_65, BY ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, o s 1, MAJOR-GENERAL, ROYAL ENGINEERS (BENGAL RETIBED) DIRECTOR GENERAL OF THE ARCHMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA MEMBER, ROYAL ASIATIO SOCIETY HON MEMBER, BENGAL ASIATIO SOCIETY. MEMBER, ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. MEMBER, NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. VOLUME II “ What 1s armed atis an accurate description, illustrated by plans, measurements, drawmgs or photographs, and by copies of inscriptions, of such remains as most deserve notice, with the history of them so far as 1t may be traceable, and a record of the traditions that are preserved regarding them ” —~——- Lorp Cannina “What the learned world demand of usin India 1g to be qmte certain of our data, to place the monumental record before them exactly as it now exists, and to interpret 1t faithfully and hterally ” Janes PRINSEP, Bengal Asatie Socety’s Journal, 1838, p 227 SIMLA V PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS. 1871, 49 tQ be CONTENTS. VOLUME II REPORT OF 1868-64 ETHNOLOGY Takkas Megs, or Meken Othe tribes Aryas Janjuhas and Awans : Bhats Later Turanians Gakars Kaithi and Balas Sobu Indo Scythians Su, or Sagaraukee Meda, or Meds Zanthu, Tatu, o1 Jats Yuchi, or Tochari Tattle Yuchi, or Kator Ephthahtes, or White Huns ANTIQUITIES Poshiwar, or Parshiwara Puch} alavaty, or Peuhelauin Puilodhen, or Varuchn Page 11 13 wb, ne To St Ste -— Cte toe =“) “1 is ay L BESSRSERER RES SESEE EBB ES caueap CONTENTS VOLUME It REPORT OF 1863-64 Ohind, or Utekhanda Labor or Sdlatorn Aornos Tanls, or Takahasils Hasan Abdal Beott Pind Balar Badorpor Teoli Tarniwa Kurmél Réwal-pindi, or Giyipar Manikyals Sakhrabasti Dilawar cr Bukephals Mong, or Niwa Katds, or Kattksha Bangelawilla Tibe, or Sangala Asarcr or Taki Rens, cr Nere-~mnba Amba Kip Sarhind Thineear of Sthinerwarn Antin Pehoa, or Prithudakn Sagh, or Brughna Heridwar or Gangtdwira Moradhway Chaturbhuj $2 $2 te be fe fe re ap op te h ar 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 SoMosa ae wre VOLUME II REPORT OF 1864-65 Bairft, or Vawata Amber Dhundhar, or Jaypur Ajmer, or Ajayamera Chandrfvati, or Jhalra Pitan Dhamniir Kholvi Sfrangpur Mhau Maidfin Jharkon, or Bajrang-garh Méy4na, or M4yapura Kulhfras Ranod, or Narod Nalapura, or Narwar Himatgarh Gwifhar, or Gwalior Nurdbid Kutwar, or Kumantalpun Suhaniya Bun Chander Chander Khajurfho, or Khayurfya Mahoba, or Mahotsava-nagari Pade 212 250 251 to to t we wt wt w 1S ( Qa 0 288 292 291 361 302 303 307 328 380 397 1A 309 401 40} 112 99 bt 19 A ost Ww CONTENTA. VOLUME II DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PLATES ido LU Map of the Panjab, boring tho campaign of Alexander B, a. 820 aud the Neate of Hwen Thrang A.D 690 TUT 3fap of Eastern Rajpntana, Grallor and Dundelkhend LI¥ Map of GAndhara, showing the campaign of Alexander Trevions to capture of Acrnos: also Map of Taxfla, show ing the position of the aty LY Plan of the Rock Fort of Ranigat or Actos IVI View of ditto ditto ditto LVIT Map of the Rains of Taxils, showing the pontions of the Tanous Topes LYIIL View of the Shehpar Stupa, or Tope excavated by General Ventara LIX. Inscriptions from Taxfla—-in Ariano Pall characters GX. Mape of Hasan Abdal and Bsot) Pind LXI View of Balar Stapa, or Tope from 8, W LXIT Map of the Ruins at AfAnikyala, showing the pomtions of the various Topes excarsted hy Ventura, Court, and Cunning han LXIUI Insenptions from Manikyala in Ariano Pali characters LXIV Plans of two Mounds of Rains at Minikyils called fondle Pind and Pari-ki-dheri LEV Rebies found in the Stupa of Sondla Pind. A, coun of Sasi or Besen, of the dynasty of Gondophares and O, » coin of « nameless king, were placed on the edge of the squire mass of masoary which held the Reha bax, 3B, a ccin of the Satrap Zelonises found under red clay easel in tho centre of the platform, just above the Relicbox. D cain of the king Knjulaka Kadphiees, found outnde the Rello-box, Apparently the Stupa was erected by the Baimp Zeonlees or Jihonlys durmg the ragn of kg Kojolake LXVL Map showng Alerandera Passage of the Hydaspts, and the pomtions of the Greek and Indinn Camps previous to the battle LXV. Map of Keths, or Singhapam LXVUL ap of Sangala-wile-Tibe, or Sengale LXTK Rep of Asaror ot Taki, or Pirpréma LXX. Mop of Thanesar or Sthincswara LXXL Map of Broghns LXXIL Map of Aldydpam and Haridwire 107 dl 185 143 153 160 106 168 173 183 218 331 LXXIIL. LXXIV LXXV LXXVIIT LXxIX LEXX. LXXXT LXXxIT LXXxUI LXXXIV LXXXV LXXXVI LXXXVIT LXXXVITI LXYSXITX XC XCI xCIT XCIII XCIV XCV XCVI XCVIL XCVIII XCIX CONTENTS. VOLUME II. DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PLATES Plan of the Great Masjid at Aymer, called Arhat-din-ln- Masjid, or “The Mosque of Two-days-and-a-half” (an building) oe ve , Inscriptions from the Aymer Masjid ve . Map of Jhilra Patan, or Chandrévata ane Plan of Temple and Inscriptions Map of Dhamn4) Hull, showmmg the positions of the Buddhist Caves and Brahmanical Rock-cut Temples oe Plan of the Buddhist Caves of Dhamnfr .. ne View of the Buddlust Cave called the Bara Kachen Facade of the Cave called Bhim’s Bazar at Dhamnfr, and sections of Buddhist Caves at Dhamnfr and Kholu , Elevations of Stupas or Topesin the Caves of Dhamnfr_ Plan of the Brahmanical Excavations at Dhamnar Elevation of the Mandapa of the Brahmanical Temple, with details nee a Plan of the Buddhist Caves at Kholvi ' bes View of the Old Hind. Palace at Ranod or Narod Map of the Fortress of Gwahor, showing the positions of the Temples, Caves, and Palaces t . Plans of the Hindu Palaces be : Plans of the Muhammadan Palaces te va Plan of the Great Sas-bhao Temple Plans of the Teli Mandar Temple, the Smaller Siis-bhao Temple, and a ruined Jain Temple Plan of the Tomb of Muhammad Ghaus View of the Gateway of the long deserted aty of Bon Chénden . Map of Chander View of the Hatt-Ghate, literally “ Cut-Cate” or Rock-hewn Gateway at Chanderi Map of the Ruins of Khajuraho, the ancient capital of the ChAéndels Plan of the Granite Temple called Chaonsat J ogini, or “ The Sixty-four Female Demons bee vs Plans of Sarva Temples at Khayurfho Plans of Vaishnava Temples at Khajuraho, and of the Kakra- Marh Temple at Mahoba . Map of Mahoba, the second capital of the Chandels vee Page. 259 261 264 267 270 271 271 272 274, 276 278 281 304 331 347 351 357 361 369 403 404 106 416 419 421 439 ARCH MOLOGICAL REPORT. Report of the Archeological Surveyor to the Government of Inda dunng \ Season 1863-64 In describing the ancient state of the Panjab, the most interesting subject of enquiry is the identification of those famous peoples and cities, whose names have become familiar to the whole world through the expedition of Alexander the Great. To find the descendants of those peoples and the sites of those cities amongst the scattered inhabitants and ruined mounds of the present day, I propose, hke Pliny, to follow the track of Alexander himself. This plan has a double advantage, for as the Chinese pilgrims, as well as the Macedonian invaders, entered India from the West, the routes of the conquerors and the pilgrims will mutually illustrate each other. As the subject is naturally divided into two parts, one relating to the people themselves, and the other to their works, I will discuss them separately under the heads of Hthnology and Antequtres. Under the first head will be described the various races which have settled in the Panj&ib from the earliest times down to the Muhammadan conquest, and an attempt will be made to trace the downward course of each separate tribe, until it joins the great stream of modern history. Under the second head will be described the ruined cities and ancient buildings, which still exist in many parts of the Panjib; and these descriptions will be compared first with the medizeval accounts of the Chinese pilgrims, and afterwards with the more ancient records of the companions of Alexander. The account of the anti- quities will be illustrated by numerous plates, which are necessary to make the subject intelligible. ETHNOLOGY TuE population of the Panjib Proper, excluding Peshi- wur and the Trans-Indus Districts attached to the Leia and 2 ANCH TOLOGICAL Report, 1803 64 Mullin Divisions, amounts to upwards of ten millions, who are distributed as follows Popnlation. In JAlandhar Diy iion 2,404 019 » Labor » 4,034,123 » Maultdo , 1474 674 » Rawal Padi ,, 2,197,401 Total 10,220,11¢ Of the whole number seven tielfths are Blusalmins, four tivelfths or onc third Uindus, and only one twelfth Sikhs * Tho Hindus, perhaps, predomimate m most of tho provinces to the east of tho Chonfb, but to the west of that river the wholo mass of the population is Muhammadan, with the smgle exception of tho widely spread tribo of Katris or grain merchants, who aro all Windus The greater bulk of tho population, however, 1s of Indian descent, beg the off spnng of Indin converts, and not of thor AMfubam conqucrors ut though Indian by descent, thoy are, as Tam now prepared to show, mostly of Turanian, and not of , oxtraction Following my vicws, tho population of the Panjab may be divided into threo distinct classes according to their pre sumed extraction These are— 1 Early Toranmns, or Abongines 2 Aryas, or Bralmanical Hindus 8 Later Turanians, or Indo-Scythians. The early Trrantane clude all those races of undeniable antiquity who do not belong to any one of the three classes of Aryas Such aro the Zukkas and the Alege tho Dunds and the Satis, tha Sadan, and perhaps also tho Damaras of Kashmirian history JI call them Turantans rather than Moguls, becange the route from Turin to the Panyib 18 not only much shorter, but also much more easy than that from Mongolia * There numbers ere teken from the list cee The total number of fikha In tho Pavjab is 757 534 and in the Dostilts of Ladinns, A and Siren to the east of tho Bat tho total number af ta the British Province taj thera are 173,578, making 912, ETHNOLOGY. 3 The Aryas include all the tmbes of pure Kshatriya descent, suchas the Suraj-Vansis and Som-Vansis of the hills, the Janjiéhas of the Salt Range, and the Bhatis of the Central and Hastern Doibs. This class also includes all the Katris or grain-sellers, and all the Dogras of mixed extrac- tion, as their Aryan descent, though not pure, is generally acknowledged. ‘The classification of the Awd4ns is doubtful ; but as they would appear to be the Jéd tribe of the Emperor Baber, who were derived from the same ancestor as the Janjihas, and as their name may perhaps be traced in that of Amanda, the ancient Province of Taxila, I think that the pro- babilities are in favour of them Aryan descent. The later Turanians include the Gakars, the Kdthis, and the Bdlas of the first immigration (which took place either before or during the reign of Darius Hystaspes); the Jats and Meds (Sus and Abéfrs) of the second immigration (towards the end of the second century before Christ), and the Gujars (Lochdrz) of the third immigration, about the middle of the following century. I am aware that the Jats, Meds, and Gujars are generally considered to belong to the earliest inhabitants of the Panjab; but as I have failed to find any trace of their names in the historians of Alexander, I con- clude that their entrance into the Panjab is of later date than the period of the Macedonian invasion. The Jats and Meds have, I believe, been identified by Professor Lassen with the Jdérttikas and Madras of the Mahabharata; but for the reason above given, as well as for others which I will adduce hereafter, I think that this identification cannot be maintained. Before proceeding to discuss the history and ethnic affinities of the various tribes who now inhabit the Panjab, it will be useful to compare their relative numbers as a guide to our estimation of the relative umportance of the different ancient races with whom I propose to identify them. The most numerous race in the Panjib is undoubtedly that of the Jats, who form nearly one-half of the popula- tion of the various Dodbs from the foot of the hills down to Multin. In the upper part of the Sindh-Sdgar Doib they are scarcely known, excepting perhaps about Manuikyala, where the people called PakhriAl are said to be Jats. I think, therefore, that my brother’s estimate of the number of Jats as forming about four-tenths of the entire population 4 ARCHEOLOGICAL RETORT, 1803-64 ismost probably correct. Tho next most numorous race is that of tho Gryars, who aro found scattored ovor all the Dofhbs, but nm greatest number to tho westward of the Ravn Thoy form the bulk of the population in Hasfra, and aro found in considerable numbers about Masan Abdil, Shib-dhen, Rawal Pindi, and Gujar Khan, in the Sindh Sigar Doth Thoy aro also very numorons abéut Guyarit and Gujarinwilo in tho Chay and Rechna Dofts I estimate thor numbers at one-half that of tho Jats, or about two tenths of the antiro pulation Tho remaimmg four tenths may bo divided Between tho soveral different races of Aryan and Toranian oxtraction, the former, however, beng considorably mora numerous than tho other Tho following table exhibits the relative approximate numbers of all tho different races now inhabiting the Panjhb Té shows also what portion of cach race has adopted Muham madanism. Tho Sikhs aro entered as Hindus under tho heads of Indu Jats and Guyors, from wluch tribes thoy havo almost wholly beon derived According to the consus thoy fourm one twelfth of tho population, or rathor less than 1,000,000 ETMNOLOGY. 5 {eee ein aan ARIS EPSPS Et Se = Ss SASS? | indus ssn Totnl | Afusaliadns Gahars : 0 OL Kaithi .. . . 0 03 Ghubys, Kitms oe : 0 03 “00 10 | 10° |Musalmins, Toll .. 35 G5 | 100 * By changing these names for those of the ancicnt tribes, with whom 1 have proposed to identify them, we obtain the relative approximate nunibers of the descendants of the three great elasscs info which T have divided the present population of the Panjab. Much accuracy cannot be cx- pected in an estimate of {Ins kind, but I believe that the numbers give very fau approximations to the truth. | Total Larly Leranians Tahhas ee . Megn . . : Dunds, Satis, €e®™ ,, ' Aryas 03 Til Rajpuls . . Katris . . Dogras. . . : Janquhas . : Awins ' . Bhatis .. “ oe tater Turamans, 27 Gahors, : . . Kathus . . . dais .. tes Guyars oe 50 Total oes . 100 * Mayor G C Smith, Reagning Family of Lako, p, 205, estamates these as follows Dunds ‘. ae 50,000 Shs . eee oe » 20,000 Sudin ,, . . . 40,000 ered Total ” » 110,000 a 6 ARCH FOLOGICAT REPORT, 1863 GF I LARLY TURANIANS J Tarxss Of the carly Turanana, I have but hitle to gay, but even that htilo 29 of congidcrable interest, as thoro can bo no reasonable doubt that the famous city of Zakdasla, or Dertla, derived ats name from the Yakkas Now, when Tartla was founded, tho Takhas must have beon in posses- sion of at least tho Sindh 9: Dofib But as, when first mentioned in history, about tho begining of the Ohnstian era, we find them coupled with tho Bdhrhas or Bfadras of the Central Panjab, it 1s certain that they had already been gyected from ther original scata, that 1s, from the Western Panjhb, beyond the Jhelam. In the utter absence of all in formation, we can only make guesses, more or less probable, regarding cithor the dato or the causo of tlus event. Now, in tho first contury of our ora, the District of Taxile was alread called Ananda,® or dmandra,o name which at ones the Atwdus of the present day, and their country Atednkdr. As the Jotters m and o are interchangeable, the thro names aro 80 precisely the samo that I fee} hithe hesitation in proposing tho identification of tho tring with the people of the ancient Amanda Unfortunately, i¢ 13 impossible to say whether Phny derived bis information from a now source, or from tho old Justorinns of Aloxander As tho latter is by far tho more likely sourco, we may conclude with somo probalihty that tho Takbhas had already been qjocted previous to the expedition of Alexander The cause of their cjecihment may, therofore, be asagned, with much probabihty, to the 1mmi gration of the Turanian Colony of Gakars, whose sottlement must have taken placo athor dung tho reign of Danus THystaspes, or nf somo not much earlier pariod of Turanian supremacy under the long hved Afrisryib There 1s however, onc trat of the customs of the people of Taxila, recorded iy Certus which 1s so ecular that, when we find 1t ards mentioned not only ty Plulostratus but by the Obinese Pugrim Fa-Hian in A. D 400 we can scarcely come to any othor conclusion than that the peoplo of Taxila were of the same raco at © PHtoll Mist. Nak VL 23, Taxillm cum urbe calobed, pm in plane demise trootu cal anivero comer Anmande. BARLY TURANTANS. 7 these two distant periods. Curtius relates that Taxiles entertained Alexander splendidly for “three days.’ According to Philostratus, the King of Taxila was addressed by Appollonious in these words: “I have been now three days your guest, and on the morrow I mean to take my departure 7 compliance with your law.’+ The statement of the pilgrim refers to the neighbouring district of Udydéna, and not to Taxila itself, but the two districts were only separated by the Indus, and the people were most probably of the same race. Indeed the provinees immediately ad- joinng Udyina on the south are still called Zéh-Banw or Banu-Tdk. Itis certain at least that those of Udydna were Indians and not Afghans, as the pugrim mentions that they spoke the language of Central India. The peculiar custom of the country is thus described by Fa-Hian: “If any forcign ecclesiastic arrives, they are all ready to entertain him for ‘three days;’ after which they bid him seek for himself another resting placc.”{ The continued observance of this peculiar custom would scem to show that the samc people had occupied the country from the time of Alexander down to A. D. 400. I conclude, therefore, with some cer- tainty, that the Yakkas had been ejected from the Sindh- Sigar Doib previous to the time of Alexander. But there is another town of little less celebrity than that of Taxila, which in all probability still preserves the name of the Zak or Takka tribe. This town is Attéak on the Indus, 2 name which is not older than the time of Akbar The old name is preserved by Rashid-uddin, who says thatthe Kabul River joms the Indus ‘‘near the fort of Tankur,” or Ht-Tankur, as it is written with the Arabic article.§ This form of the name no doubt suggested to Akbar the word didfak, meanmg “hindrance or obstacle,” just as Parshdwar suggested to him Peshdwur, the ‘‘ frontier town.” YLankur or Lakoris most probably the Zahora of the Peutingerian Tables, which is placed to the westward of Spatura (Kaspaturos) and Alexandria Bucefalos. * Vita Alexandn, VIIT 12 Por tiiduum hospitahter Alexandei 2ecepisset *t Vita Apollon, IT 40 Sce algo II 23, whero the King mites Apollonrus to be “his guest for three days, as the laws of the country did not allow stiangers to reman longer than that tame in the city ” ft Beale’s Fa Hian, e VIII, p 27 § Sn H M Elbot’s Muhammadan Historians, p 80 8 AROILTOLOGICAL nrront, 1803 Ot In A.D 900 wo find tho district of Zula dean forming put of the hinedom of Guryara, or Gtydrdt im the Chay ob, when Raya Sankara Parmma of jashmur, who reigned from A D 883 to 001, annexed it to Ins own dom nions* At that time Zukia-desa must Layo beon situated to the north or north cast of Gujarat towards Kashour Now, thisis the very position in which wo find tho Tokhag of tho presont day, namely, in tho hilly country on both banks of the Chendb withm tho Jammu terntory But it seems probable that Zaksades must at one time havo com priscd a considerable portion of tho plaims, as tho annals of desalmer record that tho Tédavas dispossessed tho Ziks hofore the foundation of Sdhedhaxpur, which 18 gencrally identified with SyAlhot Up to this pomt I havo dealt only with tho Zs or Lal tas of the Northern Panjib, but as the Zéks or Tauks of Sindh aro mentioncd by sovoral writers as ono of the three aboriginal races of the provinco, 1b would seem that on their first eyection from Taxila somo portion of tho tribo must havo sought rofugo towards the south t Nothing further 1s recorded of the Tihs of Sindh, but as towards the end of the 12th century wo finda Zk Olucf in posses. sion of the strong fortress of Aser, we may conclude that the tribe had extended itsclf towards tho cast somo timo before tho Muhammadans ap in Indin According to Chand, tlis Cluof, named Ohta Tik, with the title of Raivat, played a conspicononus partin the wars of Prthi Tay, and was wounded at Kano) Just two centuncs later, one Sérang Tik bocamo the first Muhammadan king of Guyarit, under the tatle of Muzafar Shah ¢ The former importanco of this race is perhaps best shown by the fact that the old Ndgars character, which 19 still m use throughout the whole country from Bamiyan to the banks of the Jumna is named Zikar, most probably ‘booouse tlus partioular form was firet brought mto use either by them or by the race who sucoceded them im Toole, [have found this character it common use under © Trope’s Raja Torengini, ¥ 160 end 106, Caloatts editan, + Postans in Journal of Bengal Axiatio Souloty 184 p. 188 5 s00 also Dowson » olitive 123. of Bor Houry Elo, 0 t Briggs, IV 2, Vote, says that Murfar oa born a [nda Prince, > PARLY TURANIANS, 9 the same name amongst the grain dealers to the west of the Indus and to the east of the Satlaj, as well as amongst the Brahmans of Kashmir and Kangra. It is used in the inscriptions as well as upon the coms of Kashmir and Kangra; it Is seen on the Sati monuments of Mandi, and in the inscriptions of Pinjor; and lastly the only copy of the Raja Tarangini of Kashmir was preserved in this character. I have obtained copies of the alphabet from twenty-six different places between the Yuzufzai country and Simla. In several of these places the Zidiarz is also called dZunde and Lunde, which means simply “short,” that isa cursive form of writing. ‘the chief peculiarity of this alphabet is, that the vowels are never attached to the consonants, but are always written separately with, of course, the single exccption of the short a, which is inherent. It is remarkable also that in this alphabet the initial letters of the cardinal numbers have almost exactly the same forms as the ninc unit figures at present in use. According to Colonel Tod, the TAk tribe were descended from Yuakshaka, the founder of the Ndgavansis, or serpent 1ace, who, according to Hindu belief, had the power of assuming the human form at pleasure. It seems probable that the Ndgas, who throughout the Vedas appear as the enemies of the primitive Aryas, were really a race of dragon worshippers, akin to the Scytho-Median Zohdk. That the Takkas or Takshakas, were also dragon worshippers, we have a convincing proof in the fact that the king of Taxila kept fwo large serpents at so late a period asthe time of Alex- ciider. We know also that the famous spring at Hasan Abd&l was called the fount of Hldpatra, the dragon brother of Takshaka. Admitting, therefore, that these ophiolatrous Takkas were actually the same as the Takshakas of the Hindus, we may extract a meaning from the Puranic story of the death of Parkshita by the bite of the serpent Takshaka. Parikshita was the grandson of Arjuna PAndava, and is sad to have succeeded Yudhisthira on the throne of Indraprastha, or ancient Delhi Huis death by the bite of Takshaka may, therefore, be interpreted as showing a conflict between the Pdudavas of ancient Delhi, and the Takkas of the Panjib, in which the latter were victorious. This event may be dated about 1400 B C. 9 10 ANCH LOLOGIOAL NEPONT, 1868 GL According to the Mahébhdrata and the Purdnas, tho Tahshnkas wero the descendants of Tnkshaka ono of the many sons of Avasyapa by lus serpent wife Kedeu Othor sons wero called Nuga, Karkota, Fasuht, Sesha, Haha padma, &e, all of whom were equally regarded as kings of the serpents, wlulo their names aro used quite indiscriminately to designate tho oplute race Thus Nagas, Harkotahas, and Takekakas aro alt names of but one and the samo people As descondants of Kadru, they arc also called Autidracas or Kédraceyas This namo 1 find upon threo very old cast coms in my own possession, given in its Pal form as Audasa Tho coins aro of two different types, but in all the specamens tho namo 1s accompanied by tho Qiguro ofasnahe. This pictorial wlustration of the name seems to me quito sufllcient to prove that tlese coins must Uelong to the ophrolatrous race of Addracas, and as tho coms wero obtained in the Western Panjab, whilo the characters aro similar to thosc of Asohn’s inscriptions, I think that they may be attributed with much confidence to the carly Tal has of Takka desa I cannot closo this brief notico of tho Takkas without stating my belief that the valley of Kashuur wns originally peopled by this ophiolatrous race In the Raya Tarangm the whole country 1 said to be under the protection of Nila, tho king of tho sorpents, whose dwolling was in the Vitasta, or Hydaspes, and ao deeply rooted in the hearts of the people was this sorpent worslup that oven to this day every spnng and river source m the valley 18 dedicated to some particular, Néga Tho sorpont worship was abolished by the Buddhis King Kanishka about the beginning of the Ohnstian era but shortly after lis death the Ndga sacrifices, processions, ond other ceremonies were all restored by Gonarda III according to the ritual of the Vila Purdna. Ata late date in the beginning of the 7th century, a cortain Wdga named ‘Durlabha established tho Karhota dynasty, which ruled Kashmir with great splendour for nearly two centuries and a half of only remains to notice the somal pomtion the Tukbos ‘wi are found m the tll states of Jammu, ‘Rémnagar, and Kashtwar I have called them Zurantans Decanse thoy certainly are not Aryas According to DY BARLY TURANIANS. 11 authorities, Mahfraj& Guldb Singh of Jammu and the ex- Raja of Kashtwar, both of whom knew them well, the Takikas are inferior to Rajputs and equal to Jats. The very same position is assigned to them by Mr. Gardner, who calls them “a Hindu Jat zemindar race.’* The same grade may also be assigned to the Takkas on the authority of a story told by Colonel Tod, who relates that the children of the Bhdti Chief Mangal Rao became Jats by eating with Satidis 7ék. From all these instances, it is clear that the Zakkas or Tak cannot possibly belong to the Aryan family, and as the name of Takkasila is much older than the time of Alexander, it is equally certain that they do not belong to the later Turanians or Indo-Scythians. For these reasons I have assigned them to the class of early Turanians, who were in all probability the aborigines of the country. 2. Mees. Connected with the Takkas by a similar inferiority of social position is the tribe of Jfegs, who form a large part of the population of Riyasi, Jammu, and Aknur. According to the annals of the Jammu Rajas, the ancestors of Gulab Singh were two Rajput brothers, who, after the defeat of Prithi Raj, settled on the bank of the Toke or Tohvi River amongst the poor race of cultivators called Megs. Mr. Gardner calls them “a poor race of low caste,’ but more numerous than the Takkas.j In another place he ranges them amongst the lowest class of outcasts; but this is | quite contrary to my information, and is besides inconsis- ‘tent with his own description of them as “ cultivators.” aThey are but little inferior, if not equal, to Takkas. I have failed in tracing their name in the middle ages, but I believe that we safely identify them with the Mekeo of Aryan, who inhabited the banks of the River Seranges near its confluence with the Hydraotes | This river has not yet been identified with certainty, but as it is mentioned immediately after the Hyphasis or Bids, it should be the same as the * Smith’s Resgning Family of Lahor, p 232, and Appendix p xxix, In the text he makes the “Tuhhers” Hindus, but m the Appendix he calls the “Tuk” a “ Brahman caste.” The two names are, however, most probably not the same t Zhe, pp 232, 234, and Appendbx p 3x10 ~ Indica, c 4 12 ARCILFOLOOTOAL REPORT, 1863-64 Satlay In Sanskrit tho Satlnj 1s called Satadru, or the “hundred channeled,” 2 name which 13 fairly represented hy Ptolemy's Zaradrus, and also by Phny's HHesidrus, og the Sanshnit Sala becomes Hate m many of tho W Dialecte. In its uppor courso tho commonost namo 1s Satrudr or Saludr, a apohon form of Satudra, which is only a corrup tion of the Sanskrit Sededra By mony Brahmans, how over, Saéuéra 1s considered to be tho proper name, although from tho meaning which thoy givo to 1tof hundred bellied,” the correct form would be Satodra Now Arrian’s Sarangee 1s evidently connected with thoso various readings, ag Soldnga racans the “lundred divisions,” or “ hundred ,”’ in ollasion to tho namorous channels which the Satla) takes just asit leaves tho hills. According to this identification tho Afeker, or ancient Alegs, must have in habited the banks of the Satlaj at the tume of Alexander s Invasion In confirmation of this position, I can mte the name of Hlegaraus, winch Dionysius Poregetes gives to the Satta, along with the epithets of and rapid.* ‘This name is ebanged to Cymander by Avwaus, but as Prisoian preserves it unaltered, 1 scoms probable that we ought to read dfyoander, which would asaumuate tt with the ortgmal name of Dionysius But whatever may be the true readmg of Avienus, 1 18 most probable that we have the name of tho Meg tribo preserved in tho Megarsus River of Dionysius On comparing the two names together, I think it possible that the onginal reading may have been Alegandros which would be equivalent to tho Sanskrit BMegadru, or myer of the Hegs Now m this very part of the Satlaj, where thed river leaves tho hills we find the important town of Makhowdl, the town of the dfaks or Magh tribe an mforior class of oultsvators, who claim descent from Raja dfuhh tesar, © Sarsuti Brahman and King of Hlecea! “From nm sprang BSaharzya, who with his son Sal was turned out of Axabia, and migrated to the Island of Pundr, even tuslly they reached Mabmndsar, m Barara, to the west of Bhatinda, where they colonised seventeen villages Thanco they were driven forth, and after sundry migrations aro now settiod in tho districts of Patinle, Shahabad, Thaneser * Ores Deneripas, V LUE BARLY TURANIANS — ARYAS, 13 Ambila, Mustafabad, Sadhaora, and Muzafarnagar.”* Trom this account we learn that the earliest location of the Maghs was to the westward of Bhatinda, that is, on the banks of the Satlaj. At what period they were driven from this locality they know not; but if, as seems highly pro- bable, the AZageaxs whom Timur encountered on the banks of the Jumna and Ganges were only Maghs, thei eject- ment from the banks of the Satlaj must have occurred at a comparatively carly period. The Megs of the Chenab have a tradition that they were driven from the plains by the early Muhammadans, a statement which we may refer cither to the first inroads of Mahmud, in the beginning of the eleventh century, or to the final occupation of Lahor by his immediate successors. 8. Orncr Triars Of the other hill tribes called Satz, Dund, and Sadan, I know very little. The Deeds and Sates occupy the hills on the west bank of the Jhclam above Gakars; and the Sadan tribe holds the district of Punach on the east of the Jhelam. According to Mr. Gardner, all three are Rajputst ; but this differs from the information which I received from the people of the plains, according to whom they have no claim whatever to be considered as Rajputs, and as they were long ago converted to Muhammadanism, I think that their claim to a Rajput origin is a very doubtful one. The gallant resistanee which Shams Khan, Chief of the Sadan tmbe of Punach, offered for a long time to all the power of Gulib Singh, was however quite worthy of a Rajput. His memory *g stall fondly cherished by all these wild people, who glory in telling how nobly he opposed Gulib Singh, until he was betrayed by a dastard follower yery attempt to take him alive was unsuccessful, and he was at last killed in his sleep by atraitor. In 1839, I saw his skull suspended in a cage on the top of the Adi-Dak Pass above Bhimbar. II ARYAS Tux earliest notices that we possess of the ancient Aryas are the traditionary accounts of the people themselves as * Jownal, Asivtic Socicty, Bengal, VII, 754, by MP Edgeworth, Esq t Sunth’s Ragning Family of Lahor, Appendix, p xavu 4 ARCILEOLOGIOAL REPORT, 1863 64 prosorved in tho Zendavesta of tho Parsis, and in the Afahd. bhérata and Purdaae of the Ilimdus. But as the first of theso books treats only of the western Aryas, we must draw all our information regarding the early seitlements of ther Eastern brethren from the Indian authorities alone According to these accounts, the valleys of the Ganges and Indus were occupied by tho various descendants of Yaydé&s, the founder of the Chandravanse, or Lunar race Thus the progeny of his son Yadu, called Yddavas, oconpied tho lower Indus, and gradually extended their power until they subjugated the whole of the country to the eastward, as far as Mathura on the Jumna, and Mahesmat and Ohed on the Narbadda Tho Panjib was appropmated by the Anavas, or descon dants of a second son Anu, who are severally named Vreeha- darbha, Suotra, Kaskeya, and Afadra, and who are said to have given their names to the different districts which they ocou ied. Thus Aladra-desa was the plam country between tho Shelam and the Ravi, while Sauere was the plan country between the Indus and Jhelam, mn which was most probably included the whole of the Salt range of hills The name of Viishadarbha 1s Perhaps rved in the Brisabrita or Bruambriia of Plmy, who bemg coupled with the Zemlle, mat have been near neighbours of the Sauviras ‘The exact position of Katkeya 1s doubtful. Professor Lassen placea 1t between the Bits and Révi, but the passage which he quotes from the Rdmdyana would rather seem to show that it was somewhere on the line of the Jhalam, as the ambassadors of Dasaratha are desorbed aa ht through the terri tories of the Bdhtkas (or Hadra-desa) before they reached Gmrwrgya, the capital of Kaskeya * I would identafy Gerioraya or Girwrajaka, with Giydk which was the angient nome of Jnllpur on tho Jhelam, and which 18 still apphed to tho oldruimed fort on tho top of the hillammediately overhanging the town : 'o the enst of the Panyib er another descendant 0 Ant, called Trina, beeamo the pad i of Yandheya, a name that is seen on two classes of coms, which are ound most plonfifully in the country to the westward of tho Jumna © Pentepotamia Endicy p13, ARYAS. 15 The whole valley of the Ganges above the Delta was ap- propriated by the Pawravas or descendants of Puru a third son of Yaydti. ‘Thus at the time of the Mahabharata we find Magadha occupied by Jarasandha, Panchala by Drupada,. Hastinapura by Duryodhana, and Indraprastha by Yadhesh- thera and his brothers. Of these four, however, Drupada was the only one who kept the old family name of Paurava, the tribes of Jarasandha and Duryodhana having adopted the new patronymic of Kaurava, from ther common ancestor Kuru, while Yudhbishthira and his brothers, the sons of Pandu, were called the Pancha Pdéndava or five Pdndus, a name which has since become famous all over India. The occupation of the Delta of the Ganges is attributed to three brothers, descendants of Anew, called Anga, Banga, and Kalinga, who gave their names to the districts which they held.*

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